POPULAR CULTURE

- The term "popular culture" was coined in the mid-19th century, and it referred
to the cultural traditions of the people, in contrast to the "official culture" of the
state or governing classes. In broad use today, it is defined in qualitative
terms—pop culture is often considered a more superficial or lesser type of
artistic expression.
- Refers in general to the traditions and material culture of a particular society.
- In the modern West, pop culture refers to cultural products such as music, art,
literature, fashion, dance, film, cyberculture, television, and radio that are
consumed by the majority of a society's population. Popular culture is those
types of media that have mass accessibility and appeal.

“Popular culture reveals the modern characteristics of modern society.”

British media specialist John Storey offers six different definitions of popular
culture.

"Cultural Theory and Popular Culture"

1. Popular culture is simply culture that is widely favored or
well-liked by many people: it has no negative connotations.
2. Popular culture is whatever is left after you've identified what
"high culture" is: in this definition, pop culture is considered
inferior, and it functions as a marker of status and class.
3. Pop culture can be defined as commercial objects that are
produced for mass consumption by non-discriminating
consumers. In this definition, popular culture is a tool used by the
elites to suppress or take advantage of the masses.
4. Popular culture is folk culture, something that arises from the
people rather than imposed upon them: pop culture is authentic
(created by the people) as opposed to commercial (thrust upon
them by commercial enterprises).
5. Pop culture is negotiated: partly imposed on by the dominant
classes, and partly resisted or changed by the subordinate
classes. Dominants can create culture but the subordinates
decide what they keep or discard.
6. The last definition of pop culture discussed by Storey is that in
the postmodern world, in today's world, the distinction between
 "authentic" versus "commercial" is blurred. In pop culture today,
users are free to embrace some manufactured content, alter it for
their own use, or reject it entirely and create their own.

Examples of Philippine Popular Culture

● Entertainment
○ Social media platforms
● Politics
● Fashion
● News
● Sports

Present Popular Culture in the Philippines

HUGOT

deep lingering emotions brought about by a person's circumstances

and experiences.

Milk Tea

can refer to a variety of different teas and tea-based drinks from all
over the world. At its most simple, milk tea usually means a tea with milk in it.
"Milk tea is the new Coffee"

Wearing of Face Mask & Face Shield

Online Shopping

Online and Modular modality of Classes

TikTok usage
Nature and forms of Popular Culture

Traditional Culture in the Philippines

● Traditional culture in the Philippines is rich and diverse, influenced by a

blend of Indigenous, Malay, Chinese, Spanish, and American cultures.
● It includes practices like the Bayanihan spirit, colorful festivals,
traditional dances, unique traditions for weddings, funerals, and
religious celebrations.
● Filipino cuisine, clothing, and languages also play a significant role in
preserving the country's cultural heritage.

Forms of Popular culture

● Sports
● Social Beliefs & Customs
● Cuisine
● Fashion/Clothing
● Music & Dance
● Literature & Arts
● Religion, Festivals, & Holidays
● Language
● Family structure

Traditional SPORTS in the Philippines

Arnis

also known as Eskrima or Kali, is a traditional Filipino martial art that

focuses on the use of sticks, blades, and empty hands for self-defense and
combat. It is a system that emphasizes practical techniques and principles
that can be applied in real-world situations.

Present SPORTS in the Philippines

Online Games

An online game is a type of video game that is played over the internet,
often involving multiple players interacting with each other in a virtual
environment. These games allow players from different locations to connect
and play together in real-time, regardless of their physical distance.
Traditional SOCIAL BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS in the Philippines

Bayanihan system or spirit of kinship and camaraderie

It is characterized by communal work towards one goal exemplified in

relocating a nipa house or pushing a stalled passenger jeepney.

Damayan system

sympathy for people who have lost a loved one. In this case, the whole
community sympathizes with the bereaved family. Neighbors, friends, and
relatives usually give a certain amount of money as their way of condoling
with the family of the deceased

Familism or close family ties

the Filipino trait of prioritizing the family above other things. Filipinos
feel that a family member should be taken care of and supported regardless
of whether he/she did something wrong or not. A family member who has
gone astray should not be abandoned.

Flexibility or kakayahang makibagay

the ability of Filipinos to adapt or adjust to the forms of other groups

just to maintain smooth and harmonious relationships.

Utang na loob

a feeling of obligation to repay someone who has extended assistance

to another. The "repayment of one's debt" may take place in an undetermined
time in the future and may come in any form or in any method or way.

