User’s manual

FLIR Tools/Tools+

6.0
User’s manual
FLIR Tools/Tools+

#T810209; r. AS/40301/40301; en-US iii

Table of contents

1 Legal disclaimer ................................................................................1

1.1 Legal disclaimer ....................................................................... 1
1.2 Usage statistics ........................................................................ 1
1.3 Changes to registry ................................................................... 1
1.4 Copyright ................................................................................ 1
1.5 Quality assurance ..................................................................... 2
2 Notice to user ...................................................................................3
2.1 User-to-user forums .................................................................. 3
2.2 Training .................................................................................. 3
2.3 Documentation updates ............................................................. 3
2.4 Software updates...................................................................... 3
2.5 Important note about this manual.................................................. 3
2.6 Additional license information ...................................................... 3
3 Customer help ..................................................................................4
3.1 General .................................................................................. 4
3.2 Submitting a question ................................................................ 4
3.3 Downloads .............................................................................. 5
4 Introduction ......................................................................................6
4.1 Comparison between FLIR Tools and FLIR Tools+ ........................... 6
5 Installation .......................................................................................8
5.1 System requirements................................................................. 8
5.1.1 Operating system ........................................................... 8
5.1.2 Hardware ..................................................................... 8
5.2 Installation of FLIR Tools/Tools+ ................................................... 8
5.2.1 Procedure .................................................................... 8
6 Login ............................................................................................. 10
6.1 General ................................................................................ 10
6.2 Login procedure ..................................................................... 10
6.3 Logout.................................................................................. 11
7 Enabling FLIR Tools+ ....................................................................... 13
8 Managing licenses........................................................................... 14
8.1 Activating your license ............................................................. 14
8.1.1 General...................................................................... 14
8.1.2 Figure ........................................................................ 14
8.1.3 Activating FLIR Tools/Tools+ online .................................. 14
8.1.4 Activating FLIR Tools/Tools+ by e-mail .............................. 14
8.2 Activating FLIR Tools/Tools+ on a computer with no internet
access ................................................................................. 15
8.3 Transferring your license........................................................... 16
8.3.1 General...................................................................... 16
8.3.2 Figure ........................................................................ 17
8.3.3 Procedure .................................................................. 17
8.4 Activating additional software modules ........................................ 17
8.4.1 General...................................................................... 17
8.4.2 Figure ........................................................................ 18
8.4.3 Procedure .................................................................. 18
9 Workflow ........................................................................................ 19
9.1 General ................................................................................ 19
9.2 Figure .................................................................................. 19
9.3 Explanation ........................................................................... 19
10 Importing images ............................................................................ 20
10.1 Procedure ............................................................................. 20
10.2 About UltraMax ...................................................................... 21

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11 Screen elements and toolbar buttons ................................................ 22

11.1 Window elements: the Library tab............................................... 22
11.1.1 Figure ........................................................................ 22
11.1.2 Explanation................................................................. 22
11.2 Window elements: the Instruments tab ........................................ 22
11.2.1 Figure ........................................................................ 23
11.2.2 Explanation................................................................. 23
11.3 Window elements: the Create imagesheet tab............................... 24
11.3.1 Figure ........................................................................ 24
11.3.2 Explanation................................................................. 24
11.4 Window elements: the Report tab ............................................... 25
11.4.1 Figure ........................................................................ 25
11.4.2 Explanation................................................................. 25
11.5 Window elements: the image-editing window (for still
images) ................................................................................ 26
11.5.1 Figure ........................................................................ 26
11.5.2 Explanation................................................................. 26
11.6 Window elements: the image-editing window (for video clips) ........... 27
11.6.1 Figure ........................................................................ 27
11.6.2 Explanation................................................................. 27
11.7 Toolbar buttons (on the Instruments tab) ...................................... 27
11.8 Toolbar buttons (in the image-editing window) ............................... 28
11.9 Toolbar buttons (in the report-editing window) ............................... 29
11.10 The Panorama tab .................................................................. 29
11.10.1 Figure ........................................................................ 29
11.10.2 Explanation................................................................. 29
12 Live image streaming of camera images............................................. 30
12.1 General ................................................................................ 30
12.2 Figure .................................................................................. 30
12.3 Procedure ............................................................................. 30
13 Managing images and folders ........................................................... 32
13.1 Grouping files ........................................................................ 32
13.1.1 General...................................................................... 32
13.1.2 Procedure .................................................................. 32
13.2 Saving a sequence file frame as a radiometric *.jpg file ................... 32
13.2.1 General...................................................................... 32
13.2.2 Procedure .................................................................. 32
13.3 Saving a sequence file frame as an *.avi file.................................. 32
13.3.1 General...................................................................... 32
13.3.2 Procedure .................................................................. 32
13.4 Changing the playback speed.................................................... 32
13.4.1 General...................................................................... 32
13.4.2 Procedure .................................................................. 33
13.5 Cloning images ...................................................................... 33
13.5.1 General...................................................................... 33
13.5.2 Procedure .................................................................. 33
13.6 Extracting a digital camera photo from a multispectral image ............ 33
13.6.1 General...................................................................... 33
13.6.2 Procedure: Extracting a photo ......................................... 33
13.6.3 Procedure: Extracting a photo at its full field of view ............. 33
13.7 Enhancing the resolution of an image .......................................... 33
13.7.1 General...................................................................... 33
13.7.2 Indication of supported images........................................ 33
13.7.3 Procedure .................................................................. 34
13.8 Deleting images ..................................................................... 34

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13.8.1 General...................................................................... 34
13.8.2 Procedure .................................................................. 34
13.9 Adding a directory................................................................... 34
13.9.1 General...................................................................... 34
13.9.2 Procedure .................................................................. 34
13.10 Deleting a directory ................................................................. 35
13.10.1 General...................................................................... 35
13.10.2 Procedure .................................................................. 35
13.11 Creating a subfolder ................................................................ 35
13.11.1 General...................................................................... 35
13.11.2 Procedure .................................................................. 35
14 Analyzing images ............................................................................ 36
14.1 Laying out a measurement tool .................................................. 36
14.1.1 General...................................................................... 36
14.1.2 Procedure .................................................................. 36
14.2 Moving a measurement tool ...................................................... 36
14.2.1 General...................................................................... 36
14.2.2 Procedure .................................................................. 36
14.3 Resizing a measurement tool .................................................... 36
14.3.1 General...................................................................... 36
14.3.2 Procedure .................................................................. 36
14.4 Deleting a measurement tool ..................................................... 37
14.4.1 General...................................................................... 37
14.4.2 Procedure .................................................................. 37
14.5 Creating local markers for a measurement tool .............................. 37
14.5.1 General...................................................................... 37
14.5.2 Procedure .................................................................. 37
14.6 Setting local parameters for a measurement tool............................ 38
14.6.1 General...................................................................... 38
14.6.2 Procedure .................................................................. 38
14.7 Working with isotherms ............................................................ 38
14.7.1 General...................................................................... 38
14.7.2 Setting up general isotherms (Above, Below)...................... 38
14.7.3 Setting up general isotherms (Interval) .............................. 38
14.7.4 Setting up a humidity isotherm ........................................ 39
14.7.5 Setting up an insulation isotherm ..................................... 39
14.7.6 Setting up a custom isotherm.......................................... 40
14.8 Changing the temperature levels ................................................ 41
14.8.1 General...................................................................... 41
14.8.2 Why change temperature levels? ..................................... 41
14.8.3 Changing the top level................................................... 41
14.8.4 Changing the bottom level.............................................. 42
14.8.5 Changing both the top and bottom levels at the same
time........................................................................... 42
14.9 Auto-adjusting an image........................................................... 42
14.9.1 General...................................................................... 42
14.9.2 Procedure .................................................................. 42
14.10 Defining an auto-adjust region ................................................... 42
14.10.1 General...................................................................... 42
14.10.2 Procedure .................................................................. 43
14.11 Changing the color distribution................................................... 43
14.11.1 General...................................................................... 43
14.11.2 Definitions .................................................................. 43
14.11.3 Procedure .................................................................. 43
14.12 Changing the palette ............................................................... 43

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14.12.1 General...................................................................... 43
14.12.2 Procedure .................................................................. 43
14.13 Changing the image mode ........................................................ 44
14.13.1 General...................................................................... 44
14.13.2 Types of image modes .................................................. 44
14.14 Exporting to CSV .................................................................... 45
14.14.1 General...................................................................... 45
14.14.2 Procedure .................................................................. 45
14.15 Creating a plot........................................................................ 45
14.15.1 General...................................................................... 45
14.15.2 Procedure .................................................................. 45
14.16 Calculating areas .................................................................... 46
14.16.1 General...................................................................... 46
14.17 Calculating lengths.................................................................. 47
14.17.1 General...................................................................... 47
15 Working with annotations ................................................................. 48
15.1 About image descriptions ......................................................... 48
15.1.1 What is an image description? ........................................ 48
15.2 About text annotations ............................................................. 48
15.2.1 What is a text annotation? .............................................. 48
15.2.2 Definition of label and value ............................................ 48
15.2.3 Example markup structure.............................................. 49
15.2.4 Creating a text annotation for an image ............................. 49
15.2.5 Creating a text annotation template .................................. 49
16 Creating panoramas ........................................................................ 51
16.1 General ................................................................................ 51
16.2 Figure .................................................................................. 51
16.3 Procedure ............................................................................. 51
17 Creating reports .............................................................................. 52
17.1 General ................................................................................ 52
17.2 Setting a default report template................................................. 52
17.3 Saving a report in the intermediary *.repx format ............................ 53
17.4 Creating an Adobe PDF imagesheet ........................................... 53
17.5 Creating an Adobe PDF report ................................................... 53
17.6 Creating a radiometric Microsoft Word report ................................ 54
18 Working in the Microsoft Word environment ....................................... 57
18.1 Managing objects in the report ................................................... 57
18.1.1 General...................................................................... 57
18.1.2 Inserting a thermal image object ...................................... 57
18.1.3 Inserting a digital photo object......................................... 57
18.1.4 Inserting a field object ................................................... 58
18.1.5 Inserting a table object .................................................. 59
18.1.6 Inserting a report properties object ................................... 65
18.1.7 Resizing objects........................................................... 66
18.1.8 Replacing an image ...................................................... 67
18.1.9 Deleting objects ........................................................... 67
18.2 Editing an image..................................................................... 68
18.3 Working with formulas.............................................................. 68
18.3.1 General...................................................................... 68
18.3.2 Creating a simple formula .............................................. 68
18.3.3 Creating a conditional formula......................................... 71
18.4 Document properties ............................................................... 74
18.4.1 General...................................................................... 74
18.4.2 Types of document properties ......................................... 74

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18.4.3 Creating and editing Microsoft Word document

properties ................................................................... 74
18.5 Creating a report..................................................................... 74
18.6 Exporting a report ................................................................... 75
18.7 Creating a report template ........................................................ 75
18.8 Changing the settings .............................................................. 75
18.9 Help menu ............................................................................ 76
19 Analyzing and editing images using the FLIR Report Studio Image
Editor............................................................................................. 77
19.1 General ................................................................................ 77
19.2 Starting the Image Editor .......................................................... 77
19.2.1 Starting the Image Editor from the FLIR Word Add-in ........... 77
19.2.2 Starting the Image Editor from the FLIR Report Studio
wizard........................................................................ 77
19.3 Image Editor screen elements ................................................... 78
19.3.1 Figure ........................................................................ 78
19.3.2 Explanation................................................................. 78
19.4 Basic image editing functions .................................................... 79
19.4.1 Rotating the image ....................................................... 79
19.4.2 Cropping the image ...................................................... 79
19.5 Working with measurement tools ................................................ 79
19.5.1 General...................................................................... 79
19.5.2 Adding a measurement tool ............................................ 80
19.5.3 Moving and resizing a measurement tool........................... 80
19.5.4 Creating local markers for a measurement tool ................... 80
19.5.5 Calculating areas ......................................................... 80
19.5.6 Setting up a difference calculation.................................... 81
19.5.7 Deleting a measurement tool .......................................... 82
19.6 Adjusting the infrared image ...................................................... 82
19.6.1 General...................................................................... 82
19.6.2 Example 1 .................................................................. 82
19.6.3 Example 2 .................................................................. 83
19.6.4 Changing the temperature levels ..................................... 83
19.6.5 Auto-adjusting the image ............................................... 84
19.6.6 Defining an auto-adjust region......................................... 84
19.7 Changing the color distribution................................................... 85
19.7.1 General...................................................................... 85
19.7.2 Definitions .................................................................. 85
19.7.3 Procedure .................................................................. 85
19.8 Changing the color palette ........................................................ 86
19.8.1 General...................................................................... 86
19.8.2 Procedure .................................................................. 87
19.9 Changing the image modes ...................................................... 88
19.9.1 General...................................................................... 88
19.9.2 Types of image modes .................................................. 88
19.9.3 Procedure .................................................................. 89
19.10 Working with color alarms and isotherms ..................................... 89
19.10.1 General...................................................................... 89
19.10.2 Image examples .......................................................... 90
19.10.3 Setting up above and below alarms .................................. 91
19.10.4 Setting up an interval alarm ............................................ 91
19.10.5 Setting up a humidity alarm ............................................ 92
19.10.6 Setting up an insulation alarm ......................................... 92
19.10.7 Setting up a custom alarm .............................................. 93
19.11 Changing the local parameters for a measurement tool ................... 93
19.11.1 General...................................................................... 93

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19.11.2 Procedure .................................................................. 94

19.12 Working with annotations.......................................................... 94
19.12.1 General...................................................................... 94
19.12.2 About image descriptions............................................... 94
19.12.3 About text annotations................................................... 95
20 Creating report templates................................................................. 96
20.1 General ................................................................................ 96
20.1.1 Few or many report templates? ....................................... 96
20.1.2 Typical structure........................................................... 96
20.1.3 A note about working in the Microsoft Word
environment ................................................................ 96
20.2 Creating a custom infrared report template ................................... 96
20.2.1 Customizing a basic report template................................. 97
20.2.2 Modifying an existing template ........................................ 97
20.2.3 Adding multiple DATA sections ........................................ 98
20.2.4 Selecting a template category ......................................... 99
21 Creating reports using the FLIR Report Studio wizard........................ 101
21.1 General .............................................................................. 101
21.2 Types of reports.................................................................... 101
21.3 Procedure ........................................................................... 101
21.4 Saving a session .................................................................. 104
21.5 Changing the settings ............................................................ 105
22 Updating the camera and PC software ............................................. 107
22.1 Updating the PC software ....................................................... 107
22.1.1 General.................................................................... 107
22.1.2 Procedure ................................................................ 107
22.2 Updating the camera firmware ................................................. 107
22.2.1 General.................................................................... 107
22.2.2 Procedure ................................................................ 107
23 Changing settings ......................................................................... 108
23.1 Settings relating to Options FLIR Tools/Tools+............................. 108
23.1.1 The Options dialog (for program-wide options) ................. 108
23.1.2 The Options dialog (for plot-specific options) .................... 110
23.2 Settings relating to FLIR Kx3 and FLIR Kx5 series cameras ........... 111
23.2.1 General.................................................................... 111
23.2.2 The General settings tab.............................................. 112
23.2.3 The User interface tab ................................................. 112
23.2.4 Explanation of the different camera modes ...................... 114
23.3 Settings relating to FLIR Kx series cameras ................................ 116
23.3.1 General.................................................................... 116
23.3.2 The General settings tab.............................................. 117
23.3.3 The User interface tab ................................................. 118
23.3.4 Explanation of the different camera modes ...................... 119
24 Supported file formats ................................................................... 123
24.1 General .............................................................................. 123
24.2 Radiometric file formats.......................................................... 123
24.3 Non-radiometric file formats .................................................... 123
25 About FLIR Systems ...................................................................... 124
25.1 More than just an infrared camera ............................................ 125
25.2 Sharing our knowledge .......................................................... 125
25.3 Supporting our customers....................................................... 126
26 Definitions and laws ...................................................................... 127
27 Thermographic measurement techniques ........................................ 129
27.1 Introduction ........................................................................ 129

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27.2 Emissivity............................................................................ 129

27.2.1 Finding the emissivity of a sample .................................. 129
27.3 Reflected apparent temperature............................................... 133
27.4 Distance ............................................................................. 133
27.5 Relative humidity .................................................................. 133
27.6 Other parameters.................................................................. 133
28 History of infrared technology......................................................... 134
29 Theory of thermography................................................................. 137
29.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 137
29.2 The electromagnetic spectrum................................................. 137
29.3 Blackbody radiation............................................................... 137
29.3.1 Planck’s law .............................................................. 138
29.3.2 Wien’s displacement law.............................................. 139
29.3.3 Stefan-Boltzmann's law ............................................... 140
29.3.4 Non-blackbody emitters............................................... 141
29.4 Infrared semi-transparent materials........................................... 143
30 The measurement formula.............................................................. 144
31 Emissivity tables ........................................................................... 148
31.1 References.......................................................................... 148
31.2 Tables ................................................................................ 148

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1 Legal disclaimer

1.1 Legal disclaimer

All products manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials
and workmanship for a period of one (1) year from the delivery date of the original pur-
chase, provided such products have been under normal storage, use and service, and in
accordance with FLIR Systems instruction.
Products which are not manufactured by FLIR Systems but included in systems deliv-
ered by FLIR Systems to the original purchaser, carry the warranty, if any, of the particu-
lar supplier only. FLIR Systems has no responsibility whatsoever for such products.
The warranty extends only to the original purchaser and is not transferable. It is not appli-
cable to any product which has been subjected to misuse, neglect, accident or abnormal
conditions of operation. Expendable parts are excluded from the warranty.
In the case of a defect in a product covered by this warranty the product must not be fur-
ther used in order to prevent additional damage. The purchaser shall promptly report any
defect to FLIR Systems or this warranty will not apply.
FLIR Systems will, at its option, repair or replace any such defective product free of
charge if, upon inspection, it proves to be defective in material or workmanship and pro-
vided that it is returned to FLIR Systems within the said one-year period.
FLIR Systems has no other obligation or liability for defects than those set forth above.
No other warranty is expressed or implied. FLIR Systems specifically disclaims the im-
plied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose.
FLIR Systems shall not be liable for any direct, indirect, special, incidental or consequen-
tial loss or damage, whether based on contract, tort or any other legal theory.
This warranty shall be governed by Swedish law.
Any dispute, controversy or claim arising out of or in connection with this warranty, shall
be finally settled by arbitration in accordance with the Rules of the Arbitration Institute of
the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce. The place of arbitration shall be Stockholm. The
language to be used in the arbitral proceedings shall be English.

1.2 Usage statistics

FLIR Systems reserves the right to gather anonymous usage statistics to help maintain
and improve the quality of our software and services.

1.3 Changes to registry

The registry entry HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Lsa
\LmCompatibilityLevel will be automatically changed to level 2 if the FLIR Camera Moni-
tor service detects a FLIR camera connected to the computer with a USB cable. The
modification will only be executed if the camera device implements a remote network
service that supports network logons.

1.4 Copyright
© 2016, FLIR Systems, Inc. All rights reserved worldwide. No parts of the software in-
cluding source code may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed or translated into any
language or computer language in any form or by any means, electronic, magnetic, opti-
cal, manual or otherwise, without the prior written permission of FLIR Systems.
The documentation must not, in whole or part, be copied, photocopied, reproduced,
translated or transmitted to any electronic medium or machine readable form without pri-
or consent, in writing, from FLIR Systems.
Names and marks appearing on the products herein are either registered trademarks or
trademarks of FLIR Systems and/or its subsidiaries. All other trademarks, trade names
or company names referenced herein are used for identification only and are the prop-
erty of their respective owners.

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1 Legal disclaimer

1.5 Quality assurance

The Quality Management System under which these products are developed and manu-
factured has been certified in accordance with the ISO 9001 standard.
FLIR Systems is committed to a policy of continuous development; therefore we reserve
the right to make changes and improvements on any of the products without prior notice.

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2 Notice to user

2.1 User-to-user forums

Exchange ideas, problems, and infrared solutions with fellow thermographers around the
world in our user-to-user forums. To go to the forums, visit:
http://forum.infraredtraining.com/

2.2 Training
To read about infrared training, visit:
• http://www.infraredtraining.com
• http://www.irtraining.com
• http://www.irtraining.eu

2.3 Documentation updates

Our manuals are updated several times per year, and we also issue product-critical notifi-
cations of changes on a regular basis.
To access the latest manuals, translations of manuals, and notifications, go to the Down-
load tab at:
http://support.flir.com
It only takes a few minutes to register online. In the download area you will also find the
latest releases of manuals for our other products, as well as manuals for our historical
and obsolete products.

2.4 Software updates

FLIR Systems regularly issues software updates and you can update the software using
this update service. Depending on your software, this update service is located at one or
both of the following locations:
• Start > FLIR Systems > [Software] > Check for updates.
• Help > Check for updates.

2.5 Important note about this manual

FLIR Systems issues generic manuals that cover several software variants within a soft-
ware suite.
This means that this manual may contain descriptions and explanations that do not apply
to your software variant.

2.6 Additional license information

For each purchased software license, the software may be installed, activated, and used
on two devices, e.g., one laptop computer for on-site data acquisition, and one desktop
computer for analysis in the office.

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3 Customer help

3.1 General
For customer help, visit:
http://support.flir.com

3.2 Submitting a question

To submit a question to the customer help team, you must be a registered user. It only
takes a few minutes to register online. If you only want to search the knowledgebase for
existing questions and answers, you do not need to be a registered user.
When you want to submit a question, make sure that you have the following information
to hand:
• The camera model
• The camera serial number
• The communication protocol, or method, between the camera and your device (for ex-
ample, SD card reader, HDMI, Ethernet, USB, or FireWire)
• Device type (PC/Mac/iPhone/iPad/Android device, etc.)
• Version of any programs from FLIR Systems

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3 Customer help

• Full name, publication number, and revision number of the manual

3.3 Downloads
On the customer help site you can also download the following, when applicable for the
product:
• Firmware updates for your infrared camera.
• Program updates for your PC/Mac software.
• Freeware and evaluation versions of PC/Mac software.
• User documentation for current, obsolete, and historical products.
• Mechanical drawings (in *.dxf and *.pdf format).
• Cad data models (in *.stp format).
• Application stories.
• Technical datasheets.
• Product catalogs.

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4 Introduction

FLIR Tools/Tools+ is a software suite specifically designed to provide an easy way to up-
date your camera and create inspection reports.
Examples of what you can do in FLIR Tools/Tools+ include the following:
• Import images from your camera to your computer.
• Apply filters when searching for images.
• Lay out, move, and resize measurement tools on any infrared image.
• Group and ungroup files.
• Create panoramas by stitching several smaller images into a larger one.
• Create PDF imagesheets of any images of your choice.
• Add headers, footers, and logos to imagesheets.
• Create PDF/Microsoft Word reports for images of your choice.
• Add headers, footers, and logos to reports.
• Update your camera with the latest firmware.

4.1 Comparison between FLIR Tools and FLIR

Tools+
This table explains the difference between FLIR Tools and FLIR Tools+.
Feature/function FLIR Tools FLIR Tools+
Import images using USB. X X

Create infrared/digital photo image groups X X

manually.

Measure temperatures using spots, areas, lines, X X

and isotherms.
Measure a temperature difference. X X
Adjust object parameters. X X
View a live image. X X

Save infrared *.jpg files from a live image. X X

Record a video sequence (*.seq). X

Record a video sequence (*.csq). X

Replay a recorded sequence. X X
Export a recorded sequence to *.avi. X X

Create a temporal plot. X X

Export plot data to Microsoft Excel. X X

Export an image to *.csv format. X X

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4 Introduction

Feature/function FLIR Tools FLIR Tools+

Create a panorama image. X

Create a PDF report. X X

Create a non-radiometric Microsoft Word report X

Create a radiometric Microsoft Word report X

Create text annotation templates for the camera. X X

Add/edit text annotations and image descriptions. X X

Listen to voice comments on infrared images. X X

Note
A new FLIR Word Add-in was introduced in FLIR Tools/Tools+ version 6.0. The FLIR
Word Add-in adds a number of commands that are specific to the area of infrared imag-
ing and reporting in the Microsoft Word environment. For legacy FLIR Word Add-in infor-
mation, refer to the manual for FLIR Tools/Tools+ version 5.12 (publication number:
T810199).

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5 Installation

5.1 System requirements

5.1.1 Operating system
FLIR Tools/Tools+ supports USB 2.0 and 3.0 communication for the following PC operat-
ing systems:
• Microsoft Windows 7, 32 bit.
• Microsoft Windows 7, 64 bit.
• Microsoft Windows 8, 32 bit.
• Microsoft Windows 8, 64 bit.
• Microsoft Windows 10, 32 bit.
• Microsoft Windows 10, 64 bit.

