HA N D B OO K OF

OR E DR E S S IN G

E Q U I P M E N T A N D PR A C T I C E
 P U B LI S HE R S O F b O O K S FO R ;

Co al A g e v
E l e c t r i c R a ilw a y J
ou r n a l
E l ec t r i cal World v E ng i n eeri n g News Rec o rd
-

A m eri ca n Ma ch i n i s tl ngenier i a l n t er nacional

v

Ehg i n eer m g 8 Mi n i n g J
ou rn a l v
Po w e r
C h e m i c a l 8 Me t a ll u r g i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g
Elect rica l Mer c h a nd i s m g
 R E DR E SSIN G

E Q U I P M E N T A N D PR A C T I C E

BY

A . W . A
H
LLE N
ME E N GI N EER
T A LL U R G I C A L

A U TH OR OFM I LL I H A N D CYA N DE A N DB O O K

M E MB E R OF T H I TIT TI
E MI I
NS U M T L
ON OF N N G AN D E A LU R GY ,

T HE MI N I
N G AN D M T LL EI L I T
A M I
U R G CA S OC E Y OF A E R CA , AN D T HE
A ME R I CAN I T IT T
N S U MI
E OF M T L L
NI N G AN D E A LU R G IC A I
E N G N E E R S

F LR S T E DI T I O N

Mc G R A W—
HILL f
B OO K C OM PA N Y ,
IN C .

NE W Y OR K : 2 39 WE S T 39 T H S TR E E T
LO N D O N : 6 8 B O U VE R IE ST . , E . c . 4

1 920
 C O P YR I G HT 1 9 2 0 B Y T H E
, ,

M C G RA W — HI LL B O O K

S f f

i?

T HE M A P L E P R E S S Y O R K P A
 PR E FA C E

I n the fo ll owing pages an attempt has b een ma d e to cover ,

in condensed form t h e various stages in the mechanica l hand
,

l ing and preparation of an or e for me t a ll urgica l treatment .

A mal gamat ion concentra t ion fl otation che m ica l so l ution and
, , , ,

—
s m e l ting by which either a meta l or a minera l is extracted from
— '
an ore or concentrate are considered as esse n t ia ll y meta ll urg
/
ica l processes deserving of S pecia l ized treatm ent and outside the
, ,

scope of the book A l ine of demarcation between ore dressing

.

and meta ll urgical extrac t ion and recovery i s proposed which ,

it is hoped may be foun d acceptab l e as aiding in the more

, ,

precis e interpretation of terms an d the b etter c l assifi cation

,

of data .

I nformation an d ill ustrat i ons h ave b een O btaine d from a

variety of sources and a bib l iography is appended A p p r eci a
, .

tive acknow l edgment is made to those mentione d as we ll as ,

to the pub l ishers and apo l ogies are ten d ere d to an y w hose
,

names have been inadvertent l y omitte d .

The aim has been t o supp l y a handy and pract i ca l va de m ecu m -

for mi llm en and engineers The author shares that fall ibi l ity
.

which a l most invariab l y characterizes an effor t of this kind

He wi ll we l come and appreciate constructive criticism and com
.

men t and the dis c l osure of any errors that may b e no t iced
, .

A W A
. . .

41 58 9 3
 C ON T E N T S

II . OR E C O N V E YAN CE AND S T O RA G E , E LE V AT I O N ,
F EE DI N G AN D

S AM P L I N G
I II . OR E T ON N A G E AN D MO I S T URE E ST I M ATI O N .

IV . T H E O RY OF C RU S HI N G
V . R O A STI N G
VI .
”

S CREE N I N G
V II . C O AR S E To M E D I U M C RU S H I N G IN JW A ,
G YRA T O RY , D I S C , OR

OTH E R MAC H I N E S
VIII . S T A MP M I LL I N G
IX . B ALL M I LL I N G .

G R IN D I N G IN C H I LE A N , HU T I GT
N N ON ,
AN D S I M I LAR TYPE S OF

M I LL S
R OLL C RU SH I N G
R E G RIN DI G N OR S LIM IN G IN P AN S A N
D T UB E M I LL S .

X III . C O N V E YAN CE AN D E LE V AT I O N OF OR E P UL P

C LA SS IFI CAT I O N OF OR E P UL P .

TH I C K E N I NG ,
S E TT L I N G , AN D D E W A TE R I N G OF OR E P UL P .

