International Logistics

M.N.I. Johanna Mariel Lazarin Valles

 .. a complex process and challenging
environment

Export Custom Import Custom

SHIPPER Final customer

Pick up Shipping Delivery

Line
…its the Planning, orchestration, execution and tracking of the physical
movement of goods in an extreme complex process involving worldwide
network of shippers and freight forwarders, moving raw material, parts,
and finish goods along supply chain.

THE DETERMINATION OF THE PROPER TRANSPORTATION MODE IS

ESSENTIAL TO A BUSINESS SUCCES
  Transportation is par excellence one of the fundamental
processes of an organization's logistics strategy.
Priority
Focus to: Higher% of
consolidated
Design Management
Logistics
Expenses

The professional in charge of strategic and tactical

decisions regarding transportation management in each
company must clearly know:
• all factors that influence transportation
• The existing means
• associated costs
• the ideal methodology for their choice
 REFERS TO THE BUYING AND
CONTROLLING OF TRANSPORTATION
SERVICES BY EITHER A SHIPPER OR
CONSIGNEE.
Today more than ever before organizations are concerned about
transportation Mangement because Transportation represents a
major expense item
 CS (post
Planning Suppliers Production Distribution
Service)

Customer
Costs* Quickness Efficency Security Precision Mode
Service

Main Factors that influences the Carrier selection

Lecture of PDF..
❖Rate and Service Negotiation

❖Terms of Sale / Incoterms

❖Routing Guide

❖Tracking and expediting

shipments
RATE DETERMINATION
 ONE KEY RESPONSIBILITY OF TRANSPORTATION
MANAGERS INVOLVES RATE CONSIDERATIONS,
WITH RATE BEING THE LOGISTICS TERM THAT
SIGNIFIES THE PRICE CHARGED FOR FREIGHT
TRANSPORTATION.

TRANSPORTATION RATES ARE BASED FACTORS

Demurrages
Product* Weight Distance
and Detention
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIFFERENT PRODUCTS, IN TERMS OF THEIR
HANDLING CHARACTERISTICS.

LIABILITY TO DAMAGE AND

DENSITY STOWABILITY EASY OF HANDLING
THEFT

REFERS TO HOW CHALLENGES TO

HOW EASY THE A COMMODITY´S PROPENSITY
HEAVY A PRODUCT IS HANDLING THAT MIGHT BE
COMMODITY IS TO PACK TO DAMAGED OTHER FREIGHT
IN RELATION TO ITS PRESENTED (SIZE, WEIGHT,
INTO A LOAD. (ITS PERISHABILITY, VALUE).
SIZE. ETC.)

Exa: Carrying 2,000 lbs of Ball point

pens vs 2,000 lbs of live chicken
 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SHIPMENTS OF
DIFFERENT WEIGHTS, FOR EXAMPLE, SHIPMENTS
OF 10 POUNDS EACH VERSUS SHIPMENTS OF
10,000 POUNDS EACH.
 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DIFFERENT
DISTANCES THE PRODUCTS ARE
CARRIED, FOR EXAMPLE, FROM
MONTERREY, N.L., TO MERIDA, YUC.,
VERSUS FROM SALTILLO, COAH., TO CD.
VICTORIA, TAMPS.
DEMURRAGE IS A PENALTY PAYMENT MADE BY THE
SHIPPER OR CONSIGNEE TO A RAILROAD FOR
KEEPING A RAILCAR BEYOND THE TIME WHEN IT
SHOULD BE RELEASED BACK TO THE CARRIER.
(ALMACENAJE)

DETENTION A PAYMENT FROM A SHIPPER OR

CONSIGNEE TO A TRUCK CARRIER FOR HAVING
KEPT THE CARRIER´S EQUIPMENT TOO LONG.
(DEMORA)
 CHOOSING THE TERMS OF SALE
INVOLVES PARTIES DETERMINING
WHEN AND WHERE TO TRANSFER
THE FOLLOWING BETWEEN BUYER
AND SELLER:

1. THE PHYSICAL GOODS

2. PAYMENT FOR THE GOODS, FREIGHT CHARGES, AND INSURANCE FOR THE
IN-TRANSIT GOODS.
3. LEGAL TITLE TO THE GOODS
4. REQUIRED DOCUMENTATION
5. RESPONSIBILITY FOR CONTROLLING OR CARING FOR THE GOODS IN
TRANSIT, SAY, IN THE CASE OF LIVESTOCK ( THE LOGISTICS CHANNEL).
 ROUTING CAN BE DEFINED AS
THE PROCESS OF DETERMINING
HOW A SHIPMENT WILL BE
MOVED BETWEEN IGNOR AND
CONSIGNEE.

 ROUTING GUIDE.- IS A
DOCUMENT THAT CAN PROVIDE A
VARIETY OF SHIPMENT-RELATED
INFORMATION SUCH AS
SHIPMENT PREPARATION,
FREIGHT INVOICING, A LIST OF
PREFERRED CARRIERS, AND A LIST
OF WHICH CARRIER OR CARRIERS
TO USE FOR SHIPMENTS MOVING
BETWEENTWO POINTS.
 4. TRACKING AND EXPEDITING
 TRACKING REFERS TO
DETERMINING A SHIPMENT´S
LOCATION DURING THE COURSE
OF ITS MOVE, AND THE ABILITY
TO TRACK SHIPMENTS DIRECTLY
AFFECTS EXPEDITING, WHICH
INVOLVES THE NEED TO RAPIDLY
MOVE A SHIPMENT TO ITS FINAL
DESTINATION.
 Macroenvironmental Influences:
✓ Cultural Factors *
✓ Demographics Factors
✓ Economic Factors *
✓ Political Factors *
✓ Tecnhnological Factors *
 * EMBARGOES /
TARIFF NON TARIF * IMPORT
PROHIBITIONS
BARRIERS BARRIERS QUOTAS
OF IMPORT
 CURRENCY
FLUCTUATIONS**

ECONOMIC
MARKET SIZE
INTEGRATION

INFRASTRUCTURE INCOME
 RELIGION VALUES RITUALS BELIEFS LANGUAGE.

 THE MOST IMPORTANT CULTURES FACTORS INVOLVING

CULTURE:

TIME LANGUAGE
ORIENTATION

NATIONAL
HOLIDAYS
 LANGUAGE:
IN REGARD TO LANGUAGE, CARGO HANDLERS MAY NOT BE ABLE
TO READ AND UNDERSTAND THE LANGUAGE OF THE EXPORTING
COUNTRY, AND IT WOULD BE USUAL FOR CARGO HANDLERS IN
SOME COUNTRIES TO BE ILLITERATE.
 HOLIDAYS:
NATIONAL HOLIDAYS ARE ANOTHER CULTURAL ASPECT
THAT CAN AFFECT THE EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY OF
INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS.
EXA: CHINESSE NEW YEAR
 TIME ORIENTATION:
 WITH RESPECT TO TIME ORIENTATIONS, A NUMBER OF
CULTURES VIEW TIME AS A RESOURCE THAT CAN BE
MANAGED, ALLOCATED, USED, AND WASTED.
 PUNCTUALITY IS A KEY ATTRIBUTE AND CAN BE
OPERATIONALIZED IN LOGISTICAL METRICS SUCH AS ON-
TIME SERVICE AS WELL AS THROUGH THE
IMPLEMENTATION
WHO DO WE CHECK OUR TRADING PARTNER?
 IT WAS CREATED IN
RECOGNITION OF THE
IMPORTANCE OF LOGISTICS IN
GLOBAL TRADE AND MEASURES
A COUNTRY´S PERFORMANCE
ACROSS SIX LOGISTICAL
DIMENSIONS.

REVISAR VIDEO:

https://lpi.worldbank.org/
EFFICIENCY OF THE CLEARANCE PROCESS BY BORDER CONTROL AGENCIES, INCLUDING
CUSTOMS;

QUALITY OF TRADE- AND TRANSPORT-RELATED INFRASTRUCTURE ( E.G., PORTS,

RAILROADS, ROADS, AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY)

EASE OF ARRANGING COMPETITIVELY PRICED SHIPMENTS;

COMPETENCE AND QUALITY OF LOGISTIC SERVICES

ABILITY TO TRACK AND TRACE CONSIGMENTS.

TIMELINES OF SHIPMENTS IN REACHING THE DESTINATION WITHIN THE SCHEDULED OR

EXPECTED DELIVERY TIME.
Market´s ownership
• The optimization of an organization's transport system generates a significant
reduction in total costs for a product that is marketed in a distant market, therefore
these can become highly competitive in relation to products that are marketed in the
same market.

Ecnomics of Sale
• By optimizing the transportation strategy and achieving a representative decrease in
the costs associated with it, you obtain a freedom of selection of competitive
advantages by selecting a geographic location of convenience, in order to enter to
enjoy the benefits of the economies of scale
  OCEAN

 INLAND

 RAIL

 AIR

 MULTIMODAL . . . .
Decisions regarding
transportation
INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS

M.N.I. JOHANNA MARIEL LAZARIN VALLES

TRANSPORTATION INFLUENCES OR IS INFLUENCED
BY LOGISTICS ACTIVITIES. FOR INSTANCE:

❖TRANSPORTATION COSTS ARE DIRECTLY AFFECTED BY THE LOCATION

OF THE FIRM´S PLANTS, WAREHOUSES, VENDORS, RETAIL LOCATIONS,
AND CUSTOMERS.

