Lecture 2: Blackbody

radiation and the

Heisenberg Uncertainty
principle v

Wednesday, January 10, 2023

Why Quantum Mechanics in Chemistry?
 Quantum Mechanics in Chemistry
Periodic table Bonding

Spectroscopy

Cyclohexane
Benzene
Acetone
Strength (arb. units)
!"#$%&'&&

2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2

Energy (eV)
 Quantum mechanics is extremely successful!

“The underlying physical laws necessary for the mathematical theory

of a large part of physics and the whole of chemistry
are thus completely known, … “

Paul Dirac, Proc. Royal Soc. Vol 123, 792 (1929)

h = Planck’s Constant
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h @
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Ĥ =i = Wavefunction
Paul Dirac 2⇡ @t
Ĥ = Hamiltonian Operator
 But: Quantum Mechanics is hard!

“The underlying physical laws necessary for the mathematical theory

of a large part of physics and the whole of chemistry
are thus completely known, and the difficulty is only that the exact
application of these laws leads to equations much too complicated to
be soluble. “

Paul Dirac, Proc. Royal Soc. Vol 123, 792 (1929)

h = Planck’s Constant
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h @
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Ĥ =i = Wavefunction
Paul Dirac 2⇡ @t
Ĥ = Hamiltonian Operator
 Computing the many-electron wavefunction

• We can use computers to solve the equations of quantum mechanics

exactly.
• But: Solutions scale exponentially with number of electrons.
• Exact solutions to even small molecules are impossible
Oak Ridge National Lab
Summit Supercomputer
Carbon dioxide Intel i7 core Caffeine molecule 26 million times faster

16 valence electrons 1 hour 74 valence electrons

calculation
time
 Computing the many-electron wavefunction

• We can use computers to solve the equations of quantum mechanics

exactly.
• But: Solutions scale exponentially with number of electrons.
• Exact solutions to even small molecules are impossible
Oak Ridge National Lab
Summit Supercomputer
Carbon dioxide Intel i7 core Caffeine molecule 26 million times faster

16 valence electrons 1 hour 74 valence electrons Approx. 5000x the age

calculation of the universe
time
 Lecture 1: Why Classical Physics is wrong

Historical context
• In the mid- 19th century, Physics seemed essentially complete
• Most natural phenomena very well described by Classical Mechanics (Newton),
Thermodynamics (Gibbs, Lord Kelvin, Carnot), Electromagnetism (Maxwell)

• Albert A. Michelson “… it seems probable that most of the grand underlying principles
have been firmly established … An eminent physicist remarked that the future truths of
physical science are to be looked for in the sixth place of decimals.”

• But: Late 19th to early 20th century, some “issues” arose.

 Summary from lecture 1:

• Light is made up of particles called photons (photoelectric effect), and the

photon energy is proportional to the frequency of the EM wave
1
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E = h⌫ KE = me v 2 = h⌫
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2
• Particles have wavelike properties
DeBroglie wavelength

h h h
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= p = mv ! = =
p mv

• The wavelike properties of particles only matter on small scales and for low
energies à Important for atoms, not for baseballs
 Blackbody radiation

• Any object heated above absolute 0 (0 K) emits electromagnetic radiation

• Emitted radiation has a range of frequencies, but is most intense for a

characteristic frequency (color) that depends on the temperature

• Exact distribution of frequencies of EM radiation is strongly dependent on

the exact nature of the solid.

CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2974242

 Blackbody radiation

• A blackbody is an idealized object, where the EM radiation depends

on temperature only, not makeup.
 Blackbody radiation

• A blackbody is an idealized object, where the EM radiation depends

on temperature only, not makeup.

• Can be approximately made by confining a heated object in a

nonreflecting container, with a small hole to let EM radiation out

• Container is in thermal equilibrium with object and radiation will be close

to independent of nature of object à Blackbody radiation
 Blackbody radiation

• A blackbody is an idealized object, where the EM radiation depends

on temperature only, not makeup.