B I B L I O G RA P H Y

IN DEX .
 HA N D B O O K OF

O R E D R E S SIN G

E Q UI P ME N T A N D PR A C TI C E

SE C T I ON I

IN TR O DU C T I O N

T h e e x ten d e d ram i fication s meta ll urg i c a l p ract i ce an d the

of

increasing importance of S pecia l ized methods of ex traction and

r ecOv er y O f meta l s and concentrates suggest the necessity for
”
an acceptab l e definition of the p hrase or e dressing The .

“ ” “
fundamenta l idea under l ying the verb to dress is to put in , .

” “ ”
good order or to ma k e ready A second sense perha p s of
.
,
“
wider and Ol der app l ication in meta ll urgy i s to c l eanse from
”

”
impurities and a typica l use of the term in this connection is
,
“ ”
seen in the p hrase the dressing of t i n Tin i n t h i s i n s t a n ce
'

refers to t h e more important tin minera l cass iterite known as , ,

b l ack tin The dressing of graphite covers the operations in;

.

vo l ved in the preparation of the ore and the remova l of t h e

va l ue l ess materia l The graphite is c l eansed from associated
.

impurities ;hence the phrase which has a definite meaning

, .

“ ” “
The d ressing Of minera l s has been d efi n ed as inc l uding a ll
1
‘

O perations that intervene between the extraction of a minera l

from its natura l deposit and its production in a con d ition read y
”
for sa l e or f or f urther use in the arts or manufactures The .

treatise in which this definition is found covers crushing and

a ll ied O perations as we ll as concentration A ma l gamation is
,
.

consi d ere d a m eta l l urg i ca l Op eration an d s o outside the scop e

, “
2
1
HA N DBOOK ‘ ‘

QR OR E D R E S S ING
(

of t h e bOOkZ t h is i t may be mentione d t h at

“ ‘

various processes have become s tandard practice since the

time when simp l e concentratio n O f minera l was performed on l y
by gravity methods ;so much so that it is diffi cu l t t o m aintain
the distinction or to suggest for instance that fl otation i s
, , ,

l ess of a meta ll urgica l operation than ama l gamation I t wi ll .

be noted that there is no mention of ore W ithout a radica l .

modification in the accepted interpretation of the verb t o dress ,

the impracticabi li ty of a combination Of the two words may have

”
been rea l ized O n the other hand the p h rase ore dressing w as
.
,

a p p a r en t l y a d op t ed by a number o f writers to cover a ll the dif

'

f er en t processes invo l ved in the dressing of mine ra l s and meta ls .

2 “ ” “
A recogniz ed authority d efi n es ore dressing as the prepa
ration O f the or e for the sme l ter by mechanica l mean s w h ereby
the va l uab l e minera l s are concentrated into a sma ll er bu l k and
weight by the sep aration of some O f the waste or whereby t wo ,
”
va l uab l e minera l s are separated from each other A detai l ed .

criticism O f this definition might resu l t in an invo l ved discussion

” “ ”
a s to acceptab l e interpretations O f ore and waste ;and
the first difficu l ty in dea l ing with the phrase is encountered .

To c l eanse a minera l l ike graphite from impurities means the

remova l O f non graphitic materia l ;and this is insured by a
-

series Of graphite dressing O perations

-
To c l eanse an or e
.

shou l d necessitate nothing mor e than the remova l Of w ast e ,

a s distinct from or e ; and this is usua ll y achieved by p ic ki ng and

was hing accompa n i ed sometimes by primary crushing H
,
ence .

“
the need of exp l aining that whereas graphite dressing means
”
the dressing Of graphite o r e dress ing
,
h a s been adopted t o
mean mu ch more than the dressing of or e .

A second d efi n i t i on t h en f ol l Ow ed in which ore dressing was

'

defined a s the process of mechanica ll y separating and savi ng

va l uab l e mi nera l s from the va l ue l ess materia l Of an or e where b y
its va l uab l e miner a l s are concentrated into sma ll er bu lk and
weight by discarding some of the was te or the process Of mechan,

i ca ll y separating two or more minera l s which combined have ,

”
l itt l e va l ue into t w o or mor e p ro d ucts , eac h of increased va l ue
,
.
 IN TR O D UC TI ON 3

The various p rocesses invo l ved in the extra ction and recovery
of the va l uab l e portions of an or e have s p ecific designations .