❖INVENTORY REQUIREMENTS ARE INFLUENCED BY THE MODE OF

TRANSPORT USED. HIGH SPEED, HIGH-PRICED TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMS REQUIRE SMALLER AMOUNTS OF INVENTORIES IN A
LOGISTICS SYSTEM

❖THE TRANSPORT MODE SELECTED INFLUENCES THE PACKAGING

REQUIRED, AND CARRIER CLASSIFICATION RULES DICTATE PACKAGE
CHOICE.
 Basic Concepts:
❖Transportation: is the physical movement of goods
and people between two points, is essential to the
successful operation of any supply chain because it
carriers the godos.

❖Chargable Weight / Peso Tasable.

❖Bill of Lading (Transport Document) /

Conocimiento de embarque.

❖COO (Certificate of Origen= / Certificado de Origen.

❖Incoterms (International Commerce Terms= /

Términos internacionales de comercio

❖Freight Forward
ers / Transitario
https://www.es.dsv.com/About-
DSV/informacion-transporte-logistica
 THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF A PARTICULAR
MODE DEPENDS ON THE FOLLOWING
ATTRIBUTES:
❖COST
❖SPEED
❖RELIABILITY ( CONSISTENCY OF DELIVERY)
❖CAPABILITY ( AMOUNT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF
PRODUCT THAT CAN BE TRANSPORTED )
❖CAPACITY ( VOLUME THAT CAN BE CARRIED AT ONE
TIME)
❖FLEXIBILITY ( ABILITY TO DELIVER THE PRODUCT TO
THE CUSTOMER)
International Transportation
Types / Freights

Ocean Rail

Inland Air

Multimodal Pipelines
OCEAN FREIGHT
 OCEAN Freight
It is the means of transportation par excellence; It is
the one that allows to move large weights and
volumes of solid or liquid merchandise, having
increased the speed of transport, in recent years

The essential characteristics of ocean freight are as

follows:
• It is practically the only economic means of
International
transporting large volumes of goods between
character geographically distant points.

• The tonnages of the ships reached many years

Capacity: ago to exceed half a million tons of dead weight
in large oil tankers.

Flexibility • It implies the possibility of using ships from

small to large sizes.

Versatility • for the different types of ships adapted to all

types of cargo
DISADVANTAGES OF THE
Ocean Freight
•Accessibility.

•Requires other ways to get to the departure port

•Packing costs

•Speed

•Frequency of services

•Port congestion
How can we send the merchandise to
our customers?
Most common type of Ocean Shipments
FCL LCL
(= Full Container Load)
(= Less than Container Load)
Merchandise that fills an entire Shipments that do not fill an entire container
container is sent as FCL are consolidated and loaded into a container
with cargo for other customers.

Johnson Controls Inc.-INTERNAL-(Johanna

Mariel Lazarin Valles)
 Ocean Freight
IS RELATIVELY INEXPENSIVE TO USERS. AT ONE
TIME, INLAND WATER TRANSPORTATION WAS
CONSIDERED TO BE THE LEAST EXPENSIVE FORM OF
TRANSPORTATION, BUT FUEL TAXES THAT WERE
IMPOSED ON INLAND WATER TRANSPORTATION IN
THE 1980S PERMITTED PIPELINES TO BECOME THE
LEAST EXPENSIVE MODE.

Its resurgence in international trade is due to the

appearance of the container and its evolution based
on new specific transport needs, a factor that has
CONTAINER affected its compatibility with other means of
transport, filling its deficiencies in scope and giving
way to that we know today as Multimodal Transport
 The Ocean Container
When it comes to shipping ocean cargo, the CONTAINER - made of steel - is the
standard and the most frequent way of transporting goods from one place to
another.
Advantages:
• Lower transportation and handling costs
• No unloading of goods in intermodal transport
• Safe merchandise
40 ft.

Ocean containers come in 3 standard

sizes: 20ft and 40ft & 40HQ.

The basis of the container measurement is

TEU (Twenty Foot Equivalent Unit)
• A 20 ft. Container equals one TEU.
20 ft.
• A 40 ft. Container equals two TEUs.
• Before each transport, the length and type
of container must be chosen in order to
accommodate the cargo well.
p. 12
Container Characteristics
Dry / Standard Containers
❖ Available in two lengths of 20 and 40
feet
❖ These also provide a high level of
security as they are completely closed
and can be locked.
❖ These containers are often stacked on
top with another container on the ship's
main cargo deck.
❖ They have a UNIQUE numbering

p. 14
 Corner
Fitting
https://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=Jf9ny0sQWQk

https://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=Sz8smq6ddok **
SEALS OF CONTAINERS
✓ Each full container should be sealed when
loading is complete
✓ Each seal has the number, and the number
is included in the documentation
✓ Seals are very important because they
provide the only possible way to check for
unauthorized opening in transit
✓ There are different types of existing stamps,
as shown here.
SECURITY ON THE OCEAN FREIGHT
SOLAS
Adoption: November 1, 1974; entry into force: May 25, 1980

The SOLAS Convention in its successive versions is considered the most

important of all international treaties relating to the safety of merchant ships.
1914 – 1st Version response to the Titanic catastrophe; 1929 - 2nd Version, 3rd
1948, and the fourth in 1960. The 1974 is consider the official one, it has been
updated on multiple times but even now it consider “SOLAS Convention, 1974,
amended”

July 1st of 2016 – VGM (Verified Gross Mass) becomes part of SOLAS convention for
exportation as a mandatory requirement in Ocean Freight

Convenio internacional para la seguridad de la vida humana en el

mar, 1974 (Convenio SOLAS) (imo.org)
Tipos de barco
Dependen del tipo de
mercancía que llevan
TYPE OF VESSELS
 Transporte Marítimo
Tipos de Barco:
BUQUES DE CARGA GENERAL: para carga suelta no unitarizada o no consolidada (sin paleta y sin
contenedor) y para carga unitarizada (con paleta y contenedor)
BUQUES TANQUES: para carga a granel líquida (crudo de petróleo, productos refinados o
químicos, gases licuados etc.)
BUQUES GRANELEROS O “BULK CARRIERS”: para carga a granel sólida (minerales y
preferentemente cereales)
BUQUES PORTA CONTENEDORES: para transportar los TEU (Unidad de Medida equivalente a un
contenedor de 20 TM) entre los grandes puertos mundiales
BUQUES DE TRANSBORDO RODADO: para la carga rodante (automóviles, camiones, tractores etc.)
BUQUES PARA TRANSPORTE DE BARCAZAS: las que se sueltan a la cercanía del puerto y son
conducidas al puerto de destino por barcos remolcadores.
Elementos y partes de un Barco
 Calados puertos mexicanos
Puerto Calado (m)
Ensenada , B.C. 14.5 Puerto Calado (m)
La Paz, B.C. 9.5 Tampico, Tamaulipas 9.75
Guaymas, Sonora 13.7 Altamira, Tamaulipas 12.2
Mazatlán, Sinaloa 11.0
Veracruz, Veracruz 10.0-12.0
Topolobampo, Sinaloa 11.0
Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz 9.75
Manzanillo, Colima 14.0-15.0
Dos Bocas, Tabasco 5.51
Lázaro Cárdenas, 14.7
Michoacan Progreso, Yucatan 7.0-9.75
Salina Cruz, Oaxaca 9.7
Puerto Chiapas, 9.0
Chiaás
SISTEMA PORTUARIO
 Principales puertos del mundo
A nivel mundial, es interesante revisar cómo el peso del tráfico por mar se ha trasladado principalmente
a Oriente, quedando apenas un par de puertos en Europa y algunos Estadounidenses como destacados
dentro de los puertos más importantes en términos comerciales y considerando datos del movimiento
total en millones de toneladas tenemos la siguiente tabla:
Principales características
• Viajes cortos, directos y transcontinentales.
• Más de 12 grúas de carga y descarga para contenedores.
• Grandes espacios de almacenamiento de carga.
• Facilidades amplias de distribución de la carga.
• Importantes conexiones ferroviarias y carreteras.
• Agilidad en el tráfico de entrada y salida de buques.
• Localización y rastreo vía satélite de las cargas.
• Circuito cerrado que permite un constante monitoreo de las
cargas, etc

En México
1. Puerto de Ensenada - Baja California (carga general, pesca comercial,
cruceros, pesca deportiva, astilleros y manejo de minerales a granel)

2. Puerto de Manzanillo (general, uno de los principales)

3. Puerto de Lázaro Cárdenas (general, uno de los principales)

 OCEAN BILL OF
LADING
Maritime/Master Bill of Lading: MBL is a
receipt given to the shipper for the
delivered goods. It demonstrates the
existence of a transport contract and
grants rights to the goods.