Fun-loving trait

a trait common to most Filipinos that makes them unique. Even durns
calamities and challenging times, Filipinos always have something to be
happy about, a reason to celebrate.

Paghaharana

A traditional form of courtship in the Philippines wherein men

introduced themselves and/or wooed women by singing underneath her
window at night.
 Mano po

is a Filipino cultural gesture that shows respect and is often used to

greet or show deference to elders. It involves taking the elder's hand and
bringing it to one's forehead as a sign of respect.

Pamamanhikan

The process of formally asking for the hand of a woman in marriage. It

involves the groom's family visiting the bride's family to discuss wedding plans
and seek their approval.

Pasalubong

The practice of bringing gifts or souvenirs to loved ones after returning

from a trip. It's a way to share experiences and show thoughtfulness.

Albularyo

In the hierarchy of healers and specialists in Philippine folk medicine,

the albularyo may be referred to as the "general practitioner," knowledgeable
in most of the folkloric modalities, usually especially versed in the use of
medicinal herbs.

Aswang

is an umbrella term for various shape-shifting evil creatures in Filipino

folklore, such as vampires, ghouls, witches, viscera suckers, and transforming
human-beast hybrids (usually dogs, cats, pigs).

The manananggal

is a mythical creature in the Philippines that is able to separate its

upper torso from the lower part of its body. Their fangs and wings give them a
vampire-like appearance.

Mangkukulam

The Mangkukulam is not one of the Filipino mythical creatures. Instead,

they are the witch doctors, known to practice either evil magic or good magic.
The problem is, there’s no way to tell the difference

White lady

It’s so strange to imagine a version of the White Lady in almost every

culture in the world. She is the ghost of a wronged woman, appearing in
white, haunting those who hurt her, and waiting to exact her revenge.
 Patriarchy

refers to a social system in which men hold more power and authority
than women, and this power dynamic is often reflected in various aspects of
society, including politics, economics, culture, and family structures.

Carabao Carriage or Balsa

Similar to the Kalesa, carabao carriages also have a two-wheel

carriage that was used to transport people and goods in the country in the
early 20th century – a mode of transportation which was also present in
Manila at the time.

Present SOCIAL BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS in the Philippines

Bahala na

an expression of a fatalistic attitude towards life or as a determined one

in a challenging situation where things are risky and uncertain.

Sabay sa agos

let things happen or let other people tell you what to do, rather than
trying to control what happens yourself.

Utak talangka (Crab mentality)

pulling down anyone who achieves or is about to achieve success

greater than yours.

Present courtship

Virtual dating, chatting online, sending text messages, conversing over

the telephone, instant messaging, writing letters, and sending gifts are all
Present forms of courting.

E-Jeepney

The e-jeep prototype is PNS compliant. It is a lithium-ion

battery-powered version of the traditional jeepney and produces zero
emissions and no noise pollution, making it an environmentally friendly
alternative to the diesel-fueled jeepney.
 Democracy

government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and

exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation
usually involving periodically held free elections.

Traditional CUISINE in the Philippines

ADOBO

A popular dish made with meat (commonly chicken or pork) marinated

in vinegar, soy sauce, garlic, bay leaves, and black peppercorns. It's then
simmered until tender and served with rice.

Sinigang

A sour soup made with tamarind as the main souring agent. It can be
prepared with various proteins such as pork, shrimp, or fish, along with
vegetables like water spinach, eggplant, and radish.

Kare-Kare

A stew made with oxtail, tripe, and vegetables, cooked in a peanut

sauce. It's often served with a side of fermented shrimp paste called bagoong.

Lechon

A whole roasted pig, often served as a centerpiece during special

occasions and celebrations. The skin becomes crispy while the meat remains
tender.

Tinola

A ginger-based soup usually made with chicken and green papaya or

chayote, flavored with fish sauce and sometimes with a touch of chili leaves.

Bicol Express

A spicy dish made with pork, shrimp, or fish, cooked in coconut milk
and flavored with chili peppers.

Present CUISINE in the Philippines

 PARES (Beef Pares)

is a term for a serving of Filipino braised beef stew with garlic fried rice,
and a bowl of clear soup. It is a popular food particularly associated with
specialty roadside diner-style establishments known as Pares Houses that
specialize in serving these types of meals.

Lomi

Refers to a type of noodle soup dish that originates from the province
of Batangas in the Philippines. It's a hearty and flavorful soup that features
thick egg noodles, various meats (such as pork, chicken, and liver), and
vegetables, all cooked in a rich and savory broth.