The prob l em is t o know where to draw the l ine as to whic h of

them is to be inc l uded in ore dressing The treatises in which
.

these two l atter mentioned defin itions are found make especia l
-

mention Of ama l gamation and concentration as phases of ore

dressing ;but t h e definition wou l d al so inc l ude other specia l ized
“
recovery processes Th e same authority defines coa l dressing
.

“
as the remova l from coa l of the impurities which i t a l ways
”
contains . This is a l itera l adaptation of o n e of the dictionary
, _

“
definitions Of the term I f the interpretation to c l eanse fro m
.

” ”
“

impurities is to be tak en a s definitive O f the verb to dress ,

“ ”
then the term or e dressing cannot l ogica ll y be used to r epr e
sent operations such as g raphite dressing go l d d r es s m g or coa l
,

dressing .

A n a l ternative definition of o r e dressing is i nferred where the

“
term is used to refer to the e l imin a tion O f the w aste p ortions
4

O f meta ll ic ores by mech a nica l means and without the i n t er v en

tion of the chemica l processes of so lution combination or pre ,

ci p i t a t i o n
,
or the emp l oyment of high temperatures except for
”
roasting o r drying .

S ufficient evidence has been brought forward to sho w that

there is a l ack O f professiona l agreement as to the meaning Of
-

the phras e This l eads to co n q IO n and prohibits proper c l assi

.
,
“ ”
fi ca t i o n a l ike of both ideas and data The term ore dressing
.

has been retained in connection with the reduction and treatment

O f ores,
whereas the pro cesses concerned have undergone exten
sive modifi cations and exp a nsions N ew methods and i n v en
.

tions have been a dopted more particu l ar l y in connection with

,

the extraction and recovery of minera l s and meta l s f or wh i ch ,

new and appropri a te designatory terms have become n ecessary .

The fact that a num ber O f these p rocesses are sti ll inc l uded under
“
the many existing definitions of ore dressing is the cause of
much confus i on ;and a reconsideration Of the subj ect is pertinent .

O ne not i ceab l e resu l t Of the uncertaint y as to the scope of the

term i s s een i n the fact that it is n ew se l dom use d b y practica l
4 H A N D BOOK OF OR E D R ES S ING

engineers when wr iting on technica l subj ects O ne of the mo s t .

i mportant papers by A P W att pub l ished during 1 9 1 7 w as

, . .
,
“ ”
entit l ed C oncentration P ractice whereas it referred l arge l y
,

to ore dressing O perations as distinct from any sp ecia l ized method

-
,

of minera l separation or extraction T he resu l t of the unc ertainty

.

th a t exists is that much va l uab l e data are unsuitab l y indexed and

cannot be foun d when ne eded A ccording to t h e E ngineering
.

I ndex authorities sme l t ing is an o r e dressing O peration -

.

To define the scope O f ore dressing l ogi ca ll y and authoritative l y

'

in harmony with existing definitions i s an impossibi l it y The .

pub l ished interpreta t ions are s o varied and encroach in many , ,

instances on recovery processes that a new departure is per

, ,

missib l e A permanent and radica l a l teration in interpretation

.

is preferab l e to an attempt to expand p eriodica ll y t h e d efi n ition ,

s o as to embra ce o r exc l ude new treatment processes ;a n d it is

“
suggested that the subj ect may be considered as that branch
of meta ll u rgy covering the red uction or other mechanica l han
d l i n g of the o r e whereby one or more products are obtained in a
condition to be treated for the iso l ation of their va l uab l e contents
by ama l gamation concentration wet chemica l s me l ting or
, ,
-
, ,
”
other process of recovery .

To summarize the contentions whi ch have been a dv a n ced

“ ”
. 1 There are two interpretati ons of the verb to dress o n e ,
“ ’
O f which means to c l eanse from i mpurities To remove was t e .

“
from coa l i s termed coa l dressing ; and to remove gangue from
”
graphite is termed graphite dressing The ge n era l adoption
.

of the term in this sense wou l d b e too cumbersome as indi ,

vidua l designations wou l d be needed in connection with the dr ess

ing of each meta l o r minera l “I nterpreted i n this way the u s e
.
,
“ ” ”
of the word in conj unc t ion with the w ord ore as ore dressing , ,

h a s l ed to confusion and inconsistenc y .