❖SWB COPY

❖BL ORIGINAL

❖TELEX RELEASED
 BILL OF LADING.
CONOCIMIENTO DE
EMBARQUE MARÍTIMO
How the Container Port Work
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2JcHMhtH6_s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DY9VE3i-KcM
Participantes comerciales
Armador, Porteador o Naviero (Shipowner): es el propietario del buque. Puede
suscribir contratos de fletamento con el porteador efectivo.
Porteador Efectivo: es el transportista propiamente dicho, que puede ser también el
propio armador
Agencias Marítimas o Navieras, (Ships Agent): son representantes de los armadores
o de los porteadores efectivos que realizan la gestión comercial del transporte en
cada puerto.
Agencias Generales, Agencias Generales de Carga o Agencias de Fletamento
(Chartering Broker): los consolidadores que gestionan buques y cargas.
Cargador (Shipper), es el exportador o el importador responsable del embarque de
la mercancía que suscribe el contrato de transporte marítimo.
Estibador: es la empresa autorizada para realizar las operaciones portuarías.
Agente aduanal: Es la persona jurídica física autorizada por la secretaría, mediante
una patente, para promover por cuenta ajena el despacho de mercancías, en los
diferentes regímenes aduaneros previstos por la ley.
 Participantes comerciales
Dueño de la embarcación. Propietario legítimo del buque
Armador. Persona o empresa que pone en estado de navegabilidad al buque
(tripulación, combustible, documentación, etc)
Naviero o empresa naviera. Quien explota comercialmente el buque y es la entidad
responsable ante el cliente de la carga y el servicio marítimo.
NVOCC (Non vessel operator common carrier) Línea naviera que no posee buques pero
que contrata espacios dentro de las líneas que sí los poseen.
Agente de carga. Ofrece servicios de valor agregado como seguros, etiquetado y
agenciamiento aduanal.
Agente naviero. Es un representante local del naviero, en México es obligatorio
designarlo. Vigila los intereses del naviero y hace posible que se cumplan las
obligaciones de cada puerto evitando retrasos y costos adicionales.
Transporte Terrestre
 Transport Background

Inland Transport
(Autotransporte) has
been very significant to
Mexico´s economy since
several decades ago.
 ROADS AXLE / EJES
CARRETEROS
❖The country’s roads axle are divided into longitudinal, from north to south,
and transversal, from east to west.

❖These roads connect all the state capitals, the main metropolitan
concentrations, the middle cities, the relevant seaports and the accesses to
the most moving international border bridges, both with the United States
in the north, and with Belize and Guatemala in the south of the country.

❖The national highway system in Mexico is made up of 371,936 km and is

divided into 3 large groups: the federal network, whose participation is
13.1% with 48,972 km, the food network that represents 21.3% of the total
with 79,264 km, and the rural network that has the greater participation
with 65.5% of total roads (243,700 km).
http://www.sct.gob.mx/obrapublica/MarcoNormativo/7/7-4.pdf
ROADS AXLE / EJES CARRETEROS
 Characteristics of Inland
Transportation
Conectivity
• Allows for a door-to-door service.

Flexibility
• This feature refers to the ability of road vehicles to transport small packages or large
volumes (special transport). In turn, all kinds of products can be transported: solid,
liquid or gaseous

Speed / Quickness
• The loading and unloading facilities, the freedom of organization of schedules and
the speed of the vehicles themselves, make this type of transportation very suitable
for urgent shipments

Ease of coordination with other media

• Facilitates the transfer of goods in combined transport, the assembly of vehicles on
other means in the superimposed and the handling of unitized cargo in the
multimodal
Disadvantages of Inland Freight
❖Geo. Limitations
❖Infrastructure
❖Cost / fuel variations
❖Insecurity on the roads
❖Drivers/ Units Capacity
 Considerations …
FIXED COST VARIABLE COST

INSURANCE FUEL

AMORTIZATION TIES

DRIVERS SALARIES RAIL QUOTAS

Other... Other..

We also need to remember

Valor de la Recargos por Condiciones

Tipo de
tarifa por Seguro que manejos Tiempo de de seguridad Condiciones Documentos
vehículo que
unidad de aplica adicionales tránsito y control de de pago exigibles.
se utilizará
carga y/o stand by trazabilidad
Extra considerations
INLAND FREIGHT
WEATHER CONSIDERATIONS ALSO AFFECT THE REALIABILITY OF MOTOR
CARRIER DELIVERY, AND RELEVANT WEATHER CONSIDERATIONS
INCLUDE ICE, FOG, SNOW, FLOODING, ETC.
THE RELIABILITY OF MOTOR CARRIER SERVICE IS ALSO AFFECTED BY
HIGHWAY CONGESTION, WHICH IS CAUSED BY INCREASE TRAVEL
DEMAND, WEATHER, ROADWAY INCIDENTS ( E.G. ACCIDENTS), AND
CONSTRUCTION.
 INLAND FREIGHT MOST
COMMON TYPES

THE MOST IMPORTANT BUSINESS USER OF THE

HIGHWAY SYSTEM IS THE MOTOR CARRIER
(TRUCKING) INDUSTRY.

ONE WAY OF CLASSIFYING MOTOR CARRIERS IS

ACCORDING TO WHETHER THEY CARRY LESS-
THAN-TRUCKLOAD (LTL) OR TRUCKLOAD (TL)
TRAFFIC.

LTL
FTL / TL
 FTL / TL SHIPMENTS
TL CARRIERS FOCUS ON SHIPMENTS OF GREATER THAN 10,000
POUNDS, AND ALTHOUGH THE EXACT WEIGHT DEPENDS ON THE
PRODUCT, IT IS CLOSE TO THE AMOUNT THAT WOULD PHYSICALLY FILL
A TRUCK TRAILER. FOR GLASSWARE, THIS MIGHT BE 18,000 POUNDS.
 FTL SHIPMENTS

• TRUCK / CAMION.
• DRY VAN / CAJA
• FLATBED / PLATAFORMA
• STEP DECK / SEMILOWBOY / SEMI CAJA BAJA
• DOUBLE STEP DECK / LOWBOY / CAMA BAJA
EQUIPOS Y MEDIDAS
TL CLASIFICATIONS

Vehículo C2 “Rabón”: con eje

delantero y trasero, con
propulsión propia para transporte
de carga / 8TNS

Vehículo C3 “Torthon”: con eje

delantero y dos ejes traseros, con
propulsión propia para transporte
de carga / 8TNS

Tractocamión (T2 y T3
dependiendo del número de
ejes): vehículo automotor para
soportar y arrastrar
semirremolques y remolques
TL CLASSIFICATIONS

Semirremolque (S1, S2 o S3):

vehículo sin eje delantero destinado
a ser acoplado a un tractocamión de
manera que sea jalado y parte de su
peso soportado por éste

Remolque (R2, R3 o R4): vehículo

con eje delantero, no dotado de
medios de propulsión y destinado a
ser jalado por un vehículo
automotor o acoplado a un
semirremolque
 TL CLASIFICATIONS

Tractocamión articulado (T+S o T+R): vehículo constituido por un tractocamión

y un semirremolque acoplados por mecanismos de articulación.

Tractocamión doblemente articulado (T+S+R): vehículo constituido por un

tractocamión, un semirremolque y un remolque acoplados por mecanismos
de articulación (Full)
PBVM / PESO BRUTO VEHICULAR /
GROSS WEIGHT
 INLAND BL / CARTA PORTE
EMBARCADOR:
MULTIPLASTIC INCORPORATED.
AV MIGUEL ALEMAN, COL. DEL INDUSTRIAL,
GUATEMALA, GUATEMALA

❖Assigned transportation
❖Merchandise
❖Description
❖Consignee
❖Shipper
❖Place of delivery Schedule
 LTL SHIPMENTS
LESS-THAN-TRUCKLOAD (LTL) CARRIERS
OPERATES THROUGH A SYSTEM OF
TERMINALS ( A FACILITY WHERE FREIGHT IS
SHIFTED BETWEEN VEHICLES).

LTL SHIPMENTS RANGE FROM ABOUT 150

(68 KGS) TO 10,000 POUNDS ( 4.5 TONS).
LTL CARRIERS INCLUDE ABF FREIGHT
SYSTEM, FEDEX FREIGHT, UPS FREIGHT,
AMONG OTHERS.
 LTL SHIPMENTS
ALTHOUGH, LESS-THAN-TRUCKLOAD (LTL) COMPANIES TEND TO BE
LIMITED IN THE TYPE OF FREIGHT THAT THEY HAUL – PRIMARILY DRY
FREIGHT SUCH AS APPAREL, BOOKS, AMONG OTHERS- TL COMPANIES
CAN CARRY A PLETHORA OF FREIGHT TYPES. THESE INCLUDE, BUT ARE
NOT LIMITED TO, FOODSTUFFS, REFRIGERATED PRODUCTS, LIQUID
PRODUCTS, ANIMALS AND LIVESTOCK, AUTOMOBILES, AND STEEL.

.
BOL FOR LTL
BOL FOR LTL
 SECURITY ON THE INLAND FREIGHT
CTPAT: Customs Trade Partnership Against Terrorism
https://www.imt.mx/archivos/Publicaciones/PublicacionTecnica/pt610.pdf

C-TPAT (Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism) for its acronym in English stands for
Strategic Customs-Industry Partnership Against Terrorism, it is a joint initiative of the
government and companies whose objective is to build commercial cooperation
relationships that reinforce and improve the value chain business and security at the border
of the United States of America.

