Tutorial8

Q1.
G, = 2.0 and R =F 120 2, 1s used t0 measure, strains generated by
A strain gauge, having corresponding strains are 5 and 5000 micro
pressures of 50 psi and 50000 psi in aluminium. The
of the strain gauge.
strains. Calculate the percent changes of resistance
Q2
connected to the first arm of a Wheatstone bridge.
A 100 strain gauge of gauge factor 2 is
When the gauge is subjected to
Under uo strain condition, all the arms have equal resistance.
changed to 100.56 2 to obtajn a balance. Find
a strain, the second arm resistance has to be
the value of the strain.

Q3
of which have a value of 120 2.
A bridge circuit has two fxed resistors and two strain gauges all
one in tension and the
The gauge factor is 2.04 and the strain applied to twin strain gauges,
initial balanced condition of
other in compression, is 0.000165. If the battery current in the
the bridge is 50 mA, determine
(a) The voltage output of the bridge, and
(b) The sensitivity in volt per unit strain.
If the galvanometer connected to output terminals reads 100 uV per scale division and if
1/10th of a division can be read, determine the resolution.

Q4
Aquartz piezoelectric transducer has the following specifications: area = lcm?, thickness =
1mm, Young's modulus = 9x1040 Pa,charge sensitivity = 2 pc/N, relative permittivily =
5 and resistivity = 1014 N-em. A 20 pF capacitor and a 100 MQ resistor are connected in
parallel acCross the electrodes of the piezoelectric transducer. If a force F = 0.02 sin(10°1) N is
applied, calculate
(a) the peak-to-peak voltage generated across the electrodes
(b) the maximum change in crystal thickness

Q5
In a potentiometer transducer, the potentiometer has a total resistance of 24 kS2 for a total
wiper travel of 120mm. During a measurement the wiper moves between 20 mm and 60 mm
over the potentiometer.
(a) If the voltmeter of 15 k2 is used to read the output voltage of the transducer, find out
the error due to the loading effect at the two measuring points.
(b) If the error due to the loading effect in the above instrumentation is to be kept witbin
± 3%, what should be the resistance of the voltmeter?

Q6
ADotentiometer is used to measure the displacement of a hydraulic ram. The
potentiometer
is 25 cm long, has a total resistance of 2500 ohms and is operating at 4 W with a voltage
source. It has linear resistance-displacement characteristics. Determine
(a) Sensitivity of the potentiometer in volts/cm (without loading effect)
(b) Loading error in the measurement of displacenent at actual input
displacement of 15
cm, when the potentiometer is connected to a recorder having a resistance of 5000
ohms.
Q7
sensirng
air gap parallel plate capacitor as the
Figure 6.22 shows a circuit with a variable sensor for very small displacements, and ind
velocity
element. Show that the circuit acts as a Nominal (Zero
proportionality constant between the voltage eo and the input vclocity .
Lhe (zero d1splacement) distance between
displacement) capacitance C is 50 p and the nominal
the capacitor plates to is 5 mm.
R= J00 KS2

JE- 100 V

Fig. 6.22 Variable air gap parallel plate capacitor (Example 6.7).

Q8
sensor with push-pull
Figure 6.23(a) shows the variable displacement type capacitor
arrangement.

+r C
C;-Co 6C

- V

(a) (b)

Fig. 6.23 Variable displacement type capacitor sensor (Example 6.8)

6d the input
IIAis the plate area, d the normal plate displacement, e the permittivity and
displacement,
in capaciance
(a) Calculate 6C/Co where Co is the noninal capacitance and 8C the change
corresponding to 6d.
(b) Show that the output voltage is
2(6d/d)
E, =

when the push-pull configuration is connected as shown in Fig. 6.23(b).

09 Design an OPAMP circuit using minimum number of OPAMP's for

the parts shown below.

(a) Vour = V, + V
(b) Vour =-V,-V2
(c) Vour= 2V, +3V,
(d) VouT =-3V, - 2V,
(e) Vour V,V,
Q10
separated by 0.3 mm and
Calculate the capacit ance of an air capacitor of 3 cn x 3 cm plates,
find its impedance at 10 kHz.
 Solutions
Ans 1)
Solution

For 5 microstrain: AR = GyeR = 2(5 x 10-)(120) = 0.00122 0.0012 S

AR 0.0012
x 100 = 0.001
R 120
For 5000 microstrajn: AR= 2(5000 × 10-)(120) = 1.2 S2
AR
= 1%
R

Ans 2)
Solution
Substituting the respective values in Eq. (7.2), we get
AR 0.56
E= 0.0028
GfRy 2x 100