. 2 T h e a l ternative meaning O f the v erb to dress i s to

” “ ”
p repare or to arrange . I n this sense it is most app l icab l e in
the pr esent instance ;and in this treatise ore dressing i s a p hr ase
, ,

used on l y to refer to t h es e pre l iminary mechanica l or semi

mechanica l O perations that precede or operate con current l y
w ith a s pecia l ized method Of ex traction or recovery .
 IN TR O D U CTION

O ver l apping of
ore dressing with meta ll urgica l extraction is
inevitab l e but as a genera l ru l e a fair l y distinct l ine of demar
,

cation may be traced E xamp l es of the simu l taneous operation

of ore dressing and extraction are seen when an ore is crushed i n
cyanide so l ution or ama l gamated in a grinding pan R oasting
, .

occurs as an ore dressing operation in the preparation O f a su l pho

-

tell uride ore for cyanide treatment and as a method of extracting ,

the meta l in the vo l ati l ization process .

The treatment O f the subj ect o f or e dressing may be con

v en i en t l y considered under the fo ll owing sub ections
s : -

(i ) Ore co n vey a n ce a n d l t i on f eedin g

s t o r a g e, e ev a , ,
an d sam plin g .

ii
() Ore t on n a g e a n d m o i s t u r e es t i m a t i on .

T h eo ry Of cru s hi n g .

(iv ) R oa s t in g .

(v ) S c r een i n g .

(v i ) C oa r s e o r m edi u m cru s h i n g In ja w g y r a t o r y di s c o r o t h er m a chi n es

, , .

(vii ) St a m p m illi n g
“
.

vi
( ) i i B a ll m illin g
G r i n din g i n C hil ea n H
.

u n t in g t on a n d s i m il a r t y p es o f m ill s
.

(i x ) , , .

(x ) R ol l cru s hin g .

(x i ) R eg r i n di n g o r s li m i n g i n p a n s a n d tu b e m ill s : -

(x i i ) C on v ey a n ce a n d el eva t i o n o f o r e p u lp
(x iii ) C l a s s i fi ca t i on of or e p u lp .

(x i v ) T hi ck en i n g s et t li n g a n d d ew a t er i n g o f o r e p u lp
, ,
.
 S E C T I ON II

O R E C O N VE YAN C E AN D S T O R A G E , ELEVAT I O N ,
FEE D I N G AN D S A M P LI N G

generall y Tra n s p ort ed t o t h e R ock Cr u s h er in stee l cars

O re i s
of various sizes and shapes usua ll y mounted On four whee l ed
,
-

trucks R ock er S i d e D u m p C a r s are l argel y used f or the hand l ing

.
-

of ore and may be tipped at either side Tab l e I gives da t a with

,
.

I V
S DE E LE ATIO N E N D E LE VATIO N
FI G . 1 .
—R ev o lvi n g t i p p l er .

reference t o R ou n d B ott om R ota ry D um p C a r s G a bl e C ar s are

-
.

usefu l in cases where it is preferab l e to tip on both sides of the

trac k simul taneous l y R a i lr oa d D um p Ca r s are usua ll y adopted
.

for or e conveyance to l arge mill s .

A R evolvi n g Tippl er for ore cars is shown in Fig 1 The . .

apparatus consists of a framework carrying rai l s connecting ,

two points in the track and mounted by tires and ro ll ers in the
,

manner shown The empty car is pushed ou t by the incoming

.

fu ll car and the framework is ba l a nced t o ti p automatica ll y

,
‘

.
,

un d er contro l Of a h and brake .

6
 OR E C ON VE Y A NC E AN D S T O R A GE 7

T AB LE I —R O U N D —
. B O TT O M R O T ARY D U M P C AR S F OR 18 -IN . TR A C K 5

h
T i ck S h i pp i n g
n es s o f w ei g ht
t l b
,

s ee , in . .

O re B i n s are designed either with fl at or m ping bottoms ’ .

F l at bottomed bins are favored by those who maintain that the

‘
“
-

“ ”
design a ll ows for an accumu l ation of dead ore for use in the
event of an emergency S l oping bottomed bins are generall y
.
-

to be preferred and shou l d be designed of a capacity to al l ow f or

any reas onab l e de l ay due t o temporary st e ppage of mine opera
tions the necessity f or ma k ing rock breaker repairs or other
,
-
,

emergencies . Large or e bins that wi ll empty without the aid

of hand l abor are a l most invariab l y a satisfactory investment .

