0. a Find the values of p and g b Find the coordinates of the points where the circle meets the y-axis. The point A(~ circle at A, =7) lies on the circle centre (5, 1). Find the equation of the tangent to the The line segment 4B is a chord of a circle centre (2, ~1), where A and B are (3, 7) and (-5, 3) respectively. AC is a diameter of the circle. Find the area of AABC. The circle C has equation (x ~ 6)? + (v- 5° = 17. ‘The lines f, and /, are each a tangent to the circle and intersect at the point (0, 12). Find the equations of /and 4, giving your answers in the form y= mx-+ c. (8 marks) The points 4 and B lie on a circle with centre C, as shown in the diagram. The point 4 has coordinates (3, 7) and the point B has coordinates (5,1). Mis the midpoint of the line segment 4B. ‘The line f passes through the points MM and C a Find an equation for L (4 marks) Given that the x-coordinate of Cis -2: b find an equation of the circle (4 marks) € find the area of the triangle ABC. (3 marks) 45Peer COORDINATE GEOMETRY IN THE (., ») PLANE 18 The circle Chas equation (x - 3)? + (7 +3)’ = 5: ‘The baselines J, and fare tangents to the circle and have gradient $ a Find the points of intersection, P and Q, of the tangents and the circle (6 marks) Find the equations of lines /, and /,, giving your answers in the form ax+ hy +¢= (@ marks) 19 The circle Chas equation x? + 6x + J’ The lines /, and dsare tangents to the cirle They intersect at the point R(O, 6). a Find the equations of lines J; and fs, giving your answers in the form y = myx +b, (6 marks) b Find the points of intersection, P and Q, of the tangents and the circle (4 marks) ¢ Find the area of quadrilateral APRO. (2 marks) The circle Chas a centre at (6, 9) and a radius of 150, The line J, with equation x + y — 21 =0 intersects the citele at the points P and Q. a Find the coordinates of the point P and the point Q. (5 marks) b Find the equations of fs and 4s, the tangents at the points P and Q respectively (4 marks) € Find the equation of J, the perpendicular bisector of the chord PO. (4 marks) 4 Show that the two tangents and the perpendicular bisector intersect and find the coordinates of , the point of intersection. (2 marks) € Calculate the area of the kite 4PRO. (3 marks) © 21 Theine a Find the coordinates of 4 and B b Find the coordinates of the midpoint of AB. ¢ Find the equation of the circle that passes through 4, B and O, where O is the origin, 3x + 12 meets the coordinate axes at A and B. GP) 22 The points A(-3, -2), B(-6, 0) and C(1, q) lie on the circumference of a circle such that BAC = 90", a Find the value of g. (4 marks) b Find the equation of the circle. (4 marks)Cas Le baal aie 23. The points R(—4, 3), S(7, 4) and 718, ~7) lie on the circumference of a circle, a Show that RT's the diameter of the circle. (4 marks) b Find the equation of the cirele. (4 marks) @ 24 The points A(-4, 0), 4, 8) and C16, 0) ie on the circumference of circle C. Find the equation ofthe circle @® 25 The points 4(-7, 7), Bl, 9), C3, 1) and D{-7, 1) leon a circle. Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of: i AB ii CD b Find the equation of the circle, ‘The circle with equation (x ~5)* + (y~ 3)" = 20 with centre A CREATIMTY intersects the circle with equation (x ~ 10)°+ (y ~ 8)°= 10 with centre B at the points Pand Q. 8 Find the equation ofthe line containing the points P and inthe form ax + hy +e=0, 1b Find the coordinates of the points P and Q. © Find the area of the kite APBQ. Summary of key points 1. The midpoint of a line segment with endpoints Gp) and (xy. is (“5875 22), 2 The perpendicular bisector of a line segment 4Bis the straight line that is perpendicular to ABand passes through the midpoint of 48. B 1 IF the gradient of 4B is m ‘then the gradient ofits perpendicular bisector, ipo wate, 7Pair) Cee eed 10 The equation of a circle with centre (0,0) and radius ris x2 +? The equation of the circle with centre (a, b) and radius ris (x — a)? + (y— BYP = 72 The equation of a circle can be given in the form: x? +324 2fie + 2av + This circle has centre (-f,~g) and radius yj? + e?—¢ straight line can intersect a circle once, by just touching onepointot _yq, no points of the circle, or twice, Not all straight lines will intersect a intersection, ae given circle - vo points of ‘tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius of the circle at the point of intersection y fangent The perpendicular bisector of a chord will go through the centre of a circle, + If ZPRQ =90° then R lies on the circle with diameter PO. z + The angle in a semicircle is always a right angle ° o To find the centre ofa circle given any three points + Find the equations of the perpendicular bisectors of two different chords ccs + Find the coordinates of intersection of the bisector intersect. perpendicular bisectors. eecta Se After completing this chapter you should be able to © Sketch graphs of the