SAMGYEOPSAL

It's a type of barbecue dish that is commonly enjoyed in Korean restaurants

and homes. The pork belly slices are typically grilled at the table and then
wrapped in lettuce leaves along with various condiments and sauces, creating
a flavorful and interactive dining experience.

STREET FOODS

Street foods are ready-to-eat foods and beverages prepared and/or

sold by vendors or hawkers especially in the streets and other similar places.

Traditional CLOTHING in the Philippines

Baro't Saya (literally "Shirt and Skirt")

Filipino style of women's clothing.

Barong

Filipino style of mens clothing

Wooden clogs

with a plastic strap and called '"bakya".

Paghahabi

to form (cloth) by interlacing strands (as of yarn) specifically : to make

(cloth) on a loom by interlacing warp and filling threads.
Ornaments

Both men and women wore ornaments to look attractive.

Present CLOTHING in the Philippines

STREETWEAR

fashionable casual clothes, especially such clothes originating in hip

hop, surfing, or skateboarding culture.

FUSION STYLES

combining two or more styles from different cultures into one.

CASUAL CHIC

a comfortable and relaxed yet stylish and put-together way of dressing.

CELEBRITY INFLUENCE

celebrities not only influence fashion through their popularity but also
create new fashion and set trends.

Traditional MUSIC AND DANCE in the Philippines

The Philippines is home to several folk dances such as Tinikling,

Pandanggo, Cariñosa, and Subli. Dance has integrated itself in Philippine
society over the course of many years and is embedded in Philippine culture.

Zarzuela

is a form of Spanish musical theater that originated in the 17th century

and continues to be popular to this day. It is a unique genre that blends
elements of opera, musical theater, and spoken drama, often accompanied by
dance.

Kundiman (Romantic Ballads)

Kundiman songs are typically characterized by their melodic and

haunting melodies, often accompanied by acoustic instruments like the guitar
or piano. The lyrics often convey deep emotions and feelings, and the songs
are meant to evoke a sense of melancholy and nostalgia.

Minamahal Kita (1940) by Mike Velarde Jr.

Balitaw (Folk song)

"Balitaw" is a traditional Filipino folk song and dance that originated in

the Visayas region of the Philippines. It is characterized by its melodic tunes
and poetic lyrics, often expressing themes of love, courtship, and nature.

Present MUSIC AND DANCE in the Philippines

P-POP

contemporary pop music in the Philippines originating from the OPM

genre.

PINOY HIP-HOP

also known as rap music, is a genre of popular music developed in the

United States.

REGGAE

a style of popular music with a strongly accented subsidiary beat,

originating in Jamaica.

PINOY ROCK

a form of music with a strong beat.

CONTEMPORARY DANCE

a style of expressive dance that combines elements of several dance

genres including modern, jazz, lyrical and classical ballet.

BREAK DANCING

perform an energetic style of dance, typically to hip-hop music,

characterized by stylized footwork and acrobatic or athletic movements.

HIP HOP DANCE

A style of music usually based on rap and often including elements of

other styles such as funk or rhythm and blues.

STREET DANCING

include breakdancing and hip hop dances

 JAZZ DANCE

often mirrors the sounds, rhythms, and techniques and syncopates or

occurs between the beats of the music.

Drum Lyre and Corps

is a marching ensemble consisting of percussion instruments and a

color guard. The Drum and Lyre corps originated in the Philippines, as it is
easier to finance than brass bands or a drum and bugle corps.

Traditional LITERATURE AND ARTS in the Philippines

Awit

● -12 syllable (pantig)

● -mabagal ang bigkas (ADANTE)
● Tungkol sa
● -bayani
● -Mandirigma
● -larawan ng buhay

Korido

● -8 Syllable(pantig)
● -mabilis ang bigkas (ALLEGRO)
● Tungkol sa
● -pananampalataya
● -alamat
● -kababalaghan

Cenaculo

The Senakulo (or cenaculo) is the staged re-enactment of Christ's

passion and death.

Karagatan

From the legend of the princess who dropped the ring into the ocean,
then promised to marry the young man who got it

Duplo

was a poetical debate held by trained men and women on the ninth
night, the last night of the mourning period for the dead. "Ang Ibon ng Hari"
BALAGTASAN

Balagtasan was a derived form of Duplo, a poetic way of conveying an

elegy whilst entertaining the ones who are grieving during a person's wake.
Balagtasan, however, reiterated itself as an artistic, even theatrical, form of
conveying opinions by poetry where two opposing sides would debate on the
same topic.