Benefits:
• Prevention of drug trafficking and terrorism.
• Opening, expansion and continuity of businesses in Mexico, and with the USA.
• Structure in Patrimonial Security processes.
• Systematic operation.
• Quality in customer delivery (efficiency in the business value chain).
• Economic and time benefit in land transportation.
• It increases the reliability of shipments and at the same time mitigates the possibility of
damage to the national and international public image in the event of an incident
SECURITY ON THE INLAND
FREIGHT
OPERADOR ECONÓMICO AUTORIZADO (OEA)
https://www.sat.gob.mx/tramites/88401/obten-tu-certiicacion-como-operador-economico-autorizado

The OEA certification is a recognition promoted by the WCO (World Customs Organization), which aims to reinforce the
security of the supply chain (manufacturers, exporters, importers, warehouses, distributors, customs agents, carriers,
among others) and to standardize security measures among the different companies worldwide, to guarantee safe
trade.

Today, trade has no borders, you can buy on the other side of the world and receive it in just a few days, so the
reliability of all those involved in the import-export or export-import is of vital importance.

The main advantages of being an Authorized Economic Operator are: • Personal attention. • Preferential lanes for the
dispatch of goods. • Prioritization in customs clearance. • Simplification and administrative facilities. • Hand carrier. •
No suspension of the registry of importers. • Mutual recognition with other countries.

The certification will facilitate and expedite the crossing of goods, the security of shipments will be increased to a
greater extent and the times in export and import will be improved, making certified companies more competitive.
Other benefits are in foreign trade, among which are, the extension of the permanence of goods transferred virtually
(from 6 to 36 months); Use of FAST lanes in Customs; rectifications of the motion without the need for authorization;
among others established in rule 7.3.3. of the current RGCE.
What is the Objetive? 17 Puntos de revision - YouTube

Ensure to secure the logistics and supply chains. Avoid Traffic of Drugs.
 What is the Objetive?
Ensure to secure the logistics and supply chains. Avoid Traffic of Drugs.
SEALS FOR TRUCK LOADS
 HOW INLAND SHIPMENTS ARE
REGULATED IN MEXICO
NOM-012-SCT-2-2014
It is the Mexican Regulation on the maximum
weight and dimensions with which motor
transport vehicles can circulate on the roads.
All the roads in the country are classified
according to their layout and construction
specification

It regulates the following aspects of

transportation:
❖Unit Configuration
❖Nomenclature by type and number of axes
❖Maximum gross vehicle weight
❖Maximum length per vehicle class
❖Connectivity cases
RAIL FREIGHT
 RAIL FREIGHT
ADVANTAGES

Its transport capacity is much greater than by trucks and it

requires less labor per ton / kilometer to transport it.

It has low costs, wide geographical distribution and good

availability of warehousing and storage.

DISADVANTAGES

It is limited by the railway network since in many cases they are

only required in a complementary way.

Because of the large tons it carries, railways can compete with

trucks for freight between cities, but when it comes to freight
within cities this advantage disappears.

The transport contract is negotiated, as in truck transport, with the

Rail Freight Charter
 RAIL FREIGHT
FREIGHT RAILROADS TEND TO TRANSPORT LOWER-VALUE, HIGH-VOLUME
SHIPMENTS OF BULK TYPE COMMODITIES SUCH AS COAL, CHEMICALS,
FARM PRODUCTS, AND NONMETALLIC MINERALS.
Its one of the most secure
transportation type
Rail Bill of
Lading
CARTA DE PORTE
FERROVIARIO (CIM)
Red ferroviaria NAFTA

5
AIR FREIGHT
The importance of Air Freight
Freight is a direct representation of the health of the global economy and
while airfreight may be a tiny proportion of all freight by tonnage,(2–3%)
nonetheless it can represent a significant amount of countries’ total imports
and exports by value, typically between 35–40% in many advanced economies

H T T P S://W WW.YO U TU B E.CO M /WATC H ? V= _ F Y LQ DA NWZG

I MPORTANT:
http://fma-
agf.ca/CMFiles/Blog/GSFTakeaways/Thevalueofaircargototheglobale
conomy.pdf
Airports around Mexico
 Aeropuertos Asia
carga aérea

Hong Kong Yinchuan, Chi Shangai, Chi Singapur Taipei, Tw Bangkok, Th Kuala Lumpur, Mal Narita, Jap
Principales aeropuertos
Dentro de los aeropuertos más importantes en nuestro país tenemos:

1. Aeropuerto Internacional de la Ciudad de México.

2. Aeropuerto Internacional de Guadalajara.
3.Aeropuerto Internacional Mariano Escobedo en Monterrey
Nuevo León.
4. Aeropuerto Internacional Lic. Adolfo López Mateos en Toluca,
Edo de México.
5. Aeropuerto Internacional Gral. Abelardo L. Rodríguez en
Tijuana, Baja California.
6. Aeropuerto Internacional de Cancún.
7.Aeropuerto Internacional Gral. Heriberto Jara en Veracruz.
8. Aeropuerto Internacional Abraham González en Ciudad Juárez,
Chihuahua.
9. Aeropuerto Internacional Gral. Roberto Fierro Villalobos en
Chihuahua, Chihuahua
 AIR FREIGHT
It is the means of transport that is used when long journeys must be made
(intercontinental), to transport valuable goods and in the case of urgent or special
trips.
What has made air freight transportation attractive is:
❖ the speed for urgent shipments, perishable materials and high unit value,
❖ the ease of its control and monitoring,
❖ safety,
❖ space reservation,
❖ transfer possibilities and
❖ internationality in the use of airspace of some countries by another.
 Air transport regulations and
documents
Air pricing is carried out in most cases based on the air stowage
coefficient or stowage coefficient IATA (International Air Transport
Association), which is a volume / weight equivalence index developing
the concept of weight volume.

Remember that the fundamental instrument in this transport is the Air

Way Bill that implements the merchandise transport contract, it serves
as a customs declaration, delivery receipt and insurance policy (when
requested). This document does not prove the ownership of the
merchandise.
 Types of air shipments
FREIGHT PARCEL
FORWADER +/- 200 kg
COMPANIES

Air Freight
Air Courier
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LhZbvXWGRyU
 PARCEL
COMPANIES
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=BfzyY_WqgX0

How Overnight Shipping Works?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=y3qfeoqErtY
AIRWAY BILL
AIR FREIGHT
Air way Bill / Air Courrier
AIRFREIGHT - Important
Considerations
❖AIR TRANSPORTATION IS A QUITE EXPENSIVE FORM
OF TRANSPORTATION, AND **THE LINE-HAUL COST
OF AIRFREIGHT SERVICE IS REGARDED AS ITS
PRIMARY DISADVANTAGE.
❖THE COST, SPEED, AND CAPACITY ATTRIBUTES
MEAN THAT, FOR THE MOST PART, AIRFREIGHT IS
BEST SUITED TO HIGH-VALUE, LOWER-VOLUME
PRODUCTS THAT ARE OF A PERISHABLE NATURE OR
OTHERWISE REQUIRE URGENT OR TIME-SPECIFIC
DELIVERY.
❖WEATHER CONDITIONS SUCH AS FOG, SNOW, AND
THUNDERSTORMS CAN HAVE AN ADVERSE EFFECT
ON THE RELIABILITY OF AIRFREIGHT
TRANSPORTATION.
 Airfreight Containers
OFTEN REFERRED TO AS UNIT LOAD DEVICES (ULDs), ARE
CONSTRUCTED OF LIGHTWEIGHT METALS AND COME IN DIFFERENT
SIZES. UNLIKE THE CONTAINERS, AIRFREIGHT ULDS HAVE SOMEWHAT
IRREGULAR SHAPES, DICTATED BY THE CONTOURS OF THE FUSELAGE
INTO WHICH THEYMUST FIT.
PIPELINES
PIPELINES
PIPELINES ARE A UNIQUE MODE OF TRANSPORTATION BECAUSE IT IS
THE ONLY ONE WITHOUT VEHICLES, AND THIS IS SIGNIFICANT FOR
SEVERAL REASONS. FOR EXAMPLE: THERE IS NO NEED FOR VEHICLE
OPERATORS.
 PIPELINES
PROS VS CONS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lmsb85lL0Wk

PROS CONS

• Effectiveness • Construction Cost

• Infrastructure • No Flexibility
• Ideal For Liquids And • Fixed Capacity and
Gasses Positioning.
• Advance Maintenance • Spillage and repair cost
• Increase Safety and • No Broader use.
Nature Protection
PIPELINES
PROS VS CONS
PIPELINES ARE VIRTUALLY
UNAFFEECTED BY ADVERSE
WEATHER CONDITIONS.
HAVING SAID THIS,
PIPELINES TEND TO BE THE
SLOWEST FORM OF
TRANSPORTATION; THE
LACK OF VEHICLES MEANS
THAT THE RELEVANT
PRODUCT NEEDS TO BE
FORCED THROUGH THE
PIPELINE, OFTEN BY
PUMPING STATIONS.
 PIPELINES
PROS VS CONS
PIPELINES ARE QUITE LIMITED IN THE SENSE THAT PRODUCTS MUST BE LIQUID, OR
GASEOUS IN NATURE.
PIPELINES ARE PROBABLY BEST KNOWN FOR TRANSPORTING PETROLEUM
PRODUCTS, AND PETROLEUM PIPELINES ARE CHARACTERIZED AS EITHER CRUDE
OIL OR PRODUCT PIPELINES.
 PIPELINES
PROS VS CONS
SLURRY SYSTEMS ALLOW BULK COMMODITIES TO BECOME LIQUEFIABLE BY
GRINDING THE SOLID MATERIAL TO A CERTAIN PARTICLE SIZE, MIXING IT WITH A
LIQUID TO FORM A FLUID MUDDY SUBSTANCE, PUMPING THAT SUBSTANCE
THROUGH A PIPELINE, AND THEN DECANTING THE LIQUID AND REMOVING IT,
LEAVING THE SOLID MATERIAL.
Multimodal transportation
 Multimodal Transportation
❖"Inter" - "Modal":
The use of a load consolidation unit (“Container”) that is susceptible to
being exchanged between two or more modes of transport, without
touching the transported merchandise.
❖ At least two means / modes of transportation must be combined:
✓ Ship - truck.
✓ Ship - train - truck.
✓ Truck - train. or (note: and do not touch the load!)