5.1.2 Hardware
• Personal computer with a dual-core 2 GHz processor.
• 4 GB of RAM (minimum—8 GB recommended).
• 128 GB hard disk, with at least 15 GB of available hard disk space.
• DVD-ROM drive.
• Support for DirectX 9 graphics with:
◦ WDDM driver
◦ 128 MB of graphics memory (minimum)
◦ Pixel Shader 2.0 in hardware
◦ 32 bits per pixel.
• SVGA (1024 × 768) monitor (or higher resolution).
• Internet access (fees may apply).
• Audio output.
• Keyboard and mouse, or a compatible pointing device.

5.2 Installation of FLIR Tools/Tools+

Note
• If you have FLIR Tools/Tools+ with the legacy FLIR Word Add-in (version 5.12 or low-
er) installed, you must first uninstall this version of FLIR Tools/Tools+.
• Before you install FLIR Tools/Tools+, close all programs.

5.2.1 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Double-click the installation file FLIR Tools.exe. This starts the installation wizard.

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5 Installation

2. Select the I agree to the license terms and conditions and the FLIR Report Studio
check boxes. Click Install. This starts the setup of FLIR Tools/Tools+.

3. When the setup is completed, click Close.

4. The installation is now complete. If you are asked to restart your computer, do so.
Follow this procedure:
1. Insert the FLIR Tools/Tools+ installation CD/DVD into the CD/DVD drive. The installa-
tion should start automatically.
2. In the Autoplay dialog box, click Run setup.exe (Published by FLIR Systems).
3. In the User Account Control dialog box, confirm that you want to install FLIR Tools/
Tools+.
4. In the Ready to Install the Program dialog box, click Install.
5. Click Finish. The installation is now complete. If you are asked to restart your com-
puter, do so.

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6 Login

6.1 General
The first time you start FLIR Tools/Tools+, you must log in with a FLIR Customer Support
account. If you already have an existing FLIR Customer Support account, you can use
the same login credentials.
Note
• When you log in, your computer must have internet access.
• Unless you log out, you do not need to log in again to use FLIR Tools/Tools+.

6.2 Login procedure

Follow this procedure:
1. Start FLIR Tools/Tools+.
2. The FLIR Login and Registration window is displayed:

3. To log in with your existing FLIR Customer Support account, do the following:
3.1. In the FLIR Login and Registration window, enter your username and
password.
3.2. Click Log In. Depending on the internet connection, it may take a few seconds
for FLIR Tools/Tools+ to start.

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6 Login

4. To create a new FLIR Customer Support account, do the following:

4.1. In the FLIR Login and Registration window, click Create a New Account. This
opens the FLIR Customer Support Center page in a web browser.
4.2. Enter the required information and click Create Account.

4.3. In the FLIR Login and Registration window, enter your username and
password.
4.4. Click Log In. Depending on the internet connection, it may take a few seconds
for FLIR Tools/Tools+ to start.

6.3 Logout
Normally, there is no need to log out. If you log out, you need to log in again to start FLIR
Tools/Tools+.
Follow this procedure:
1. In the upper menu bar, to the far right, click your username.

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6 Login

2. Click Log Out.

3. In the dialog box, do one of the following:

• To log out and exit FLIR Tools/Tools+, click Yes. This will close the application, and
all of your unsaved work will be lost.
• To cancel and return to the application, click Cancel.

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7 Enabling FLIR Tools+

FLIR Tools+ adds a number of features to FLIR Tools, such as recording and play-back
of radiometric video files, time–temperature plotting, Microsoft Word reporting, grouping
of files, stitching of images into panoramas, and more.
To enable FLIR Tools+, follow this procedure:
1. On the Help menu, click License options.
2. For FLIR Tools+, click Apply.
3. Restart the program.
A 30-day evaluation version of FLIR Tools+ has now begun. If you want to use the
program after 30 days, you need to purchase it.
For more information, see section 8.4 Activating additional software modules, page 17.

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8 Managing licenses

8.1 Activating your license

8.1.1 General
The first time you start FLIR Tools/Tools+ you will be able to choose one of the following
options:
• Activate FLIR Tools/Tools+ online.
• Activate FLIR Tools/Tools+ by e-mail.
• Purchase FLIR Tools/Tools+ and receive a serial number for activation.
• Use FLIR Tools/Tools+ for free during an evaluation period.

8.1.2 Figure

Figure 8.1 Activation dialog box.

8.1.3 Activating FLIR Tools/Tools+ online

Note Your computer needs to have internet access during this procedure.
Follow this procedure:
1. Start FLIR Tools/Tools+.
2. In the web activation dialog box, select I have a Serial Number and I want to activate
FLIR Tools/Tools+.
3. Click Next.
4. Enter your serial number, name, company and e-mail address. The name should be
that of the license holder.
5. Click Next.
6. Click Activate now. This will start the web activation process.
7. When the message Online activation was successful is displayed, click Close.
You have now successfully activated FLIR Tools/Tools+.

8.1.4 Activating FLIR Tools/Tools+ by e-mail

Note Your computer needs to have internet access during this procedure.

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8 Managing licenses

Follow this procedure:

1. Start FLIR Tools/Tools+.
2. In the web activation dialog box, click Activate the product by e-mail.
3. Enter your serial number, name, company and e-mail address. The name should be
that of the license holder.
4. Click Request Unlock Key by E-mail.
5. Your default e-mail client now opens, and an unsent e-mail with the license informa-
tion is displayed.
Note Send this e-mail without altering the content.
The main purpose of the e-mail is to send the license information to the activation
center.
6. Click Next. The program will now start and you can continue working while waiting for
the unlock key. You should receive an e-mail with the unlock key within 2 days.
7. When the e-mail with the unlock key arrives, start the program and enter the unlock
key in the text box. See the figure below.

Figure 8.2 Unlock key dialog box.

8.2 Activating FLIR Tools/Tools+ on a computer

with no internet access
If your computer does not have internet access, you can request the unlock key by e-mail
from another computer.
Follow this procedure:
1. Start FLIR Tools/Tools+.
2. In the web activation dialog box, click Activate the product by e-mail.
3. Enter your serial number, name, company and e-mail address. The name should be
that of the license holder.
4. Click Request Unlock Key by E-mail.
5. Your default e-mail client now opens, and an unsent e-mail with the license informa-
tion is displayed.
Note If there is no e-mail client on the computer, you will be prompted to configure
an e-mail client.

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8 Managing licenses

6. Copy the e-mail, without altering the content, to e.g. an USB stick and send the e-
mail to activate@flir.se from another computer.
The main purpose of the e-mail is to send the license information to the activation
center.
7. Click Next. The program will now start and you can continue working while waiting for
the unlock key. You should receive an e-mail with the unlock key within 2 days.
8. When the e-mail with the unlock key arrives, start the program and enter the unlock
key in the text box. See the figure below.

Figure 8.3 Unlock key dialog box.

8.3 Transferring your license

8.3.1 General
You can transfer a license from one computer to another computer, as long as you do not
exceed the number of purchased licenses.
This lets you use the software on, for example, a desktop PC and a laptop computer.

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8 Managing licenses

8.3.2 Figure

Figure 8.4 License viewer (example image only).

8.3.3 Procedure
Note Your computer needs to have internet access during this procedure.
Follow this procedure:
1. Start FLIR Tools/Tools+.
2. On the Help menu, select Show license information. This will display the license view-
er shown above.
3. In the license viewer, click Transfer license. This will display a deactivation dialog box.
4. In the deactivation dialog box, click Deactivate.
5. On the computer to which you want to transfer the license, start FLIR Tools/Tools+.
As soon as the computer has internet access, the license will be automatically
adopted.
Note The adoption of licenses is based on a “first-come, first-serve” concept. This
means that the first computer that gets internet access automatically adopts the trans-
ferred license.

8.4 Activating additional software modules

8.4.1 General
For some software, you can purchase additional modules from FLIR Systems. Before
your can use the module, you need to activate it.

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8 Managing licenses

8.4.2 Figure

Figure 8.5 License viewer, showing available software modules (example image only).

8.4.3 Procedure
Note Your computer needs to have internet access during this procedure.
Follow this procedure:
1. Download and install the software module. Software modules are typically delivered
as printed scratchcards with a download link.
2. Start FLIR Tools/Tools+.
3. On the Help menu, select Show license information. This will display the license view-
er shown above.
4. Select the module that you have purchased.
5. Click Activation Key.
6. On the scratchcard, scratch the field to see the activation key.
7. Enter the key into the Activation Key text box.
8. Click OK.
The software module has now been activated.

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9 Workflow

9.1 General
When you carry out an infrared inspection you follow a typical workflow. This section
gives an example of an infrared inspection workflow.

9.2 Figure

9.3 Explanation
1. Use your camera to take your infrared images and/or digital photos.
2. Connect your camera to a PC using a USB connector.
3. Import the images from the camera into FLIR Tools/Tools+.
4. Do one of the following:
• Create a PDF imagesheet in FLIR Tools.
• Create a PDF report in FLIR Tools.
• Create a non-radiometric Microsoft Word report in FLIR Tools+.
• Create a radiometric Microsoft Word report in FLIR Tools+.
5. Send the report to your client as an attachment to an e-mail.

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10 Importing images

10.1 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Install FLIR Tools/Tools+ on your computer.
2. Start FLIR Tools/Tools+.
3. Turn on the camera.
4. Connect the camera to the computer, using a USB cable. This displays a dialog box.

Figure 10.1 Import guide (example).

Note For some older camera models, you need to set the USB mode to mass stor-
age device (MSD) or mass storage device—UVC (MSD-UVC).
5. Click Import images from camera. This displays a dialog box where you can see the
images in the camera. For cameras with more than one folder, you can select the
folders in the left pane.
6. In the right pane, select one or more of the check boxes:
• Hide already imported items.
• Delete items from device after import.
• Enhance image resolution (UltraMax, see below).
• Backup original images before enhancement.
7. Applicable to cameras with more than one folder. Do one of the following:
• To import all images in all folders, click Import all folders at the bottom left.
• To import all images in multiple folders, use the Ctrl key + click to select the fold-
ers. Then click Import folders at the bottom right.
• To import all images in one folder, select the folder and then click Import folder at
the bottom right.
• To import selected images in one folder, select the folder and use the Ctrl key +
click to select the images. Then click Import items at the bottom right.
8. Applicable to cameras with one folder. Do one of the following:
• To import all images, click Import all at the bottom left.
• To import selected images, use the Ctrl key + click to select the images. Then
click Import items at the bottom right.
9. The Select destination dialog box is displayed. Select the destination folder or create
a new subfolder.
10. Click Import. This starts the import of the images.

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10 Importing images

Note
• When the images are imported, all file associations will be kept. For example, if a digi-
tal photo is grouped together with an infrared image in the camera, this association
will be retained in FLIR Tools/Tools+. The same applies for text annotations, voice an-
notations, sketches, etc.
• When images are imported from a camera with more than one folder, the camera fold-
er structure will be retained in the destination folder on the computer.

10.2 About UltraMax

UltraMax is an image enhancement feature that will increase the image resolution and
lower the noise, making small objects easier to see and measure. An UltraMax image is
twice as wide and high as an ordinary image.
When an UltraMax image is captured by the camera, several ordinary images are saved
in the same file. Capturing all the images can take up to 1 second. To fully utilize Ultra-
Max, the images need to be slightly different, which can be accomplished by a slight
movement of the camera. You should hold the camera firmly in your hands (do not put it
on a tripod), which will make these images vary just a little during the capture. Correct fo-
cus, a high-contrast scene, and a non-moving target are other conditions that help to
achieve a good-quality UltraMax image.

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11 Screen elements and toolbar
buttons

11.1 Window elements: the Library tab

11.1.1 Figure

11.1.2 Explanation
1. Folder pane.
2. Program tabs:
• Instruments (e.g., meters or infrared cameras).
• Library.
• Report.
• Panorama.
3. Thumbnail view of selected folders.
4. Menu bar:
• Templates.
• Full screen.
• Options.
• Help.
5. Thumbnail view of the infrared image.
6. Thumbnail view of the digital photo (if available).
7. Measurement pane.

Note A icon in the result table indicates that the measurement result is above
or below the calibrated temperature range of the infrared camera and is therefore in-
correct. This phenomenon is called overflow or underflow.
A icon in the result table indicates that the measurement result is too close to
the calibrated temperature range of the infrared camera and is therefore unreliable.
8. Parameters pane.
9. Image information pane

11.2 Window elements: the Instruments tab

Note The Instruments tab will only become available when a camera in UVC mode or a
METERLiNK device is connected to the computer.

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11 Screen elements and toolbar buttons

11.2.1 Figure

11.2.2 Explanation
1. Recordings pane.
2. Log area.
3. Recording speed, time interval controls, and temperature range.
Note For FLIR Ax5 series cameras, the High selection in the Temperature range
drop-down menu refers to high gain, i.e., a low temperature range, and vice versa.
4. Camera-related controls:
• Focusing the camera.
• Calibrating the camera.
• Recording a sequence, pausing a sequence, and resuming a sequence.
• Saving a single snapshot as a *.jpg file.
• Selecting the measurement range.

• In the Options dialog box (opens by clicking the button):

◦ Setting the file name prefix.
◦ Setting the storage location for sequence files (*.seq, *.csq).
◦ Setting the maximum amount of disk usage.
5. Button to connect to a Bluetooth-enabled device (e.g., a meter)
6. Button to connect a camera.
7. Program tabs.
8. Image window.
9. Toolbar buttons.
10. Sliders to adjust the bottom and top temperature levels in the scale (in effect, chang-
ing the histogram).
11. Temperature scale.
12. Measurements window (results from the connected device, e.g., a meter)
13. Toolbar buttons:
• Show/hide thermal camera view.
• Show/hide measurements view.
• Show/hide plot view.

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11 Screen elements and toolbar buttons

14. Menu bar:

• Templates.
• Full screen.
• Options.
• Help.
15. Measurements and parameters pane (devices).
16. Measurements and parameters pane (thermal cameras).

Note A icon in the result table indicates that the measurement result is above
or below the calibrated temperature range of the infrared camera and is therefore in-
correct. This phenomenon is called overflow or underflow.
A icon in the result table indicates that the measurement result is too close to
the calibrated temperature range of the infrared camera and is therefore unreliable.
17. Annotations pane.
18. Auto-adjust button.
19. Plot window.
For more information, see section 14.15 Creating a plot, page 45 and 23.1.2 The Op-
tions dialog (for plot-specific options), page 110.

11.3 Window elements: the Create imagesheet

tab
11.3.1 Figure

11.3.2 Explanation
1. Thumbnail view of the current page.
2. Tabs to go to the different imagesheets that are currently open.
3. Detail view of the current imagesheet page.
4. Page setup, where a company logo and the paper size can be selected.
5. Page layout setup.
6. Text box to search and filter the images.
7. Zoom controls.
8. Page controls.
9. Images in the currently selected folder.

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11 Screen elements and toolbar buttons

11.4 Window elements: the Report tab

11.4.1 Figure

11.4.2 Explanation
1. Thumbnail view of the current report page.
2. Tabs to go to the different reports that are currently open.
3. Toolbar buttons.
4. Detail view of the current report page.
5. Page setup, where logos and paper size can be selected.
6. Area for image object details and voice comments.
7. Text box to search and filter the images.
8. Zoom controls.
9. Page controls.
10. Images in the currently selected folder.

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11 Screen elements and toolbar buttons

11.5 Window elements: the image-editing

window (for still images)
11.5.1 Figure

11.5.2 Explanation
1. Measurement toolbar.
2. Thumbnail view of the infrared image (and digital photo, if available).
3. Additional panes:
• Notes.
• Measurements.
• Parameters.
• Text annotations.
• Image information.
4. Temperature scale.
5. Cancel button.
6. Save and close button.
7. Save button.
8. Auto-adjust button, to adjust the image for the best brightness and contrast.
9. Previous/Next buttons.
10. Temperature span and level control.

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11 Screen elements and toolbar buttons

11.6 Window elements: the image-editing

window (for video clips)
11.6.1 Figure

11.6.2 Explanation
1. Measurement toolbar.
2. Thumbnail view of the video clip.
3. Information about the sequence file.
4. Measurement and parameters pane.
5. Image information pane.
6. Temperature scale.
7. Cancel button.
8. Save and close button.
9. Auto-adjust button, to adjust the image for the best brightness and contrast.
10. Temperature span and level control.
11. Play/pause and forward/backward buttons.
12. Buttons to save a snapshot as a *.jpg file, to export the video clip as an *.avi file, and
to change the playback speed (–60× to +60×).
Note Exporting a video clip as an *.avi file requires that FFDShow has been in-
stalled on the computer. FFDShow can be downloaded from
http://www.free-codecs.com.

11.7 Toolbar buttons (on the Instruments tab)

Note The Instruments tab will only become available when a camera in UVC mode or a
METERLiNK device is connected to the computer.

Selection tool.

Spotmeter tool.

Area tool.

Line tool.

Circle and ellipsis tool.

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11 Screen elements and toolbar buttons

Rotate right/left tool.

Color palette tool.

Auto-adjust region tool.

Zoom tool.

11.8 Toolbar buttons (in the image-editing

window)
Selection tool.

Spotmeter tool.

Area tool.

Circle and ellipsis tool.

Line tool.

Difference tool.

Rotate right/left tool.

Color palette tool.

Thermal MSX tool.

Thermal tool.

Thermal fusion tool.

Thermal blending tool.

Picture-in-picture tool.

Digital photo tool.

Tool to change picture-in-picture.

Tool to change thermal/photo balance.

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11 Screen elements and toolbar buttons

Auto-adjust region tool.

Zoom tool.

11.9 Toolbar buttons (in the report-editing

window)
Text annotation tool.

Textbox tool.

Arrow marker tool.

Snap objects to grid.

11.10 The Panorama tab

11.10.1 Figure

11.10.2 Explanation
1. Buttons to switch between source file view and panorama view.
2. Buttons to crop the panorama image, to correct the perspective, and to save the pan-
orama image.
3. Pane where all panorama images created from the selected images are displayed.
4. Buttons to change the folder, select images by date, and search images.
5. Buttons to zoom into and out of the panorama image.
6. Pane displaying the source files in the currently selected folder.

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12 Live image streaming of camera
images

12.1 General
You can connect an infrared camera to FLIR Tools/Tools+ and display its live image
stream on the Instruments tab. When the camera is connected, you can lay out measure-
ment tools, change parameters, create plots, etc.

12.2 Figure

Figure 12.1 The Instruments tab.

12.3 Procedure
Note The tasks in Step 5 below only apply to cameras with radiometric streaming.
Follow this procedure:
1. Start FLIR Tools/Tools+.
2. Turn on the infrared camera.
3. Connect the camera to the computer, using a USB cable. This displays an import
guide.

Figure 12.2 Import guide (example).

Note For some older camera models, you need to set the USB mode to mass stor-
age device (MSD) or mass storage device—UVC (MSD-UVC).
4. Click Connect to livestream. This displays the live image stream from the camera on
the Instruments tab.

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12 Live image streaming of camera images

5. On the Instruments tab, do one or more of the following:

• To adjust camera focus, click the button (near focus), the button (auto-
focus), or the button (far focus).

• To calibrate the camera, click the button.

• To start a recording, click the button.

• To stop a recording, click the button.

• To freeze the live image stream, click the toolbar button.

• To save a single snapshot as a *.jpg file, click the button.

• To change a number of recording settings, click the button. This displays a

dialog box.

• To display the live image stream of another camera on the network, click the
button for that camera.
• To lay out a measurement tool, click the tool and then click on the image.
• To change parameters, click the value field of a parameter, type a new value, and
press Enter.
• To create a plot, right-click the image and then select the type of plot you want.
For more information, see section 14.15 Creating a plot, page 45 and 23.1.2 The
Options dialog (for plot-specific options), page 110.
Note The Instruments tab will only become available when a camera in UVC mode or a
METERLiNK device is connected to the computer.

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13 Managing images and folders

13.1 Grouping files

13.1.1 General
You can group files together, e.g., one infrared image and one digital photo, or one infra-
red image and a plot. When two files are grouped, a link is created and the images act
as a pair through the reporting process.

13.1.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Go to the Library tab.
2. In the image window, select two files.
3. Right-click the images and click Group.

13.2 Saving a sequence file frame as a

radiometric *.jpg file
13.2.1 General
You can save a sequence file frame as a radiometric *.jpg image.

13.2.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Go to the Library tab.
2. Double-click a sequence file (file suffix *.seq, *.csq).
3. Go to the point of interest in the sequence file, using the playback controls.

4. Click the toolbar button. This will open a Save as dialog box where you can navi-
gate to the location where you want to save the file.

13.3 Saving a sequence file frame as an *.avi

file
13.3.1 General
You can save a sequence file frame as an *.avi file.
Note Exporting a video clip as an *.avi file requires that FFDShow has been installed
on the computer. FFDShow can be downloaded from http://www.free-codecs.com.

13.3.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Go to the Library tab.
2. Double-click a sequence file (file suffix *.seq, *.csq).

3. Click the toolbar button. This will open a Save as dialog box where you can nav-
igate to the location where you want to save the file.

13.4 Changing the playback speed

13.4.1 General
You can change the playback speed of video clips between –60× and +60×.

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13 Managing images and folders

13.4.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Go to the Library tab.
2. Double-click a sequence file (file suffix *.seq, *.csq).

3. Click the toolbar button and select a playback speed by dragging the slider.

13.5 Cloning images

13.5.1 General
You can create copies of one or more images. This is called cloning.

13.5.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Go to the Library tab.
2. Select the image or images that you want to clone.
3. On the right-click menu, click Clone.

13.6 Extracting a digital camera photo from a

multispectral image
13.6.1 General
For cameras supporting multispectral images, all image modes are included inside a sin-
gle image file—MSX, thermal, thermal fusion, thermal blending, picture-in-picture, and
the digital camera photo.
You can extract a digital camera photo from this multispectral image. The field of view of
the extracted photo will match the field of view of the thermal image. Additionally, you
can extract a photo at its full field of view.

13.6.2 Procedure: Extracting a photo

Follow this procedure:
1. Go to the Library tab.
2. Select the image for which you want to extract the digital camera photo.
3. On the right-click menu, click Extract photo.

13.6.3 Procedure: Extracting a photo at its full field of view

Follow this procedure:
1. Go to the Library tab.
2. Select the image for which you want to extract the digital camera photo.
3. On the right-click menu, click Extract full photo.

13.7 Enhancing the resolution of an image

13.7.1 General
Some cameras from FLIR Systems support enhancing the resolution of images by using
a feature called UltraMax.

13.7.2 Indication of supported images

Supported images are indicated by a special icon on the Library tab. See the bottom right
corner in the figure below.

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13 Managing images and folders

13.7.3 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Go to the Library tab.
2. Right-click an image that has the icon shown above.
3. Select one of the following:
• Enhance image resolution (UltraMax).
• Enhance image resolution (UltraMax) and backup original images.

13.8 Deleting images

13.8.1 General
You can delete one image or a group of images.

13.8.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Go to the Library tab.
2. In the image window, select the image or images that you want to delete.
3. Do one of the following:
• Press the DELETE key and confirm that you want to delete the image or images.
• Right-click the image or images, select Delete, and confirm that you want to delete
the image or images.
Note
• When you delete an image or a group of images, you can restore them from the com-
puter’s Recycle Bin.
• You can also remove images by deleting the path under Options > Library. Removing
the path does not delete the images.

13.9 Adding a directory

13.9.1 General
You can add a directory to the library.

13.9.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Go to the Library tab.
2. At the top of the left pane, click Add to library. This will open a Browse for folder dia-
log box where you can navigate to the directory that you want to add.
Note Only subdirectories can be deleted. Root directories can only be removed by de-
leting the path under Options > Library. Removing the path does not delete the images.

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13 Managing images and folders

13.10 Deleting a directory

13.10.1 General
You can delete a directory from the library.

13.10.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Go to the Library tab.
2. Right-click a directory and select Delete directory.
Note Only subdirectories can be deleted. Root directories can only be removed by de-
leting the path under Options > Library. Removing the path does not delete the images.

13.11 Creating a subfolder

13.11.1 General
You can create a subfolder to an existing directory in the library.

13.11.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Go to the Library tab.
2. Right-click a directory and select Create subfolder.

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14 Analyzing images

14.1 Laying out a measurement tool

14.1.1 General
You can lay out one or more measurement tools on an image, e.g., a spotmeter, an area,
a circle, or a line.

Note A icon in the result table indicates that the measurement result is above or
below the calibrated temperature range of the infrared camera and is therefore incorrect.
This phenomenon is called overflow or underflow.
A icon in the result table indicates that the measurement result is too close to the
calibrated temperature range of the infrared camera and is therefore unreliable.