Wood carving

is a form of woodworking by means of a cutting tool (knife) in one hand

or a chisel by two hands or with one hand on a chisel and one hand on a
mallet, resulting in a wooden figure or figurine, or in the sculptural
ornamentation of a wooden object. The phrase may also refer to the finished
product, from individual sculptures to hand-worked moldings composing part
of a tracery.

Pottery

one of the oldest and most widespread of the decorative arts,

consisting of objects made of clay and hardened with heat. The objects made
are commonly useful ones, such as vessels for holding liquids or plates or
bowls from which food can be served.

Abaca (Musa textiles)

is a tree-like herb resembling the banana plant. Its fiber is more widely
known in the export trade as Manila hemp. It is durable and resistant and can
be easily dyed in different colors. It is also used in the handicraft business as
pulp material for handmade paper, cordage or as fibers to be woven into
ropes and braids

Present LITERATURE AND ARTS in the Philippines

COMICS

a medium used to express ideas with images, often combined with text
or other visual information.

POETRY

a type of literature, or artistic writing, that attempts to stir a reader's

imagination or emotions.
FICTION

form of prose that describes imaginary events and people.

NON-FICTION

prose writing that is based on facts, real events, and real people, such as
biography or history.

FILM

a work of visual art that simulates experiences and otherwise

communicates ideas, through the use of moving images.

THEATER

present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live

audience in a specific place, often a stage.

SPOKEN WORD POETRY

a broad designation for the poetic works which are intended for
performance.

MINIATURE ART

includes paintings, engravings and sculptures that are very small.

DIGITAL ART

can be computer generated, scanned or drawn using a tablet and a

mouse.

STREET ART

a form of artwork that is displayed in public on surrounding buildings,

on streets, trains and other publicly viewed surfaces.

CROCHET WEAVING

a process of creating fabric from yarn or thread.

ARCHITECTURE

art or practice of designing and constructing buildings.

Traditional RELIGIONS, FESTIVALS, AND HOLIDAYS in the
Philippines

Muslim

Followers of Islam are called Muslims. Muslims are monotheistic and

worship one, all-knowing God, who in Arabic is known as Allah.

Christianity

is a major monotheistic Abrahamic religion centered around the life,

teachings, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, who is considered by
Christians to be the Son of God and the Messiah. It is one of the world's
largest religions, with a diverse range of beliefs, practices, and traditions.

Animism

is a belief system or worldview that attributes consciousness and

spiritual significance to various elements of the natural world, including
animals, plants, rocks, rivers, mountains, and other natural phenomena. In
animistic beliefs, these entities are often thought to possess souls, spirits, or
life forces, and they are regarded as having the ability to interact with and
influence human lives.

Sinulog Festival (Cebu City)

Held on the third Sunday of January, this festival honors the Santo
Niño (Child Jesus) and features street dancing, processions, and vibrant
parades with participants wearing colorful costumes.

Ati-Atihan Festival (Kalibo, Aklan)

Celebrated in January, this festival pays homage to the Santo Niño and
involves participants painting their bodies with black soot to imitate the
appearance of indigenous Ati people.

Panagbenga Festival (Baguio City)

Also known as the Flower Festival, this event takes place in February
and showcases elaborate flower floats, street dancing, and various cultural
activities.

Pahiyas Festival (Lucban, Quezon)

Held on May 15th, this harvest festival features houses adorned with
colorful rice decorations, fruits, and vegetables as a way of giving thanks for a
bountiful harvest.
MassKara Festival (Bacolod City)

Held in October, this festival is marked by participants wearing smiling

masks and costumes while engaging in street dancing and merrymaking.

Kadayawan Festival (Davao City)

Celebrated in August, this festival showcases the cultural heritage and

bountiful harvest of Davao region through street dancing, floral floats, and
food events.

Christmas (Pasko)

Celebrated with great enthusiasm, Christmas is a major holiday in the

Philippines. Festivities begin as early as September, with decorations, lights,
and carolers filling the streets.

Holy Week (Semana Santa)

Holy Week, leading up to Easter Sunday, is a period of intense

religious observance. Many Filipinos participate in processions, reenactments
of the Passion of Christ, and other devotional practices.

All Saints' Day (November 1)

in the Christian church, a day commemorating all the saints of the

church, both known and unknown, who have attained heaven.

Independence Day (Araw ng Kalayaan)

Celebrated on June 12, this holiday commemorates the Philippine

Declaration of Independence from Spanish colonial rule in 1898.

National Heroes Day

Observed on the last Monday of August, this holiday pays tribute to all
Filipino heroes who fought for freedom and contributed to the nation's
progress.