• Can be approximately made by confining a heated object in a

nonreflecting container, with a small hole to let EM radiation out

• Container is in thermal equilibrium with object and radiation will be close

to independent of nature of object à Blackbody radiation

• Some real objects have radiation close to that of a blackbody

 Blackbody radiation: The Math

• A blackbody is an idealized object, where the EM radiation depends

on temperature only, not makeup.
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• Define the energy density of the emitted radiation ⇢⌫ = ⇢⌫ (⌫, T )

as the energy per unit volume of radiation for an infinitesimal frequency
interval between ⌫ and ⌫ + d⌫
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3
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• Units: [⇢⌫ ] = J m s
 Blackbody radiation: The Math

• A blackbody is an idealized object, where the EM radiation depends

on temperature only, not makeup.
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• Define the energy density of the emitted radiation ⇢⌫ = ⇢⌫ (⌫, T )

as the energy per unit volume of radiation for an infinitesimal frequency
interval between ⌫ and ⌫ + d⌫
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3
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• Units: [⇢⌫ ] = J m s
• Classical physics gives the following expression for the energy density
(from the equipartition theorem/classical statistical mechanics):

8⇡⌫ 2
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⇢⌫ (⌫, T ) = 3 kB T
c
23 1
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kB = 1.38 ⇥ 10 JK
 Fixing the ultraviolet catastrophe: Planck’s law
• Planck assumed (without much justification at the time) that energy of EM waves can only
be absorbed or emitted discrete packets (“quanta”/photons) with
E = h⌫
<latexit sha1_base64="USKyIQRYHRTH7hMbJW2FMqyFz2E=">AAAB7XicbVDLSgNBEOz1GeMr6tHLYBA8hV0R9SIERfAYwTwgWcLsZDYZM49lZlYIS/7BiwdFvPo/3vwbJ8keNLGgoajqprsrSjgz1ve/vaXlldW19cJGcXNre2e3tLffMCrVhNaJ4kq3ImwoZ5LWLbOcthJNsYg4bUbDm4nffKLaMCUf7CihocB9yWJGsHVS4/Zq0JFpt1T2K/4UaJEEOSlDjlq39NXpKZIKKi3h2Jh24Cc2zLC2jHA6LnZSQxNMhrhP245KLKgJs+m1Y3TslB6KlXYlLZqqvycyLIwZich1CmwHZt6biP957dTGl2HGZJJaKslsUZxyZBWavI56TFNi+cgRTDRztyIywBoT6wIquhCC+ZcXSeO0EpxX/PuzcvU6j6MAh3AEJxDABVThDmpQBwKP8Ayv8OYp78V79z5mrUtePnMAf+B9/gA1ko7k</latexit>

• Led to a corrected form of the energy density per frequency

<latexit sha1_base64="PgVZrNLAAibQBeFu4Z2TG3u+Tr8=">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</latexit>

⇣ ⌫ ⌘3 1
⇢⌫ (⌫, T ) = 8⇡h
c eh⌫/kB T 1
 Planck’s Law in terms of wavelengths
• We can write the energy density in terms of the wavelength, too, through a change of
variables ⌫ = c/
<latexit sha1_base64="cQb27PUvAsBxompDZX1T1kwUjoM=">AAAB9HicbVDLSsNAFL2pr1pfVZduBovgqiYi6kYounFZwT6gCWUymbRDJ5M4MymU0O9w40IRt36MO//GSZuFth4YOJxzD/fO8RPOlLbtb6u0srq2vlHerGxt7+zuVfcP2ipOJaEtEvNYdn2sKGeCtjTTnHYTSXHkc9rxR3e53xlTqVgsHvUkoV6EB4KFjGBtJM8V6Q05c7kJBLhfrdl1ewa0TJyC1KBAs1/9coOYpBEVmnCsVM+xE+1lWGpGOJ1W3FTRBJMRHtCeoQJHVHnZ7OgpOjFKgMJYmic0mqm/ExmOlJpEvpmMsB6qRS8X//N6qQ6vvYyJJNVUkPmiMOVIxyhvAAVMUqL5xBBMJDO3IjLEEhNteqqYEpzFLy+T9nnduazbDxe1xm1RRxmO4BhOwYEraMA9NKEFBJ7gGV7hzRpbL9a79TEfLVlF5hD+wPr8AU2/kcw=</latexit>

8⇡hc 1
<latexit sha1_base64="2akTFKG7cHsqx+UCBne3KYOkABQ=">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</latexit>