14.1.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. On the Library tab, double-click an image.
2. On the image toolbar, select a measurement tool.
3. To lay out the measurement tool on the image, click the location where the measure-
ment tool is to be placed.
Note You can also do this by double-clicking an image on a report page and then fol-
lowing the procedure above. In this case, only the image in the report will be changed,
not the image in the library.

14.2 Moving a measurement tool

14.2.1 General
Measurement tools that you have laid out on an image can be moved around, using the
selection tool.

14.2.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. On the Library tab, double-click an image.

2. On the image toolbar, select .

3. On the image, select the measurement tool and drag it to a new position.
Note Measurement tools can also be moved on report pages. In this case, only the im-
age in the report will be changed, not the image in the library.

14.3 Resizing a measurement tool

14.3.1 General
Measurement tools that you have laid out on an image, e.g., an area, can be resized us-
ing the selection tool.

14.3.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. On the Library tab, double-click an image.

2. On the image toolbar, select .

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3. On the image, select the measurement area and use the selection tool to drag the
handles that are displayed around the frame of the area:

Note Measurement tools can also be resized on report pages. In this case, only the im-
age in the report will be changed, not the image in the library.

14.4 Deleting a measurement tool

14.4.1 General
You can delete any measurement tools that you have laid out on an image.

14.4.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. On the Library tab, double-click an image.

2. On the image toolbar, select .

3. On the image, select the measurement tool and press DELETE.

14.5 Creating local markers for a measurement

tool
14.5.1 General
When images are imported from the camera to FLIR Tools, the program will respect any
existing markers for a measurement tool in the image. However, sometimes you may
want to add a marker when analyzing the image in FLIR Tools: you do this by using local
markers.

14.5.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. On the Library tab, double-click an image for which, for example, a measurement
area has already been laid out in the camera.
2. Right-click the area and select Local min/max/avg markers.
3. Select or clear the markers that you want to add or remove.
4. Click OK.

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14.6 Setting local parameters for a

measurement tool
14.6.1 General
In some situations you may want to change a measurement parameter for one measure-
ment tool only. The reason for this could be that the measurement tool is in front of a sig-
nificantly more reflective surface than other surfaces in the image, or over an object that
is further away than the rest of the objects in the image, and so on.
For more information about object parameters, see section 27 Thermographic measure-
ment techniques, page 129.

14.6.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. On the Library tab, double-click an image.
2. Lay out a measurement too, e.g., an area.
3. Right-click the area and select Use local parameters.
4. In the dialog box, select Use local parameters.
5. Enter a value for one or more parameters.
6. Click OK.
Note Local parameters in an image are indicated by a white information icon in the
Measurements pane.

14.7 Working with isotherms

14.7.1 General
The isotherm command applies a contrasting color to all pixels with a temperature
above, below, or between one or more set temperature levels.
Using isotherms is a good method to easily discover anomalies in an infrared image.

14.7.2 Setting up general isotherms (Above, Below)

14.7.2.1 General
An isotherm of the type Above and Below will colorize areas with a temperature above or
below a set temperature.

14.7.2.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. On the Library tab, double-click an image.

2. On the image toolbar, click , and select one of the following:

• Above.
• Below.
3. In the right pane, take note of the parameter Limit. Areas in the image with a tempera-
ture above or below this temperature will be colorized with the isotherm color. You
can change this limit, and also change the isotherm color on the Color menu.

14.7.3 Setting up general isotherms (Interval)

14.7.3.1 General
An isotherm of the type Interval will colorize areas with a temperature between two set
temperatures.

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14.7.3.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. On the Library tab, double-click an image.

2. On the image toolbar, click , and select Interval.

3. In the right pane, take note of the parameters Upper limit and Lower limit. Areas in
the image with a temperature between these two temperatures will be colorized with
the isotherm color. You can change these limits, and also change the isotherm color
on the Color menu.

14.7.4 Setting up a humidity isotherm

14.7.4.1 General
The humidity isotherm can detect areas where there is a risk of mold growing, or where
there is a risk of the humidity falling out as liquid water (i.e., the dew point).

14.7.4.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. On the Library tab, double-click an image.

2. On the image toolbar, click , and select Humidity. Depending on your object, cer-
tain areas will now be colorized with an isotherm color.
3. In the right pane, take note of the parameter Calculated limit. This is the temperature
at which there is a risk of humidity. If the parameter Relative humidity limit is set to
100%, this is also the dew point, i.e., the temperature at which the humidity falls out
as liquid water.
Note The parameter Calculated limit takes the following three parameters into account:
• Relative humidity.
• Relative humidity limit.
• Atmospheric temperature.

14.7.5 Setting up an insulation isotherm

14.7.5.1 General
The insulation isotherm can detect areas where there may be an insulation deficiency in
the building. It will trigger when the insulation level falls below a preset value of the en-
ergy leakage through the building structure—the so-called thermal index.
Different building codes recommend different values for the thermal index, but typical
values are 0.6–0.8 for new buildings. Refer to your national building code for
recommendations.

14.7.5.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. On the Library tab, double-click an image.

2. On the image toolbar, click , and select Insulation. Depending on your object,
certain areas will now be colorized with an isotherm color.
3. In the right pane, take note of the parameter Calculated insulation. This is the temper-
ature where the insulation level falls below a preset value of the energy leakage
through the building structure.

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Note The parameter Calculated insulation takes the following three parameters into
account:
• Indoor temperature.
• Outdoor temperature.
• Thermal index.

14.7.6 Setting up a custom isotherm

14.7.6.1 General
A custom isotherm is an isotherm of any of the following types:
• Above.
• Below.
• Interval.
• Humidity.
• Insulation.
For these custom isotherms, you can specify a number of different parameters manually,
compared with using the standard isotherms:
• Background.
• Colors (semi-transparent or solid colors).
• Inverted color (for the Interval isotherm only).

14.7.6.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. On the Library tab, double-click an image.

2. On the image toolbar, click , and select Custom.

3. In the right pane, specify the following parameters:
• For Above and Below:
◦ Background.
◦ Limit.
◦ Color.
• For Interval:
◦ Background.
◦ Upper limit.
◦ Lower limit.
◦ Color.
◦ Inverted interval.
• For Humidity:
◦ Background.
◦ Color.
◦ Relative humidity.
◦ Relative humidity limit.
◦ Atmospheric temperature.
• For Insulation:
◦ Background.
◦ Color.
◦ Indoor temperature.
◦ Outdoor temperature.
◦ Thermal index.

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14.8 Changing the temperature levels

14.8.1 General
At the bottom of the infrared image you will see two sliders. By dragging these sliders to
the left or to the right you can change the top and bottom levels in the temperature scale.

14.8.2 Why change temperature levels?

The reason to change the temperature levels manually is that it makes it easier to ana-
lyze a temperature anomaly.

14.8.2.1 Example 1
Here are two infrared images of a building. In the left image, which is auto-adjusted, the
large temperature span between the clear sky and the heated building makes a correct
analysis difficult. You can analyze the building in more detail if you change the tempera-
ture scale to values close to the temperature of the building.

Automatic Manual

14.8.2.2 Example 2
Here are two infrared images of an isolator in a power line. To make it easier to analyze
the temperature variations in the isolator, the temperature scale in the right image has
been changed to values close to the temperature of the isolator.

Automatic Manual

14.8.3 Changing the top level

Follow this procedure:
1. Drag the right slider right or left to change the top level in the temperature scale.

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14.8.4 Changing the bottom level

Follow this procedure:
1. Drag the left slider right or left to change the bottom level in the temperature scale.

14.8.5 Changing both the top and bottom levels at the same time
Follow this procedure:
1. SHIFT-drag the left or right slider right or left to change both the top and the bottom
levels in the temperature scale at the same time.

Note
• You can adjust the temperature levels by using the mousewheel.
• You can adjust the temperature span by holding down the CTRL key while using the
mousewheel.
• You can double-click the temperature levels scale to auto-adjust the image.
• You can change the temperature levels by double-clicking an image on a report page
and then dragging the sliders. In this case, only the image in the report will be
changed, not the image in the library.

14.9 Auto-adjusting an image

14.9.1 General
You can auto-adjust an image or a group of images. When you auto-adjust an image you
adjust it for the best image brightness and contrast. This means that the color information
is distributed over the existing temperatures of the image.

14.9.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. To auto-adjust an image, do one of the following:
• Double-click the temperature scale.

• Click the Auto button.

Note You can also do this by double-clicking an image on a report page and then fol-
lowing the procedure above. In this case, only the image in the report will be changed,
not the image in the library.

14.10 Defining an auto-adjust region

14.10.1 General
When you click the temperature scale or the Auto button in the image window, the whole
image is auto-adjusted. This means that the color information is distributed over the tem-
peratures in the image.

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However, in some situations the still image or the video image may contain very hot or
cold areas outside your area of interest. In such cases you will want to exclude those
areas and use the color information only for the temperatures in your area of interest.
You can do so by defining an auto-adjust region.

14.10.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. On the Library tab, double-click an image.

2. In the image window, click the button on the top toolbar. This will display a tool
with which you can create a region. The region can be moved and resized to suit your
area of interest, but will not be saved in the image.

14.11 Changing the color distribution

14.11.1 General
You can change the distribution of colors in an image. A different color distribution can
make it easier to analyze the image more thoroughly.

14.11.2 Definitions
You can choose from three different color distributions:
• Histogram equalization: This is an image-displaying method that distributes the color
information over the existing temperatures of the image. This method of distributing
the information can be particularly successful when the image contains few peaks at
very high temperature values.
• Signal linear: This is an image-displaying method where the color information in the
image is distributed linearly to the signal values of the pixels.
• Temperature linear: This is an image-displaying method where the color information in
the image is distributed linearly to the temperature values of the pixels.

14.11.3 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Go to the Library tab.
2. Double-click the image for which you want to change the color distribution.
3. On the right-click menu, click Color distribution and select Histogram equalization,
Signal linear, or Temperature linear.

14.12 Changing the palette

14.12.1 General
You can change the palette that the camera uses to display the different temperatures
within an image. A different palette can make it easier to analyze the image.

14.12.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. On the Library tab, double-click an image.

2. In the image window, click the button on the top toolbar. This will display a drop-
down menu.
3. On the menu, click the palette that you want to use.

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Note You can also do this by double-clicking an image on a report page and then fol-
lowing the procedure above. In this case, only the image in the report will be changed,
not the image in the library.

14.13 Changing the image mode

14.13.1 General
For some images you can change the image mode. You do this on the toolbar in the im-
age-editing window.

14.13.2 Types of image modes

Button Image mode Image example

Thermal MSX (Multi Spectral Dynamic

Imaging): This mode displays an infrared
image where the edges of the objects are
enhanced. Note that the label for each fuse
is clearly legible.

Thermal: This mode displays a fully infrared

image.

Thermal fusion: This mode displays a digital

photo where some parts are displayed in in-
frared, depending on the temperature limits.

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Button Image mode Image example

Picture-in-picture: This mode displays an in-

frared image frame on top of a digital photo.

Digital camera: This mode displays a fully

digital photo.

14.14 Exporting to CSV

14.14.1 General
You can export the content of an image as a matrix of comma-separated values for fur-
ther analysis in external software. The file format is *.csv, and the file can be opened in
Microsoft Excel.

14.14.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. On the Library tab, double-click an image.
2. Right-click the image and select Export to CSV. This displays a dialog box.
3. In the dialog box, do one of the following:
• To export the image, select Image in the drop-down menu. Additionally, select
whether to include object parameters and text annotations.
• To export the measurements, select Measurements in the drop-down menu. Addi-
tionally, select whether to include object parameters, text annotations, and the val-
ues of measurement tools.

14.15 Creating a plot

14.15.1 General
When FLIR Tools/Tools+ is connected to a camera that supports radiometric streaming,
you can create a plot. A plot displays how the results of one or several measurement
tools vary over time.

14.15.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Start FLIR Tools/Tools+.
2. Turn on the infrared camera.

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3. Connect the camera to the computer, using a USB cable. This displays an import
guide.

Figure 14.1 Import guide (example).

Note For some older camera models, you need to set the USB mode to mass stor-
age device (MSD) or mass storage device—UVC (MSD-UVC).
4. Click Connect to livestream. This displays the live image stream from the camera on
the Instruments tab.
5. On the Instruments tab, right-click the image and then select the type of plot you want.
You can choose between the following types:

• Points: This displays the plot as a series of points.

• Line: This displays the plot as a line.

• Area: This displays the plot as a colored area.

• Digital Line: This displays the plot as a digital line, i.e., a line with no interpolation

between the data points.

• Digital Area: This displays the plot as a colored digital area, i.e., an area below a

line with no interpolation between the data points.

• Impulse: This displays the plot as a series of vertical impulses, with a circular end-

point.
6. Right-click the image again and select Options if you want to change certain aspects
of the plot.
For more information, see section 23.1.2 The Options dialog (for plot-specific op-
tions), page 110.

14.16 Calculating areas

14.16.1 General
The distance included in the image parameter data can be used as the basis for area cal-
culations. A typical application is to estimate the size of a damp stain on a wall.

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To calculate the area of a surface, you need to add a box or circle measurement tool to
the image. FLIR Tools/Tools+ calculates the area of the surface enclosed by the box or
circle tool. The calculation is an estimate of the surface area, based on the distance
value.

14.16.1.1 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Add a box or circle measurement tool, see section 14.1 Laying out a measurement
tool, page 36.
2. Adjust the size of the box or circle tool to the size of the object, see section 14.3 Re-
sizing a measurement tool, page 36.
3. Right-click the tool and select Local min/max/avg markers. In the dialog box, select
the Area check box. This displays the calculated area, based on the distance value,
in the Measurements pane.
4. To change the distance value, click the value field in the Parameters pane, type a
new value, and press Enter. The recalculated area, based on the new distance value,
is displayed in the Measurements pane.

14.17 Calculating lengths

14.17.1 General
The distance included in the image parameter data can be used as the basis for length
calculations.
To calculate the length, you need to add a line measurement tool to the image. FLIR
Tools/Tools+ calculates an estimate of the line length, based on the distance value.

14.17.1.1 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Add a line measurement tool, see section 14.1 Laying out a measurement tool, page
36.
2. Adjust the size of the line tool to the size of the object, see section 14.3 Resizing a
measurement tool, page 36.
3. Right-click the tool and select Local min/max/avg markers. In the dialog box, select
the Length check box. This displays the calculated length, based on the distance val-
ue, in the Measurements pane.
4. To change the distance value, click the value field in the Parameters pane, type a
new value, and press Enter. The recalculated area, based on the new distance value,
is displayed in the Measurements pane.

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15 Working with annotations

15.1 About image descriptions

15.1.1 What is an image description?
An image description is a brief free-form textual description that is stored in an infrared
image file. It uses a standard tag in the *.jpg file format and can be retrieved by other
software.

15.1.1.1 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. On the Library tab, double-click an image.
2. In the right pane, type the image description in the field under Image description.
Note You can edit existing image descriptions on the final report pages, but you cannot
create new image descriptions there.

15.2 About text annotations

15.2.1 What is a text annotation?
A text annotation is textual information about something in an image and is constructed
of a group of information pairs—label and value. The reason for using text annotations is
to make reporting and post-processing more efficient by providing essential information
about the image, e.g., conditions, photos, and information about where an image is
taken.
A text annotation is a proprietary annotation format from FLIR Systems, and the informa-
tion cannot be retrieved by other vendors’ software. The concept relies heavily on inter-
action by the user. In the camera, the user can select one of several values for each label.
The user can also enter numerical values, and make the text annotation capture meas-
urement values from the screen.

15.2.2 Definition of label and value

The concept of text annotation is based on two important definitions—label and value.
The following examples explain the difference between the two definitions.
Company Company A
Company B
Company C
Building Workshop 1
Workshop 2
Workshop 3

Section Room 1
Room 2
Room 3
Equipment Tool 1
Tool 2
Tool 3
Recommendation Recommendation 1
Recommendation 2
Recommendation 3

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Note
• In some cameras and software, text annotation is called text comment or table.
• In some cameras and software, label is called field.

15.2.3 Example markup structure

The file format for a text annotation is *.tcf. This code sample is an example markup
structure of such a file and shows how the markup looks in Notepad. The words between
pointed brackets are labels, and the words without pointed brackets are values.
<Company>
Company A
Company B
Company C
<Building>
Workshop 1
Workshop 2
Workshop 3
<Section>
Room 1
Room 2
Room 3
<Equipment>
Machine 1
Machine 2
Machine 3
<Recommendation>
Recommendation 1
Recommendation 2
Recommendation 3

15.2.4 Creating a text annotation for an image

15.2.4.1 General
In FLIR Tools/Tools+, you can create a text annotation for an image. You do this in the im-
age-editing window.

15.2.4.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. On the Library tab, double-click an image.

2. Under Text annotations in the right pane, click the button (the ‘+’ sign). This adds
text annotation rows.
3. Enter the desired labels and values. See the image below for examples.

4. Click Save and close.

15.2.5 Creating a text annotation template

15.2.5.1 General
In FLIR Tools/Tools+, you can create text annotation templates on the Templates tab.
These templates can either be transferred to the camera or used as a template during
post-analysis in the program.

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15.2.5.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Click the Templates tab.
2. Click the Add new text annotations template toolbar button.
3. Create a name for the template.
4. Enter the desired fields and values. See the image below for examples.

5. Save the template.

6. Do one of the following:
• To use the template in the camera, connect a camera to FLIR Tools/Tools+ and
transfer the template to the camera.
• To use the template during post-analysis in FLIR Tools/Tools+, double-click an im-
age, and then click Import from template under Text annotations in the right pane.

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16 Creating panoramas

16.1 General
In FLIR Tools+ you can create panoramas by stitching together several smaller images
into a larger one. FLIR Tools+ analyzes each image to detect pixel patterns that match
pixel patterns in other images.
You can then crop the panorama and carry out various perspective corrections.

16.2 Figure
This figure shows the panorama workspace.

16.3 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. On the Library tab, select the images that you want to use when creating a panorama.
2. Right-click the images and select Combine into panorama. This will open the Panora-
ma tab.
3. At this stage you can perform a variety of tasks:

• Click to crop the panorama.

• Click to carry out a perspective correction on the image.

• Click to save the panorama as an image file.

• Click to view the original source files.

• Click to view the final panorama.

For more information, see section 11.10 The Panorama tab, page 29.

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17 Creating reports

17.1 General
You can create the following types of reports from the program:
1. An Adobe PDF imagesheet: This is a simple report format that contains only infra-
red and any associated visual images. The report cannot be edited further, and radio-
metric data is not included. For more information, see 17.4 Creating an Adobe PDF
imagesheet, page 53.
2. An Adobe PDF report: This is a simple report format that contains infrared images,
any associated visual images, and result tables. The report cannot be edited further,
and radiometric data is not included. For more information, see section 17.5 Creating
an Adobe PDF report, page 53
3. A radiometric Microsoft Word report: This is the most advanced report format,
and requires an installation of FLIR Report Studio and an active FLIR Tools+/FLIR
Report Studio license. A report in Microsoft Word *.docx file format is generated. Ad-
vanced radiometric analysis can be carried out using the FLIR Word Add-in features
in Microsoft Word. For more information, see section 17.6 Creating a radiometric Mi-
crosoft Word report, page 54
Note
• The program ships with a number of report templates. You can also create your own
radiometric Microsoft Word report templates, see section 20 Creating report tem-
plates, page 96.
• You can export a radiometric Microsoft Word report to a flat (non-radiometric) report
or to a PDF report from the FLIR Word Add-in. For more information, see section 18.6
Exporting a report, page 75.
• You can also create Microsoft Word reports using the FLIR Report Studio wizard. For
more information, see section 21 Creating reports using the FLIR Report Studio wiz-
ard, page 101.
• An Adobe PDF report can be saved in an intermediary format called *.repx. For more
information, see section 17.3 Saving a report in the intermediary *.repx format, page
53

17.2 Setting a default report template

Prior to working with reports, you need to set a default report template. A maximum of
two default report templates can be set. These templates will then be used when clicking
Generate report on the Library tab.
Follow this procedure:
Note The first row of templates apply to FLIR Tools+ only.

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1. On the Library tab, select any image and then click . This will display the avail-
able report templates.

2. Right-click a report template and click Set as default report template.

17.3 Saving a report in the intermediary *.repx

format
Follow this procedure:
1. On the Library tab, select the image or images that you want to include in your report.
2. Right-click the image or images and select Create report.
3. Under Page setup in the right pane, select the page size and logo that you want to
use.
4. On the report, double-click the header and/or footer to add any header/footer text that
you want to use.
5. Click Save or Save As to save the report in FLIR Systems *.repx file format.

17.4 Creating an Adobe PDF imagesheet

Follow this procedure:
1. On the Library tab, select the image or images that you want to include in your
imagesheet.
2. Right-click the image or images and select Create imagesheet.
3. Under Page setup on the right pane, select the page size and logo that you want to
use.
4. Under Layout on the right pane, click the page layout that you want to use.
5. On the imagesheet, double-click the header and/or footer to add any header/footer
text that you want to use.
6. Click Export to export the imagesheet as a PDF file.

17.5 Creating an Adobe PDF report

Note This procedure assumes that an Adobe PDF report has been set as a default
template.

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Follow this procedure:

1. On the Library tab, select the image or images that you want to include in your report.
2. Right-click the image or images and select Create report. This displays the Report
tab.
3. At this stage, you have the option to do one or more of the following:
• Drag a group of images, photos, or text annotations into a report.
• Drag single images, photos, or tables into a report.
• Reorder the pages in the report.
• Enter text in a report using textboxes.
• Create and edit text annotations.
• Edit image descriptions.
• Add and edit a header or footer in a report.
• Move and delete images, photos, text annotations, and tables in a report.
• Resize images in a report.
• Update measurements in an infrared image and see updates instantly in the result
table.
• Zoom into and out of a report page.
• Add arrow markers to the image or any other object in the report.
• Edit an image from the report by double-clicking the image.
4. In the Save PDF as dialog box, select a location and type a filename.
5. Click OK.

17.6 Creating a radiometric Microsoft Word

report
Note
• This procedure assumes that a Microsoft Word (Report Studio) report has been set
as a default template.
• This procedure requires an active FLIR Tools+ license.
Follow this procedure:
1. On the Library tab, select the image or images that you want to include in your report.
2. Right-click the image or images and select Create report.

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17 Creating reports

3. The Select a Folder dialog box is displayed. Select the folder to save the report in,
enter a filename, and click Save.

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17 Creating reports

4. The Report Properties dialog box is displayed.

Do one or more of the following:

• Enter the customer information and information about the inspection in the prede-
fined fields.
• Click Import to import properties from a previously saved text file.
• Click Add to add a new property.
• Select a property and click Remove to remove a property.
• Click Export to export the current property settings to a text file.
To create the report with the displayed properties, click OK.
5. The report opens as a Microsoft Word document. The selected image(s) and the in-
formation entered in the Report Properties dialog box populate the corresponding
placeholders in the report.
6. Once the report is generated, advanced analysis can be carried out using the fea-
tures in the FLIR Word Add-in. For more information, see sections 18.1 Managing ob-
jects in the report, page 57 and 19 Analyzing and editing images using the FLIR
Report Studio Image Editor, page 77.

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18.1 Managing objects in the report

18.1.1 General
A report template contains placeholders for objects such as thermal images, digital pho-
tos, tables, report properties, etc.
When you create a report based on a report template, these placeholders are automati-
cally populated based on the images you choose to include in the report. You can also in-
sert additional objects and modify their properties after you have launched the report in
Microsoft Word, as described in the sections below.
When you create your own report templates, see section 20 Creating report templates,
page 96, you insert objects and define their properties according to the sections below.

18.1.2 Inserting a thermal image object

A thermal image object is a placeholder that automatically loads a thermal image when a
report is created.
Follow this procedure:
1. Place the pointer where you want the thermal image to appear in the report.
2. On the FLIR tab, click Thermal Image. This displays a thermal image placeholder on
the page.

3. If you are modifying a report, you can open a thermal image in the placeholder. See
section 18.1.8 Replacing an image, page 67.
If you are creating a report template, you can leave the placeholder as is, without
opening any image.

18.1.3 Inserting a digital photo object

A digital photo object is a placeholder for the visual image associated with a thermal
image.
Follow this procedure:
1. Place the pointer where you want the digital photo to appear in the report.
2. On the FLIR tab, click Digital Photo.

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3. If there is more than one thermal image in the report, the Choose Reference dialog
box is displayed. Click the thermal image that the digital photo you want to insert is
associated with and click OK.