form y= a and transformations of these graphs > pages 50-52 Recognise the elationship between exponents and logarithms “> pages 52-54 Recall and apply the laws of logarithms + pases 56 Solve equations of the form a: = > pages 56-58 Change the base ofa logarithm > pages 58-59 Prior knowledge check Given that x = 3 and y = 1, evaluate these expressions without a calculator, as by 621 dT @ 1s ‘International GCSE Mathematics Simplify these expressions, writing each answer asa single power. aches byx Gy ¢ 2X2 2 © Pure1 Section 1. dvxt Plot the following data on a scatter graph and draw line of best fit gala Sane Coles Logarithms are used to report and compare earthquakes, Both the Richter Determine the gradient and intercept of your eer eteene ert line of best ft, giving your answers to one . magnitude scale use base 10 decimal place. : logarithms to express the International GCSE Mathematics Bee cate ize of seismic activity. y | 58 | 74 | 94 [103 [izePeace) Bey ere aIL Ls Functions of the form f(s) = a, where ais a constant, are called exponential functions. You should become familiar with these functions and the shapes of their graphs. For an example, look at a table of values of y c= In the expression 2% ej | -2 {at o | aj} 2 | 3 “scan be called an index, a power yfei:ilz:fotet«tfes pearersorane’ The value of 2 tends towards 0 as x decreases, and CED recat inet 2" 1 ond nat grows without limit as x increases. The graph of y= 2 isa smooth curve that looks lke this: ie Be ‘© Pure 1 Section 1.4 a On the same axes sketch the graphs of y= 3%, y= 2" and y= 15% 4)" and y b On another set of axes sketch the graphs of y twhenx=0. —t @ For all three graphs, y = When x > 0, 3° > 2° > 1.5% When x < 0,3" < 2° < 1.5% b The graph of y = (3)" ts a reflection in the ais of the graph of yeaBT eee mIL LS Par) TW) = (then y= fer 3) SS The graph ip 3 translation of the graph IFyou have to sketch the graph of an unfamiliar y= (2)" by the vector (3) function, try writing it as a transformation of a familiar function ‘= Pure 1 Section 6.6 The graph crosses the y-ayis when y= y=8 The graph crosses the y-asis at (0, 8) rae 8 Wt EE sess 1a Draw an accurate graph of y =(1.7)',for4< x <4, b Use your graph to solve the equation (1.7)" = 4. 2a Draw an accurate graph of y = (0.6)', for —4 0, € The graph of y= a*, where a is a positive real number, never crosses the x-axis, § The function f(x) is defined as f(x) = 3*, x € R. On the same axes, sketch the graphs of: fix b y=2n) ay Write down the coordinates of the point where each graph crosses the y-axis, and give the equations of any asymptotes, Sea ® 6 The graph of y= ker passes through the Substitute the coordinates into ym keto create points (1, 6) and (4, 48). Find the values two simultaneous equations. Use division to of the constants k and a, eliminate one of the two unknowns.Bey ere aIL Ls pg* passes through the points (-3, 150) and (2, 0.048), a By drawing a sketch or otherwise, explain why 0 aiven © (0.2)'= 0.008 000.000 2. Rewrite using a power. b logs25=2 € Loge 100000 = 5 a log: 16 4 log 0.2 3 Without using a calculator, find the value of a log,8 b logs 25 log, 10000000 4 ogy: 12 © logs729 £ logevT0 g log, (0.25) Bh loga.2s 16 1 log, (a) j log: 4 Without using a calculator, find the value of x for which a logsx=4 b log. 81=2 € log; @ log,(x-1)=3 e log (4x4 1)=4 ff log,Qx)=2 5 Use your ealeulator to evaluate these logarithms to three decimal places 103,230 b log,33 € loge 1020 4 log.3 EyPar) Seu eus ALLS} © 6 a Without using a calculator, justify why the value q@D ns of log, 50 must be between 5 and 6, Maa HEL eee b Use a calculator to find the exact value of log, 50 to 4 significant figures. 7a Find the values of: i log,2 fi logs3 iii logy, 17 b Explain why log,a has the same value for all positive values of a (a # 1). 8 a Find the values of: i logy ii log; 1 i logir1 b Explain why log, I has the same value for all positive values of « (a # 1). BD Laws of logarithms Expressions involving more than one logarithm can often be rearranged or simplified. For instance: log, =m and log, y = Take two logarithms with the same base Rewrite these expressions using powers fx ef? = a"e"_____ Multiply these powers x= a" and y=a" x log, xy =m +n=l0g,.x+ log, —— Rewrite your result using logarithms This result is one of the laws of logarithms. You can use similar methods to prove two further laws = The laws of logarithms: ication taw) ENED You need io learn * loge + logy =log,xy (the mu ne = Peete ; these thee laws of logarithms, + og, ~logay =o, (*) (the division taw) ; y and the special cases below. + log. (04) = log, (the power law) as ™ You should also learn to recognise the following special cases: + tog.(2) =log,(-)=—log,x (the power law when k= ~1) * loga=1 (a>0,a71) * log,1=0 (a>0,a71) Write as a single logarithm, a log)6 + log,7 b log; 15 = log, 3 ¢ 2log,3 + 3logs2 Logio3 - logio(4} Flags 42 b logatt5 +3)