⇢ ( ,T) = 5 ehc/ kB T 1
 Planck’s Law in terms of wavelengths
• We can write the energy density in terms of the wavelength, too, through a change of
variables ⌫ = c/
<latexit sha1_base64="cQb27PUvAsBxompDZX1T1kwUjoM=">AAAB9HicbVDLSsNAFL2pr1pfVZduBovgqiYi6kYounFZwT6gCWUymbRDJ5M4MymU0O9w40IRt36MO//GSZuFth4YOJxzD/fO8RPOlLbtb6u0srq2vlHerGxt7+zuVfcP2ipOJaEtEvNYdn2sKGeCtjTTnHYTSXHkc9rxR3e53xlTqVgsHvUkoV6EB4KFjGBtJM8V6Q05c7kJBLhfrdl1ewa0TJyC1KBAs1/9coOYpBEVmnCsVM+xE+1lWGpGOJ1W3FTRBJMRHtCeoQJHVHnZ7OgpOjFKgMJYmic0mqm/ExmOlJpEvpmMsB6qRS8X//N6qQ6vvYyJJNVUkPmiMOVIxyhvAAVMUqL5xBBMJDO3IjLEEhNteqqYEpzFLy+T9nnduazbDxe1xm1RRxmO4BhOwYEraMA9NKEFBJ7gGV7hzRpbL9a79TEfLVlF5hD+wPr8AU2/kcw=</latexit>

8⇡hc 1
<latexit sha1_base64="2akTFKG7cHsqx+UCBne3KYOkABQ=">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</latexit>

⇢ ( ,T) = 5 ehc/ kB T 1
 Planck’s Law in terms of wavelengths
• We can write the energy density in terms of the wavelength, too, through a change of
variables ⌫ = c/
<latexit sha1_base64="cQb27PUvAsBxompDZX1T1kwUjoM=">AAAB9HicbVDLSsNAFL2pr1pfVZduBovgqiYi6kYounFZwT6gCWUymbRDJ5M4MymU0O9w40IRt36MO//GSZuFth4YOJxzD/fO8RPOlLbtb6u0srq2vlHerGxt7+zuVfcP2ipOJaEtEvNYdn2sKGeCtjTTnHYTSXHkc9rxR3e53xlTqVgsHvUkoV6EB4KFjGBtJM8V6Q05c7kJBLhfrdl1ewa0TJyC1KBAs1/9coOYpBEVmnCsVM+xE+1lWGpGOJ1W3FTRBJMRHtCeoQJHVHnZ7OgpOjFKgMJYmic0mqm/ExmOlJpEvpmMsB6qRS8X//N6qQ6vvYyJJNVUkPmiMOVIxyhvAAVMUqL5xBBMJDO3IjLEEhNteqqYEpzFLy+T9nnduazbDxe1xm1RRxmO4BhOwYEraMA9NKEFBJ7gGV7hzRpbL9a79TEfLVlF5hD+wPr8AU2/kcw=</latexit>

8⇡hc 1
<latexit sha1_base64="2akTFKG7cHsqx+UCBne3KYOkABQ=">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</latexit>

⇢ ( ,T) = 5 ehc/ kB T 1

Wien displacement law:

3
<latexit sha1_base64="/ML58QeeXJ1AAWJis+TwKEgdOHY=">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</latexit>

max T = 2.898 ⇥ 10 Km

Position of maximum intensity in Blackbody spectrum

depends on T only!
 Planck’s Law in terms of wavelengths
• We can write the energy density in terms of the wavelength, too, through a change of
variables ⌫ = c/
<latexit sha1_base64="cQb27PUvAsBxompDZX1T1kwUjoM=">AAAB9HicbVDLSsNAFL2pr1pfVZduBovgqiYi6kYounFZwT6gCWUymbRDJ5M4MymU0O9w40IRt36MO//GSZuFth4YOJxzD/fO8RPOlLbtb6u0srq2vlHerGxt7+zuVfcP2ipOJaEtEvNYdn2sKGeCtjTTnHYTSXHkc9rxR3e53xlTqVgsHvUkoV6EB4KFjGBtJM8V6Q05c7kJBLhfrdl1ewa0TJyC1KBAs1/9coOYpBEVmnCsVM+xE+1lWGpGOJ1W3FTRBJMRHtCeoQJHVHnZ7OgpOjFKgMJYmic0mqm/ExmOlJpEvpmMsB6qRS8X//N6qQ6vvYyJJNVUkPmiMOVIxyhvAAVMUqL5xBBMJDO3IjLEEhNteqqYEpzFLy+T9nnduazbDxe1xm1RRxmO4BhOwYEraMA9NKEFBJ7gGV7hzRpbL9a79TEfLVlF5hD+wPr8AU2/kcw=</latexit>

The sun is a blackbody!