If there is only one thermal image in the report, the associated digital photo will be in-
serted automatically.
4. A digital photo placeholder is displayed on the page. The placeholder number refers
to the associated thermal image.

18.1.4 Inserting a field object

18.1.4.1 General
A field object is a placeholder that automatically displays information associated with a
thermal image when a report is created.
A field object consists of a label and a value, e.g., Bx1 Average 42.3 ℃. You can choose
to display only the value in the report, e.g., 42.3 ℃.

18.1.4.2 Procedure
Note This procedure assumes that you have previously inserted at least one thermal
image in the report.
Follow this procedure:
1. Place the pointer where you want the field object to appear in the report.
Note Field objects will not work if you insert them in a text box. Only Microsoft Word
fields work in text boxes. However, Field objects work in Microsoft Word tables.
2. On the FLIR tab, click Field.

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3. If there is more than one image in the report, the Choose Reference dialog box is dis-
played. Click the image you want to use as the reference when populating the field
object, and click OK.

If there is only one image in the report, the field object will automatically be connected
to that image.
4. The Insert Field dialog box is displayed.

5. Use the GROUP and FIELD panes to select the content you want the field object to
display. A preview of the field object (label and value) is displayed in the dialog box.
6. Do one of the following:
• Select the Insert title check box to display the label and the value in the report.
• Clear the Insert title check box to display only the value in the report.
7. Click OK.
8. The field object with the content you have selected is displayed in the report.
Note If a field object is connected to a thermal image object and you delete either the
field or the image, you will not be able to recreate the connection.

18.1.5 Inserting a table object

18.1.5.1 General
A table object is a placeholder that automatically displays a table with certain information
associated with a thermal image when a report is created.

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The following table objects are available:

• Measurements.
• Parameters.
• METERLiNK.
• Geolocation.
• Camera Info.
• File Info.
• Text Annotations.
• Notes.
• Formulas.
• Alarms.
In addition to the built-in table objects, you can create your own table objects. For more
information, see section 18.1.5.3 Creating a custom table object, page 61.
You can also insert a summary table, including information about all thermal images in
the report. For more information, see section 18.1.5.4 Inserting a summary table, page
64.
Note To insert a table object, you must first insert at least one thermal image.

18.1.5.2 Inserting a table object

Note This procedure assumes that you have previously inserted at least one thermal
image in the report.
Follow this procedure:
1. Place the pointer where you want the table object to appear in the report.
2. On the FLIR tab, click Table.
3. If there is more than one image in the report, the Choose Reference dialog box is dis-
played. Click the image you want to use as the reference when populating the table
object, and click OK.

If there is only one image in the report, the table object will automatically be con-
nected to that image.

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4. The Insert Table dialog box is displayed.

5. Use the TABLE and TABLE ITEMS panes to select the content you want the table ob-
ject to display.
Note
• You can only insert table items from the same type of table. To create a table with
table items from different tables, you must create a Custom table. For more infor-
mation, see section 18.1.5.3 Creating a custom table object, page 61.
• To insert a formula table object, you must first create a formula. For more informa-
tion, see section 18.3 Working with formulas, page 68.
6. A structural preview of the table is displayed in the dialog box. To change the order of
the table items, click a row in the preview and then click the arrow button or .
7. Do one of the following:
• Select the Insert header check box to display the table with a header in the report.
• Clear the Insert header check box to display the table without a header in the
report.
8. Click OK.
9. The table object with the content you have selected is displayed in the report.
Note If a table object is connected to a thermal image object and you delete either the
table or the image, you will not be able to recreate the connection.

18.1.5.3 Creating a custom table object

If the built-in table objects do not meet your needs, you can create your own table
objects.
Note This procedure assumes that you have previously inserted at least one thermal
image in the report.
Follow this procedure:
1. Place the pointer where you want the table object to appear in the report.

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2. On the FLIR tab, click Table.

3. If there is more than one image in the report, the Choose Reference dialog box is dis-
played. Click the image you want to use as the reference when populating the table
object, and click OK.

If there is only one image in the report, the table object will automatically be con-
nected to that image.
4. The Insert Table dialog box is displayed.

5. Click the Create button.

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6. The Add/EditTable dialog box is displayed.

7. In the Table name text box, enter the name of your table.
8. Use the GROUP and FIELD panes to select the content you want to display. To in-
clude an item in the table, do one of the following:
• Click the item in the FIELD pane and then click the Add button.
• Double-click the item in the FIELD pane.

• Hover over the item in the FIELD pane and then click the displayed button.
9. A structural preview of the table is displayed in the dialog box. To change the order of
the table items, click a row in the preview and then click the arrow button or .
10. To remove a table item, do one of the following:
• Click the row in the preview and then click the Remove button.

• Hover over the item in the preview and then click the displayed button.
11. Click OK.

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12. The Insert Table dialog box is displayed. In the TABLE pane, your table is displayed
under Custom.

13. In the Insert Table dialog box, you can do the following:
• To edit a custom table, click the table in the TABLE pane and then click the Edit
button.
• To delete a custom table, click the table in the TABLE pane and then click the Re-
move button.
• To import a custom table, click the Import button.
• To export a custom table, click the table in the TABLE pane and then click the Ex-
port button.
14. Do one of the following:
• Select the Insert header check box to display the table with a header in the report.
• Clear the Insert header check box to display the table without a header in the
report.
15. Click OK.
16. The table object with the content you have selected is displayed in the report.

18.1.5.4 Inserting a summary table

A summary table object is a placeholder that automatically displays a table with certain
information on all of the thermal images in the report.
Note
• In the summary table, you can only include fields that are available in the report as
field objects or items in a table object.
• In a report template, a summary table can only be inserted into the INTRO or FINAL
section (not into the DATA section).
Follow this procedure:
1. Place the pointer where you want the summary table to appear in the report.
2. On the FLIR tab, click the Table arrow. This displays a menu.

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3. On the menu, click Summary Table.

4. The Choose Summary Fields dialog box is displayed.

Note The displayed Fields are the ones that are available in the report as field ob-
jects or items in a table object.
5. Select the labels you want the summary table object to display.
6. Click OK.
7. The summary table object with the content you have selected is displayed in the
report.

18.1.6 Inserting a report properties object

A report properties object is a placeholder that automatically displays customer informa-
tion and information about the inspection when a report is created.
Note
• You can create and save a text file with report properties. Saved text files can be im-
ported when creating a new report. For more information, see section 21.3 Procedure,
page 101, step 10.
• See also section 18.4 Document properties, page 74.
Follow this procedure:
1. Place the pointer where you want the report properties object to appear in the report.
2. On the FLIR tab, click Report Properties.

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3. The Insert Report Properties dialog box is displayed.

4. In the Insert Report Properties dialog box, you can do the following:
• To select the items you want the report properties object to display, use the check
boxes.
• To change the item name, enter text in the Name text box.
• To change the item value, enter text in the Value text box.
• To add a new table item, click the Add button. Enter text in the Name and Value
text boxes.
• To add default table items, click the Create default button.
5. Click OK.
6. A table with the content you have selected is displayed in the report.
7. You can edit the content of the report properties object using ordinary Microsoft Word
features.

18.1.7 Resizing objects

18.1.7.1 Resizing an image object

Follow this procedure:
1. Click a thermal image or digital photo object on the report page.
2. Right-click the image object and select Resize.
3. To change the size of the image object, drag one of the handles.

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18.1.7.2 Resizing a table object

Follow this procedure:
1. Select a table object on the report page.
2. On the Table Tools tab, click the Layout tab and use the controls to change the size
of the table.

18.1.8 Replacing an image

You can replace an image in the report, while keeping all connections to other objects.
Follow this procedure:
1. Right-click an image object and select Replace Image.
2. In the Open dialog box, locate and open a new image.

18.1.9 Deleting objects

Note If a field or table object is connected to a thermal image object and you delete ei-
ther of the objects, you will not be able to recreate the connection.

18.1.9.1 Deleting an image object

Follow this procedure:
1. Click an image object on the report page.
2. A label is displayed above the image. Click the label to select the entire image object.

3. Press the Delete key on your keyboard.

Note You can also delete an image object by right-clicking the image object and select-
ing Delete Image.

18.1.9.2 Deleting a field object

Follow this procedure:
1. Click a field object on the report page.
2. A label is displayed above the object. Click the label to select the entire object.

3. Press the Delete key on your keyboard.

18.1.9.3 Deleting a table object

Follow this procedure:
1. Click a table object on the report page.
2. On the Microsoft Word context-sensitive tab Table Tools, click the Layout tab and
then click the Delete button. This displays a menu.
3. On the menu, click Delete Table.

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18.2 Editing an image

You can edit thermal images directly from the report using the FLIR Report Studio Image
Editor.
Note This procedure is applicable to editable Microsoft Word reports.
Follow this procedure:
1. To edit an image, do one of the following:
• Click the image. On the FLIR tab, click Image Editor).
• Right-click the image and select Edit Image.
• Double-click the image.
2. This opens the FLIR Report Studio Image Editor. For more information, see section
19 Analyzing and editing images using the FLIR Report Studio Image Editor, page 77.

18.3 Working with formulas

18.3.1 General
The FLIR Word Add-in allows you to carry out advanced calculations on various items in
the infrared image. A formula can contain all common mathematical operators and func-
tions (+, –, ×, ÷, etc). Also, numerical constants such as π can be used.
Most importantly, references to measurement results, other formulas, and other numeri-
cal data can be inserted into formulas.
The formulas you create will be available in the FLIR Word Add-in and can be inserted in
field and table objects in future reports.
Note
• A formula can operate only on a single infrared image: it cannot calculate, for exam-
ple, differences between two infrared images.
• You can use any existing METERLiNK data in the infrared image as a value in a for-
mula, in the same way as you would use an infrared measurement value. METERLiNK
data can be stored in the infrared image by using an external FLIR/Extech meter—
such as a clamp meter or a moisture meter—together with the infrared camera.

18.3.2 Creating a simple formula

Creating a formula that calculates the temperature difference between two spots
1. In your report, insert a thermal image object, see section 18.1.2 Inserting a thermal
image object, page 57.
2. Open an image in the Image Editor, see section 18.2 Editing an image, page 68.
3. Add two spot tools in the image, see section 19.5.2 Adding a measurement tool,
page 80.
4. On the FLIR tab, click Formula manager.

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5. The Formula manager dialog box is displayed. Click the Create button.

6. The Create formula dialog box is displayed. Click the field button.

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7. The Select field and entry dialog box is displayed.

Do the following:
7.1. In the GROUP pane, click Spotmeters.
7.2. In the ENTRY pane, click Sp2.
7.3. In the FIELD pane, click Temperature.
7.4. Click OK.

8. In the Create formula dialog box, click the minus button to add a subtraction mathe-
matical operator.
9. Click the field button. Repeat step 7 for spot Sp1.
10. The Create formula dialog box now displays the temperature difference formula using
FLIR Systems syntax.
In the Label text box, enter the text you want to be displayed with the formula result in
the report. In the Precision box, enter the number of decimal places for the formula
result.

11. In the Create formula dialog box, click OK.

12. In the Formula manager dialog box, click OK.
13. The created temperature difference formula can now be inserted in the field and table
objects in the report.

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18.3.3 Creating a conditional formula

For some applications, you may, for example, want to display the result of a calculation in
a green font color if the result is lower than a critical value, and in a red font color if the re-
sult is higher than the critical value. You do this by creating a conditional formula using
the IF statement.
The procedure below describes how you set up a conditional formula that displays the
result from a temperature difference formula in red if the value is higher than 2.0 degrees,
and in green if the value is lower than 2.0 degrees.
Creating a conditional formula using the IF statement
1. Create a formula that calculates the temperature difference between two spots, see
section 18.3.2 Creating a simple formula, page 68.
2. On the FLIR tab, click Formula manager.
3. If there is more than one image in the report, the Choose Reference dialog box is dis-
played. Click an image and then click OK.
4. The Formula manager dialog box is displayed. Click the Create button.

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5. The Create formula dialog box is displayed. Click the IF button.

6. The Create ‘IF’ formula dialog box is displayed. Click the Add... button.

7. A dialog box is displayed.

Do the following:
7.1. Under Left value, click the ... button. This displays the Select field and entry di-
alog box. In the GROUP pane, click Formulas. In the FIELD pane, select the
temperature difference formula. Click OK.
7.2. In the Operator drop-down list, select >.
7.3. In the Right value text box, enter 2.0.
7.4. Click OK.

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8. In the Create ‘IF’ formula dialog box, do the following:

8.1. On the Value if TRUE row, click the ... button and select the temperature dif-
ference formula.
8.2. On the Value if TRUE row, click the Auto button and select the color red.
8.3. On the Value if FALSE row, click the ... button and select the temperature dif-
ference formula.
8.4. On the Value if FALSE row, click the Auto button and select the color green.
8.5. Click OK.

9. The Create formula dialog box now displays the complete conditional formula. The
two 10-digit code strings after the equals sign represent the colors.
In the Label text box, enter the text you want to be displayed with the formula result in
the report. In the Precision box, enter the number of decimal places for the formula
result.

10. In the Create formula dialog box, click OK.

11. In the Formula manager dialog box, click OK.
12. The created conditional formula can now be inserted in the field and table objects in
the report. The result of the temperature difference formula will be displayed in red or
green, depending on the measured values of the two spotmeters.

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18.4 Document properties

18.4.1 General
When creating an infrared report, the FLIR program extracts the Microsoft Word docu-
ment properties for the report template and inserts these properties into corresponding
Microsoft Word fields in the final report.
You can use these document properties to automate several time-consuming tasks when
creating a report. For example, you may want to automatically add information such as
the name, address, and e-mail address of the inspection site, the model name of the
camera that you are using, and your e-mail address.
See also section 18.1.6 Inserting a report properties object, page 65.

18.4.2 Types of document properties

There are two different types of document properties:
• Summary document properties.
• Custom document properties.
For the former, you can only change the values, but for the latter you can change both
the labels and the values.

18.4.3 Creating and editing Microsoft Word document properties

Creating and editing document properties
1. Start the FLIR Report Studio wizard. In the center pane, right-click one of the report
templates and select Edit. This opens the report template (*.dotx) in Microsoft Word.
2. On the File tab, click Info.
3. From the Properties drop-down menu, select Advanced Properties.
4. On the Summary tab, enter your information in the appropriate text boxes.
5. Click the Custom tab.
6. To add a custom property, type a name in the Name box. To make your custom prop-
erties easy to find, you can type an underscore ( _ ) as the first character in the name
of the property.
7. Use the Type box to specify the type of property.
8. To specify the value of the property, type it in the Value box.
9. Click Add to add the custom property to the list of properties, and then click OK.
10. Save the infrared report template using a different filename but with the same file-
name extension (*.dotx). You have now added summary and custom properties to
your renamed infrared report template.
Note
• If you want to change the name of a custom document property, due to how the Cus-
tom tab of the Properties dialog box in Microsoft Word works, the only way to do this
is to delete it and then recreate it. If you want to move a document property up or
down, the entire list has to be recreated.
• A Microsoft Word field is not the same as a field inserted by clicking the Field button
on the FLIR tab.
• You may find that a FLIR Systems property has been added to your document auto-
matically. Do not remove this property. The FLIR program uses it to distinguish be-
tween infrared documents and other documents.

18.5 Creating a report

You can easily and efficiently create an infrared report using the FLIR Report Studio
wizard.
Follow this procedure:
1. On the FLIR tab, click New Report.

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2. This opens the FLIR Report Studio wizard. For more information, see section 21 Cre-
ating reports using the FLIR Report Studio wizard, page 101.

18.6 Exporting a report

Before you send the infrared report to your client, you can export it in one of the following
formats:
• Flat DocX: This exports the report as a flat report with the suffix “_flat”. A flat report
can still be edited using ordinary Microsoft Word features, but it is no longer possible
to manage the image, field, and table objects.
• PDF: This exports the report as a non-editable PDF report.
Follow this procedure:
1. On the FLIR tab, in the Export group, click the arrow. This displays a menu.
2. On the menu, select Flat DocX or PDF.

18.7 Creating a report template

You can create your own report templates using the FLIR Report Studio Template Editor.
Follow this procedure:
1. On the FLIR tab, click Create new template.
2. This opens the FLIR Report Studio Template Editor. For more information, see sec-
tion 20 Creating report templates, page 96.

18.8 Changing the settings

You can change the settings for the temperature and distance units.
Note A change of settings will apply to new objects that are inserted in the report, but
existing objects will keep the previous settings. A change of settings in a report template
will be applied to all objects when a report is generated based on the template.
Follow this procedure:
1. On the FLIR tab, click Settings. This displays a menu.
2. On the menu, click Set units . This displays a dialog box, where you can set the tem-
perature and distance units. If a unit has not been specified in the report template,
default or not set is marked.

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18.9 Help menu

The Help menu includes links to support and training sources, license information, check
for updates, etc.
The Help menu is available on the FLIR tab under Settings.

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19 Analyzing and editing images
using the FLIR Report Studio
Image Editor

19.1 General
The FLIR Report Studio Image Editor is a powerful tool for analyzing and editing infrared
images.
These are some of the functions and settings you can experiment with:
• Adding measurement tools.
• Adjusting the infrared image.
• Changing the color distribution.
• Changing the color palette.
• Changing the image modes.
• Working with color alarms and isotherms.
• Changing the measurement parameters.

19.2 Starting the Image Editor

You can start the Image Editor from an editable (radiometric) infrared report using the
FLIR Word Add-in.
You can also start the Image Editor from the FLIR Report Studio wizard.

19.2.1 Starting the Image Editor from the FLIR Word Add-in
You can start the Image Editor from an editable infrared report..
Follow this procedure:
1. Do one of the following:
• Double-click an image in the report.
• Select an image and click Image Editor on the FLIR tab.
• Right-click an image and select Edit Image.

19.2.2 Starting the Image Editor from the FLIR Report Studio wizard
Follow this procedure:
1. Do one of the following:
• In the center pane, double-click an image.
• In the right pane, double-click an image.
Note
• If you edit an image from the center pane, the original image will be changed.
• If you edit an image from the right pane, only the image in the report will be changed.

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19.3 Image Editor screen elements

19.3.1 Figure

19.3.2 Explanation
1. Measurement toolbar.
2. Image mode toolbar.
3. Temperature scale.
4. Thumbnail view of the infrared image.
5. Thumbnail view of the digital photo (if available).
6. Results and information pane:
• Note.
• Measurements.
• Parameters.
• Annotations.
• Image information.
7. Close button.
8. Save button.
9. Auto-adjust button.
10. Navigation buttons. Click the buttons to go to the previous/next image.
11. Zoom setting button. Click the button and select one of the predefined zoom settings.
12. Zoom button. Click the button to display the zoom-in and zoom-out buttons.
13. Pan button. Click the button and then drag the image to pan a zoomed-in image.

Note A icon in the result table indicates that the measurement result is above or
below the calibrated temperature range of the infrared camera and is therefore incorrect.
This phenomenon is called overflow or underflow.
A icon in the result table indicates that the measurement result is too close to the
calibrated temperature range of the infrared camera and is therefore unreliable.

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19.4 Basic image editing functions

19.4.1 Rotating the image
Follow this procedure:

1. On the measurement toolbar, select (Rotate image and measurements). This

displays a toolbar.
2. On the toolbar, do one of the following:

• Click to rotate the image counter-clockwise.

• Click to rotate the image clockwise.

19.4.2 Cropping the image

You can crop an image and save the cropped image as a copy of the original image.
Note
Cropping is possible when you start the Image Editor from an image in the center pane
of the FLIR Report Studio wizard.
Follow this procedure:

1. On the measurement toolbar, select (Crop). This displays a box on the image.
2. Select the crop region by moving and adjusting the size of the box.
3. In the crop region box, do one of the following:

• Click to crop the image. This opens the Save as dialog box.

• Click to cancel the crop action.

19.5 Working with measurement tools

19.5.1 General
To measure a temperature, you can use one or more measurement tools, e.g., a spot,
box, circle, or line.
When you add a measurement tool to the image, the measured temperature will be dis-
played in the right pane of the Image Editor. The tool setup will also be saved to the im-
age file and the measured temperature will be available for display in your infrared report.

Note A icon in the result table indicates that the measurement result is above or
below the calibrated temperature range of the infrared camera and is therefore incorrect.
This phenomenon is called overflow or underflow.
A icon in the result table indicates that the measurement result is too close to the
calibrated temperature range of the infrared camera and is therefore unreliable.

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19.5.2 Adding a measurement tool

Follow this procedure:
1. On the measurement toolbar, select one of the following:

• Select (Add spot) to add a spot.

• Select (Add box) to add a box.

• Select (Add ellipse) to add a ellipse.

• Select (Add line) to add a line.

2. Click the location on the image where the measurement tool is to be placed.

19.5.3 Moving and resizing a measurement tool

Follow this procedure:

1. On the measurement toolbar, select (Selection).

2. To move a measurement tool, select the tool on the image and drag it to a new
position.
3. To resize a measurement tool, select the tool on the image and use the selection tool
to drag the handles that are displayed around the frame of the tool.

19.5.4 Creating local markers for a measurement tool

19.5.4.1 General
The Image Editor will respect any existing markers for a measurement tool as set up in
the camera. However, sometimes you may want to add a marker when analyzing the im-
age. You do this by using local markers.

19.5.4.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:

1. On the measurement toolbar, select (Selection).

2. Right-click the tool and select Local max/min/avg markers.
3. In the dialog box, select or clear the markers you want to add or remove.
4. Click OK.

19.5.5 Calculating areas

19.5.5.1 General
The distance included in the image parameter data can be used as the basis for area cal-
culations. A typical application is to estimate the size of a damp stain on a wall.
To calculate the area of a surface, you need to add a box or circle measurement tool to
the image. The Image Editor calculates the area of the surface enclosed by the box or
circle tool. The calculation is an estimate of the surface area, based on the distance
value.

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19.5.5.1.1 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Add a box or circle measurement tool, see section 19.5.2 Adding a measurement
tool, page 80.
2. Adjust the size of the box or circle tool to the size of the object, see section 19.5.3
Moving and resizing a measurement tool, page 80.
3. Right-click the tool and select Local max/min/avg markers. In the dialog box, select
the Area check box. This displays the calculated area, based on the distance value,
in the MEASUREMENTS pane.
4. To change the distance value, click the value field in the PARAMETERS pane, type a
new value and press Enter. The recalculated area, based on the new distance value,
is displayed in the MEASUREMENTS pane.

19.5.5.1.2 Calculating lengths

19.5.5.1.2.1 General
The distance included in the image parameter data can be used as the basis for length
calculations.
To calculate the length, you need to add a line measurement tool to the image. The Im-
age Editor calculates an estimate of the line length, based on the distance value.

19.5.5.1.2.1.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Add a line measurement tool, see section 19.5.2 Adding a measurement tool, page
80.
2. Adjust the size of the line tool to the size of the object, see section 19.5.3 Moving and
resizing a measurement tool, page 80.
3. Right-click the tool and select Local max/min/avg markers. In the dialog box, select
the Length check box. This displays the calculated length, based on the distance val-
ue, in the MEASUREMENTS pane.
4. To change the distance value, click the value field in the PARAMETERS pane, type a
new value and press Enter. The recalculated area, based on the new distance value,
is displayed in the MEASUREMENTS pane.

19.5.6 Setting up a difference calculation

19.5.6.1 General
A difference calculation gives the difference (delta) between two temperatures—for ex-
ample, two spots, or a spot and the maximum temperature in the image.

19.5.6.2 Procedure
Note This procedure assumes that you have previously added at least one measure-
ment tool to the image.

19.5.6.2.1 Procedure
Follow this procedure:

1. On the measurement toolbar, select (Add delta).

2. The difference calculation is displayed under MEASUREMENTS in the right pane.

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3. To change the setup for the difference calculation, do the following:

3.1. In the right pane, click (Edit). This displays a dialog box.
3.2. In the dialog box, select the measurement tools and what values (maximum,
minimum, or average) you want to use in the difference calculation. You can
also select a fixed-temperature reference.

4. To delete the difference calculation, click (Delete).

19.5.7 Deleting a measurement tool

Follow this procedure:

1. On the measurement toolbar, select (Selection).

2. Select the measurement tool on the image and do one of the following:
• Press the Delete key on your keyboard.
• Right-click the tool and select Delete.
Note Deleting a measurement tool included in a difference calculation also deletes the
difference calculation.