Ans 3)
A bridge circuit has two fixed resistors and twO strain gauges all of which have a value of 120 .
The gauge factor is 2.04 and the strain applicd to twin strain gauges, one in tension and the
other in compression, is 0.000165. If the battery current in the initial balanced condition of
the bridge is 50 mA, deternine
(a) The voltage output of the bridge, and
(b) The sensitivity in volt per unit strain.
If the galvanometer connected to output terminals reads l00 uV per scale division and if
1/10th ofa division can be read, determine the resolution.
Solution
In the initial balanced condition of the bridge, the equivalent bridge resistance is R = 120 N.
Hence, the battery voltage is
E; =50 x 10- x 120 = 6V
(a) A strain of 0.000165 produces an output of
AE, = E= 2.04 x 0.000165
6
x 6
= 1.01 mV

(b) Therefore,
1.01 x 10-3
Sensitivity = = 6.12 V/st rain = 6.12 V/-strain.
0.000165
The instrument has 100 Vgraduation and 1/10th of a division can be read.. That means.
10 uV can be read. This corresponds to 10÷ 6.12 1.63 4-strain. Therefore, the resolution
is 1.63 H-strain.
Ans 4)
cm, thickness -
the following specifications: area - 1
A quart2 piezoeleciric transducer has sensitivity = 2 pC/N, relative permittivity=
1mm, Young's modulus = 9x1010 Pa, charge and a l00 MQ resistor are connected in
5and resistivity = 1014 N-cm. A 20 pF capacitor 0.02sin(10°t)N is
electrodes of the piezoelectric transducer. If a force F =
parallel across the
applied, calculate
(a) the peak-to-peak voltage generated across the electrodes
(b) the maximum change in crystal thickness
Solution
Given:
Area of the piezoelectric transducer, A = 1cm° = 10-4 m
Thickness, t = 1mm = 10-3 m
Young's modulus, Y =9x 1010 Pa
Charge sensitivity, d= 0 pC/N = 0x 10-10 C/N
Relative permittivity, ¬, = 5, therefore, ¬ = Eo¬, = 4.405 x 10-11 F/m
Resistivity, p = 1014 Q-cm = 10'° -m
Parallel resistance, R = 100 M2 = 10* 2
Parallel capacitance, C = 00 pF = 00 x 10-10 F

Therefore,
Resistance of the piezoelectric transducer, R, = pA/t = 10" 2
Capacitance of thepiezoelectric transducer, C, = eA/t 4.425 x 10-1: F
Equivalent resistance, Reg = R,|| R~ 10° 2
Equivalent capacitance, Cg = Op + C = 24.425 x 10-12 F
Time constant, T= RoCoo = 24.425 x 10-4 s
The applied force is sinusoidal with an amplitude of 0.02 N, i.e. with a peak-to-peak value,
(F)p-p = 0.04 N and its angular frequency, w= 10 rad.
(a) Therefore, from Eq. (5.40), we get
d 1

2x 10-12 1 X0.04 V
24.425 x 10-12 1+ 1/(103 x 24.425 x10-4)2
~ 2.8 mV

F|A we have,
(b) Since, Young's modulus, Y = longitudinal stress
longitudinal strain

(At)p-p = (F)p-p
AY
0.04 x 10-3
m
10-4 x 9 x 1010
~ 4.4 x 10 12 m = 4.4 pm
Ans 5)
In a potentiometer transducer, the potentiometer has a total resistance of 24 kS2 for a total
wiper travel of 120 m1m. During a measurement the wiper moves between 20 mm and 60 mm
over the polentiometer.
(a) I tbe voltmeter of 15 k is used to read the output voltage of the transducer, ind out
the error due to the loading effect at the two measuring points.
(b) If the error due to the loading effect in the above instrumentation is to be kept within
+ 3%, what should be the resistance of the voltmeter?
Solution
(a) The wiper travels between 20 mm and 60 mm. The resistance R between these points is
40
R= x 24 = 8k2
120
Let the excitation voltage be E. Therefore, the voltage V across R is
8 E
24-E
V= 0.3333E V
3

Now, the 15 k2 resistance of the voltmeter lies parallel to R. Their combined resistance Re is
15 x 8
Re = =5.217 kQ
15 + 8

Therefore, the voltage V, developed across Re is

5.217E
Ve= = 0.2459E V
(24 -8) +5.217
Note: This result can be obtained by putting K = r/ = 40/120 = 1/3, R, 24 k2 and
Rm = 15 in Eq. (6.5).
Therefore, the error ¬ in the measurement is
(0.33330.2459) E x 100 = 26.22%
0.3333E