 Particles behave as waves: Some consequences
• Double-slit experiment: Particles such as electrons have wavelike properties
• One consequence: There is a fundamental limit to the accuracy at which some
complementary observables (Position – Momentum; Time – Energy) can be measured
simultaneously
 Particles behave as waves: Some consequences
• Double-slit experiment: Particles such as electrons have wavelike properties
• One consequence: There is a fundamental limit to the accuracy at which some
complementary observables (Position – Momentum; Time – Energy) can be measured
simultaneously
• This is a fundamental limitation of nature! Not due to inaccurate
measuring apparatus.
• Why? Particles behave as wave packets.
 Particles behave as waves: Some consequences
• Double-slit experiment: Particles such as electrons have wavelike properties
• One consequence: There is a fundamental limit to the accuracy at which some
complementary observables (Position – Momentum; Time – Energy) can be measured
simultaneously
• This is a fundamental limitation of nature! Not due to inaccurate
measuring apparatus.
• Why? Particles behave as wave packets. Wave packet (superposition)
Single wave
<latexit sha1_base64="sUT00J9LrXd38BF2oEpepojoIME=">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</latexit>

h ⇣x ⌘i
(x, t) = A sin 2⇡ vt

x
<latexit sha1_base64="Q07TjtbmaUB2B1osmd0oDXdmKio=">AAAB73icbVBNS8NAEJ34WetX1aOXxSJ4KomIeizqwWMF+wFtKJvtpl262cTdiVhC/4QXD4p49e9489+4bXPQ1gcDj/dmmJkXJFIYdN1vZ2l5ZXVtvbBR3Nza3tkt7e03TJxqxusslrFuBdRwKRSvo0DJW4nmNAokbwbD64nffOTaiFjd4yjhfkT7SoSCUbRSq3PDJVLy1C2V3Yo7BVkkXk7KkKPWLX11ejFLI66QSWpM23MT9DOqUTDJx8VOanhC2ZD2edtSRSNu/Gx675gcW6VHwljbUkim6u+JjEbGjKLAdkYUB2bem4j/ee0Uw0s/EypJkSs2WxSmkmBMJs+TntCcoRxZQpkW9lbCBlRThjaiog3Bm395kTROK955xbs7K1ev8jgKcAhHcAIeXEAVbqEGdWAg4Rle4c15cF6cd+dj1rrk5DMH8AfO5w+XfY+u</latexit>
 Particles behave as waves: Some consequences
• Double-slit experiment: Particles such as electrons have wavelike properties
• One consequence: There is a fundamental limit to the accuracy at which some
complementary observables (Position – Momentum; Time – Energy) can be measured
simultaneously
• This is a fundamental limitation of nature! Not due to inaccurate
measuring apparatus.
• Why? Particles behave as wave packets. Wave packet (superposition)
Single wave
<latexit sha1_base64="ZqKTTsaOGuBeBn4L4KkbhvKYfJ8=">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</latexit>

h ⇣x ⌘i
(x, t) = A sin 2⇡ ⌫t
Proof using Fourier transforms:
1 1
<latexit sha1_base64="Y9VAuiX5wiy3mevt5GSDhw1B1bY=">AAACHnicbZDLSgMxFIYz9VbrbdSlm2ARXJUZqZdlURcuK9gLdIaSSc+0oZmLSUYswzyJG1/FjQtFBFf6NqbtgNr6Q+DjP+ckOb8XcyaVZX0ZhYXFpeWV4mppbX1jc8vc3mnKKBEUGjTikWh7RAJnITQUUxzasQASeBxa3vBiXG/dgZAsCm/UKAY3IP2Q+YwSpa2ueexcAlcE3+McHF8QmtpZ6nB9S49k2OnD7Y9ddWKWdc2yVbEmwvNg51BGuepd88PpRTQJIFSUEyk7thUrNyVCMcohKzmJhJjQIelDR2NIApBuOlkvwwfa6WE/EvqECk/c3xMpCaQcBZ7uDIgayNna2Pyv1kmUf+amLIwTBSGdPuQnHKsIj7PCPSaAKj7SQKhg+q+YDogOQulESzoEe3bleWgeVeyTin1dLdfO8ziKaA/to0Nko1NUQ1eojhqIogf0hF7Qq/FoPBtvxvu0tWDkM7voj4zPb9ieolg=</latexit>