19.6 Adjusting the infrared image

19.6.1 General
An infrared image can be adjusted manually or automatically.
In the Image Editor, you can manually change the top and bottom levels in the tempera-
ture scale. This makes it easier to analyze the image. You can, for example, change the
temperature scale to values close to the temperature of a specific object in the image.
This will make it possible to detect anomalies and smaller temperature differences in the
part of the image of interest.
When auto-adjusting an image, the Image Editor adjusts the image for the best image
brightness and contrast. This means that the color information is distributed over the ex-
isting temperatures of the image.
In some situations, the image may contain very hot or cold areas outside your area of in-
terest. In such cases you will want to exclude those areas when auto-adjusting the image
and use the color information only for the temperatures in your area of interest. You can
do so by defining an auto-adjust region.

19.6.2 Example 1
Here are two infrared images of a building. In the left image, which is auto-adjusted, the
large temperature span between the clear sky and the heated building makes a correct
analysis difficult. You can analyze the building in more detail if you change the tempera-
ture scale to values close to the temperature of the building.

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Automatic Manual

19.6.3 Example 2
Here are two infrared images of an isolator in a power line. To make it easier to analyze
the temperature variations in the isolator, the temperature scale in the right image has
been changed to values close to the temperature of the isolator.

Automatic Manual

19.6.4 Changing the temperature levels

Follow this procedure:
1. To change the top level in the temperature scale, drag the top slider up or down.
2. To change the bottom level in the temperature scale, drag the bottom slider up or
down.

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19.6.5 Auto-adjusting the image

Follow this procedure:
1. To auto-adjust the image, click Auto.

19.6.6 Defining an auto-adjust region

An auto-adjust region sets the top and bottom levels in the temperature scale to the max-
imum and minimum temperatures in that area. By using the color information only for the
relevant temperatures, you will get more details in your area of interest.
Follow this procedure:

1. On the measurement toolbar, select (Set auto adjust region).

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2. Use the displayed tool to create a region. This region can be moved and resized to
suit your area of interest.

3. To delete the auto-adjust area, select the region and do one of the following:
• Press the Delete key on your keyboard.
• Right-click the region and select Delete.

19.7 Changing the color distribution

19.7.1 General
You can change the distribution of colors in an image. A different color distribution can
make it easier to analyze the image more thoroughly.

19.7.2 Definitions
You can choose from the following color distributions:
• Temperature Linear: This is an image-displaying method where the color information
in the image is distributed linearly to the temperature values of the pixels.
• Histogram Equalization: This is an image-displaying method that distributes the color
information over the existing temperatures of the image. This method of distributing
the information can be particularly successful when the image contains few peaks at
very high temperature values.
• Signal Linear: This is an image-displaying method where the color information in the
image is distributed linearly to the signal values of the pixels.
• Digital Detail Enhancement: This is an image-displaying method where high-fre-
quency content in the image, such as edges and corners, are enhanced to increase
the visibility of details.

19.7.3 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Right-click the image and select Color distribution. This displays a menu.
2. On the menu, select one of the following:
• Temperature Linear.
• Histogram Equalization.
• Signal Linear.
• Digital Detail Enhancement.

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19.8 Changing the color palette

19.8.1 General
You can change the palette that is used to display the different temperatures within an
image. A different palette can make it easier to analyze the image.
Color palette Image example
Artic

Cool

Gray

Iron

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Color palette Image example

Lava

Rainbow

Rainbow HC

Warm

19.8.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:

1. On the measurement toolbar, select (Color). This displays a menu.

2. On the menu, click the palette you want to use.

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19.9 Changing the image modes

19.9.1 General
For some images you can change the image mode.

19.9.2 Types of image modes

Image mode Image example

Thermal MSX (Multi Spectral Dynamic Imaging):

This mode displays an infrared image where the
edges of the objects are enhanced. The thermal/
photo balance can be adjusted.

Thermal: This mode displays a fully infrared

image.

Thermal Fusion: This mode displays a digital pho-

to where some parts are displayed in infrared, de-
pending on the temperature limits.

Thermal Blending: The camera displays a

blended image that uses a mix of infrared pixels
and digital photo pixels. The thermal/photo bal-
ance can be adjusted.

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Image mode Image example

Picture in picture: This mode displays an infrared

image frame on top of a digital photo.

Digital camera: This mode displays a fully digital

photo.

19.9.3 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. On the image mode toolbar, select one of the following:

• (Thermal MSX).

• (Thermal).

• (Thermal Fusion).

• (Thermal Blending).

• (Picture in picture).

• (Digital camera).
2. Applicable to the Thermal MSX and Thermal Blending modes: To adjust the thermal/
photo balance, click the arrow next to the image mode icon and drag the slider left or
right.
3. Applicable to the Digital camera mode: To change the image to grayscale, click the
arrow next to the image mode icon and select the check box.
Note The grayscale setting for the digital camera remains when switching to other
image modes that use the visual image, e.g., Thermal Fusion, Thermal Blending, and
Picture in picture.

19.10 Working with color alarms and isotherms

19.10.1 General
By using color alarms (isotherms), anomalies can easily be discovered in an infrared im-
age. The isotherm command applies a contrasting color to all pixels with a temperature

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above, below, or between the set temperature levels. There are also alarm types that are
specific to the building trade: humidity and insulation alarms.
You can select the following types of color alarms:
• Above alarm: This will apply a contrasting color to all pixels with a temperature above
the specified temperature level.
• Below alarm: This will apply a contrasting color to all pixels with a temperature below
the specified temperature level.
• Interval alarm: This will apply a contrasting color to all pixels with a temperature be-
tween two specified temperature levels.
• Humidity alarm: Triggers when a surface where the relative humidity exceeds a preset
value is detected.
• Insulation alarm: Triggers when there is an insulation deficiency in a wall.
• Custom alarm: This alarm type allows you to manually modify the settings for a stand-
ard alarm.
Setting parameters for the activated color alarm are displayed under ALARM in the right
pane.

19.10.2 Image examples

This table explains the different color alarms (isotherms).

Color alarm Image

Above alarm

Below alarm

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Color alarm Image

Interval alarm

Humidity alarm

Insulation alarm

19.10.3 Setting up above and below alarms

Follow this procedure:

1. On the measurement toolbar, select (Color). This displays a menu.

2. On the menu, select one of the following:
• Above alarm.
• Below alarm.
3. In the right pane, take note of the parameter Limit. Areas in the image with a tempera-
ture above or below this temperature will be colorized with the isotherm color. You
can change this limit, and also change the isotherm color on the Color menu.

19.10.4 Setting up an interval alarm

Follow this procedure:

1. On the measurement toolbar, select (Color). This displays a menu.

2. On the menu, select Interval alarm.

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3. In the right pane, take note of the parameters Upper limit and Lower limit. Areas in
the image with a temperature between these two temperatures will be colorized with
the isotherm color. You can change these limits, and also change the isotherm color
on the Color menu.

19.10.5 Setting up a humidity alarm

19.10.5.1 General
The humidity alarm (isotherm) can detect areas where there is a risk of mold growing, or
where there is a risk of the humidity falling out as liquid water (i.e., the dew point).

19.10.5.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:

1. On the measurement toolbar, select (Color). This displays a menu.

2. On the menu, select Humidity alarm. Depending on your object, certain areas will
now be colorized with an isotherm color.
3. In the right pane, take note of the parameter Calculated limit. This is the temperature
at which there is a risk of humidity. If the parameter Relative humidity limit is set to
100%, this is also the dew point, i.e., the temperature at which the humidity falls out
as liquid water.
Note The parameter Calculated limit takes the following three parameters into account:
• Relative humidity.
• Relative humidity limit.
• Atmospheric temperature.

19.10.6 Setting up an insulation alarm

19.10.6.1 General
The insulation alarm (isotherm) can detect areas where there may be an insulation defi-
ciency in the building. It will trigger when the insulation level falls below a preset value of
the energy leakage through the building structure—the so-called thermal index.
Different building codes recommend different values for the thermal index, but typical
values are 0.6–0.8 for new buildings. Refer to your national building code for
recommendations.

19.10.6.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:

1. On the measurement toolbar, select (Color). This displays a menu.

2. On the menu, select Insulation alarm. Depending on your object, certain areas will
now be colorized with an isotherm color.
3. In the right pane, take note of the parameter Calculated insulation. This is the temper-
ature where the insulation level falls below a preset value of the energy leakage
through the building structure.
Note The parameter Calculated insulation takes the following three parameters into
account:
• Indoor temperature.
• Outdoor temperature.
• Thermal index.

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19.10.7 Setting up a custom alarm

19.10.7.1 General
A custom alarm is an alarm of any of the following types:
• Above alarm.
• Below alarm.
• Interval alarm.
• Humidity alarm.
• Insulation alarm.
For these custom alarms, you can specify a number of different parameters manually,
compared with using the standard alarms:
• Background.
• Colors (semi-transparent or solid colors).
• Inverted color (for the Interval isotherm only).

19.10.7.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:

1. On the measurement toolbar, select (Color). This displays a menu.

2. On the menu, select Custom alarm.
3. In the right pane, specify the following parameters:
• For Above and Below:
◦ Background.
◦ Limit.
◦ Color.
• For Interval:
◦ Background.
◦ Upper limit.
◦ Lower limit.
◦ Color.
◦ Inverted interval.
• For Humidity:
◦ Background.
◦ Relative humidity.
◦ Relative humidity limit.
◦ Atmospheric temperature.
◦ Color.
• For Insulation:
◦ Background.
◦ Indoor temperature.
◦ Outdoor temperature.
◦ Insulation factor (0–1).
◦ Color.

19.11 Changing the local parameters for a

measurement tool
19.11.1 General
For accurate measurements, it is important to set the measurement parameters. The
measurement parameters stored with the image are displayed in the right pane, under
PARAMETERS.

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In some situations you may want to change a measurement (object) parameter for one
measurement tool only. The reason for this could be that the measurement tool is in front
of a significantly more reflective surface than other surfaces in the image, or over an ob-
ject that is further away than the rest of the objects in the image, and so on.
For more information about object parameters, see section 27 Thermographic measure-
ment techniques, page 129.
The following indicators are used when local parameters are activated for a measure-
ment tool:
• In the image, an asterisk (*) is displayed next to the measurement tool.

• In the result table of the Image Editor, an icon is displayed next to the measurement
value.

• In result fields and tables in infrared reports, an asterisk (*) is displayed and the local
parameter values are included in brackets.

19.11.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:

1. On the measurement toolbar, select (Selection).

2. Right-click the tool and select Local parameters.
3. In the dialog box, select Use local parameters.
4. Enter a value for one or more parameters.
5. Click OK.

19.12 Working with annotations

19.12.1 General
You can save additional information with an infrared image by using annotations. Annota-
tions make reporting and post-processing more efficient, by providing essential informa-
tion about the image, e.g., conditions and information about where an image is taken.
Some cameras allow you to add annotations directly in the camera, e.g., notes (image
descriptions), text, voice, and sketch annotations. These annotations (if available) are
displayed in the right pane of the Image Editor. You can also add notes (image descrip-
tions) and text annotations to images using the Image Editor.

19.12.2 About image descriptions

19.12.2.1 What is an image description?

An image description is a brief free-form textual description that is stored in an infrared
image file. It uses a standard tag in the *.jpg file format and can be retrieved by other
software.
In the Image Editor and FLIR cameras, the image description is called Note.

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19.12.2.1.1 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. In the right pane, type the image description in the field under NOTE.

19.12.3 About text annotations

19.12.3.1 What is a text annotation?

A text annotation is textual information about something in an image and is constructed
of a group of information pairs—label and value. The reason for using text annotations is
to make reporting and post-processing more efficient by providing essential information
about the image, e.g., conditions, photos, and information about where the image was
taken.
A text annotation is a proprietary annotation format from FLIR Systems, and the informa-
tion cannot be retrieved by other vendors’ software. The concept relies heavily on inter-
action by the user. In the camera, the user can select one of several values for each label.
The user can also enter numerical values, and make the text annotation capture meas-
urement values from the screen.

19.12.3.2 Creating a text annotation for an image

Follow this procedure:
1. Under TEXT ANNOTATIONS in the right pane, do one of the following:

Click . This adds a text annotation row. Repeat to add more rows.

• Click . This opens the Text annotations dialog box.

2. Enter the desired labels and values. See the image below for examples.

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20 Creating report templates

20.1 General
FLIR Report Studio ships with several different report templates (Microsoft Word *.dotx
files). If these templates do not meet your needs, you can create your own custom infra-
red report templates.
Note Custom infrared report templates created in FLIR Report Studio can also be used
in FLIR Tools/Tools+.

20.1.1 Few or many report templates?

It is not uncommon for a specific template to always be used for a particular customer. If
this is the case, you may want to include your customer’s company-specific information
in the template, rather than entering it manually after the infrared report has been
generated.
However, if infrared reports for several of your customers could be created using one
template, or perhaps just a few, company-specific information should probably not be in-
cluded in the template, since that kind of information can easily be entered when gener-
ating the report.

20.1.2 Typical structure

An infrared report template usually consists of the following types of sections:
• INTRO: The front cover that, for example, can include your company logo and ele-
ments of corporate identity, the title of the report, the customer’s name and address, a
summary table, and any additional artwork or information that you want to include.
• DATA: A number of different pages, containing combinations of thermal image ob-
jects, digital photo objects, table objects, summary table objects, etc. Multiple DATA
sections with different types of content, e.g., “IR only” and “Visual only,” can be
included.
• FINAL: Your conclusions, recommendations, diagnosis, and summary description.

20.1.3 A note about working in the Microsoft Word environment

Due to the fact that the FLIR Word Add-in is an add-in to Microsoft Word, the existing fea-
tures you usually use when creating a Microsoft Word document template can be used
when creating your report templates.
The FLIR Word Add-in adds a number of commands that are specific to the area of infra-
red imaging and reporting. These commands are available on the FLIR tab. You use
these features, along with the usual Microsoft Word features, when you create infrared
report templates.
Note
• Creating a report template requires knowledge of how to create document templates
in Microsoft Word. For more information about this, refer to your Microsoft Word docu-
mentation, or to the Microsoft Word online help.
• When creating a custom report template, you may find it useful to select Show/Hide ¶
on the Home tab in Microsoft Word.

20.2 Creating a custom infrared report

template
You can create a report template in different ways:
• Customize a basic report template.
• Modify an existing report template.

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20.2.1 Customizing a basic report template

Follow this procedure:
1. On the FLIR tab, click Create new template .
2. A report template with basic layout opens, including the INTRO, DATA, and FINAL
sections.
3. You can add more DATA sections to the template. For more information, see section
20.2.3 Adding multiple DATA sections, page 98.
4. Insert content in the report template, following the instructions in the document. You
can use existing features in Microsoft Word and also add and remove objects and
modify the properties of the objects as described in section 18.1 Managing objects in
the report, page 57.
5. You can select a category for the report template. When saved, the report template
will appear under the selected category in the left pane of the FLIR Report Studio
wizard. For more information, see section 20.2.4 Selecting a template category, page
99.
6. Save the new infrared report template. Make sure that you save the template with the
*.dotx file name extension.
7. Click OK.

20.2.2 Modifying an existing template

Follow this procedure:
1. Start Microsoft Word, but make sure that all infrared reports are closed.
2. On the FLIR tab, click the Create new template arrow. This displays a menu.
3. On the menu, click Create from existing template.
4. This displays the Select Template window.

5. In the left pane, select All Templates to display all of the templates available in FLIR
Report Studio.

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6. In the center pane, click a report template. A preview of each page in the selected re-
port template will be displayed in the right pane.
To continue with the selected template, click OK at the bottom of the window.

7. To avoid overwriting the original template, save the template under a different file-
name before making any changes. When saving the template, make sure that you
save it with the *.dotx file name extension.
8. Make your changes to the original template by adding and removing objects and by
modifying the properties of the objects as described in section 18.1 Managing ob-
jects in the report, page 57.
9. You can add more DATA sections to the template. For more information, see section
20.2.3 Adding multiple DATA sections, page 98.
10. You can select a category for the report template. When saved, the report template
will appear under the selected category in the left pane of the FLIR Report Studio
wizard. For more information, see section 20.2.4 Selecting a template category, page
99.
11. Save the new infrared report template. Make sure that you save the template with the
*.dotx file name extension.

20.2.3 Adding multiple DATA sections

You can add one or more new DATA sections to the report template, with different types
of content, e.g., “IR only” and “Visual only”.

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Follow this procedure:

1. In the FLIR Task Pane, right-click the DATA section and select Add Template Part.

2. In the Insert template part dialog box, enter a name of the new section.

3. When completed, click OK.

20.2.4 Selecting a template category

You can select one or more categories for the report template. When saved and imported
to the FLIR Report Studio wizard, the report template will appear under the selected cat-
egories in the left pane of the wizard.

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Follow this procedure:

1. On the FLIR tab, click the Settings arrow. This displays a menu. On the menu, select
Template categories.
2. In the Select Template Categories dialog box, click the Create default button. To cre-
ate a new category, click the Add button.

3. Select one or more categories.

4. When completed, click OK.

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21 Creating reports using the FLIR
Report Studio wizard

21.1 General
The FLIR Report Studio wizard allows you to easily and efficiently generate reports. The
wizard gives you the opportunity to fine tune and adjust your report before it is created.
You can choose different report templates, add images, edit images, move images up
and down, and add report properties such as customer information and information
about the inspection.
Using the FLIR Report Studio wizard is the easiest way to create a report. However, you
can also create a report from a blank Microsoft Word document, by adding and removing
objects and by modifying the properties of the objects as described in section 18.1 Man-
aging objects in the report, page 57.

21.2 Types of reports

You can create the following types of reports using the FLIR Report Studio wizard:
1. A flat report: This is a report in the *.docx file format that contains infrared images,
any associated visual images, and result tables. The report can be edited using ordi-
nary Microsoft Word features, but no radiometric data is included.
2. An editable report: This is an advanced report in the *.docx file format that contains
infrared images, any associated visual images, and result tables. In addition to basic
editing, advanced radiometric analysis can be carried out using the FLIR Word Add-
in features in Microsoft Word.
FLIR Report Studio ships with a number of report templates. You can also create your
own templates, see section 20 Creating report templates, page 96.
Note You can export an editable report to a flat report or to a PDF report from the FLIR
Word Add-in. For more information, see section 18.6 Exporting a report, page 75.

21.3 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Start the FLIR Report Studio wizard by doing one of the following:
• Select FLIR Report Studio from the Start menu (Start > All Programs > FLIR Sys-
tems > FLIR Report Studio).
• On the FLIR tab in a Microsoft Word document, click New Report.
2. In the left pane, select All Templates to display all of the templates available in FLIR
Report Studio.
Note You can also do one of the following:
• Click Import template to import a new template to FLIR Report Studio.
• Click Browse for template to locate a template to be used only for the current re-
port. This template will not be available in FLIR Report Studio next time you create
a report.

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3. In the center pane, click a report template. A preview of each page in the selected re-
port template will be displayed in the right pane.
To continue with the selected template, click Next at the bottom of the window.

4. In the left pane, choose the folder containing the images to include in the report. You
can also import images from a camera connected to the computer.

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5. Drag and drop the images from the center pane into the right pane. You can also drag
and drop folders into the right pane.

6. In the right pane, you can do the following:

• To change the order of images, select an image and click (Move Up) or
(Move Down).

• To remove an image from the report, select the image and click (Delete).

• To remove all images from the report, click (Remove all).

7. To edit an image, do one of the following:
• Right-click the image and select Edit Image.
• Double-click the image.
This opens the FLIR Report Studio Image Editor. For more information, see section
19 Analyzing and editing images using the FLIR Report Studio Image Editor, page 77.
Note
• If you edit an image from the center pane, the original image will be changed.
• If you edit an image from the right pane, only the image in the report will be
changed.
8. Enter the name of the report in the REPORT NAME field in the upper part of the
window.
9. Click the Generate arrow at the bottom of the window. Select one of the following:
• Generate an editable report to generate a report with full radiometric data.
• Generate a flat report to generate a compressed report with flat infrared images
and result tables.

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21 Creating reports using the FLIR Report Studio wizard

10. The Report Properties dialog box is displayed.

Do one or more of the following:

• Enter the customer information and information about the inspection in the prede-
fined fields.
• Click Import to import properties from a previously saved text file.
• Click Add to add a new property.
• Select a property and click Remove to remove a property.
• Click Export to export the current property settings to a text file.
To create the report with the displayed properties, click OK. This generates a report
saved to the reports folder, as specified in Settings. For more information, see section
21.5 Changing the settings, page 105.
11. The report opens as a Microsoft Word document. The selected image(s) and the in-
formation entered in the Report Properties dialog box populate the corresponding
placeholders in the report.
12. (Applicable to editable reports.) To edit an image, do one of the following:
• Click the image. On the FLIR tab, click Image Editor.
• Right-click the image and select Edit Image.
• Double-click the image.
This opens the FLIR Report Studio Image Editor. For more information, see section
19 Analyzing and editing images using the FLIR Report Studio Image Editor, page 77.
13. (Applicable to editable reports.) To modify objects in the report, refer to section 18.1
Managing objects in the report, page 57.
14. Save the report.

21.4 Saving a session

A session is a way to store a report that has not yet been completed in the FLIR Report
Studio wizard. You can load a saved session in the FLIR Report Studio wizard and con-
tinue with the report later.
In the FLIR Report Studio wizard, do the following:
• To save a session, select File > Save session.
• To load a session, select File > Load session.

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21 Creating reports using the FLIR Report Studio wizard

21.5 Changing the settings

You can change the settings for FLIR Report Studio wizard.
Follow this procedure:
1. Select Options > Settings.
2. In the Report tab, you can select settings related to the creation of reports.

3. In the Units tab, you can select settings related to temperature and distance units.
• Select the Prefer template units check box to apply the unit settings as specified in
the report template. If no units are set in the template, the unit settings in the Tem-
perature and Distance fields will apply.
• Deselect the Prefer template units check box to apply the unit settings in the Tem-
perature and Distance fields.

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21 Creating reports using the FLIR Report Studio wizard

4. In the Import tab, you can select settings related to the import of images.

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22 Updating the camera and PC
software

22.1 Updating the PC software

22.1.1 General
You can update FLIR Tools/Tools+ with the latest service packs.

22.1.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Start FLIR Tools/Tools+.
2. On the Help menu, select Check for updates. This displays a dialog box.

Figure 22.1 FLIR Tools/Tools+ update dialog box (example image)

3. Follow the on-screen instructions.

22.2 Updating the camera firmware

22.2.1 General
You can update your infrared camera with the latest firmware.
Note Before updating the camera you must update FLIR Tools/Tools+.

22.2.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Connect your infrared camera to a PC.
2. Start FLIR Tools/Tools+.
3. On the Help menu, select Check for updates. This displays a dialog box.

Figure 22.2 Camera update dialog box (example).

4. Follow the on-screen instructions.

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23 Changing settings

23.1 Settings relating to Options FLIR Tools/

Tools+
23.1.1 The Options dialog (for program-wide options)
Note This section refers to the Options command on the main menu bar.

23.1.1.1 Recording tab

File name prefix: The prefix that will be inserted in file names for recordings.
Image format: The image format for snapshots that are saved as image files from
recordings.
Video format: The video format for recordings.
Browse: Click Browse to specify the location where video recordings will be saved.
Disk space: The available disk space for recordings.

23.1.1.2 View tab

Hide cold and hot spot: To hide any existing cold and hot spots in an image, select this
check box.
Show wizard when connecting a camera: To display the import guide when connecting a
camera, select this checkbox.
Use entire-scale setting on auto-adjust image: (Applies to FLIR GF3xx cameras only.) To
use the image’s entire temperature range when importing the image into FLIR Tools/
Tools+, and not only the scene temperature range, select this check box. If this check
box is not selected, the image may appear considerably darker after importing, since
FLIR Tools/Tools+ uses a default temperature range. For more information about the
scene temperature range, see the FLIR GF3xx camera manual.

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23.1.1.3 Library tab

Add existing folder to library: To add an existing folder on your computer to the image li-
brary, click Browse and navigate to the folder.
Remove folder: To remove a folder from the image library, select the folder in the folder
list and then click Remove folder.

23.1.1.4 Report tab

Page size: To change the page size, select a new page size in the list. Available options
are A4, US Letter, and US Legal.
Show all parameters: To display all measurement parameters for an image when in-
cluded in a report, select this checkbox.
Extract digital camera image from thermal image (if available) when generating: For cam-
eras supporting multispectral images, all image modes are included inside a single im-
age file—MSX, thermal, thermal fusion, thermal blending, picture-in-picture, and the
digital camera image. To extract the digital camera image when generating a report, se-
lect this checkbox.
User Report Studio templates path: The file path to the program’s Report Studio tem-
plates (Microsoft Word *.dotx files).
Logo: To display a logo in the top left corner of the report pages, select this checkbox. To
display another logo, click Browse and navigate to the logo file.
Header: A text field where you can enter any text that shall be displayed in the report
header.

