Dr.

Poonam Verma
Assistant Professor
ECED, TIET, Patiala
▪ In Engineering Design Project-I, Mangonel (Roman catapult)
is to be designed and implemented.
▪ The Mangonel project allows students work together in
small groups to learn the principles of mathematical
modeling, software development, electronic hardware
design, measurement using sensors and instrumentation,
structural analysis, mechanical assembly and design.

▪ The Mangonel project fosters innovation and enables

students to develop their creative skills in coherent and
structured manner.
▪ The Mangonel project is interdisciplinary and requires
knowledge of both electronics and mechanical engineering.
▪ Mechanical part:
▪ Construction of Mangonel
▪ Structural analysis of certain key components of Mangonel
for static and dynamic stress using values of material
properties.
▪ Electronics part:
▪ Development of micro-electronic system
▪ To determine the angular velocity of the throwing arm.
▪ Angle of launch of the Mangonel

It contains infrared optical sensors, ultrasonic sensors,

electronics components e.g. JK flip-flop, AND gate, 7-segment
display, Arduino Uno kit, etc.
 The Electronic Part is divided into 4 sections:

➢ Programming of Arduino Digital I/O pins for various applications.

➢ Sensing any activity through Arduino and instructing accordingly.
Also, data capturing through sensors.
➢ Interfacing of hardware and software to do a specific task (using
7-segment display)
➢ Develop a micro-electronic circuit to determine and display the
angular velocity of the throwing arm.
 The Electronic Part is divided into 4 sections:

➢ Programming of Arduino Digital I/O pins for various applications.

➢ Sensing any activity through Arduino and instructing accordingly.
Also, data capturing through sensors.
➢ Interfacing of hardware and software to do a specific task (using
7-segment display)
➢ Develop a micro-electronic circuit to determine and display the
angular velocity of the throwing arm.
For this project, you should be familiar with
▪ Breadboard

▪ Switches

▪ Resistors, Light Emitting Diode (LED)

▪ Logic gates, flip-flops and ICs

▪ Seven segment display

▪ BCD to Seven segment decoder

▪ IR Sensors

▪ Arduino Board
▪ Breadboard contains holes to
hold different electronic
components.

▪ These holes are broken into

two sets of rows and sets of
columns.

▪ The columns are named as A,

B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, and J.

▪ The rows are numbered from

1 to 30/64.
▪ Columns at the edges are connected
from top to bottom inside the
breadboard generally used for supply
and ground.

▪ Inside the breadboard, the holes in

each row are connected up to the break
in the middle of the board.

▪ For example, A1, B1, C1, D1, E1 all have

a wire inside of the breadboard to
connect them. Then F1, G1, H1, I1, and
J1 are all connected but A1 is not
connected to F1.
▪ In electronics, color codes are a way of labeling of passive
electronic components such as resistors.

▪ It important to know, how to identify the nominal resistance

and the tolerance of a resistor.

▪ For resistors with 5% or 10% tolerance, the color code

consists of 4 color bands.

▪ For resistors with 1% or 2% tolerance, the color code

consists of 5 bands.
▪ The resistor nominal value is encoded in the color code in
Powers of Ten Notation.
▪ The template for determining the nominal value and
tolerance of a resistor with 4 color bands is given below:

1st Band = 2nd Band = 3rd Band = 4th Band =

1st Significant Digit 2nd Significant Digit Multiplier Tolerance

___ ___  10 ⎯⎯   ____ %

 ▪ Determine the nominal value and tolerance for the resistor below.
▪ What is the min. resistance value this resistor can actually have?
▪ What is the max resistance value this resistor can actually have?

Yellow =4 Violet =7 Orange =3 Gold = 5%

3
7  10
4 ___
___ ⎯⎯   ___
5 %
Resistor nominal value = 47103
= 47,000
= 47k.
Tolerance = 5%
▪ Minimum resistance value:
Multiply the nominal value by the tolerance and then
subtract this from the nominal value:
= 47 k − 47 k * 0.05
= 47 k − 2.35k
= 44.65k

▪ Maximum resistance value:

Multiply the nominal value by the tolerance and then add
this to the nominal value:
= 47 k + 47 k * 0.05
= 47 k + 2.35k
= 49.35k
 ▪ Determine the nominal value and tolerance for the resistor below.
▪ What is the min resistance value this resistor can actually have?
▪ What is the max resistance value this resistor can actually have?