x
4⇡
1
<latexit sha1_base64="KSlVzs57SWVRnibafZxv2Y/pE5c=">AAACEHicbZBNS8NAEIY3ftb6FfXoZbGInkoiRT0W9eCxglWhKWWzndTFzSbuToQS8hO8+Fe8eFDEq0dv/hu3bQ5+vbDw8M4Ms/OGqRQGPe/TmZqemZ2bryxUF5eWV1bdtfULk2SaQ5snMtFXITMghYI2CpRwlWpgcSjhMrw5HtUv70AbkahzHKbQjdlAiUhwhtbquTvBCUhkFGkJgcpoMIBbGkSa8dwv8kaQiqLn1ry6Nxb9C34JNVKq1XM/gn7CsxgUcsmM6fheit2caRRcQlENMgMp4zdsAB2LisVguvn4oIJuW6dPo0Tbp5CO3e8TOYuNGcah7YwZXpvftZH5X62TYXTYzYVKMwTFJ4uiTFJM6Cgd2hcaOMqhBca1sH+l/JrZINBmWLUh+L9P/gsXe3V/v+6fNWrNozKOCtkkW2SX+OSANMkpaZE24eSePJJn8uI8OE/Oq/M2aZ1yypkN8kPO+xddgJwx</latexit>

t ⌫ <latexit sha1_base64="Q07TjtbmaUB2B1osmd0oDXdmKio=">AAAB73icbVBNS8NAEJ34WetX1aOXxSJ4KomIeizqwWMF+wFtKJvtpl262cTdiVhC/4QXD4p49e9489+4bXPQ1gcDj/dmmJkXJFIYdN1vZ2l5ZXVtvbBR3Nza3tkt7e03TJxqxusslrFuBdRwKRSvo0DJW4nmNAokbwbD64nffOTaiFjd4yjhfkT7SoSCUbRSq3PDJVLy1C2V3Yo7BVkkXk7KkKPWLX11ejFLI66QSWpM23MT9DOqUTDJx8VOanhC2ZD2edtSRSNu/Gx675gcW6VHwljbUkim6u+JjEbGjKLAdkYUB2bem4j/ee0Uw0s/EypJkSs2WxSmkmBMJs+TntCcoRxZQpkW9lbCBlRThjaiog3Bm395kTROK955xbs7K1ev8jgKcAhHcAIeXEAVbqEGdWAg4Rle4c15cF6cd+dj1rrk5DMH8AfO5w+XfY+u</latexit>

x
4⇡
 The Heisenberg Uncertainty principle
• We can take the expressions of quantum mechanics and the Fourier relation to
derive the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
1 px h
<latexit sha1_base64="VF8SN4kv7cYvrGt667q+LFoWI/o=">AAACCHicbVDLSsNAFL3xWesr6tKFwSK4KomIuhGKblxWsA9oQphMJu3QySTMTMQSsnTjr7hxoYhbP8Gdf+O0zUJbDwwczrmHO/cEKaNS2fa3sbC4tLyyWlmrrm9sbm2bO7ttmWQCkxZOWCK6AZKEUU5aiipGuqkgKA4Y6QTD67HfuSdC0oTfqVFKvBj1OY0oRkpLvnngRgLh3Clyl+lUiIrLqZL6D0U+KHyzZtftCax54pSkBiWavvnlhgnOYsIVZkjKnmOnysuRUBQzUlTdTJIU4SHqk56mHMVEevnkkMI60kpoRYnQjytrov5O5CiWchQHejJGaiBnvbH4n9fLVHTh5ZSnmSIcTxdFGbNUYo1bsUIqCFZspAnCguq/WniAdA9Kd1fVJTizJ8+T9kndOavbt6e1xlVZRwX24RCOwYFzaMANNKEFGB7hGV7hzXgyXox342M6umCUmT34A+PzB+2+mpA=</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="05JVWUxSnHvrrLC63cxWAM3W1M4=">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</latexit>