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23 Changing settings

Footer: A text field where you can enter any text that shall be displayed in the report
footer.

23.1.1.5 Units tab

Temperature unit: The unit for temperature values in the program and the reports. To
change the unit, select another unit. Available options are Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin.
Distance unit: The unit for distance in the program and the reports. To change the unit,
select another unit. Available options are Meters, Feet.

23.1.1.6 Language tab

Language: To change the language, select a new language in the list.

23.1.2 The Options dialog (for plot-specific options)

Note This section refers to the Options command on the main menu bar.

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23 Changing settings

Chart title: To change the title of the plot, type a title here.
Number of points: Number of sampling points that the plot is based on.
Show cross-hairs: To display a cross-hair that moves when you move the mouse and dis-

plays the X and Y axes values, select this checkbox.

Show latest value: To display the latest Y value, select this checkbox.
X axis > Auto: To let FLIR Tools/Tools+ automatically set the boundaries of the X axis, se-
lect Auto.
X axis > Manual: To manually set the boundaries of the X axis, select Manual and enter
the start and stop times.
Y axis > Auto: To let FLIR Tools/Tools+ automatically set the boundaries of the Y axis, se-
lect Auto.
Y axis > Manual: To manually set the boundaries of the Y axis, select Manual and enter
the min. and max. values.

23.2 Settings relating to FLIR Kx3 and FLIR Kx5

series cameras
23.2.1 General
The FLIR K series is a robust and reliable infrared camera series designed to perform
under extremely severe conditions. It has an intuitive interface with a design that makes
it easy to control even with a gloved hand. The crisp and clear image helps you to navi-
gate through smoke and to make quick and accurate decisions.
By connecting a FLIR Kx3 or FLIR Kx5 series camera to FLIR Tools/Tools+, you get ac-
cess to a variety of settings in the camera.

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23 Changing settings

23.2.2 The General settings tab

23.2.2.1 Figure

23.2.2.2 Explanation
Regional settings area: To synchronize the camera’s date and time settings with the com-
puter, select the checkbox.
Firmware info area: To check whether a newer version of the camera firmware exists,
click Check for updates and follow the on-screen instructions.
Restore to factory default area: To restore all camera settings to the factory defaults, click
Restore.

23.2.3 The User interface tab

23.2.3.1 Figure

23.2.3.2 Explanation
Camera modes area:

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23 Changing settings

• Applicable to FLIR Kx5: To define which camera modes to enable in the camera, se-
lect the camera mode. For more information on each camera mode, see section
23.2.4 Explanation of the different camera modes, page 114.
• Applicable to FLIR Kx3: The camera features one camera mode: basic mode. For
more information, see section 23.2.4.1.
Trigger button area: The camera has a trigger button. With the settings in the Trigger but-
ton area, you can select the function of the trigger button. You select what will happen
when you click (short press) the trigger button and what will happen when you hold (long
press) the trigger button.
• No action, No action: Select to disable any functionality of the trigger button. Nothing
will happen when you press the trigger.
• No action, Freeze image: Select to make the camera freeze the image when you
press and hold the trigger. The image will unfreeze when you release the trigger.
Nothing will happen when you press the trigger momentarily.
• No action, Record video (not applicable to the FLIR K33 and FLIR K45): Select to
make the camera start a recording when you press and hold the trigger. The recording
will stop when you release the trigger. Nothing will happen when you press the trigger
momentarily.
• Save image, No action (not applicable to the FLIR K33): Select to make the camera
save an image when you press the trigger momentarily. Nothing will happen when you
press and hold the trigger.
• Save image, Freeze image (not applicable to the FLIR K33): Select to make the cam-
era save an image when you press the trigger momentarily and freeze the image when
you press and hold the trigger. The image will unfreeze when you release the trigger.
• Save image, Record video (not applicable to the FLIR K33 and FLIR K45): Select to
make the camera save an image when you press the trigger momentarily and start a
recording when you press and hold the trigger. The recording will stop when you re-
lease the trigger.
• Rec. on/off, No action (not applicable to the FLIR K33 and FLIR K45): Select to make
the camera start a recording when you press the trigger and stop the recording when
you press the trigger again. Nothing will happen when you press and hold the trigger.
• Continuous rec. (trigger disabled) (not applicable to the FLIR K33 and FLIR K45): Se-
lect to make the camera start a continuous video recording when you turn on the cam-
era. The recording cannot be stopped. Nothing will happen when you press the
trigger.
Gain mode area:
• Auto gain mode: Select to make the camera automatically switch between the high-
sensitivity range and the low-sensitivity range, depending on the scene temperature.
The temperature level at which the camera switches between the two modes is 150°C
(302°F).
• Low gain mode: Select to make the camera operate in the low-sensitivity range only.
This has the advantage that the camera does not perform a non-uniformity correction
(NUC) when an object with a temperature higher than 150°C (302°F) enters the
scene. However, the disadvantage is lower sensitivity and a higher level of signal
noise.
Temperature unit area: To select a different temperature unit, click Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Thermal indication area:
• Digital readout only: Select to display the thermal information in the image as the tem-
perature of the spotmeter only. In modes with automatic heat colorization, the color-
ization of the image will remain but the static heat color reference icon will not be
displayed.
• Reference bar: In modes with automatic heat indication colorization, a vertical heat
color reference bar is displayed in the thermal indication area. This static icon shows
how heat colors are applied to the range of the camera mode. The colors yellow, or-
ange, and red correspond to a temperature-dependent change in hue as the tempera-
ture increases.

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23 Changing settings

• Temp bar: Select to display the thermal information in the image as a temperature bar,
similar to a thermometer. This displays a dynamic vertical temperature bar on the
right-hand side of the image. The top of the dynamic bar represents the temperature
of the measured spot. In modes with automatic heat colorization, the colorization of
the image will remain, with a static heat color reference bar displayed next to the tem-
perature bar.
Add custom boot image area: To select an image of your choice to appear during start-
up, click Browse, and navigate to the image file. This is useful for, for example, identifying
your fire department’s cameras. By incorporating your fire department’s logo, and a
unique identity number in the image, you can keep track of your cameras. This image
can also be accessed from the camera menu.

23.2.4 Explanation of the different camera modes

23.2.4.1 Basic mode

Figure 23.1 Basic mode.

Basic mode is the default mode of the camera. It is a multipurpose mode for the initial fire
attack with life-saving operations and control of the fire. The camera automatically
switches between the high-sensitivity range and the low-sensitivity range, to maintain an
optimal infrared image while at the same time maintaining a safe and consistent heat col-
orization of the fire scene.
• Automatic range.
• Colorization of heat: +150 to +650°C (+302 to +1202°F).
• High-sensitivity range: –20 to +150°C (–4 to +302°F).
• Low-sensitivity range: 0 to +650°C (+32 to +1202°F).
Note To go to Basic mode from any other mode, push and hold the on/off button for
less than 1 second.

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23 Changing settings

23.2.4.2 Black and white firefighting mode

Figure 23.2 Black and white firefighting mode.

Black and white firefighting mode is a standardized firefighting mode based on Basic
mode. It is a multipurpose mode for the initial fire intervention that includes life-saving op-
erations and control of the fire. It is specifically designed for fire services that do not want
to use the heat colorization feature.
The camera automatically switches between the high-sensitivity range and the low-sen-
sitivity range, to maintain an optimal infrared image.
• Automatic range.
• High-sensitivity range: –20 to +150°C (–4 to +302°F).
• Low-sensitivity range: 0 to +650°C (+32 to +1202°F).

23.2.4.3 Fire mode

Figure 23.3 Fire mode.

Fire mode is similar to Basic mode, but with a higher-temperature starting point for the
heat colorization. It is suitable for fire scenes with higher background temperatures,
where there are already a lot of open flames and a high background temperature. The
camera automatically switches between the high-sensitivity range and the low-sensitivity
range, to maintain an optimal infrared image while at the same time maintaining a safe
and consistent heat colorization.
• Automatic range.
• Colorization of heat: +250 to +650°C (+ 482 to +1202°F).
• High-sensitivity range: –20 to +150°C (–4 to +302°F).
• Low-sensitivity range: 0 to +650°C (+32 to +1202°F).

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23 Changing settings

23.2.4.4 Search and rescue mode

Figure 23.4 Search and rescue mode.

Search and rescue mode is optimized for maintaining high contrast in the infrared image
while searching for people in landscapes, buildings, or traffic accident scenes.
• High-sensitivity range only.
• Colorization of heat: +100 to +150°C (+212 to +302°F).
• High-sensitivity range: –20 to +150°C (–4 to +302°F).

23.2.4.5 Heat detection mode

Figure 23.5 Heat detection mode.

Heat detection mode is optimized for searching hotspots during overhaul after the fire is
out—typically to ensure that there is no remaining hidden fire. This mode can also be
used to find thermal patterns (e.g., signs of people in car seats after accidents), to en-
sure that everyone has been found. This mode can also be used to search for people in
water and open landscapes.
• High-sensitivity range only.
• Colorization of heat: the 20% highest temperatures in the scene.
• High-sensitivity range: –20 to +150°C (–4 to +302°F).

23.3 Settings relating to FLIR Kx series

cameras
23.3.1 General
The FLIR K series is a robust and reliable infrared camera series designed to perform
under extremely severe conditions. It has an intuitive interface with a design that makes

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23 Changing settings

it easy to control even with a gloved hand. The crisp and clear image helps you to navi-
gate through smoke and to make quick and accurate decisions.
By connecting a FLIR Kx series camera to FLIR Tools/Tools+, you get access to a variety
of settings in the camera.

23.3.2 The General settings tab

23.3.2.1 Figure

23.3.2.2 Explanation
Firmware info area: To check whether a newer version of the camera firmware exists,
click Check for updates, and follow the on-screen instructions.
Restore to factory default area: To restore all camera settings to the factory defaults, click
Restore.

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23 Changing settings

23.3.3 The User interface tab

23.3.3.1 Figure

23.3.3.2 Explanation
Camera modes area: To define which camera modes to enable in the camera, select the
camera mode. For more information on each camera mode, see section 23.3.4 Explana-
tion of the different camera modes, page 119.
Gain mode area:
• Auto gain mode: Select to make the camera automatically switch between the high-
sensitivity range and the low-sensitivity range, depending on the scene temperature.
The temperature level at which the camera switches between the two modes is +150°
C (+302°F).
• Low gain mode: Select to make the camera work in the low-sensitivity range only. This
has the advantage that the camera does not perform a non-uniformity correction when
an object with a temperature higher than +150°C (+302°F) enters the scene. How-
ever, the disadvantage is lower sensitivity and a higher level of signal noise.
Add custom boot image area: To specify your own unique image to appear during start-
up, click Browse, and navigate to the image file. This is useful for, for example, identifying
your fire department’s cameras. By incorporating your fire department’s logo, and a
unique identity number in the image, you can keep track of your cameras.

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23 Changing settings

23.3.4 Explanation of the different camera modes

23.3.4.1 Basic mode

Figure 23.6 Basic mode.

The Basic mode is the default mode of the camera. It is a multipurpose mode for the ini-
tial fire attack with life rescuing operation and control of the fire. The camera automati-
cally switches between the high-sensitivity range and the low-sensitivity range, to
maintain an optimal infrared image while at the same time maintaining a safe and consis-
tent heat colorization of the fire scene.
• Automatic range.
• Colorization of heat: +150 to +500°C (+302 to +932°F).
• High-sensitivity range: –20 to +150°C (–4 to +302°F).
• Low-sensitivity range: 0 to +500°C (+32 to +932°F).

23.3.4.2 Black and white firefighting mode

Figure 23.7 Black and white firefighting mode.

The black and white firefighting mode is a standardized firefighting mode based on the
Basic mode. It is a multipurpose mode for the initial fire intervention that includes life res-
cuing operations and control of the fire. It is specifically designed for fire services that do
not want to use the heat colorization feature.
The camera automatically switches between the high-sensitivity range and the low-sen-
sitivity range, to maintain an optimal infrared image.
• Automatic range.
• High-sensitivity range: –20 to +150°C (–4 to +302°F).
• Low-sensitivity range: 0 to +500°C (+32 to +932°F).

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23 Changing settings

23.3.4.3 Fire mode

Figure 23.8 Fire mode.

The fire mode is similar to the Basic mode, but with a higher-temperature starting point
for the heat colorization. It is suitable for fire scenes with higher background tempera-
tures, where there are already a lot of open flames and a high background temperature.
The camera automatically switches between the high-sensitivity range and the low-sen-
sitivity range, to maintain an optimal infrared image while at the same time maintaining a
safe and consistent heat colorization.
• Automatic range.
• Colorization of heat: +250 to +500°C (+ 482 to +932°F).
• High-sensitivity range: –20 to +150°C (–4 to +302°F).
• Low-sensitivity range: 0 to +500°C (+32 to +932°F).

23.3.4.4 Search and rescue mode

Figure 23.9 Search and rescue mode.

The search and rescue mode is optimized for maintaining high contrast in the infrared
image while searching for people in landscapes, buildings, or traffic accident scenes.
• High-sensitivity range only.
• Colorization of heat: +100 to +150°C (+212 to +302°F).
• High-sensitivity range: –20 to +150°C (–4 to +302°F).

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23 Changing settings

23.3.4.5 Heat detection mode

Figure 23.10 Heat detection mode.

The heat detection mode is optimized for searching hotspots during overhaul after the
fire is out—typically to ensure that there is no remaining hidden fire. This mode can also
be used to find thermal patterns (e.g., signs of people in car seats after accidents), to en-
sure that everyone has been found. This mode can also be used to search for people in
water and open landscapes.
• High-sensitivity range only.
• Colorization of heat: the 20% highest temperatures in the scene.
• High-sensitivity range: –20 to +150°C (–4 to +302°F).

23.3.4.6 Cold detection mode

Figure 23.11 Cold detection mode.

The cold detection mode is optimized for searching coldspots—typically to find drafts
and air flows.
• High-sensitivity range only.
• Colorization of cold: the 20% lowest temperatures in the scene.
• High-sensitivity range: –20 to +150°C (–4 to +302°F).

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23 Changing settings

23.3.4.7 Building analysis mode

Figure 23.12 Building analysis mode.

The building analysis mode is suitable for the analysis of buildings and the detection of
building-related anomalies. The thermal image can provide information on structural, me-
chanical, plumbing, and electrical constructions as well as an indication of moisture, wet-
ness, and air infiltration.
In this mode, the camera uses an iron color palette to display the different temperatures,
where black, blue, and purple are for the coldest areas, followed by red, orange, and yel-
low for the mid-range and going to white for the hottest parts. The temperature scale is
automatically adjusted to the thermal content of the image.

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24 Supported file formats

24.1 General
FLIR Tools/Tools+ supports several radiometric and non-radiometric file formats.

24.2 Radiometric file formats

FLIR Tools/Tools+ supports the following radiometric file formats:
• FLIR Systems radiometric *.jpg.
• FLIR Systems radiometric *.img.
• FLIR Systems radiometric *.fff.
• FLIR Systems radiometric *.seq (video files).
• FLIR Systems radiometric *.csq (video files).

24.3 Non-radiometric file formats

FLIR Tools/Tools+ supports the following non-radiometric file formats:
• *.jpg.
• *.mp4 (video files).
• *.avi (video files).
• *.pdf (reports and imagesheets).
• *.docx (as reports).

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25 About FLIR Systems

FLIR Systems was established in 1978 to pioneer the development of high-performance

infrared imaging systems, and is the world leader in the design, manufacture, and mar-
keting of thermal imaging systems for a wide variety of commercial, industrial, and gov-
ernment applications. Today, FLIR Systems embraces five major companies with
outstanding achievements in infrared technology since 1958—the Swedish AGEMA In-
frared Systems (formerly AGA Infrared Systems), the three United States companies In-
digo Systems, FSI, and Inframetrics, and the French company Cedip.
Since 2007, FLIR Systems has acquired several companies with world-leading expertise
in sensor technologies:
• Extech Instruments (2007)
• Ifara Tecnologías (2008)
• Salvador Imaging (2009)
• OmniTech Partners (2009)
• Directed Perception (2009)
• Raymarine (2010)
• ICx Technologies (2010)
• TackTick Marine Digital Instruments (2011)
• Aerius Photonics (2011)
• Lorex Technology (2012)
• Traficon (2012)
• MARSS (2013)
• DigitalOptics micro-optics business (2013)
• DVTEL (2015)
• Point Grey Research (2016)
• Prox Dynamics (2016)

Figure 25.1 Patent documents from the early 1960s

FLIR Systems has three manufacturing plants in the United States (Portland, OR, Bos-
ton, MA, Santa Barbara, CA) and one in Sweden (Stockholm). Since 2007 there is also a
manufacturing plant in Tallinn, Estonia. Direct sales offices in Belgium, Brazil, China,
France, Germany, Great Britain, Hong Kong, Italy, Japan, Korea, Sweden, and the USA
—together with a worldwide network of agents and distributors—support our internation-
al customer base.

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25 About FLIR Systems

FLIR Systems is at the forefront of innovation in the infrared camera industry. We antici-
pate market demand by constantly improving our existing cameras and developing new
ones. The company has set milestones in product design and development such as the
introduction of the first battery-operated portable camera for industrial inspections, and
the first uncooled infrared camera, to mention just two innovations.

Figure 25.2 1969: Thermovision Model 661. The Figure 25.3 2015: FLIR One, an accessory to
camera weighed approximately 25 kg (55 lb.), the iPhone and Android mobile phones. Weight: 90 g
oscilloscope 20 kg (44 lb.), and the tripod 15 kg (3.2 oz.).
(33 lb.). The operator also needed a 220 VAC
generator set, and a 10 L (2.6 US gallon) jar with
liquid nitrogen. To the left of the oscilloscope the
Polaroid attachment (6 kg/13 lb.) can be seen.

FLIR Systems manufactures all vital mechanical and electronic components of the cam-
era systems itself. From detector design and manufacturing, to lenses and system elec-
tronics, to final testing and calibration, all production steps are carried out and
supervised by our own engineers. The in-depth expertise of these infrared specialists en-
sures the accuracy and reliability of all vital components that are assembled into your in-
frared camera.

25.1 More than just an infrared camera

At FLIR Systems we recognize that our job is to go beyond just producing the best infra-
red camera systems. We are committed to enabling all users of our infrared camera sys-
tems to work more productively by providing them with the most powerful camera–
software combination. Especially tailored software for predictive maintenance, R & D,
and process monitoring is developed in-house. Most software is available in a wide varie-
ty of languages.
We support all our infrared cameras with a wide variety of accessories to adapt your
equipment to the most demanding infrared applications.

25.2 Sharing our knowledge

Although our cameras are designed to be very user-friendly, there is a lot more to ther-
mography than just knowing how to handle a camera. Therefore, FLIR Systems has
founded the Infrared Training Center (ITC), a separate business unit, that provides certi-
fied training courses. Attending one of the ITC courses will give you a truly hands-on
learning experience.
The staff of the ITC are also there to provide you with any application support you may
need in putting infrared theory into practice.

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25 About FLIR Systems

25.3 Supporting our customers

FLIR Systems operates a worldwide service network to keep your camera running at all
times. If you discover a problem with your camera, local service centers have all the
equipment and expertise to solve it within the shortest possible time. Therefore, there is
no need to send your camera to the other side of the world or to talk to someone who
does not speak your language.

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26 Definitions and laws

Term Definition
Absorption and emission1 The capacity or ability of an object to absorb incident radi-
ated energy is always the same as the capacity to emit its
own energy as radiation

Apparent temperature uncompensated reading from an infrared instrument, con-

taining all radiation incident on the instrument, regardless of
its sources2
Color palette assigns different colors to indicate specific levels of apparent
temperature. Palettes can provide high or low contrast, de-
pending on the colors used in them

Conduction direct transfer of thermal energy from molecule to molecule,

caused by collisions between the molecules

Convection heat transfer mode where a fluid is brought into motion, ei-
ther by gravity or another force, thereby transferring heat
from one place to another
Diagnostics examination of symptoms and syndromes to determine the
nature of faults or failures3
Direction of heat transfer4 Heat will spontaneously flow from hotter to colder, thereby
transferring thermal energy from one place to another5

Emissivity ratio of the power radiated by real bodies to the power that is
radiated by a blackbody at the same temperature and at the
same wavelength6

Energy conservation7 The sum of the total energy contents in a closed system is
constant
Exitant radiation radiation that leaves the surface of an object, regardless of
its original sources

Heat thermal energy that is transferred between two objects (sys-

tems) due to their difference in temperature
Heat transfer rate8 The heat transfer rate under steady state conditions is di-
rectly proportional to the thermal conductivity of the object,
the cross-sectional area of the object through which the heat
flows, and the temperature difference between the two ends
of the object. It is inversely proportional to the length, or
thickness, of the object9
Incident radiation radiation that strikes an object from its surroundings

IR thermography process of acquisition and analysis of thermal information

from non-contact thermal imaging devices

Isotherm replaces certain colors in the scale with a contrasting color. It

marks an interval of equal apparent temperature10

Qualitative thermography thermography that relies on the analysis of thermal patterns

to reveal the existence of and to locate the position of
anomalies11
Quantitative thermography thermography that uses temperature measurement to deter-
mine the seriousness of an anomaly, in order to establish re-
pair priorities11

1. Kirchhoff’s law of thermal radiation.

2. Based on ISO 18434-1:2008 (en).
3. Based on ISO 13372:2004 (en).
4. 2nd law of thermodynamics.
5. This is a consequence of the 2nd law of thermodynamics, the law itself is more complicated.
6. Based on ISO 16714-3:2016 (en).
7. 1st law of thermodynamics.
8. Fourier’s law.
9. This is the one-dimensional form of Fourier’s law, valid for steady-state conditions.
10. Based on ISO 18434-1:2008 (en)
11. Based on ISO 10878-2013 (en).

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26 Definitions and laws

Term Definition
Radiative heat transfer Heat transfer by the emission and absorption of thermal
radiation
Reflected apparent temperature apparent temperature of the environment that is reflected by
the target into the IR camera12

Spatial resolution ability of an IR camera to resolve small objects or details

Temperature measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules and
atoms that make up the substance
Thermal energy total kinetic energy of the molecules that make up the
object13
Thermal gradient gradual change in temperature over distance12

Thermal tuning process of putting the colors of the image on the object of
analysis, in order to maximize contrast

12. Based on ISO 16714-3:2016 (en).

13. Thermal energy is part of the internal energy of an object.

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27 Thermographic measurement
techniques

27.1 Introduction
An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object.
The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for
the camera to calculate and display this temperature.
However, the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the tempera-
ture of the object but is also a function of the emissivity. Radiation also originates from
the surroundings and is reflected in the object. The radiation from the object and the re-
flected radiation will also be influenced by the absorption of the atmosphere.
To measure temperature accurately, it is therefore necessary to compensate for the ef-
fects of a number of different radiation sources. This is done on-line automatically by the
camera. The following object parameters must, however, be supplied for the camera:
• The emissivity of the object
• The reflected apparent temperature
• The distance between the object and the camera
• The relative humidity
• Temperature of the atmosphere

27.2 Emissivity
The most important object parameter to set correctly is the emissivity which, in short, is a
measure of how much radiation is emitted from the object, compared to that from a per-
fect blackbody of the same temperature.
Normally, object materials and surface treatments exhibit emissivity ranging from approx-
imately 0.1 to 0.95. A highly polished (mirror) surface falls below 0.1, while an oxidized
or painted surface has a higher emissivity. Oil-based paint, regardless of color in the visi-
ble spectrum, has an emissivity over 0.9 in the infrared. Human skin exhibits an emissiv-
ity 0.97 to 0.98.
Non-oxidized metals represent an extreme case of perfect opacity and high reflexivity,
which does not vary greatly with wavelength. Consequently, the emissivity of metals is
low – only increasing with temperature. For non-metals, emissivity tends to be high, and
decreases with temperature.

27.2.1 Finding the emissivity of a sample

27.2.1.1 Step 1: Determining reflected apparent temperature

Use one of the following two methods to determine reflected apparent temperature:

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27 Thermographic measurement techniques

27.2.1.1.1 Method 1: Direct method

Follow this procedure:
1. Look for possible reflection sources, considering that the incident angle = reflection
angle (a = b).

Figure 27.1 1 = Reflection source

2. If the reflection source is a spot source, modify the source by obstructing it using a
piece if cardboard.

Figure 27.2 1 = Reflection source

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27 Thermographic measurement techniques

3. Measure the radiation intensity (= apparent temperature) from the reflection source
using the following settings:
• Emissivity: 1.0
• Dobj: 0
You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods:

Figure 27.3 1 = Reflection source Figure 27.4 1 = Reflection source

You can not use a thermocouple to measure reflected apparent temperature, because a
thermocouple measures temperature, but apparent temperatrure is radiation intensity.