❖ There are terminals where the means of transportation / modes are

changed: ❑ Port terminals.
❑ Interior terminals.
❑ Intermodal terminals
 Summary:
Multimodal Transport
Multimodal transportation is defined as the movement of devices using two or
more modes of transportation, covered by a multimodal transportation
contract, between different locations.

The term intermodality is commonly used as a synonym for multimodality in

terms of transport, however intermodal transport is a multimodality model
and is defined as the movement of goods in the same logistics unit or vehicle,
successively using two or more modes of transport without manipulating the
merchandise in the modal exchange processes.
Shared
Documents
INTERMODAL
TRANSPORTATION
WITH INTERMODAL
TRANSPORTATION, TWO OR
MORE MODES WORK CLOSELY
TOGETHER IN AN ATTEMPT TO
UTILIZE THE ADVANTAGES OF
EACH MODE WHILE AT THE SAME
TIME MINIMIZING THEIR
DISADVANTAGES.
What is an
intermodal terminal?
It is a containerized cargo transfer station
where the railroad and motor transport
infrastructure typically converge, so that the
modal interchange takes place there and the
containerized cargo continues its route, until
its final destination.

There are national and international terminals

Intermodal terminals require special
machinery and equipment
Intermodal terminals require special
machinery and equipment
Intermodal terminals require special
machinery and equipment
Intermodal terminals require special
machinery and equipment
Intermodal terminals require special
machinery and equipment
Intermodal terminals require special
machinery and equipment
Intermodal terminals require special
machinery and equipment
Intermodal
routes
Intermodal
terminales
 Types of Services on the Multimodal
Transportation in Mexico

• In the Nafta region, it combines rail and

truck in Canada, USA. and Mexico, with
Domestic exchange at the northern border
(Cross-border) or not

• It combines maritime
International transport with rail, with
interchange in national ports
Domestic Service
DOMESTIC OPERATIONAL PROCESS
International Service
INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONAL PROCESS
Intermodal Operational Diagram / Mix
 INTERMODAL TRANSPORTATION

http://ingenierosindustriales.jimdo.com/herramientas-para-el-ingeniero-
industrial/medios-y-gesti%C3%B3n-del-transporte/transporte-
multimodal/
Bibliografía
http://www.promexico.gob.mx/work/models/promexico/Resource/96/
1/images/MediosDeTransporteInternacional.pdf

http://ingenierosindustriales.jimdo.com/herramientas-para-el-
ingeniero-industrial/medios-y-gesti%C3%B3n-del-transporte/

http://www.proargex.gov.ar/index.php/servicios/info-comercial/44-
transporte-internacional-de-mercaderias?start=1
M.N.I. Johanna Mariel Lazarin Valles
WHAT ARE THE
INCOTERMS?
 ¿WHAT ARE THE INCOTERMS?
• Incoterms are three letters’ terms which reflecting the
rules voluntarily accepted by both parties (buyer and
seller) , about the conditions of delivery of the goods ,
products.

• They are used to clarify the costs of international trade

transactions , defining responsibilities between buyer and
seller and reflect current practice in international freight

• The Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of

Goods of the United Nations in Part III " sale of goods" in
Articles 25-88 describes the time when the risk of the
goods is transferred from seller to buyer .
• The ICC ( International Chamber of Commerce ) has been
responsible since 1936 for the development and updating of these
terms , according to the changes you are experiencing
international trade

• Revisiones:
-1945
-1953
-1967
-1976
-1980
-1990
-2000
-2010
2020
R • The fundamental purpose of Incoterms is to establish criteria
U defined on the distribution of costs and the transmission of risks
between the buyer and the selling party in a contract of
L international sale.
E
S • Incoterms are voluntary acceptance by the parties.

& • In addition to the characteristics of each incoterm provisions , a

contract of international sale of goods may support additional
conditions.
U
S • Incoterms apply only in the international sales of goods , not the
E service because they are intangible in which logistics is not
S used.
• Incoterms regulate four basic aspects of international sales contract : the delivery of
goods , the transmission of risks , costs and distribution of customs formalities .

• Delivery of goods : delivery may be direct, when the incoterm define the
merchandise is delivered to the buyer, are the terms "E " and the words "D " ; or
indirectly , when the merchandise is delivered to a buyer's broker , a carrier or freight
forwarder , are the terms "F " and the "C "

• The transfer of risks : is an essential aspect of Incoterms and should not be confused
with the transmission of property. For example, delivery FAS (Free Alongside Ship ,
Free alongside ship) , was agreed to be in Valencia from 1 and April 15 , if the
merchandise is filed on March 27 and sinister 28 , the risks are borne by the seller;
however , if sinister April 2 , the risks are borne by the buyer although the ship hired by
it has not arrived.

• The distribution of costs : it is usual for the seller to bear the costs strictly accurate to
place the goods in terms of delivery and the buyer bear the remaining costs .

• The formalities of customs : in general, the export is the responsibility of the seller;
there is only one incoterm without customs clearance for export : EXW (Ex Works, at
the factory ), where the buyer is responsible for export and often hire the services of a
freight forwarder or customs broker in the country of dispatch of the goods , which
manage export.
Incoterms are grouped into four categories : E, F , C, D.
• E term : EXW
The seller makes the goods available to the buyer at the seller's own premises ; that is,
direct delivery to the output .

• Terms in F: FCA , FAS and FOB

Al seller is responsible to deliver the goods to a means of transport chosen by the buyer ;
ie an indirect delivery without payment of principal transport.

• Terms in C : CFR , CIF*, CPT and CIP*

The seller contracts for carriage but without assuming the risk of loss or damage to the
goods or additional costs for the inconvenients taking place after loading and dispatch ;
ie an indirect delivery with payment of principal transport.

• Terms in D : DAP, DPU , and DDP

The seller bears all costs and risks needed to bring the goods to the destination country ;
this is a direct delivery arrival . The costs and risks are transmitted at the same point as the
terms in E and F. terms
The terms in D are not intended when the payment transaction is done through a letter of
credit , basically because financial institutions do not accept them.
• Group E - Direct delivery to the output EXW
Ex Works (named place) → ' factory ( place) ' .
The seller makes the goods available to the buyer at their facilities : factory,
warehouse , etc. All expenses from that time are borne by the buyer.
The EXW incoterm can be used with any kind of transport or a combination
of them (known as multimodal transport).
 EXAMPLE:
• Cuando contrato señala “EXW almacenes vendedor en puerto
de Altamira, Tamps, México Incoterms ® 2020” y comprador
sabe que vendedor tiene varios almacenes en esos muelles…

1. ¿Puede vendedor entregar bienes en cualquiera de sus

almacenes ahí ubicados?

2. ¿Quién tiene el riesgo y costos de cualquier transito desde uno

de los almacenes a otro o entre cualquiera de ellos hacia el
buque que reciba la carga en Altamira?
 EXAMPLE:
• Cuando contrato señala “EXW almacenes vendedor en
puerto de Altamira, Tamps, México Incoterms ® 2020” y
comprador sabe que vendedor tiene varios almacenes en
esos muelles…
1. ¿Puede vendedor entregar bienes en cualquiera de sus
almacenes ahí ubicados?
• Si, porque no especifica en cual almacén

2. ¿Quién tiene el riesgo y costos de cualquier transito desde

uno de los almacenes a otro o entre cualquiera de ellos hacia
el buque que reciba la carga en Altamira?
• El comprador, ya que el vendedor transmitió su
responsabilidad una vez que la entrego en el primer
almacén.
• FCA

Free Carrier (named place) → ‘Free Carrier (

named place) ' .

The seller agrees to deliver the goods at a point

agreed upon in the country of origin (the place
agreed to deliver the goods usually associated with
the spaces of carrier) . It is responsible for the costs
until the goods are located at the agreed point ;
among others, customs in the country.

The FCA incoterm can be used with any type of

transportation : air, rail , road and containerized /
multimodal transport carriage . However , it is a
incoterm little used .
 EXAMPLE
• La mercancía vendida al amparo de un contrato que
indica “FCA reglas Incoterms ® 2020” queda destruida
por un incendio en una terminal del puerto de carga,

• ¿Debe vendedor(a) reponerla con bienes no

dañados?
 EXAMPLE
• La mercancía vendida al amparo de un contrato que
indica “FCA reglas Incoterms ® 2020” queda destruida
por un incendio en una terminal del puerto de carga,

• ¿Debe vendedor(a) reponerla con bienes no

dañados?
No, ya que no se indica el lugar de destino.
Pudo haberse transmitido el riesgo en la entrega al
transportista o al momento de haber entregado en la
terminal
• Group F – Indirect delivery without payment of principal transport
FAS

Free Alongside Ship (named loading port) → ' free alongside ship ( named
port of shipment )' .