34
• Using the deBroglie relationship: = ~= = 1.05 ⇥ 10 Js
h 2⇡
1 px 1
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x = x
h 4⇡
~
x px =
2
 The Heisenberg Uncertainty principle
• We can take the expressions of quantum mechanics and the Fourier relation to
derive the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
1 px h
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34
• Using the deBroglie relationship: = ~= = 1.05 ⇥ 10 Js
h 2⇡
1 px 1
<latexit sha1_base64="Bp0RTxbEXrA3Vt2zYHMe03urUtc=">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</latexit>

x = x
h 4⇡
~
x px =
2
E = h⌫
<latexit sha1_base64="Z+yEAL1fFMpkTQJj9oq0sEH5pps=">AAAB7XicbVDLSgNBEOz1GeMr6tHLYBA8hV0R9SIERfAYwTwgWcLsZDYZM49lZlYIS/7BiwdFvPo/3vwbJ8keNLGgoajqprsrSjgz1ve/vaXlldW19cJGcXNre2e3tLffMCrVhNaJ4kq3ImwoZ5LWLbOcthJNsYg4bUbDm4nffKLaMCUf7CihocB9yWJGsHVS4/Zq0JFpt1T2K/4UaJEEOSlDjlq39NXpKZIKKi3h2Jh24Cc2zLC2jHA6LnZSQxNMhrhP245KLKgJs+m1Y3TslB6KlXYlLZqqvycyLIwZich1CmwHZt6biP957dTGl2HGZJJaKslsUZxyZBWavI56TFNi+cgRTDRztyIywBoT6wIquhCC+ZcXSeO0EpxXgvuzcvU6j6MAh3AEJxDABVThDmpQBwKP8Ayv8OYp78V79z5mrUtePnMAf+B9/gA15I7l</latexit>

• Using

E 1
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t ⌫= t
h 4⇡
~
t E=
2
 The Heisenberg Uncertainty principle
• We can take the expressions of quantum mechanics and the Fourier relation to
derive the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
1 px
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• Using the deBroglie relationship: =

h Important consequences
• It is impossible to simultaneously know
1 px 1
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position and momentum (speed) of a

x = x particle to infinite precision
h 4⇡
• For atomic spectroscopy: It is impossible to
~ simultaneously know the energy of a
x px =
2 transition between energy levels and time
E = h⌫ of transition to infinite precision.
<latexit sha1_base64="Z+yEAL1fFMpkTQJj9oq0sEH5pps=">AAAB7XicbVDLSgNBEOz1GeMr6tHLYBA8hV0R9SIERfAYwTwgWcLsZDYZM49lZlYIS/7BiwdFvPo/3vwbJ8keNLGgoajqprsrSjgz1ve/vaXlldW19cJGcXNre2e3tLffMCrVhNaJ4kq3ImwoZ5LWLbOcthJNsYg4bUbDm4nffKLaMCUf7CihocB9yWJGsHVS4/Zq0JFpt1T2K/4UaJEEOSlDjlq39NXpKZIKKi3h2Jh24Cc2zLC2jHA6LnZSQxNMhrhP245KLKgJs+m1Y3TslB6KlXYlLZqqvycyLIwZich1CmwHZt6biP957dTGl2HGZJJaKslsUZxyZBWavI56TFNi+cgRTDRztyIywBoT6wIquhCC+ZcXSeO0EpxXgvuzcvU6j6MAh3AEJxDABVThDmpQBwKP8Ayv8OYp78V79z5mrUtePnMAf+B9/gA15I7l</latexit>

• Using

E 1
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t ⌫= t
h 4⇡
~
t E=
2
The double-slit experiment revisited

• Electron wavepacket spans

BOTH slits to create an
interference pattern on the
screen.
• We don’t know its exact position
à no way of predicting where it
will land on the screen
• Can we measure which slit the
electron goes through?
The double-slit experiment revisited

• Electron wavepacket spans

BOTH slits to create an
interference pattern on the
screen.
• We don’t know its exact position
à no way of predicting where it
will land on the screen
• Can we measure which slit the
electron goes through?

• Yes, but the interference pattern

disappears!
THANK YOU v