Orange White Green

Silver
5
_3 _9  10 ⎯   10
__ %
Resistor nominal value = 39105
= 3,900,000
= 3.9M.
Tolerance = 10%
▪ Minimum resistance value:
Multiply the nominal value by the tolerance and then
subtract this from the nominal value:
= 3.9 M − 3.9 M * 0.1
= 3.9 M − 0.39 M
= 3.51M

▪ Maximum resistance value:

Multiply the nominal value by the tolerance and then add
this to the nominal value:
= 3.9 M + 3.9 M * 0.1
= 3.9 M + 0.39 M
= 4.29 M
▪ For resistors with 1% or 2% tolerance, the color code
consists of 5 bands.
▪ The template for 5-band resistors is:

1st Band = 2nd Band = 3rd Band = 4th Band = 5th Band =
1st Significant 2nd Significant 3rd Significant Multiplier Tolerance
Digit Digit Digit

___ ___ ___  10 ⎯⎯   ____ %

 ▪ Determine the nominal resistance and tolerance for the
resistor shown below

Brown = 1 Black =0 Black = 0 Brown = 1 Red =  2%

1
1 ___
___ 0  10 ⎯⎯
0 ___   ____
2 %

Resistor nominal value = 100101

= 1,000
= 1k.
Tolerance = 2%
▪ A push button is switch used to close or open an electronic
control circuit.
▪ Pushing a button causes wire under the button to be
connected (closed circuit), allowing current to flow. When
the button isn’t pressed, no current can flow because the
wires are not connected (open circuit).
▪ You can see that pushing down on the top causes there to be
connection and spring causes it to not be connected when it
is not being pushed down.
▪ Push buttons are of two types:
▪ Momentary push button
▪ Maintained contact or detent push button
▪ Momentary push buttons return to their unactuated position
when they are released.
▪ Maintained (or mechanically latched) push buttons has a
latching mechanism to hold it in the selected position.
▪ The contact of push buttons, distinguished according to their
functions:
▪ Normally Open (NO) type
▪ Normally Closed (NC) type
▪ Change Over (CO) type
▪ In the NO type, the contacts are open in the normal position,
inhibiting the energy flow through them. But in the actuated
position, the contacts are closed, permitting the energy flow
through them.
▪ In the NC type, the contacts are closed in the normal position,
permitting the energy flow through them. And, the contacts are
open in the actuated position, inhibiting the energy flow through
them.
▪ A CO contact is a combination of NO and NC contacts.
▪ Open Source electronic prototyping platform based on
flexible easy to use hardware and software.

▪ Single-board microcontroller, intended to make the

application of interactive objects or environments more
accessible.

▪ Designed to make the process of using electronic

multidisciplinary projects more accessible.
Arduino can
▪ Sense the environment by receiving input from variety of
sensors.
▪ Controls its surrounding lights, motors, and other actuators.

Advantages
▪ Portable and low power consumption

▪ Simplified and user-friendly programming language

▪ Open source

▪ No additional programmer hardware is required for

programming board
 PWR IN USB
(to Computer)

RESET

SCL\SDA
(I2C Bus)

POWER
5V / 3.3V /
GND
Digital I\O
PWM(3, 5, 6, 9, 10,
11)
Analog
INPUTS
▪ Microcontroller ATmega328P
▪ Operating Voltage 5V and 3.3 V
▪ Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
▪ Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
▪ Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
▪ Analog Input Pins 6
▪ DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
▪ Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by
Bootloader
▪ SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)
▪ EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)
▪ Clock Speed 16 MHz
 Two required functions /
methods / routines:

void setup()
{
// runs once
}

void loop()
{
// repeats
error & status messages }