The seller delivers the goods on the quay agreed port of shipment ; that is, the
side of the boat . The FAS incoterm is typical of bulk goods or bulky cargo that
are deposited in specialized port terminals , which are located on the pier.

The seller is responsible for the efforts and costs of the office of export ( in
versions prior to Incoterms 2000 , the buyer organized the customs clearance
for export ) .

The FAS incoterm only used to transport by boat , either sea or river.
 EXAMPLE
• En el contrato de venta se estipula la regla Incoterms® FAS
y se indica también como fecha en que el vendedor debe
entregar la mercancía, Septiembre 22 del 2020. El vendedor
cumple con la entrega en el lugar y en la fecha convenida,
pero el barco contratado por el comprador no ha llegado
al puerto. La mercancía debe retirarse del muelle y llevarse
a la Terminal de contenedores del puerto en espera de la
llegada del buque.

1. ¿Quién corre con todos los gastos adicionales?

 EXAMPLE
• En el contrato de venta se estipula la regla Incoterms® FAS y
se indica también como fecha en que el vendedor debe
entregar la mercancía, Septiembre 22 del 2020. El vendedor
cumple con la entrega en el lugar y en la fecha convenida,
pero el barco contratado por el comprador no ha llegado al
puerto. La mercancía debe retirarse del muelle y llevarse a la
Terminal de contenedores del puerto en espera de la llegada
del buque.

1. ¿Quién corre con todos los gastos adicionales?

• El comprador
• FOB
Free On Board ( named loading port) → ' free on board ( named port of shipment
)' .The seller delivers the goods on the ship . The seller contracts for transport
through a shipper or consignee , but the cost of transportation is assumed by the
buyer.
The FOB incoterm is one of the most used in international trade . It should be used
for general cargo ( drums , coils , containers, etc. ) of goods, not usable for bulk.
The FOB incoterm is used exclusively to transport by boat , either sea or river.
 EXAMPLE
• En el caso de que una Mercancía vendida bajo la
regla Incoterms ® FOB es destruida por el fuego en el
almacén en el puerto de embarque.

• ¿Quién es responsable por la perdida de la

mercancía?
 EXAMPLE
• En el caso de que una Mercancía vendida bajo la
regla Incoterms ® FOB es destruida por el fuego en el
almacén en el puerto de embarque.

• ¿Quién es responsable por la perdida de la

mercancía?
• El vendedor
• GROUP C – Indirect delivery , with payment of principal transport

CFR
Cost and Freight (named destination port) → ‘costo y flete (puerto de destino
convenido)’.

The seller is responsible for all costs , including freight to bring the goods to the
port of destination. However , the risk is transferred to the buyer when the
goods are loaded on the ship, in the country of origin.

Be used for general cargo which is not transported in containers; it is not

appropriate for bulk materials.

The CFR incoterm only used to transport by boat , either sea or river.
 EXAMPLE
• El comprador se retrasa en el pago de los documentos
bajo un contrato CFR, y las mercancías se dañan
mientras son transportadas.

¿Quién, del comprador y el vendedor, asume el riesgo

de daño de la mercancía en tránsito?
 EXAMPLE
• El comprador se retrasa en el pago de los documentos
bajo un contrato CFR, y las mercancías se dañan
mientras son transportadas.

• ¿Quién, del comprador y el vendedor, asume el riesgo

de daño de la mercancía en tránsito?
• El Comprador.
CIF

Cost, Insurance and Freight (named destination port) → ‘costo, seguro y flete
(puerto de destino convenido)’.

The seller is responsible for all costs , including the main transport and
insurance until the goods arrive at the destination port . While insurance has
hired the seller, the insurance beneficiary is the buyer.

As in the previous incoterm ( CFR ) the risk is transferred to the buyer when the
goods are loaded on the ship, in the country of origin. The CIF incoterm is one
of the most used in international trade because the conditions of a CIF price
are what make the customs value of a product being imported . It should be
used for general or conventional cargo .

The CIF incoterm is unique to the marine environment .

 EXAMPLE
• El comprador se retrasa en el pago de los documentos
bajo un contrato CIP -Puerto Lazaro Cardenas y las
mercancías se dañan mientras son transportadas. El
lugar de origen es Qingdao, China

¿Quién, del comprador y el vendedor, asume el riesgo

de daño de la mercancía en tránsito?
 EXAMPLE
• El comprador se retrasa en el pago de los documentos
bajo un contrato CIP -Puerto Lazaro Cardenas y las
mercancías se dañan mientras son transportadas. El
lugar de origen es Qingdao, China

¿Quién, del comprador y el vendedor, asume el riesgo

de daño de la mercancía en tránsito?
• El Vendedor.
• CPT

Carriage Paid To (named place of destination) → ‘transporte pagado hasta

(lugar de destino convenido)’.

The seller is responsible for all costs , including freight to bring the goods to the
agreed point in the country. However , the risk is transferred to the buyer upon
delivery of the goods to the carrier in the country of origin.

The CPT incoterm can be used with any mode of transport including
multimodal transport ( combination of different types of transport to reach
destination).
 EXAMPLE
• Vendedor cotiza CPT Incoterms ® 2020 y contrata flete
mercancía hasta el lugar de destino designado, cobrándole
en su contrato de transporte por: flete marítimo, THC en
puerto de descarga y costos por mover carga a lugar en
tierra designado en destino.
• Contrato por flete omite los gastos por descarga en este
ultimo lugar y transportista rehúsa entregar bienes a
comprador a menos que se los pague,

1. ¿Puede liquidarlos y luego recuperarlos del vendedor?

 EXAMPLE
• Vendedor cotiza CPT Incoterms ® 2020 y contrata flete
mercancía hasta el lugar de destino designado, cobrándole
en su contrato de transporte por: flete marítimo, THC en
puerto de descarga y costos por mover carga a lugar en
tierra designado en destino. Contrato por flete omite los
gastos por descarga en este ultimo lugar y transportista
rehúsa entregar bienes a comprador a menos que se los
pague,

1. ¿Puede liquidarlos y luego recuperarlos del vendedor?

• No, en CPT la descarga corre por cuenta del comprador, si
el contrato lo especificara podría aplicar, pero en esta caso
no se determino en el mismo.
• CIP

Carriage and Insurance Paid (To) (named place of destination) → ‘transporte

y seguro pagados hasta (lugar de destino convenido)’.

The seller is responsible for all costs , including the main transport and
insurance until the goods arrive at the agreed point in the country. The risk is
transferred to the buyer upon delivery of the goods to the carrier in the
country. While insurance has hired the seller, the insurance beneficiary is the
buyer.

The CIP incoterm can be used with any mode of transport or a combination
of them ( multimodal transport)
 EXAMPLE
• Si el contrato indica “CIP Heathrow Airport London,
designated freight forwarder`s terminal Incoterms ®
2020” y autoridades del aeropuerto cargan al
transitario por manejo de los bienes dentro de dicho
aeropuerto y dicho transitario carga esos gastos a
comprador …

1..¿Debe pagárselos el comprador?

2. Y si lo hace, ¿puede recuperarlos del vendedor?

 EXAMPLE
• Si el contrato indica “CIP Heathrow Airport London,
designated freight forwarder`s terminal Incoterms ® 2020” y
autoridades del aeropuerto cargan al transitario por manejo
de los bienes dentro de dicho aeropuerto y dicho transitario
carga esos gastos a comprador …

1..¿Debe pagárselos el comprador?

• No, el vendedor

2. Y si lo hace, ¿puede recuperarlos del vendedor?

• Si, ya que el vendedor paga los costos de transporte
necesario para llevar los bienes hasta el lugar de destino
acordado
 Grupo D – Direct delivery on arrival

DAP

Delivered At Place (named destination place) → ‘entregado en

un punto (lugar de destino convenido)’.

The Incoterm DAP is used for all types of transport. It is one of two
new Incoterms 2010 with DAT . Replaces Incoterms DAF , DES and
DDU .

The seller is responsible for all costs , including the main transport
and insurance (not mandatory) but not the costs associated with
importing , until the goods are made available to the buyer on a
ready vehicle for download . It also assumes the risks so far.
 EXAMPLES
• Un vendedor cotiza DAP, (lugar de destino convenido), Incoterms ®
2010. Los bienes fueron transportados en contenedores. Hoy hace una
semana que la mercancía fue entregada al comprador por el
vendedor en el lugar convenido. El comprador, habiendo removido la
mercancía del lugar de entrega descubre ahora que los bienes en dos
de los contenedores están dañados.

1. ¿Puede el comprador solicitar el reembolso de la totalidad o parte del

precio al vendedor?

2. ¿El vendedor esta obligado a reembolsar al comprador por el

equivalente a los daños?