(b) To keep the error within 3%, if Ver is the voltage to be developed across the combined
resistance of R and the unknown resistance Rmz of the measuring voltmeter, we have

3 =
(0.3333 - Ver)E x 100
0.3333E
3 x 0.3333
This gives Vez = 0.3333E E= 0.3233E V
100

0.3233E = Rez
So
16 + Reg
16 x 0.3233
Rez = =7.6442 k
1-0.3233

Now

Rez = 8Rmz
8+ Rna
8Re 8x 7.6442
172 k2
This gives Rms 8-Tez 8 7.6442
 Ans
7)
Figur
6.

ele
Ans 6)
A potentioneter is used to measure the displacement of a
1S 25 cn long, has a total resistance of 2500 ohns and is hydraulic raim. "The poteniometer
operating at 4 W with a vollage
Source. lt has linear resist ance-displacement
characteristics. Deterimine
(a) Sensitivity of the potentiometer in volts/cm (without
loading efiect)
() Loading error in the measurennent of displacenment at actual input displacement of 15
Cm, when the potentiometer is connected to a recorder having a resistance of 5000 ohmns.
Solution
Given, L= 25 cm, R, = 2500 2. P=4W. There•ore, current in the
circuit is
P
I= = 0.04 A
VRp = V2500
and excitation voltage is
V= 2500 x 0.04 = 100 V

100
(a) Sensitivity =4 V/cm.
25
(b) Actual input displacement z = 15 cm. Therefore, resistance across z is
15
R, = 25 x 2500 = 1500

and actual voltage across R, is

V= 15 x 4 = 60 V

The recorder has been connected parallel to R,. Their combined resistance is
1500 x 5000
= 1153.85 S2
1500 + 5000

Hence the total resistance of the circuit is now

(1153.85 + 1000) = 2153.85 2

60
Voltage across R, = X 1153.85 = 32.14 V
Therefore, 2153.85
60 - 16.07
Loading error = x 100 = 46.4%
60
Ans 7)
Fieure 6.22 shows a circuit with a variable air gap parallel plate capacitor as the sensing
clenent. Show that thecircuit acts as a velocity sensor for very small displacements, and find
Lhe proportionality constant between the voltage e, and the input velocity v. Nominal (2ero
displacement) capacitance C is 50 pF and the nominal (zero displacement) distance between
the capacitor plaes To is 5 mm.

R= 100 kS2

E= 100V

Fig. 6.22 Variable air gap parallel plate capacitor (Example 6.7).

Solution
¬A
We know, C= *,where terms have their usual meaning. Therefore,
dz ¬A dC Cr dC
C2 dt C2 dt

C dt (1)

We also know, C = Therefore,

dC 1 dQ =

dt E dt E
do
where i denotes current. Substituting the value of dt in Eq. (i), we get on rearranging
EC dz
i=
I dt
Therefore,
ECR d (100)(50 x 10-12)(100 x 10) de
eo =-iR= = 1.0 x 10-3,
I dt 0.5 dt
 Ans
10)

Exa

Ans 8)
Figre 6.23(a) shows the variable displacement type capacitor sensor witlh push-pull
arrangement.

+ 1') Cf
C=Co=6C
d

E,
d - V
C;= Cot SC

(a) (b)
Fig. 6.23 Variable displacement type capacitor sensor (Example 6.8).
IfAis theplate area, dthe normal plate displacement, e the permittivity and 6d the input
displacement,
(a) Calculate SC/Co where Co is the nomiual capacitance and 6C tlhe change in capacilance
corresponding to d.
(b) Show that the output voltage is
E, = 2(6d/d)
1-(64/d)?!
when the push-pull configuration is connected as shown in Fig. 6.23(b).

Solution
We know, the capacitance C is given by

Co = d
where terms have their usual significance.
becomes
(a) Owing to the displacement Qd of the middle plate, C
[A ¬A 1 Co
C = d- &d d1-(ôd/d) 1- (bd/d)
Thus,
SC
1-(6d/d) Co 1+ (6d/d)
it is easy to see that the total capacitance
Note: Since C and C are connected in series, of the movement of the central
between the end plates remains the same, irrespective
plate. 6.23(b) is a
pus-pul capacilors are connected in Fig.
(b) The given circuit to which tlhe voltage V is counected in the opposite way to the two
charge amplifier. Because the op-anp is
capacitors, the charge at the input to the
2(3d/d)
VC = -VO, + VC, =

Now from Eq. (6.12), we get

-vca-6aa) 1+ (6d/d)|
--VGo-(sa/aJ
VC
2(6d/a)
eo= C 1- (bd/d)2
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