The s l ope O f the bin bottom shou l d be about 4 5 degrees .

S t eel O r e B i n s are genera ll y made in one of two types viz ,

”
(a ) having stee l framework supporting comparative l y fi a t
sides and bottom p l ates and (b) cy l i ndrica l bins which are
aper construction H
, ,

O f simp l er and ch e eight in the l atter type

’

,
.
,

is ou t of proportion to capacity but this obj ection is counter

,

ba l anced by the fact that if proper l y designed and sti ffened

, ,

a series of th ese cyl indrica l bins wi ll serve as a de q uate su p port for

a l ight rai l road .

The E r ect i on E x pen s e a n d C os t of M a t eri a l s of s l oping b ett er -

ore bins are considerab l y more than with fl at bottomed -

 '

8 H A N D BOOK OF OR E D R ES S ING

There is a ls o a hi gher cost due t o in cre a s ed w ear and the necessit y

for the fre q uent rene w a l of stee l p late or other l ining .

Th e A ppr ox i m a t e S p e ci fi c G r a v i ti es a n d W ei g h t s P er C u bi c
F oot of various rocks and other materia ls hand l e d i n ore dressing -

O perations are given in Tab l e I I .

T AB LE II —A P P R OX I M A T E S P EC I F I C G RAV I TY A N D W E I G H T O F V AR I O U S
.

E a rt h , et c .
, ex ca v ate d M i n era ls
C l a y , d ry A s b es t o s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C la y, d a m p pl a s t i c ,
. B a r y t es O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

C l a y a n d g r a v el d r y ,
. B a s a lt O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

E a r t h d ry , ,
B a ux i t e 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

E a r t h d r y p a ck ed
, ,
. . B o ra x
E a r t h m o is t
, ,
C h a lk
E a rt h m o is t p a ck ed C l a y m a rl
E a rt h m u d fl
.
,
o o o o o o o o
, ,
. o o o o o o o

,
o wi n g ,
. D o l o m i te 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

E a rt h m u d p a ck ed
, ,
. . Feld s p a r o rt h o cl a s e ,

R i p r a p l i m es t o n e
,
. Gnei s s s er p en t i n e
,

R ip r a p s a n d s t o n e
,
. Gr a n it e s y en i t e ,

R ip r a p s h a l e ,
G r een s t o n e t r a p ,

S a n d g r a v el d r y l o o s e
, , ,
G y p s u m a l a b a s t er ,

Sa n d g r a v el d ry ’

, ,

p a ck ed
S a n d g r a v el w et
, ,
.

E x ca v tia on s i n wa tr e Ph os ph a t e r o ck , a pa t ite 0 0 0 0 0

Sa n d or g r a v el Po r ph y r y o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

S a n d o r g r a v el a n d cl a y Pum i ce
C la y Q u a r t z fl i nt ,
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ri v er m ud S a n d s t on e b l u es t o n e ,

Sh a l e s l a t e
,

S t on e r ip ra p S oa p s t on e t a l c ,
.

l k t
C oa ,
co e, e c . ldQ u a rr i ed , pi e

A n t h r a ci t e O 84 53 B a s a l t g r a n i t e g n eis s
ua rt z
, ,

B it u m in ou s lig n i t e , . 0 75 47 Lim es t o n e m a r b l e q , ,
.

37 23
C h a r co a l 20 12
C ok e 44 28
IO H A N D BOOK OF OR E D R ES S ING

the freq uenc y 2 0 p er minute; The wearing faces consist of 1 3

gauge renewab l e stee l pl ate S evera l other c l asses of push con
.

v ey or s are avai l ab l e but have no wide app l ication

, .

B elt C on v eyor D a t a wi ll be found in Tab l e II I The same .

a uthority ( C K emb l e B al dwin ) g ives the fo ll owing formu l ae

.

FI G . 3 .
—C on t in u ou s b u ck et el ev a t o r .

for po wer consumption where C e q ua l s the power constant ;

T the l o ad in tons of 2 00 0 l b per hour ;Hthe vertica l height the
,

materia l is l ifted in feet then : ,

for l eve l co n v ey or s h p C T L 1 0 00
. .

(T H 1 0 0 0 )
,

for inc l ined conveyors h p (C T L/ 1 0 00

. .