3. ¿Como funciona exactamente DAP respectos a la responsabilidad del

vendedor por riesgos?
 EXAMPLES
• Un vendedor cotiza DAP, (lugar de destino convenido), Incoterms ®
2010. Los bienes fueron transportados en contenedores. Hoy hace una
semana que la mercancía fue entregada al comprador por el
vendedor en el lugar convenido. El comprador, habiendo removido la
mercancía del lugar de entrega descubre ahora que los bienes en dos
de los contenedores están dañados.

1. ¿Puede el comprador solicitar el reembolso de la totalidad o parte del

precio al vendedor?
• No
2. ¿El vendedor esta obligado a reembolsar al comprador por el
equivalente a los daños?
• No, ya que el riesgo corrió al momento en que entrego la mercancía.
3. ¿Como funciona exactamente DAP respectos a la responsabilidad del
vendedor por riesgos?
• Termina una vez entregada la mercancía al comprador en el lugar de
destino establecido.
• Grupo D – Direct delivery on arrival / eliminate DAT

DPU – DELIVER AT PLACE UNLOADED

The seller delivers the goods and transfers the risk to the
buyer in the place and point of delivery and agreed
destination, downloaded from last mode
transport used.

The seller must contract transportation until the place and

point of destination agreed.

In the purchase contract must be indicated the point of

delivery and destination of the merchandise, since is the
site where the seller's costs are transferred
to the buyer
 EXAMPLES
• Un chofer contratado por el vendedor, entregar una
mercancía en el almacén del comprador y al arribar, se
le solicita realizar todas las maniobras de descarga y de
proporcionar una nota de crédito por los gastos
aduanales de importación

1. Si el termino es DPU. Debe el vendedor realizar esto?

 EXAMPLES
• Un chofer contratado por el vendedor, entregar una
mercancía en el almacén del comprador y al arribar,
se le solicita realizar todas las maniobras de descarga y
de proporcionar una nota de crédito por los gastos
aduanales de importación

1. Si el termino es DPU. Debe el vendedor realizar esto?

• SOLO LA DESCARGA, EN TERMINO DPU, LOS GASTOS DE
IMPORTACION SIGUEN SIENDO A CUENTA DEL
IMPORTADOR
• DDP

Delivered Duty Paid (named destination place): ‘entregada

derechos pagados (lugar de destino convenido)’.
The seller pays all expenses to leave the goods at the agreed point
in the country.

The buyer does not perform any processing . The import customs
charges are borne by the seller. The type of transport is multipurpose
/ multimodal
 EXAMPLES
• Un contrato de compra-venta es acordado mediante
“DDP, Hong Kong by Air”. El comprador quiere que el
vendedor pague hasta el domicilio del comprador en
Hong Kong.

1. ¿Esta el vendedor obligado a cubrir el transporte local

del aeropuerto de Hong Kong hasta el domicilio del
comprador?

2. ¿Cómo debería haberse indicado en el contrato la

regla Incoterms® y el lugar de entrega?
 EXAMPLES
• Un contrato de compra-venta es acordado mediante “DDP,
Hong Kong by Air”. El comprador quiere que el vendedor
pague hasta el domicilio del comprador en Hong Kong.

1. ¿Esta el vendedor obligado a cubrir el transporte local del

aeropuerto de Hong Kong hasta el domicilio del comprador?
• No, por que no especifica el contrato que deba de ser en su
domicilio entregado

2. ¿Cómo debería haberse indicado en el contrato la regla

Incoterms® y el lugar de entrega?
• DDP, Av. XXX #000, Hong Kong Incoterms ® 2020
How to calculate
chargeable
weight?
M.N.I. JOHANNA MAREIL LAZARIN
VALLES
 STEPS FOR CALCULATION FREIGHT
❖Get Volumetric Weight (Product characteristics and

transportation mode)

❖Identify Real Weight

❖Compare Real Vs Volumen Weight

❖Get total freight with the rate of the carrier

 Chargeable Weight. Introduction
When calculating the cost of a shipment, the volumetric weight is compared with the actual weight
of the load and the higher of the two will be taken into account.

In general, the cost of an expedition will be determined by:

• The volumetric weight in those shipments whose merchandise is bulky and light.
• The actual weight when the goods are heavy and not very large.

The taxable or billable weight

(chargeable weight) is a parameter used
in the transport sector and serves to
determine the kg for which a shipment is to be
appraised and invoiced.
The taxable weight will be the greater
between the volumetric weight and the actual
weight.
Understanding the different between each weight

Volumetric
Weight Actual
Cargo Weight
REAL CARGO WEIGHT VS. VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT.

VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT.
❖ The volumetric weight of a shipment is a measure commonly
used in the transport and logistics sector that takes into
account the size of the packages, expresses the density of the
goods and is used to compare the volume with the actual
weight of a shipment.

❖ The volumetric weight is of vital importance in the pricing

process in transport since there is a need to know whether the
cost of making a shipment will be determined by the size or
by the actual weight of the packages.

Important = CONVERSION FACTOR

 How is calculate freight cost?
The key is to get the volumetric weight of a shipment a compare.
• We always need to have in mind the “Conversion Factor”

As a general rule, the volumetric weight of the merchandise is calculated

using the following formula (valid for air, sea, rail and parcel transport. In the
case of land transport, it is only applicable when the merchandise is
removable / stackable):

• VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = VOLUME (m3) X CONVERSION FACTOR (m3 /

kg)
OR
• VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = LENGTH (m) X WIDTH (m) X HEIGHT (m) X
CONVERSION FACTOR (m3 / kg)
 How is calculate freight cost?
The key is to get the volumetric weight of a shipment a compare.
As a general rule, the volumetric weight of the merchandise is calculated
using the following formula (valid for air, sea, rail and parcel transport. In the
case of land transport, it is only applicable when the merchandise is
removable / stackable):

• VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = VOLUME (m3) X CONVERSION FACTOR (m3 /

kg)
OR
• VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = LENGTH (m) X WIDTH (m) X HEIGHT (m) X
CONVERSION FACTOR (m3 / kg)
 Knowing your packaging…
What is a pallet?
The pallet consists of a platform, generally made of wood, made up of
two floors joined by large ones, which can be manipulated by fork lift
trucks or pallet trucks and which allows the tension to be grouped on
it, constituting the load unit.

https://www.mecalux.com.mx/manual-almacen/tarima/tarima-europea-medidas
 Most typical pallet types?...

Europallet

Standard
https://es.uline.mx/Grp_147/Pallets?pricode=WW460&AdKeyword=standard%20pallets
&AdMatchtype=e&gclid=Cj0KCQjw17n1BRDEARIsAFDHFezpb4gl4ZjOXzrmaBInspgKvbmC
WpM6z7mXVxa2Tt0_br5ygUIrR-YaAkEFEALw_wcB&gclsrc=aw.ds

https://www.transgesa.com/blog/tipos-de-palets/
 Standard /
American Pallet
❖The dimensions of the American
pallet are 1200 (length) x 1000
(width) mm, it has a weight of 25
kg and is capable of loading
dynamic loads of around 1200 kg.
❖The height is the variable - That Will
be change base on our merchandise.
 Euro-
Pallet
• How long is a European pallet? 800 (width)
x 1,200 (length) millimeters. And it has a
height of 144 mm (it can vary).

• How much does a European pallet weigh? A

europallet weighs around 25 kilos.

• How long can a European pallet hold? It

admits until 1,500 kilos of load in
movement; statically they support up to
4,000 kilos.
 IMPORTANT ASPECTS TO CONSIDER
❖Type of pallet
STANDARD EUROPALLET

❖Conversion factor
TRANSPORTATION MODE CHARACTERISTIC CONVERSION FACTOR
INLAND STACKABLE 333 kg / m3
the linear meters (LDM)
INLAND NON STACKABLE = 2.4 mts & 1800 kg / LDM
AIRFREIGHT CARGO 1 m3 = 167 kg
AIRFREIGHT PARCEL 1 m3 = 200 kg
RAIL FREIGHT PALLETIZE 1 CBM = 600 KG.
OCEAN FREIGHT LCL 1 m3 = 1 ton
 Calculation to be see:

INLAND AIRFREIGHT
INLAND NON- CARGO
STACKABLE STACKABLE

AIRFREIGHT RAIL
PARCEL OCEAN
INLAND CALCULATION
Stackable merchandise

• Conversion factor for international land transport = 333 kg / m3

VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = VOLUME (m3) X CONVERSION FACTOR (m3 / kg)

OR

VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = LENGTH (m) X WIDTH (m) X HEIGHT (m) X CONVERSION FACTOR (m3 / kg)
 Example of Chargeable Weight Inland / Stackable
EXAMPLE 1: Send 1 Europallet whose height is 100 cm and its weight 500 kg to another European country.
Cargo is Stackable
Conversion factor for international land transport = 333 kg / m3

VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = VOLUME (m3) X CONVERSION FACTOR (m3 / kg)

OR
VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = LENGTH (m) X WIDTH (m) X HEIGHT (m) X CONVERSION FACTOR (m3 / kg)
 Example of Chargeable Weight Inland / Stackable
EXAMPLE 1: Send 1 Europallet whose height is 100 cm and its weight 500 kg to another European country.
Cargo is Stackable
Conversion factor for international land transport = 333 kg / m3

VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = VOLUME (m3) X CONVERSION FACTOR (m3 / kg)

OR
VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = LENGTH (m) X WIDTH (m) X HEIGHT (m) X CONVERSION FACTOR (m3 / kg)

VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = (1.2 X .800 x 1.00) X 333

VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = 319.68

Compare Real Weight 500 kg VS 319.68 KG (Volumetric Weight), which is higher?

