Students

2024

CALCULUS 110
( 9 E)

1.1 Four ways to represent a function

Verbally – numerically- visually (graph) - algebraically

Homework
Examples
3,15,16,18,41, 49-52,
1,2,7,8,11 Exercise: 17
54,57,77, 81-86

1 Dr. Rola Asaad Hijazi 28 August 2023

 Four ways to
represent a function
Function
D
E
A Function 𝑓 is a rule that assigns to each 1
a
element 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷 exactly one element, called
2
𝑓(𝑥) ∈ 𝐸.
b 3
We usually consider functions for which the sets
𝐷 and 𝐸 are sets of real numbers. 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ. c 4

Domain is the value of 𝑥 D E

1
a
Range is the set of all possible values of 𝑓 𝑥 as 2
𝑥 varies throughout the domain. b
3
c

2 students 28 August 2023

 Four ways to
represent a function
_____
D D
E E
1 1
a a _____
2 2
b 3 b 3
c 4 c 4

D
E
1
a Domain = _ _ _ _
2
b 3 Range = __ __ Read
c Codomain = _ _ _ _ Example 1
4
3 students 28 August 2023
The graph of a function 𝑓 gives us a useful picture of the behavior or “life
history” of a function. Since the 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 of any point (𝑥, 𝑦) on the
graph is 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), we can read the value of 𝑓(𝑥) from the graph as being the
height of the graph above the point 𝑥 (see Figure 4). The graph of 𝑓 also allows
us to picture the domain of 𝑓 on the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and its range on the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 as
in Figure 5.

4 students 28 August 2023

Example 1

The graph of a function 𝑓 is shown in the following Figure .

(a) Find the values of 𝑓(1) and 𝑓(3).
(b) What are the domain and range of 𝑓 ?

5 students 28 August 2023

Example 2 Sketch the graph and find the domain and range of each function.

(𝑎) 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 1

Solution :

1
( , 0)
2

(0, −1)

6 students 28 August 2023

Example 2 Sketch the graph and find the domain and range of each function.

(𝑏) 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2

Solution :

7 students 28 August 2023

The vertical line Test: A curve in the 𝑥𝑦 plane is the graph of a function
of 𝑥 if no vertical line intersects the curve more
than once.

8 students 28 August 2023

 Exercises 17
Determine whether the curve is the graph of a function of 𝑥. If it is, state the domain
and range of the function.

domain=

range=

9 students 28 August 2023

 is a function that is defined by different
Piecewise function
formulas in different parts of their domains.

Example 7 𝑓(𝑥) = ቊ
1 − 𝑥, 𝑥 ≤ −1
𝑥 2, 𝑥 > −1

Evaluate 𝑓 −2 , 𝑓(−1) and 𝑓(0) and sketch the graph.

Solution :

10 students 28 August 2023

 Example 8
Sketch the graph of
𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 = ቊ
−𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0

Solution :

Domain

Range

11 students 28 August 2023

 Properties of Absolute Values

Suppose 𝑎 > 0 is any real number .Then

1 𝑥 = −𝑥 4 𝑥 = 𝑎 ⟺ 𝑥 = ±𝑎

2 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎 ⟺ −𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎 . { 𝑥 ∈ −𝑎, 𝑎 }

3 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎 ⟺ 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≤ −𝑎 . { 𝑥 ∈ −∞, −𝑎 ∪ 𝑎, ∞ }

𝑎2 = 𝑎 if 𝑎 ≥ 0. (−𝑎)2 = −𝑎 if 𝑎 < 0.
It is true only when 𝑎 ≥ 0.
𝑎2 = 𝑎
12 Dr. Rola A. Hijazi 12/02/1445
 Summetry

Even function Odd function

if 𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷, then If 𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑓 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷,
𝑓 is called an even function. then 𝑓 is called an odd function.
The graph is symmetric with The graph is symmetric with
respect to the _ _ _ _ _ _ . respect to the _ _ _ _ _ _ .

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 is even 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 is odd

13 students 28 August 2023

 Special Properties
Note

Adding:
The sum of two even functions is even
The sum of two odd functions is odd
The sum of an even and odd function is neither even nor odd (unless one
function is zero).

Multiplying:
The product of two even functions is an even function.
The product of two odd functions is an even function.
The product of an even function and an odd function is an odd function.

14 students 28 August 2023

 Determine whether each of the following functions is even,
Example 11 odd or neither even nor odd.

(b) 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥 4
(a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 5 + 𝑥.

Solution : Solution :

Note
(a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 _ _ _ _ _

(b) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 is _ _ _ _ _

(c) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 ቊ −− − 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 is even
_ _ _ _ _, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 is odd

15 students 28 August 2023

 Increasing and Decreasing

A function 𝑓 is called increasing on A function 𝑓 is called decreasing on

an interval 𝐼 an interval 𝐼
if 𝑓(𝑥1 ) < 𝑓(𝑥2 ) whenever 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 in 𝐼. 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥1 ) > 𝑓(𝑥2 ) , 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 in 𝐼 .

Example :
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2
𝑓(𝑥) is decreasing (−∞, 0].
𝑓(𝑥) is increasing [0,∞).
16 students 28 August 2023
17 students 28 August 2023
Example

The function whose graph is given is

(a) Increasing on −∞, 0 .

(b) Increasing on 0, ∞ .

(c) decreasing on −∞, 0 .

(d) decreasing on ℝ.

18 students 28 August 2023

 homework

3,15,16,18,41, 49-52, 54,57,77, 81-86

19 students 28 August 2023

20 students 28 August 2023
Example 6 Find the domain of Exercise 31 Find the domain of

𝑥+4
𝑎 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥+2 𝑓 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 −9
Solution
Solution

1
𝑏 𝑔 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 −𝑥 Exercise 41 Find the domain of
3
𝑓 𝑡 = 2𝑡 − 1
Solution

21 students 28 August 2023

22 students 28 August 2023
Sketch the graph of

23 students 28 August 2023

24 students 28 August 2023
25 students 28 August 2023