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DONSIG Lesson 9.

This document contains an abstract algebra lecture on homomorphisms. It provides examples of functions and determines whether they are homomorphisms or not. It also asks to compute the kernel and image of specific homomorphisms. Some key examples determined that the functions f(x) = x from Z to R, f(x) = rx from Z to Z, and f(x) = 2x from Z to Z are homomorphisms. But the functions f(x) = |x| from R* to R* and f(x) = x mod 2 from Z9 to Z2 are not homomorphisms. It asks to find the kernel and image of the homomorphisms f: Z → Z7

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38 views2 pages

DONSIG Lesson 9.

This document contains an abstract algebra lecture on homomorphisms. It provides examples of functions and determines whether they are homomorphisms or not. It also asks to compute the kernel and image of specific homomorphisms. Some key examples determined that the functions f(x) = x from Z to R, f(x) = rx from Z to Z, and f(x) = 2x from Z to Z are homomorphisms. But the functions f(x) = |x| from R* to R* and f(x) = x mod 2 from Z9 to Z2 are not homomorphisms. It asks to find the kernel and image of the homomorphisms f: Z → Z7

Uploaded by

Orchids Tumana Donsig
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BUKIDNON STATE UNIVERSITY

Malaybalay City, Bukidnon, 8700; Tel (088) 813-5611 to 5663;


Telefax (088) 813-2717, www.buksu.edu.ph

LECTURE 9
Abstract Algebra
2nd Semester, 2020-2021

Name: Blendyl Shane T. Donsig Date: June 12, 2021 Score: ________

Exercises:
A. Show if the function given is a homomorphism or not.
1. Let ∅: ℤ → ℝ under addition be given by ∅ሺ𝑛ሻ = 𝑛. Solution:
Let 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℤ, then:

𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏) =? 𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏)


(𝑎 + 𝑏) =? 𝑎 + 𝑏
√𝑎 + 𝑏
= 𝑎 + 𝑏 Therefore, ∅: ℤ → ℝ is a homomorphism.

2. Let ∅: ℝ∗ → ℝ∗ under addition be given by ∅(𝑥) = l𝑥l. Solution:


Let 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ∗, then:

𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏) =? 𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏)


?
l𝑎 +𝑏l = l𝑎l + l𝑏 l
We already learned from algebra that, for all cases, l𝑎 + 𝑏l ≤ l𝑎l + l𝑏l. Therefore: ×
l𝑎 + 𝑏l= l𝑎l + l𝑏l

Hence, ∅: ℝ∗ → ℝ∗ is not a homomorphism.

3. Let 𝑓: ℤ9 → ℤ2 under addition be given by 𝑓(𝑥) = the remainder of x when divided by 2, as in


division algorithm. Solution:
Let 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℤ9, then:

𝑓(𝑎+9𝑏) =? 𝑓(𝑎)+2𝑓(𝑏)

(𝑎+9𝑏) (mod 2) =? 𝑎 (mod 2)+2𝑏

(mod 2) (𝑎+9𝑏) (mod 2) =? (𝑎+2𝑏) (mod


2)
(𝑎+9𝑏) =? (𝑎+2𝑏) (𝑎 + 𝑏)

(mod 9) =× (𝑎 + 𝑏)(mod 2)
Therefore, 𝑓: ℤ9 → ℤ2 is a not a homomorphism.
4. Let 𝑟 ∈ ℤ and let 𝑓: ℤ → ℤ be defined by 𝑓(𝑛) = 𝑟𝑛 for all 𝑛 ∈ ℤ. Is this a homomorphism?
Solution:
Let 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℤ, then:
𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏) =? 𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏)
?
𝑟(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑟𝑎 + 𝑟𝑏
√ 𝑟𝑎 + 𝑟𝑏
= 𝑟𝑎 + 𝑟𝑏 Therefore, 𝑓: ℤ → ℤ is a homomorphism.

5. Let 𝑓: (ℤ, +) → (ℤ, +) be defined by: 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥, i.e., 𝑓 sends every 𝑥 in the domain to an even
number 2𝑥 in the range. Is this a homomorphism?
Solution:
Let 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℤ, then:

𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏) =? 𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏)


?
2(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 2𝑎 + 2𝑏
√ 2𝑎 + 2𝑏 = 2𝑎 +
2𝑏
Therefore, 𝑓: (ℤ, +) → (ℤ, +) is a homomorphism.

B. Compute the indicated quantities for the given homomorphism.


1. Ker(∅) and ∅(25) for ∅: ℤ → ℤ7 such that ∅(1) = 4.
Solution:
Ker(∅) = {𝑎 ∈ ℤl∅(𝑎) = 𝑒ℤ7}
Ker(∅) = {𝑎 ∈ ℤl∅(𝑎) = 0}
∅(25) = ∅(25)

2. Ker ሺ∅ሻ and ∅ሺ 20 ሻ for ∅: ℤ → ℤ8 such that ∅ሺ 1 ሻ =


ሺ 1,4,2,6 ሻሺ 2,5,7 ሻ Solution:
Ker(∅) = {𝑎 ∈ ℤ1∅(𝑎) = 𝑒ℤ}
Ker(∅) = {𝑎 ∈ ℤl∅(𝑎) = 0}
∅(20) = ∅(20)

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