CHARGEABLE WEIGHT IS THE REAL WEIGHT OF 500 KGS

 INLAND CALCULATION
NON Stackable merchandise

• Note that in general terms, goods whose height exceeds 120 cm are considered NOT stackable.
• When the merchandise is not removable, the height does not matter in the calculation of the volumetric
weight.
• Not being able to add other merchandise on top of the cargo in question, it is assessed as occupying the entire

height of the truck. For this reason, to calculate the volumetric weight, the linear meters (LDM) are taken
as a reference, which is the base of the merchandise divided by the width of the truck (2.4 meters) In this way,
the formula to calculate the volumetric weight when the merchandise is NOT stackable is as follows:
VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = LDM X CONVERSION FACTOR (LDM / kg)
OR
VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = (LENGTH (m) X WIDTH (m) / 2.4 m) X CONVERSION FACTOR (LDM / kg)
 INLAND CALCULATION
NON Stackable merchandise

According to market standards, when the merchandise is NOT removable:

✓ Conversion factor for international land transport = 1800 kg / LDM

Next, the volumetric weight has to be compared with the actual weight.

The greater of the two will be the billable weight and must be used to calculate the shipping price
according to the rate.
Example of Chargeable Weight Inland / Non-Stackable
• Shipping of 1 non-stackable European pallet whose height is 110 cm and its weight 500 kg to another European
country.
Cargo is NON Stackable
LDM= (LENGTH (m) X WIDTH (m) / 2.4 m)
Conversion factor for international land transport = 1800 kg / m3

VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = LDM X CONVERSION FACTOR (LDM / kg)

VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = (LENGTH (m) X WIDTH (m) / 2.4 m) X CONVERSION FACTOR (m3 / kg) OR

VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = (LENGTH (m) X WIDTH (m) / 2.4 m) X 1800

If the material is non-Stackable the height does not matter

Example of Chargeable Weight Inland / Non-Stackable
• Shipping of 1 non-stackable European pallet whose height is 110 cm and its weight 500 kg to another European
country.
Cargo is NON Stackable
LDM= (LENGTH (m) X WIDTH (m) / 2.4 m)
Conversion factor for international land transport = 1800 kg / m3

VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = LDM X CONVERSION FACTOR (LDM / kg)

OR
VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = (LENGTH (m) X WIDTH (m) / 2.4 m) X CONVERSION FACTOR (m3 / kg)
VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = (LENGTH (m) X WIDTH (m) / 2.4 m) X 1800

If the material is non-Stackable the height does not matter

VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = (1.2 X .800 / 2.4) X 1800
VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = (.4) X 1800
VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = 720 KG
Compare Real Weight 500 kg VS 720 KG (Chargeable Weight), which is higher?
CHARGEABLE WEIGHT IS THE VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT OF 720 KGS
 AIR CALCULATION
ALL merchandise

In the case of air transport, the conversion factor is as follows:

1 m3 = 167 kg
First, the volumetric weight has to be obtained. It is calculated with the following formula:

VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = VOLUME (m3) X CONVERSION FACTOR (m3 / kg)

• Next, the volumetric weight has to be compared with the actual weight.
• The greater of the two will be the billable weight and must be used to calculate the shipping price
according to the rate.
 Example of Chargeable Weight Air Freight
• Send 1 European pallet whose height is 120 cm and its weight 150 kg from Spain to Canada.

Conversion factor for international land transport = 167 kg / m3

VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = VOLUME (m3) X CONVERSION FACTOR (m3 / kg) OR

VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = LENGTH (m) X WIDTH (m) X HEIGHT (m) X CONVERSION FACTOR (m3 / kg)
 Example of Chargeable Weight Air Freight
• Send 1 European pallet whose height is 120 cm and its weight 150 kg from Spain to Canada.

Conversion factor for international land transport = 167 kg / m3

VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = VOLUME (m3) X CONVERSION FACTOR (m3 / kg) OR

VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = LENGTH (m) X WIDTH (m) X HEIGHT (m) X CONVERSION FACTOR (m3 / kg)

VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = (1.2 X .800 x 1.20) X 167

VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = (1.152) * 167
VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = 192.384 kg
Compare Real Weight 150 kg VS 192.384 KG (Volumetric Weight), which is higher?

CHARGEABLE WEIGHT IS THE VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT OF 192.384 KGS

 COURIER / PARCEL CALCULATION
ALL merchandise / No skids - pallet

In the case of COURIER / PARCEL transport, the conversion factor is as follows:

1 m3 = 200 kg
First, the volumetric weight has to be obtained. It is calculated with the following formula:

VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = VOLUME (m3) X CONVERSION FACTOR (m3 / kg)

• Next, the volumetric weight has to be compared with the actual weight.
• The greater of the two will be the billable weight and must be used to calculate the shipping price
according to the rate.
 Example of Chargeable Weight Courier Freight
• Send a box of 50X50X50 and weight 11 kg from Spain to Canada.

Conversion factor for Courier Transportation - 1 m3 = 200kg

VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = VOLUME (m3) X CONVERSION FACTOR (m3 / kg) OR

VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = LENGTH (m) X WIDTH (m) X HEIGHT (m) X CONVERSION FACTOR (m3 / kg)
 Example of Chargeable Weight Courier Freight
• Send a box of 50X50X50 and weight 11 kg from Spain to Canada.

Conversion factor for Courier Transportation - 1 m3 = 200kg

VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = VOLUME (m3) X CONVERSION FACTOR (m3 / kg) OR

VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = LENGTH (m) X WIDTH (m) X HEIGHT (m) X CONVERSION FACTOR (m3 / kg)

VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = (.50x.50x.50) X 200

VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = (.125) * 200
VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT = 25 kg
Compare Real Weight 11 kg VS 25 KG (Volumetric Weight), which is higher?

CHARGEABLE WEIGHT IS THE VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT OF 25 KGS

 RAIL CALCULATION
ALL merchandise

• The calculation of the taxable weight in the case of rail transport is

especially simple.

• Since the conversion factor is 1 CBM = 600 KG.

• To calculate the chargeable weight we need to divide the REAL WEIGHT /

600 and the result of that operation must be compared with the volume
of the merchandise. The higher of the two will be the priceable /
chargeable.
 Example of Chargeable Weight Rail Freight
• Import 4 europallets whose height is 100 cm and their weight 500 kg each from
China to Spain.
The Quotation Will be base on CBM
We need to get the Volumen and the Conversion CBM Formula

VOLUMEN= LENGTH (m) X WIDTH (m) X HEIGHT (m)

CONVERSION CBM= REAL WEIGHT (KG) / 600 KG
 Example of Chargeable Weight Rail Freight
• Import 4 europallets whose height is 100 cm and their weight 500 kg each from
China to Spain.
The Quotation Will be base on CBM
We need to get the Volumen and the Conversion CBM Formula

VOLUMEN= LENGTH (m) X WIDTH (m) X HEIGHT (m)

CONVERSION CBM= REAL WEIGHT (KG) / 600 KG

VOLUMEN= (1.2 X .800 x 1.00) = .96 CBM * 4 (PALLETS) = 3.84 CBM

CONVERSION CBM = 500 / 600 = .83 CBM * 4(PALLETS)= 3.32 CBM

Compare CBM of Volumen VS CBM Conversion of the Weight, which is higher?

CHARGEABLE WEIGHT IS THE VOLUMETRIC CBM OF 3.84 CBM

 OCEAN CALCULATION LCL
ALL merchandise

• The calculation of the taxable weight in the case of maritime

transport is especially simple.

• Since the conversion factor is 1 m3 = 1 ton, only the volume of goods

in m3 should be compared with the actual weight in tons.

• The higher of the two will be the chargeable weight of the shipment
in question and will be the value that will be taken into account in
your pricing.
Example of Chargeable Weight Ocean Freight
• Send 1 European pallet whose height is 170 cm and its weight 600 kg from Spain to Mexico.

Conversion factor is 1 m3 = 1 to
REMEMBER THAT YOU NEED TO GET THE VOLUMEN FIRST

VOLUMEN= LENGTH (m) X WIDTH (m) X HEIGHT (m)

Example of Chargeable Weight Ocean Freight
• Send 1 European pallet whose height is 170 cm and its weight 600 kg from Spain to Mexico.

Conversion factor is 1 m3 = 1 to
REMEMBER THAT YOU NEED TO GET THE VOLUMEN FIRST

VOLUMEN= LENGTH (m) X WIDTH (m) X HEIGHT (m)

VOLUMEN= (1.2 X .800 x 1.70) = 1.63 M3 = 1.63 TON

REAL WEIGHT 600 KG = .6 TONS

Compare TONS of Real Weight VS Volumen Weight, which is higher?

CHARGEABLE WEIGHT IS THE VOLUMETRIC WEIGHT OF 1.63 m3 = 1.63 ton

NOTE!!! WHEN CALCULATIONG THE FREIGHT. THE CHARGEABLE WEIGHT MUST BE

CONSIDER IN KILOS……. SO FOR THIS EXAMPLE THE REFENCE WILL BE 1630 kgs!!!