Buwan ng Wika (Language Month)

Celebrated in August, this month-long observance highlights the

importance of the Filipino language and cultural identity.

Feast of the Black Nazarene (Traslacion)

Held on January 9th, this event involves a massive procession of

devotees honoring the Black Nazarene, a statue of Jesus carrying the cross
Present RELIGIONS, FESTIVALS, AND HOLIDAYS in the
Philippines

IGLESIA NI CRISTO

claims to be the true Church established by Christ. Felix Manalo, its

founder, proclaimed himself God’s prophet.

SEVENTH DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH

distinguished by their doctrinal beliefs that the literal, visible Second

Coming of Christ is close at hand,

CHRISTIAN BAPTIST

who insist that only believers should be baptized and that it should be
done by immersion rather than by the sprinkling or pouring of water.

ATHEISM

a lack of belief or a strong disbelief in the existence of a god or any

gods.

January 2, 2023

"In consideration of the Filipino tradition of visiting relatives and spending time
with their families" in celebration of New Year’s Day.

ALL SOULS DAY (November 2, 2023)

Filipinos remember their departed loved ones by visiting cemeteries,

cleaning and decorating graves, and offering prayers and food.

MOTHER’S DAY

Holidays in honor of mothers are celebrated in countries throughout the

world. In its modern form the holiday originated in the United States, where it
is observed on the second Sunday in May.

FATHER’S DAY

Influenced by American culture, the Philippines has been one with the
world in commemorating Father’s Day every third Sunday of June.

Eid’l Fitr and Eid’l Adha

The religious festival Eid al-Fitr, or the “Festival of Breaking the Fast,”
is one of two major holidays celebrated by Muslims around the world. Also
known as the “Lesser Eid,” Eid al-Fitr commemorates the end of the fasting
month of Ramadan.

Eid al-Adha, occurs at the end of the Hajj. celebrations of the holiday
typically last for four days, and are similar to those of Eid al-Fitr, except that
Muslims celebrating Eid al-Adha traditionally acknowledge the occasion by
slaughtering an animal for meat. The meat is then shared with family and
friends, with a large portion given away to the less fortunate.

Traditional LANGUAGE in the Philippines

Cebuano

Spoken mainly in the Visayas region, particularly in Cebu, Bohol, and

parts of Mindanao. It is one of the most widely spoken languages in the
country.

Ilocano

Spoken in the Ilocos region of northern Luzon and parts of Mindanao. It

has a significant number of speakers and is one of the country's major
languages.

Hiligaynon (Ilonggo)

Spoken in the Western Visayas region, particularly in Iloilo and Negros

Occidental.

Waray-Waray

Spoken in the Eastern Visayas region, particularly in Samar and Leyte.

Kapampangan:

Spoken in the Pampanga province of Luzon. It is known for its distinct cuisine
and cultural heritage.

Bicolano

Spoken in the Bicol region of Luzon. It includes several sub-dialects,

such as Bikol Central and Albay Bicolano.
Pangasinense

Spoken in the Pangasinan province of Luzon. It is one of the oldest

languages in the Philippines.

Tausug

Spoken by the Tausug people in the Sulu Archipelago in Mindanao. It is

part of the wider Moro language family.

Maguindanaoan

Spoken by the Maguindanao people in Maguindanao and other parts of

Mindanao. It is also part of the Moro language family.

Kinaray-a

Spoken in the Antique province of Panay Island in the Visayas.

Ibaloi

Spoken by the Ibaloi people in the Cordillera Administrative Region in

northern Luzon.

Ifugao

Spoken by the Ifugao people in the Cordillera region. The Ifugao

language is closely tied to the traditional rice terraces culture.

Traditional LANGUAGE in the Philippines

Gay lingo

refer to several languages spoken by gay communities.

Balbal

could be described as Filipino “hood-slangs”. These are terms

commonly heard in the streets.

Tag-lish/ En-log

A blend of Tagalog and English.

Traditional FAMILY STRUCTURE in the Philippines

Nuclear family

Family that includes a mother and a father and at least one child.

Extended Family

Family that includes a parent or parents, at least one child, and other
relatives who live with them.

Present FAMILY STRUCTURE in the Philippines

Single-Parent family

Family that includes either a mother or a father and at least one child.
Absent parent might have died or left after a divorce, or the parents may
never have married

Blended Family

Family that is formed when a single parent marries another person, who may
or may not have children.

“Popular Culture in the Philippines was created and used by the

Spaniards to the native Filipinos or Indios via plays and literature
to get the heart of the natives and win it.”

-Bienvenido Lumbera (National Artist for Literature)