Data communication &

physical structure of networks

and their types
Physical Structure of Network
1. Point-to-pointconnection: A point-to-point connection provides a dedicated link
between two devices. The entire capacity of the link is reserved for
transmission between those two devices

2. Multipoint connection: A multipoint (multi drop) connection is one in which

more than two specific devices share a single link. In a multipoint environment, the
capacity of the channel is shared, either spatially or temporally
 Components used in Data Communication
There are five components used in data communication:
• Sender
• Receiver
• Transmission medium
• Message
• protocols
Signals

• To be transmitted, data must be transformed to electromagnetic signals.

• Data can be analog or digital.
• Analog data refers to information that is continuous. Ex: Human Voice,
Analog clock.
• Digital data refers to information that has discrete state. Ex: Digital clock,
Computer.
 What are analog and digital signal

Analog signal Digital signal

• An analog signal is a continuous wave. • A digital signal is a discrete wave.
• Analog signal can have infinite number of • Digital signal can have a limited number
values in a range. of values.
• An analog signal transmit data in the form • A digital signal carries data in the binary
of a wave. form i.e. 0 and 1.
• Slow transmission. • Fast transmission.
Data flow / Transmission Modes

• Simplex Transmission
• Half duplex Transmission
• Full Duplex Transmission
 Network and their types

What is Network?
Computer network is a collection of two or more nodes and devices linked together
for exchanging information, data or resources.

Types of Networks

PAN LAN MAN CAN WAN

PAN – Personal Area Network

• PAN offers to make connections of multiple devices

or other equipment within 10 meters or 30 feet.
• PAN network enables with few computer devices,
telephones, laptop, PDAs, printers, smart phone,
electronic devices and other wearable computer
devices.
There are two type of PAN
• Wired PAN - physical wires can be used like as USB.
• Wireless PAN – In this network, wireless connections
are established like as infrared, Bluetooth, NFC.
LAN – Local Area Network

• A LAN is a group of computer and devices which are

connected in a limited area such as school, home, and
office building.
• Ethernet, bus network are the most common
examples of LAN.
• It is a widely useful network for sharing
resources like files, printers, games and other
application.
• Relatively high speed compared to other networks.
• It reduces the cost of hardware and software
• Local Area Network offers the facility to share a
single internet connection among all the LAN users.
MAN – Metropolitan Area Network

1. MAN is, a City level network, larger than LANs

and smaller than WANs. It mostly covers towns
and cities in a Approx. 50 km range.
2. Mostly used medium is optical fibers cables.
3. It provides excellent support for an extensive
size network and greater access to WANs.
4. Cable TV is an example of MAN.
WAN – Wide Area Network

1. A WAN can cover large geographical area such as country,

continent or even a whole world.
2. WAN helps you to cover a larger
geographical area.
3. Internet connection is an example
of WAN.
4. Cost of investment is very high.
5. Difficult to maintain.
6. More errors.
7. More time to resolve.
 CAN – Campus Area Network
1. CAN network helps to link couples of LANs with small geographical space such as
schools, university campuses, and corporate buildings. CAN is larger to LAN but it
smaller than WAN and MAN networks.
2. CAN may also stand for "Corporate Area Network."
3. A firewall or proxy server may also be used to limit the websites or Internet
ports users can access.
4. Single ISP (Internet Service Provider) is used by different client machines.
Network Topology

• It is a physical architecture of a network.

• There are mainly five topologies
1. Bus / linear topology
2. Ring topology
3. Star topology
4. Mesh topology
5. Tree topology
Bus/Linear Topology
Bus topology is also called as a linear bus topology.
1. It is Multipoint connection.
2. Central cable failure.
3. Slow Transmission.
4. It provides unsecured medium.
5. Easy to install.
6. Terminators are used at the end of the central cable.
Ring/Circular Topology
In ring topology, Nodes are connected in a circular manner to each other.
1. It is Point to point structure.
2. Slow Transmission.
3. System or cable failure.
4. No security of data.
5. All computers must be turned on.
6. Easy to add or remove a device.
Star Topology

In this, all the devices are connected to a centralized device

known as HUB/Switch in the structure of a “STAR”.
1. It is Point to point structure.
2. Easily add and/or remove devices.
3. Secured transmission.
4. Fast Data Transmission.
5. Central device failure.
6. Easy to install.
7. Problem identification is easy.
8. Expensive due to the cost of cables and HUB/Switch.
Mesh Topology
In Mesh Topology, every node in the entire network is directly connected to
every other.
1. Partially connected and fully connected.
2. It is a Point to point Structure.
3. Fast Transmission.
4. Secured Transmission
5. Highly complex structure.
6. Any fault in the network doesn’t affect the entire network.
7. Most expensive topology due to the amount of cables.
Tree Topology
Tree topology is a combination of bus and star topology. Tree topology is made by
connecting various star topologies via central bus backbone cable.
1. It is used for expansion of the network.
2. If central backbone cable gets a problem then the
whole network stops functioning.
3. It is highly expensive.
4. It is easy to find fault in the network.
5. Even more Complex installation.
6. we divide the whole network into segments
(star networks), which can be easily managed
and maintained.
7. Error detection and correction is easy.
8. If one segment is damaged, other segments are not affected.
Hybrid Topology
1. Hybrid topology is a custom topology.
2. It is a combination of two or more standard topology including Bus, Ring & Star
topology.
THANK YOU!