27.2.1.1.2 Method 2: Reflector method

Follow this procedure:
1. Crumble up a large piece of aluminum foil.
2. Uncrumble the aluminum foil and attach it to a piece of cardboard of the same size.
3. Put the piece of cardboard in front of the object you want to measure. Make sure that
the side with aluminum foil points to the camera.
4. Set the emissivity to 1.0.

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27 Thermographic measurement techniques

5. Measure the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil and write it down. The foil is
considered a perfect reflector, so its apparent temperature equals the reflected appa-
rent temperature from the surroundings.

Figure 27.5 Measuring the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil.

27.2.1.2 Step 2: Determining the emissivity

Follow this procedure:
1. Select a place to put the sample.
2. Determine and set reflected apparent temperature according to the previous
procedure.
3. Put a piece of electrical tape with known high emissivity on the sample.
4. Heat the sample at least 20 K above room temperature. Heating must be reasonably
even.
5. Focus and auto-adjust the camera, and freeze the image.
6. Adjust Level and Span for best image brightness and contrast.
7. Set emissivity to that of the tape (usually 0.97).
8. Measure the temperature of the tape using one of the following measurement
functions:
• Isotherm (helps you to determine both the temperature and how evenly you have
heated the sample)
• Spot (simpler)
• Box Avg (good for surfaces with varying emissivity).
9. Write down the temperature.
10. Move your measurement function to the sample surface.
11. Change the emissivity setting until you read the same temperature as your previous
measurement.
12. Write down the emissivity.
Note
• Avoid forced convection
• Look for a thermally stable surrounding that will not generate spot reflections
• Use high quality tape that you know is not transparent, and has a high emissivity you
are certain of
• This method assumes that the temperature of your tape and the sample surface are
the same. If they are not, your emissivity measurement will be wrong.

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27 Thermographic measurement techniques

27.3 Reflected apparent temperature

This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation reflected in the object. If the
emissivity is low and the object temperature relatively far from that of the reflected it will
be important to set and compensate for the reflected apparent temperature correctly.

27.4 Distance
The distance is the distance between the object and the front lens of the camera. This
parameter is used to compensate for the following two facts:
• That radiation from the target is absorbed by the atmosphere between the object and
the camera.
• That radiation from the atmosphere itself is detected by the camera.

27.5 Relative humidity

The camera can also compensate for the fact that the transmittance is also dependent
on the relative humidity of the atmosphere. To do this set the relative humidity to the cor-
rect value. For short distances and normal humidity the relative humidity can normally be
left at a default value of 50%.

27.6 Other parameters

In addition, some cameras and analysis programs from FLIR Systems allow you to com-
pensate for the following parameters:
• Atmospheric temperature – i.e. the temperature of the atmosphere between the cam-
era and the target
• External optics temperature – i.e. the temperature of any external lenses or windows
used in front of the camera
• External optics transmittance – i.e. the transmission of any external lenses or windows
used in front of the camera

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28 History of infrared technology

Before the year 1800, the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spec-
trum wasn't even suspected. The original significance of the infrared spectrum, or simply
‘the infrared’ as it is often called, as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious to-
day than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800.

Figure 28.1 Sir William Herschel (1738–1822)

The discovery was made accidentally during the search for a new optical material. Sir
William Herschel – Royal Astronomer to King George III of England, and already famous
for his discovery of the planet Uranus – was searching for an optical filter material to re-
duce the brightness of the sun’s image in telescopes during solar observations. While
testing different samples of colored glass which gave similar reductions in brightness he
was intrigued to find that some of the samples passed very little of the sun’s heat, while
others passed so much heat that he risked eye damage after only a few seconds’
observation.
Herschel was soon convinced of the necessity of setting up a systematic experiment,
with the objective of finding a single material that would give the desired reduction in
brightness as well as the maximum reduction in heat. He began the experiment by ac-
tually repeating Newton’s prism experiment, but looking for the heating effect rather than
the visual distribution of intensity in the spectrum. He first blackened the bulb of a sensi-
tive mercury-in-glass thermometer with ink, and with this as his radiation detector he pro-
ceeded to test the heating effect of the various colors of the spectrum formed on the top
of a table by passing sunlight through a glass prism. Other thermometers, placed outside
the sun’s rays, served as controls.
As the blackened thermometer was moved slowly along the colors of the spectrum, the
temperature readings showed a steady increase from the violet end to the red end. This
was not entirely unexpected, since the Italian researcher, Landriani, in a similar experi-
ment in 1777 had observed much the same effect. It was Herschel, however, who was
the first to recognize that there must be a point where the heating effect reaches a maxi-
mum, and that measurements confined to the visible portion of the spectrum failed to lo-
cate this point.

Figure 28.2 Marsilio Landriani (1746–1815)

Moving the thermometer into the dark region beyond the red end of the spectrum, Her-
schel confirmed that the heating continued to increase. The maximum point, when he
found it, lay well beyond the red end – in what is known today as the ‘infrared
wavelengths’.

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28 History of infrared technology

When Herschel revealed his discovery, he referred to this new portion of the electromag-
netic spectrum as the ‘thermometrical spectrum’. The radiation itself he sometimes re-
ferred to as ‘dark heat’, or simply ‘the invisible rays’. Ironically, and contrary to popular
opinion, it wasn't Herschel who originated the term ‘infrared’. The word only began to ap-
pear in print around 75 years later, and it is still unclear who should receive credit as the
originator.
Herschel’s use of glass in the prism of his original experiment led to some early contro-
versies with his contemporaries about the actual existence of the infrared wavelengths.
Different investigators, in attempting to confirm his work, used various types of glass in-
discriminately, having different transparencies in the infrared. Through his later experi-
ments, Herschel was aware of the limited transparency of glass to the newly-discovered
thermal radiation, and he was forced to conclude that optics for the infrared would prob-
ably be doomed to the use of reflective elements exclusively (i.e. plane and curved mir-
rors). Fortunately, this proved to be true only until 1830, when the Italian investigator,
Melloni, made his great discovery that naturally occurring rock salt (NaCl) – which was
available in large enough natural crystals to be made into lenses and prisms – is remark-
ably transparent to the infrared. The result was that rock salt became the principal infra-
red optical material, and remained so for the next hundred years, until the art of synthetic
crystal growing was mastered in the 1930’s.

Figure 28.3 Macedonio Melloni (1798–1854)

Thermometers, as radiation detectors, remained unchallenged until 1829, the year Nobili
invented the thermocouple. (Herschel’s own thermometer could be read to 0.2 °C
(0.036 °F), and later models were able to be read to 0.05 °C (0.09 °F)). Then a break-
through occurred; Melloni connected a number of thermocouples in series to form the
first thermopile. The new device was at least 40 times as sensitive as the best thermome-
ter of the day for detecting heat radiation – capable of detecting the heat from a person
standing three meters away.
The first so-called ‘heat-picture’ became possible in 1840, the result of work by Sir John
Herschel, son of the discoverer of the infrared and a famous astronomer in his own right.
Based upon the differential evaporation of a thin film of oil when exposed to a heat pat-
tern focused upon it, the thermal image could be seen by reflected light where the inter-
ference effects of the oil film made the image visible to the eye. Sir John also managed
to obtain a primitive record of the thermal image on paper, which he called a
‘thermograph’.

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28 History of infrared technology

Figure 28.4 Samuel P. Langley (1834–1906)

The improvement of infrared-detector sensitivity progressed slowly. Another major break-

through, made by Langley in 1880, was the invention of the bolometer. This consisted of
a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit
upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer re-
sponded. This instrument is said to have been able to detect the heat from a cow at a
distance of 400 meters.
An English scientist, Sir James Dewar, first introduced the use of liquefied gases as cool-
ing agents (such as liquid nitrogen with a temperature of -196 °C (-320.8 °F)) in low tem-
perature research. In 1892 he invented a unique vacuum insulating container in which it
is possible to store liquefied gases for entire days. The common ‘thermos bottle’, used
for storing hot and cold drinks, is based upon his invention.
Between the years 1900 and 1920, the inventors of the world ‘discovered’ the infrared.
Many patents were issued for devices to detect personnel, artillery, aircraft, ships – and
even icebergs. The first operating systems, in the modern sense, began to be developed
during the 1914–18 war, when both sides had research programs devoted to the military
exploitation of the infrared. These programs included experimental systems for enemy
intrusion/detection, remote temperature sensing, secure communications, and ‘flying tor-
pedo’ guidance. An infrared search system tested during this period was able to detect
an approaching airplane at a distance of 1.5 km (0.94 miles), or a person more than 300
meters (984 ft.) away.
The most sensitive systems up to this time were all based upon variations of the bolome-
ter idea, but the period between the two wars saw the development of two revolutionary
new infrared detectors: the image converter and the photon detector. At first, the image
converter received the greatest attention by the military, because it enabled an observer
for the first time in history to literally ‘see in the dark’. However, the sensitivity of the im-
age converter was limited to the near infrared wavelengths, and the most interesting mili-
tary targets (i.e. enemy soldiers) had to be illuminated by infrared search beams. Since
this involved the risk of giving away the observer’s position to a similarly-equipped enemy
observer, it is understandable that military interest in the image converter eventually
faded.
The tactical military disadvantages of so-called 'active’ (i.e. search beam-equipped) ther-
mal imaging systems provided impetus following the 1939–45 war for extensive secret
military infrared-research programs into the possibilities of developing ‘passive’ (no
search beam) systems around the extremely sensitive photon detector. During this peri-
od, military secrecy regulations completely prevented disclosure of the status of infrared-
imaging technology. This secrecy only began to be lifted in the middle of the 1950’s, and
from that time adequate thermal-imaging devices finally began to be available to civilian
science and industry.

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29 Theory of thermography

29.1 Introduction
The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new
to many who will use an infrared camera. In this section the theory behind thermography
will be given.

29.2 The electromagnetic spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength regions,
called bands, distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation.
There is no fundamental difference between radiation in the different bands of the elec-
tromagnetic spectrum. They are all governed by the same laws and the only differences
are those due to differences in wavelength.

Figure 29.1 The electromagnetic spectrum. 1: X-ray; 2: UV; 3: Visible; 4: IR; 5: Microwaves; 6:
Radiowaves.

Thermography makes use of the infrared spectral band. At the short-wavelength end the
boundary lies at the limit of visual perception, in the deep red. At the long-wavelength
end it merges with the microwave radio wavelengths, in the millimeter range.
The infrared band is often further subdivided into four smaller bands, the boundaries of
which are also arbitrarily chosen. They include: the near infrared (0.75–3 μm), the middle
infrared (3–6 μm), the far infrared (6–15 μm) and the extreme infrared (15–100 μm).
Although the wavelengths are given in μm (micrometers), other units are often still used
to measure wavelength in this spectral region, e.g. nanometer (nm) and Ångström (Å).
The relationships between the different wavelength measurements is:

29.3 Blackbody radiation

A blackbody is defined as an object which absorbs all radiation that impinges on it at any
wavelength. The apparent misnomer black relating to an object emitting radiation is ex-
plained by Kirchhoff’s Law (after Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, 1824–1887), which states that
a body capable of absorbing all radiation at any wavelength is equally capable in the
emission of radiation.

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29 Theory of thermography

Figure 29.2 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824–1887)

The construction of a blackbody source is, in principle, very simple. The radiation charac-
teristics of an aperture in an isotherm cavity made of an opaque absorbing material rep-
resents almost exactly the properties of a blackbody. A practical application of the
principle to the construction of a perfect absorber of radiation consists of a box that is
light tight except for an aperture in one of the sides. Any radiation which then enters the
hole is scattered and absorbed by repeated reflections so only an infinitesimal fraction
can possibly escape. The blackness which is obtained at the aperture is nearly equal to
a blackbody and almost perfect for all wavelengths.
By providing such an isothermal cavity with a suitable heater it becomes what is termed
a cavity radiator. An isothermal cavity heated to a uniform temperature generates black-
body radiation, the characteristics of which are determined solely by the temperature of
the cavity. Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in tempera-
ture reference standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermographic instruments,
such as a FLIR Systems camera for example.
If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525°C (977°F), the
source begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black. This is the incipi-
ent red heat temperature of the radiator, which then becomes orange or yellow as the
temperature increases further. In fact, the definition of the so-called color temperature of
an object is the temperature to which a blackbody would have to be heated to have the
same appearance.
Now consider three expressions that describe the radiation emitted from a blackbody.

29.3.1 Planck’s law

Figure 29.3 Max Planck (1858–1947)

Max Planck (1858–1947) was able to describe the spectral distribution of the radiation
from a blackbody by means of the following formula:

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29 Theory of thermography

where:
Wλb Blackbody spectral radiant emittance at wavelength λ.
c Velocity of light = 3 × 108 m/s

h Planck’s constant = 6.6 × 10-34 Joule sec.

k Boltzmann’s constant = 1.4 × 10-23 Joule/K.
T Absolute temperature (K) of a blackbody.

λ Wavelength (μm).

Note The factor 10-6 is used since spectral emittance in the curves is expressed in
Watt/m2, μm.
Planck’s formula, when plotted graphically for various temperatures, produces a family of
curves. Following any particular Planck curve, the spectral emittance is zero at λ = 0,
then increases rapidly to a maximum at a wavelength λmax and after passing it ap-
proaches zero again at very long wavelengths. The higher the temperature, the shorter
the wavelength at which maximum occurs.

Figure 29.4 Blackbody spectral radiant emittance according to Planck’s law, plotted for various absolute
temperatures. 1: Spectral radiant emittance (W/cm2 × 103(μm)); 2: Wavelength (μm)

29.3.2 Wien’s displacement law

By differentiating Planck’s formula with respect to λ, and finding the maximum, we have:

This is Wien’s formula (after Wilhelm Wien, 1864–1928), which expresses mathemati-
cally the common observation that colors vary from red to orange or yellow as the tem-
perature of a thermal radiator increases. The wavelength of the color is the same as the
wavelength calculated for λmax. A good approximation of the value of λmax for a given
blackbody temperature is obtained by applying the rule-of-thumb 3 000/T μm. Thus, a
very hot star such as Sirius (11 000 K), emitting bluish-white light, radiates with the peak
of spectral radiant emittance occurring within the invisible ultraviolet spectrum, at wave-
length 0.27 μm.

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29 Theory of thermography

Figure 29.5 Wilhelm Wien (1864–1928)

The sun (approx. 6 000 K) emits yellow light, peaking at about 0.5 μm in the middle of
the visible light spectrum.
At room temperature (300 K) the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9.7 μm, in the far infra-
red, while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 K) the maximum of the almost insignif-
icant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 μm, in the extreme infrared wavelengths.

Figure 29.6 Planckian curves plotted on semi-log scales from 100 K to 1000 K. The dotted line represents
the locus of maximum radiant emittance at each temperature as described by Wien's displacement law. 1:
Spectral radiant emittance (W/cm2 (μm)); 2: Wavelength (μm).

29.3.3 Stefan-Boltzmann's law

By integrating Planck’s formula from λ = 0 to λ = ∞, we obtain the total radiant emittance
(Wb) of a blackbody:

This is the Stefan-Boltzmann formula (after Josef Stefan, 1835–1893, and Ludwig Boltz-
mann, 1844–1906), which states that the total emissive power of a blackbody is propor-
tional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature. Graphically, Wb represents the
area below the Planck curve for a particular temperature. It can be shown that the radiant
emittance in the interval λ = 0 to λmax is only 25% of the total, which represents about the
amount of the sun’s radiation which lies inside the visible light spectrum.

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29 Theory of thermography

Figure 29.7 Josef Stefan (1835–1893), and Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906)

Using the Stefan-Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body,
at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx. 2 m2, we obtain 1 kW.
This power loss could not be sustained if it were not for the compensating absorption of
radiation from surrounding surfaces, at room temperatures which do not vary too drasti-
cally from the temperature of the body – or, of course, the addition of clothing.

29.3.4 Non-blackbody emitters

So far, only blackbody radiators and blackbody radiation have been discussed. However,
real objects almost never comply with these laws over an extended wavelength region –
although they may approach the blackbody behavior in certain spectral intervals. For ex-
ample, a certain type of white paint may appear perfectly white in the visible light spec-
trum, but becomes distinctly gray at about 2 μm, and beyond 3 μm it is almost black.
There are three processes which can occur that prevent a real object from acting like a
blackbody: a fraction of the incident radiation α may be absorbed, a fraction ρ may be re-
flected, and a fraction τ may be transmitted. Since all of these factors are more or less
wavelength dependent, the subscript λ is used to imply the spectral dependence of their
definitions. Thus:
• The spectral absorptance αλ= the ratio of the spectral radiant power absorbed by an
object to that incident upon it.
• The spectral reflectance ρλ = the ratio of the spectral radiant power reflected by an ob-
ject to that incident upon it.
• The spectral transmittance τλ = the ratio of the spectral radiant power transmitted
through an object to that incident upon it.
The sum of these three factors must always add up to the whole at any wavelength, so
we have the relation:

For opaque materials τλ = 0 and the relation simplifies to:

Another factor, called the emissivity, is required to describe the fraction ε of the radiant
emittance of a blackbody produced by an object at a specific temperature. Thus, we
have the definition:
The spectral emissivity ελ= the ratio of the spectral radiant power from an object to that
from a blackbody at the same temperature and wavelength.
Expressed mathematically, this can be written as the ratio of the spectral emittance of
the object to that of a blackbody as follows:

Generally speaking, there are three types of radiation source, distinguished by the ways
in which the spectral emittance of each varies with wavelength.
• A blackbody, for which ελ = ε = 1
• A graybody, for which ελ = ε = constant less than 1

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29 Theory of thermography

• A selective radiator, for which ε varies with wavelength

According to Kirchhoff’s law, for any material the spectral emissivity and spectral absorp-
tance of a body are equal at any specified temperature and wavelength. That is:

From this we obtain, for an opaque material (since αλ + ρλ = 1):

For highly polished materials ελ approaches zero, so that for a perfectly reflecting materi-
al (i.e. a perfect mirror) we have:

For a graybody radiator, the Stefan-Boltzmann formula becomes:

This states that the total emissive power of a graybody is the same as a blackbody at the
same temperature reduced in proportion to the value of ε from the graybody.

Figure 29.8 Spectral radiant emittance of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral radiant emittance; 2: Wave-
length; 3: Blackbody; 4: Selective radiator; 5: Graybody.

Figure 29.9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral emissivity; 2: Wavelength; 3: Black-
body; 4: Graybody; 5: Selective radiator.

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29 Theory of thermography

29.4 Infrared semi-transparent materials

Consider now a non-metallic, semi-transparent body – let us say, in the form of a thick flat
plate of plastic material. When the plate is heated, radiation generated within its volume
must work its way toward the surfaces through the material in which it is partially ab-
sorbed. Moreover, when it arrives at the surface, some of it is reflected back into the inte-
rior. The back-reflected radiation is again partially absorbed, but some of it arrives at the
other surface, through which most of it escapes; part of it is reflected back again.
Although the progressive reflections become weaker and weaker they must all be added
up when the total emittance of the plate is sought. When the resulting geometrical series
is summed, the effective emissivity of a semi-transparent plate is obtained as:

When the plate becomes opaque this formula is reduced to the single formula:

This last relation is a particularly convenient one, because it is often easier to measure
reflectance than to measure emissivity directly.

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30 The measurement formula

As already mentioned, when viewing an object, the camera receives radiation not only
from the object itself. It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the ob-
ject surface. Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the
atmosphere in the measurement path. To this comes a third radiation contribution from
the atmosphere itself.
This description of the measurement situation, as illustrated in the figure below, is so far
a fairly true description of the real conditions. What has been neglected could for in-
stance be sun light scattering in the atmosphere or stray radiation from intense radiation
sources outside the field of view. Such disturbances are difficult to quantify, however, in
most cases they are fortunately small enough to be neglected. In case they are not negli-
gible, the measurement configuration is likely to be such that the risk for disturbance is
obvious, at least to a trained operator. It is then his responsibility to modify the measure-
ment situation to avoid the disturbance e.g. by changing the viewing direction, shielding
off intense radiation sources etc.
Accepting the description above, we can use the figure below to derive a formula for the
calculation of the object temperature from the calibrated camera output.

Figure 30.1 A schematic representation of the general thermographic measurement situation.1: Sur-
roundings; 2: Object; 3: Atmosphere; 4: Camera

Assume that the received radiation power W from a blackbody source of temperature
Tsource on short distance generates a camera output signal Usource that is proportional to
the power input (power linear camera). We can then write (Equation 1):

or, with simplified notation:

where C is a constant.
Should the source be a graybody with emittance ε, the received radiation would conse-
quently be εWsource.
We are now ready to write the three collected radiation power terms:
1. Emission from the object = ετWobj, where ε is the emittance of the object and τ is the
transmittance of the atmosphere. The object temperature is Tobj.

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30 The measurement formula

2. Reflected emission from ambient sources = (1 – ε)τWrefl, where (1 – ε) is the reflec-

tance of the object. The ambient sources have the temperature Trefl.
It has here been assumed that the temperature Trefl is the same for all emitting surfa-
ces within the halfsphere seen from a point on the object surface. This is of course
sometimes a simplification of the true situation. It is, however, a necessary simplifica-
tion in order to derive a workable formula, and Trefl can – at least theoretically – be giv-
en a value that represents an efficient temperature of a complex surrounding.
Note also that we have assumed that the emittance for the surroundings = 1. This is
correct in accordance with Kirchhoff’s law: All radiation impinging on the surrounding
surfaces will eventually be absorbed by the same surfaces. Thus the emittance = 1.
(Note though that the latest discussion requires the complete sphere around the ob-
ject to be considered.)
3. Emission from the atmosphere = (1 – τ)τWatm, where (1 – τ) is the emittance of the at-
mosphere. The temperature of the atmosphere is Tatm.
The total received radiation power can now be written (Equation 2):

We multiply each term by the constant C of Equation 1 and replace the CW products by
the corresponding U according to the same equation, and get (Equation 3):

Solve Equation 3 for Uobj (Equation 4):

This is the general measurement formula used in all the FLIR Systems thermographic
equipment. The voltages of the formula are:
Table 30.1 Voltages

Uobj Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature

Tobj i.e. a voltage that can be directly converted into true requested
object temperature.
Utot Measured camera output voltage for the actual case.

Urefl Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature

Trefl according to the calibration.

Uatm Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature

Tatm according to the calibration.

The operator has to supply a number of parameter values for the calculation:
• the object emittance ε,
• the relative humidity,
• Tatm
• object distance (Dobj)
• the (effective) temperature of the object surroundings, or the reflected ambient tem-
perature Trefl, and
• the temperature of the atmosphere Tatm
This task could sometimes be a heavy burden for the operator since there are normally
no easy ways to find accurate values of emittance and atmospheric transmittance for the
actual case. The two temperatures are normally less of a problem provided the surround-
ings do not contain large and intense radiation sources.
A natural question in this connection is: How important is it to know the right values of
these parameters? It could though be of interest to get a feeling for this problem already
here by looking into some different measurement cases and compare the relative

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30 The measurement formula

magnitudes of the three radiation terms. This will give indications about when it is impor-
tant to use correct values of which parameters.
The figures below illustrates the relative magnitudes of the three radiation contributions
for three different object temperatures, two emittances, and two spectral ranges: SW and
LW. Remaining parameters have the following fixed values:
• τ = 0.88
• Trefl = +20°C (+68°F)
• Tatm = +20°C (+68°F)
It is obvious that measurement of low object temperatures are more critical than measur-
ing high temperatures since the ‘disturbing’ radiation sources are relatively much stron-
ger in the first case. Should also the object emittance be low, the situation would be still
more difficult.
We have finally to answer a question about the importance of being allowed to use the
calibration curve above the highest calibration point, what we call extrapolation. Imagine
that we in a certain case measure Utot = 4.5 volts. The highest calibration point for the
camera was in the order of 4.1 volts, a value unknown to the operator. Thus, even if the
object happened to be a blackbody, i.e. Uobj = Utot, we are actually performing extrapola-
tion of the calibration curve when converting 4.5 volts into temperature.
Let us now assume that the object is not black, it has an emittance of 0.75, and the trans-
mittance is 0.92. We also assume that the two second terms of Equation 4 amount to 0.5
volts together. Computation of Uobj by means of Equation 4 then results in Uobj = 4.5 /
0.75 / 0.92 – 0.5 = 6.0. This is a rather extreme extrapolation, particularly when consider-
ing that the video amplifier might limit the output to 5 volts! Note, though, that the applica-
tion of the calibration curve is a theoretical procedure where no electronic or other
limitations exist. We trust that if there had been no signal limitations in the camera, and if
it had been calibrated far beyond 5 volts, the resulting curve would have been very much
the same as our real curve extrapolated beyond 4.1 volts, provided the calibration algo-
rithm is based on radiation physics, like the FLIR Systems algorithm. Of course there
must be a limit to such extrapolations.

Figure 30.2 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (SW cam-
era). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmos-
phere radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; Trefl = 20°C (+68°F); Tatm = 20°C (+68°F).

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30 The measurement formula

Figure 30.3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (LW cam-
era). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmos-
phere radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; Trefl = 20°C (+68°F); Tatm = 20°C (+68°F).

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31 Emissivity tables

This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and
measurements made by FLIR Systems.

31.1 References
1. Mikaél A. Bramson: Infrared Radiation, A Handbook for Applications, Plenum press,
N.Y.
2. William L. Wolfe, George J. Zissis: The Infrared Handbook, Office of Naval Research,
Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.
3. Madding, R. P.: Thermographic Instruments and systems. Madison, Wisconsin: Uni-
versity of Wisconsin – Extension, Department of Engineering and Applied Science.
4. William L. Wolfe: Handbook of Military Infrared Technology, Office of Naval Research,
Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.
5. Jones, Smith, Probert: External thermography of buildings..., Proc. of the Society of
Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, vol.110, Industrial and Civil Applications of
Infrared Technology, June 1977 London.
6. Paljak, Pettersson: Thermography of Buildings, Swedish Building Research Institute,
Stockholm 1972.
7. Vlcek, J: Determination of emissivity with imaging radiometers and some emissivities
at λ = 5 µm. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing.
8. Kern: Evaluation of infrared emission of clouds and ground as measured by weather
satellites, Defence Documentation Center, AD 617 417.
9. Öhman, Claes: Emittansmätningar med AGEMA E-Box. Teknisk rapport, AGEMA
1999. (Emittance measurements using AGEMA E-Box. Technical report, AGEMA
1999.)
10. Matteï, S., Tang-Kwor, E: Emissivity measurements for Nextel Velvet coating 811-21
between –36°C AND 82°C.
11. Lohrengel & Todtenhaupt (1996)
12. ITC Technical publication 32.
13. ITC Technical publication 29.
14. Schuster, Norbert and Kolobrodov, Valentin G. Infrarotthermographie. Berlin: Wiley-
VCH, 2000.
Note The emissivity values in the table below are recorded using a shortwave (SW)
camera. The values should be regarded as recommendations only and used with
caution.

31.2 Tables
Table 31.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference

1 2 3 4 5 6
3M type 35 Vinyl electrical < 80 LW ≈ 0.96 13
tape (several
colors)
3M type 88 Black vinyl electri- < 105 LW ≈ 0.96 13
cal tape
3M type 88 Black vinyl electri- < 105 MW < 0.96 13
cal tape

3M type Super 33 Black vinyl electri- < 80 LW ≈ 0.96 13

+ cal tape
Aluminum anodized sheet 100 T 0.55 2
Aluminum anodized, black, 70 SW 0.67 9
dull
Aluminum anodized, black, 70 LW 0.95 9
dull

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Table 31.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)

1 2 3 4 5 6
Aluminum anodized, light 70 SW 0.61 9
gray, dull

Aluminum anodized, light 70 LW 0.97 9

gray, dull

Aluminum as received, plate 100 T 0.09 4

Aluminum as received, 100 T 0.09 2
sheet
Aluminum cast, blast 70 SW 0.47 9
cleaned
Aluminum cast, blast 70 LW 0.46 9
cleaned
Aluminum dipped in HNO3, 100 T 0.05 4
plate
Aluminum foil 27 10 µm 0.04 3
Aluminum foil 27 3 µm 0.09 3
Aluminum oxidized, strongly 50–500 T 0.2–0.3 1

Aluminum polished 50–100 T 0.04–0.06 1

Aluminum polished plate 100 T 0.05 4
Aluminum polished, sheet 100 T 0.05 2
Aluminum rough surface 20–50 T 0.06–0.07 1

Aluminum roughened 27 10 µm 0.18 3

Aluminum roughened 27 3 µm 0.28 3

Aluminum sheet, 4 samples 70 SW 0.05–0.08 9

differently
scratched
Aluminum sheet, 4 samples 70 LW 0.03–0.06 9
differently
scratched
Aluminum vacuum 20 T 0.04 2
deposited
Aluminum weathered, 17 SW 0.83–0.94 5
heavily

Aluminum bronze 20 T 0.60 1

Aluminum powder T 0.28 1
hydroxide

Aluminum oxide activated, powder T 0.46 1

Aluminum oxide pure, powder T 0.16 1
(alumina)
Asbestos board 20 T 0.96 1
Asbestos fabric T 0.78 1
Asbestos floor tile 35 SW 0.94 7
Asbestos paper 40–400 T 0.93–0.95 1
Asbestos powder T 0.40–0.60 1
Asbestos slate 20 T 0.96 1
Asphalt paving 4 LLW 0.967 8

Brass dull, tarnished 20–350 T 0.22 1

Brass oxidized 100 T 0.61 2
Brass oxidized 70 SW 0.04–0.09 9

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Table 31.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)

1 2 3 4 5 6
Brass oxidized 70 LW 0.03–0.07 9
Brass oxidized at 600°C 200–600 T 0.59–0.61 1
Brass polished 200 T 0.03 1
Brass polished, highly 100 T 0.03 2

Brass rubbed with 80- 20 T 0.20 2

grit emery

Brass sheet, rolled 20 T 0.06 1

Brass sheet, worked 20 T 0.2 1
with emery
Brick alumina 17 SW 0.68 5
Brick common 17 SW 0.86–0.81 5
Brick Dinas silica, 1100 T 0.85 1
glazed, rough

Brick Dinas silica, 1000 T 0.66 1

refractory
Brick Dinas silica, un- 1000 T 0.80 1
glazed, rough

Brick firebrick 17 SW 0.68 5

Brick fireclay 1000 T 0.75 1

Brick fireclay 1200 T 0.59 1

Brick fireclay 20 T 0.85 1

Brick masonry 35 SW 0.94 7

Brick masonry, 20 T 0.94 1
plastered
Brick red, common 20 T 0.93 2
Brick red, rough 20 T 0.88–0.93 1

Brick refractory, 1000 T 0.46 1

corundum
Brick refractory, 1000–1300 T 0.38 1
magnesite

Brick refractory, 500–1000 T 0.8–0.9 1

strongly radiating

Brick refractory, weakly 500–1000 T 0.65–0.75 1

radiating

Brick silica, 95% SiO2 1230 T 0.66 1

Brick sillimanite, 33% 1500 T 0.29 1
SiO2, 64% Al2O3
Brick waterproof 17 SW 0.87 5

Bronze phosphor bronze 70 SW 0.08 9

Bronze phosphor bronze 70 LW 0.06 9

Bronze polished 50 T 0.1 1
Bronze porous, rough 50–150 T 0.55 1

Bronze powder T 0.76–0.80 1

Carbon candle soot 20 T 0.95 2

Carbon charcoal powder T 0.96 1
Carbon graphite powder T 0.97 1

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Table 31.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)

1 2 3 4 5 6
Carbon graphite, filed 20 T 0.98 2
surface
Carbon lampblack 20–400 T 0.95–0.97 1

Chipboard untreated 20 SW 0.90 6

Chromium polished 50 T 0.10 1

Chromium polished 500–1000 T 0.28–0.38 1

Clay fired 70 T 0.91 1

Cloth black 20 T 0.98 1

Concrete 20 T 0.92 2
Concrete dry 36 SW 0.95 7

Concrete rough 17 SW 0.97 5

Concrete walkway 5 LLW 0.974 8

Copper commercial, 20 T 0.07 1

burnished
Copper electrolytic, care- 80 T 0.018 1
fully polished

Copper electrolytic, –34 T 0.006 4

polished

Copper molten 1100–1300 T 0.13–0.15 1

Copper oxidized 50 T 0.6–0.7 1

Copper oxidized to T 0.88 1

blackness
Copper oxidized, black 27 T 0.78 4

Copper oxidized, heavily 20 T 0.78 2

Copper polished 50–100 T 0.02 1

Copper polished 100 T 0.03 2

Copper polished, 27 T 0.03 4

commercial
Copper polished, 22 T 0.015 4
mechanical
Copper pure, carefully 22 T 0.008 4
prepared surface

Copper scraped 27 T 0.07 4

Copper dioxide powder T 0.84 1

Copper oxide red, powder T 0.70 1

Ebonite T 0.89 1
Emery coarse 80 T 0.85 1

Enamel 20 T 0.9 1
Enamel lacquer 20 T 0.85–0.95 1
Fiber board hard, untreated 20 SW 0.85 6
Fiber board masonite 70 SW 0.75 9
Fiber board masonite 70 LW 0.88 9
Fiber board particle board 70 SW 0.77 9

Fiber board particle board 70 LW 0.89 9

Fiber board porous, untreated 20 SW 0.85 6

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Table 31.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)

1 2 3 4 5 6
Glass pane (float non-coated 20 LW 0.97 14
glass)

Gold polished 130 T 0.018 1

Gold polished, carefully 200–600 T 0.02–0.03 1

Gold polished, highly 100 T 0.02 2

Granite polished 20 LLW 0.849 8

Granite rough 21 LLW 0.879 8

Granite rough, 4 different 70 SW 0.95–0.97 9

samples

Granite rough, 4 different 70 LW 0.77–0.87 9

samples

Gypsum 20 T 0.8–0.9 1

Ice: See Water

Iron and steel cold rolled 70 SW 0.20 9
Iron and steel cold rolled 70 LW 0.09 9
Iron and steel covered with red 20 T 0.61–0.85 1
rust
Iron and steel electrolytic 100 T 0.05 4
Iron and steel electrolytic 22 T 0.05 4

Iron and steel electrolytic 260 T 0.07 4

Iron and steel electrolytic, care- 175–225 T 0.05–0.06 1
fully polished

Iron and steel freshly worked 20 T 0.24 1

with emery

Iron and steel ground sheet 950–1100 T 0.55–0.61 1

Iron and steel heavily rusted 20 T 0.69 2

sheet
Iron and steel hot rolled 130 T 0.60 1
Iron and steel hot rolled 20 T 0.77 1
Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0.74 4
Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0.74 1
Iron and steel oxidized 1227 T 0.89 4
Iron and steel oxidized 125–525 T 0.78–0.82 1
Iron and steel oxidized 200 T 0.79 2
Iron and steel oxidized 200–600 T 0.80 1
Iron and steel oxidized strongly 50 T 0.88 1

Iron and steel oxidized strongly 500 T 0.98 1

Iron and steel polished 100 T 0.07 2

Iron and steel polished 400–1000 T 0.14–0.38 1
Iron and steel polished sheet 750–1050 T 0.52–0.56 1
Iron and steel rolled sheet 50 T 0.56 1
Iron and steel rolled, freshly 20 T 0.24 1

Iron and steel rough, plane 50 T 0.95–0.98 1

surface
Iron and steel rusted red, sheet 22 T 0.69 4
Iron and steel rusted, heavily 17 SW 0.96 5

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Table 31.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)

1 2 3 4 5 6
Iron and steel rusty, red 20 T 0.69 1

Iron and steel shiny oxide layer, 20 T 0.82 1

sheet,
Iron and steel shiny, etched 150 T 0.16 1

Iron and steel wrought, carefully 40–250 T 0.28 1

polished
Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 SW 0.64 9

Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 LW 0.85 9

Iron galvanized sheet 92 T 0.07 4

Iron galvanized sheet, burnished 30 T 0.23 1

Iron galvanized sheet, oxidized 20 T 0.28 1

Iron tinned sheet 24 T 0.064 4

Iron, cast casting 50 T 0.81 1

Iron, cast ingots 1000 T 0.95 1

Iron, cast liquid 1300 T 0.28 1

Iron, cast machined 800–1000 T 0.60–0.70 1
Iron, cast oxidized 100 T 0.64 2
Iron, cast oxidized 260 T 0.66 4
Iron, cast oxidized 38 T 0.63 4
Iron, cast oxidized 538 T 0.76 4
Iron, cast oxidized at 600°C 200–600 T 0.64–0.78 1
Iron, cast polished 200 T 0.21 1
Iron, cast polished 38 T 0.21 4
Iron, cast polished 40 T 0.21 2
Iron, cast unworked 900–1100 T 0.87–0.95 1
Krylon Ultra-flat Flat black Room tempera- LW ≈ 0.96 12
black 1602 ture up to 175

Krylon Ultra-flat Flat black Room tempera- MW ≈ 0.97 12

black 1602 ture up to 175
Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 70 SW 0.50–0.53 9
on Aluminum
Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 70 LW 0.92–0.94 9
on Aluminum
Lacquer Aluminum on 20 T 0.4 1
rough surface

Lacquer bakelite 80 T 0.83 1

Lacquer black, dull 40–100 T 0.96–0.98 1
Lacquer black, matte 100 T 0.97 2
Lacquer black, shiny, 20 T 0.87 1
sprayed on iron
Lacquer heat–resistant 100 T 0.92 1
Lacquer white 100 T 0.92 2
Lacquer white 40–100 T 0.8–0.95 1
Lead oxidized at 200°C 200 T 0.63 1
Lead oxidized, gray 20 T 0.28 1

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Table 31.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)

1 2 3 4 5 6
Lead oxidized, gray 22 T 0.28 4

Lead shiny 250 T 0.08 1

Lead unoxidized, 100 T 0.05 4
polished
Lead red 100 T 0.93 4
Lead red, powder 100 T 0.93 1
Leather tanned T 0.75–0.80 1
Lime T 0.3–0.4 1
Magnesium 22 T 0.07 4

Magnesium 260 T 0.13 4

Magnesium 538 T 0.18 4

Magnesium polished 20 T 0.07 2

Magnesium T 0.86 1
powder
Molybdenum 1500–2200 T 0.19–0.26 1

Molybdenum 600–1000 T 0.08–0.13 1

Molybdenum filament 700–2500 T 0.1–0.3 1

Mortar 17 SW 0.87 5
Mortar dry 36 SW 0.94 7

Nextel Velvet Flat black –60–150 LW > 0.97 10 and

811-21 Black 11
Nichrome rolled 700 T 0.25 1
Nichrome sandblasted 700 T 0.70 1
Nichrome wire, clean 50 T 0.65 1
Nichrome wire, clean 500–1000 T 0.71–0.79 1
Nichrome wire, oxidized 50–500 T 0.95–0.98 1
Nickel bright matte 122 T 0.041 4

Nickel commercially 100 T 0.045 1

pure, polished
Nickel commercially 200–400 T 0.07–0.09 1
pure, polished
Nickel electrolytic 22 T 0.04 4

Nickel electrolytic 260 T 0.07 4

Nickel electrolytic 38 T 0.06 4

Nickel electrolytic 538 T 0.10 4

Nickel electroplated on 22 T 0.045 4
iron, polished
Nickel electroplated on 20 T 0.11–0.40 1
iron, unpolished
Nickel electroplated on 22 T 0.11 4
iron, unpolished
Nickel electroplated, 20 T 0.05 2
polished
Nickel oxidized 1227 T 0.85 4
Nickel oxidized 200 T 0.37 2
Nickel oxidized 227 T 0.37 4

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Table 31.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)

1 2 3 4 5 6
Nickel oxidized at 600°C 200–600 T 0.37–0.48 1
Nickel polished 122 T 0.045 4
Nickel wire 200–1000 T 0.1–0.2 1
Nickel oxide 1000–1250 T 0.75–0.86 1
Nickel oxide 500–650 T 0.52–0.59 1
Oil, lubricating 0.025 mm film 20 T 0.27 2

Oil, lubricating 0.050 mm film 20 T 0.46 2

Oil, lubricating 0.125 mm film 20 T 0.72 2

Oil, lubricating film on Ni base: 20 T 0.05 2

Ni base only

Oil, lubricating thick coating 20 T 0.82 2

Paint 8 different colors 70 SW 0.88–0.96 9

and qualities
Paint 8 different colors 70 LW 0.92–0.94 9
and qualities
Paint Aluminum, vari- 50–100 T 0.27–0.67 1
ous ages

Paint cadmium yellow T 0.28–0.33 1

Paint chrome green T 0.65–0.70 1

Paint cobalt blue T 0.7–0.8 1

Paint oil 17 SW 0.87 5
Paint oil based, aver- 100 T 0.94 2
age of 16 colors

Paint oil, black flat 20 SW 0.94 6

Paint oil, black gloss 20 SW 0.92 6

Paint oil, gray flat 20 SW 0.97 6

Paint oil, gray gloss 20 SW 0.96 6

Paint oil, various colors 100 T 0.92–0.96 1

Paint plastic, black 20 SW 0.95 6

Paint plastic, white 20 SW 0.84 6

Paper 4 different colors 70 SW 0.68–0.74 9

Paper 4 different colors 70 LW 0.92–0.94 9

Paper black T 0.90 1

Paper black, dull T 0.94 1
Paper black, dull 70 SW 0.86 9

Paper black, dull 70 LW 0.89 9

Paper blue, dark T 0.84 1
Paper coated with black T 0.93 1
lacquer
Paper green T 0.85 1
Paper red T 0.76 1
Paper white 20 T 0.7–0.9 1
Paper white bond 20 T 0.93 2
Paper white, 3 different 70 SW 0.76–0.78 9
glosses

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Table 31.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)

1 2 3 4 5 6
Paper white, 3 different 70 LW 0.88–0.90 9
glosses

Paper yellow T 0.72 1

Plaster 17 SW 0.86 5
Plaster plasterboard, 20 SW 0.90 6
untreated
Plaster rough coat 20 T 0.91 2

Plastic glass fibre lami- 70 SW 0.94 9

nate (printed circ.
board)
Plastic glass fibre lami- 70 LW 0.91 9
nate (printed circ.
board)
Plastic polyurethane iso- 70 LW 0.55 9
lation board
Plastic polyurethane iso- 70 SW 0.29 9
lation board
Plastic PVC, plastic floor, 70 SW 0.94 9
dull, structured
Plastic PVC, plastic floor, 70 LW 0.93 9
dull, structured
Platinum 100 T 0.05 4
Platinum 1000–1500 T 0.14–0.18 1
Platinum 1094 T 0.18 4
Platinum 17 T 0.016 4
Platinum 22 T 0.03 4
Platinum 260 T 0.06 4
Platinum 538 T 0.10 4
Platinum pure, polished 200–600 T 0.05–0.10 1
Platinum ribbon 900–1100 T 0.12–0.17 1
Platinum wire 1400 T 0.18 1
Platinum wire 500–1000 T 0.10–0.16 1
Platinum wire 50–200 T 0.06–0.07 1
Porcelain glazed 20 T 0.92 1

Porcelain white, shiny T 0.70–0.75 1

Rubber hard 20 T 0.95 1
Rubber soft, gray, rough 20 T 0.95 1

Sand T 0.60 1
Sand 20 T 0.90 2
Sandstone polished 19 LLW 0.909 8

Sandstone rough 19 LLW 0.935 8

Silver polished 100 T 0.03 2

Silver pure, polished 200–600 T 0.02–0.03 1

Skin human 32 T 0.98 2

Slag boiler 0–100 T 0.97–0.93 1

Slag boiler 1400–1800 T 0.69–0.67 1

Slag boiler 200–500 T 0.89–0.78 1

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31 Emissivity tables

Table 31.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)

1 2 3 4 5 6
Slag boiler 600–1200 T 0.76–0.70 1

Snow: See Water

Soil dry 20 T 0.92 2

Soil saturated with 20 T 0.95 2

water
Stainless steel alloy, 8% Ni, 18% 500 T 0.35 1
Cr
Stainless steel rolled 700 T 0.45 1
Stainless steel sandblasted 700 T 0.70 1
Stainless steel sheet, polished 70 SW 0.18 9

Stainless steel sheet, polished 70 LW 0.14 9

Stainless steel sheet, untreated, 70 SW 0.30 9
somewhat
scratched
Stainless steel sheet, untreated, 70 LW 0.28 9
somewhat
scratched
Stainless steel type 18-8, buffed 20 T 0.16 2

Stainless steel type 18-8, oxi- 60 T 0.85 2

dized at 800°C
Stucco rough, lime 10–90 T 0.91 1

Styrofoam insulation 37 SW 0.60 7

Tar T 0.79–0.84 1
Tar paper 20 T 0.91–0.93 1
Tile glazed 17 SW 0.94 5

Tin burnished 20–50 T 0.04–0.06 1

Tin tin–plated sheet 100 T 0.07 2
iron
Titanium oxidized at 540°C 1000 T 0.60 1
Titanium oxidized at 540°C 200 T 0.40 1
Titanium oxidized at 540°C 500 T 0.50 1
Titanium polished 1000 T 0.36 1
Titanium polished 200 T 0.15 1
Titanium polished 500 T 0.20 1
Tungsten 1500–2200 T 0.24–0.31 1

Tungsten 200 T 0.05 1

Tungsten 600–1000 T 0.1–0.16 1

Tungsten filament 3300 T 0.39 1

Varnish flat 20 SW 0.93 6

Varnish on oak parquet 70 SW 0.90 9
floor
Varnish on oak parquet 70 LW 0.90–0.93 9
floor
Wallpaper slight pattern, 20 SW 0.85 6
light gray

Wallpaper slight pattern, red 20 SW 0.90 6

Water distilled 20 T 0.96 2

#T810209; r. AS/40301/40301; en-US 157

31 Emissivity tables

Table 31.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)

1 2 3 4 5 6
Water frost crystals –10 T 0.98 2

Water ice, covered with 0 T 0.98 1

heavy frost

Water ice, smooth 0 T 0.97 1

Water ice, smooth –10 T 0.96 2
Water layer >0.1 mm 0–100 T 0.95–0.98 1
thick
Water snow T 0.8 1
Water snow –10 T 0.85 2
Wood 17 SW 0.98 5
Wood 19 LLW 0.962 8
Wood ground T 0.5–0.7 1

Wood pine, 4 different 70 SW 0.67–0.75 9

samples
Wood pine, 4 different 70 LW 0.81–0.89 9
samples
Wood planed 20 T 0.8–0.9 1
Wood planed oak 20 T 0.90 2
Wood planed oak 70 SW 0.77 9

Wood planed oak 70 LW 0.88 9

Wood plywood, smooth, 36 SW 0.82 7
dry
Wood plywood, 20 SW 0.83 6
untreated
Wood white, damp 20 T 0.7–0.8 1
Zinc oxidized at 400°C 400 T 0.11 1
Zinc oxidized surface 1000–1200 T 0.50–0.60 1
Zinc polished 200–300 T 0.04–0.05 1
Zinc sheet 50 T 0.20 1

#T810209; r. AS/40301/40301; en-US 158

A note on the technical production of this publication
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LOEF (List Of Effective Files)
T501007.xml; en-US; AS; 40301; 2017-02-14
T505473.xml; en-US; 15553; 2014-06-30
T505474.xml; en-US; 39512; 2017-01-18
T505013.xml; en-US; 39689; 2017-01-25
T505209.xml; en-US; 40299; 2017-02-14
T505201.xml; en-US; 40299; 2017-02-14
T506044.xml; en-US; 39512; 2017-01-18
T505500.xml; en-US; 39512; 2017-01-18
T505015.xml; en-US; 39512; 2017-01-18
T505200.xml; en-US; 39512; 2017-01-18
T505199.xml; en-US; 39540; 2017-01-19
T505669.xml; en-US; 39512; 2017-01-18
T505480.xml; en-US; 39515; 2017-01-18
T505204.xml; en-US; 39512; 2017-01-18
T505205.xml; en-US; 39540; 2017-01-19
T505259.xml; en-US; 39682; 2017-01-25
T505501.xml; en-US; 32514; 2016-01-19
T505260.xml; en-US; 40299; 2017-02-14
T506090.xml; en-US; 40276; 2017-02-14
T506094.xml; en-US; 40294; 2017-02-14
T506091.xml; en-US; 40299; 2017-02-14
T505206.xml; en-US; 39512; 2017-01-18
T505208.xml; en-US; 40250; 2017-02-13
T505202.xml; en-US; 39512; 2017-01-18
T505007.xml; en-US; 39512; 2017-01-18
T505004.xml; en-US; 39512; 2017-01-18
T505000.xml; en-US; 39687; 2017-01-25
T505005.xml; en-US; 39512; 2017-01-18
T505001.xml; en-US; 39512; 2017-01-18
T505006.xml; en-US; 39581; 2017-01-20
T505002.xml; en-US; 39512; 2017-01-18

#T810209; r. AS/40301/40301; en-US 160

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Publ. No.: T810209

Release: AS
Commit: 40301
Head: 40301
Language: en-US
Modified: 2017-02-14
Formatted: 2017-02-14