C on v eyor B elt W ear may be reduced in the case where the

materia l is fair l y dry and contains an even l y distributed q uantity
of fines by p l acing a sma ll g riz z l y in the feed chute to form a bed
’
on the be l t t o re ceive the coarser p ortions of the ore .

A C on ti n u ou s B u ck et E l eva t or suitab l e for raising broken

z
,

ore , is sho w n in F ig 3 Tab l e IV gives si es and ca p acities

. .
-
.
12 H A NDB OOK OF OR E D R E S S ING

I n t erm i tt en t
B u ck et
be l t an d b uc ket e l eva tors are in common
- -

use T a b l e V g i ves detai l s of the ir O peration either with bro k en

.
,

ore or m ill pu l p .

TAB LE IV .
-
C O N TI N U O U S B U C K E T
- E LE V A TO R D A TA 8

th
Len g be
t tr
w een c en e s
Si z d g a ug e
h d
Of ea and
of
e
b
an
t
u ck e s in ht lb
p i n i on
, . w ei g ,
s h ft
a s h ft
a

9X 9 N o 16 .

13 X 10 N o 14 .

1 5 X1 1 N o 14 .

18 X13 N o 12 .

24 X 1 4 No . 12
30 X1 7 N o 10 .

3 6 X 1 8 56 N o .

48 X2 0
OR E C ON VE YA N CE A ND S T O R A GE 13

w M w o w w o m
as N o m a o m
“ ~ ~ g fi a :

S w R R KKKR
? ? e e w w w m

m N e o c « S c
a N m n m m M m

UI
’
d '

M m h m fi M
; a m a m N

O S m m c o « m
N N m m m w w v
14 H A N DB OOK OF OR E DR E S S ING

S TA N DAR D VER T I CA L M I LL LEV A TO R S (co n t i n ued)

E
C a p a ci t i es an d Hor s e Power
C a p a c i i es : 2 0 t cu . ft . o f or e 1 t on

Hp r q i r d
. e u e
rl b k t f ll
,

T on s of m
D ry m a t ri l
e a D ry m a t ri l
e a
in e a uc e s u

ié l F
b f ll b u t f ll p er h ‘ ‘ m C k et S
, ,

u ck et s u cke s u

Si z e of Cap of
b t t
.

u c ke , b u cke ,

In . cu . In .

192
402
711
20
35
b
G
‘

l
J
C

I
— R
H

O
O
C

1 1 55 57 . N Q
I

1 3 59 67 D
Q
O
C

1 62 3 81
‘
I
- N
1 737 86 O
O N
1 938 91 O
(
O
C

B u ck e td 1 8 i p rt
s a r e s p a ce n . a a .

S p d f b l t 3 00 f t p m i t
ee o e . er n u e .

H r p w r i di t d i l d 5 p
o se o e s n ca e n c u e er c en t . f or fri t i c on .

Sp eed , Ca pa city a n d S i e of B u ck et E l ev a t or s a ccor di n g to, z ,

'

R obins practice may be found from the bucket e l evator chart ,

-

given in F ig 5 To find the h p re q uired to operate a verti ca l

. . . .
:

bucket e l evator mul tip l y tons of ore and water per hour by l ift
,

in feet and divide by 50 0 The figure obtained i n ch i d es an .

a ll owance of 1 0 0 per cent of usefu l work for friction To find . .

the proper size of a bucket e l evator for a given tonnage or vo l ume

of materia l p er hour and given weight per cubic foot commence ,

at l eft O f cha rt with tons per hou r and fo ll ow across to diagona l

l ine showing weight per cubic f e et thence down to diagona l ,

l ine representing the desired speed of e l evator thence across to ,

the right unti l the diagona l showing the desired spacing O f

buckets is reached A t the bottom direct l y be l ow this inter .
,

section is found the re q uired capacity Of bucket in cubic inches

,
.

I f the hour l y capacity is given in cubic feet commence at the ,

top of the chart and fo ll ow down unti l the desired speed l ine is
found thence across to spacing as before The heavy l ine is an
,
.

examp l e showing that 65 tons per hour of a materia l weighing

5 0 l b to the cubic foot with a be l t spe ed of 1 75 ft per minute
.
,
.
,
 OR E C O N VE YA N GE AN D S T O R A GE

S pu r W h ee l

R em o v bl
a e

P i n i on

B ui l d i n

La un d er

I
S DE VI E W
FI G . 4 .
—
B el t -a n d bu
-
c
’
ke t el v t r
e a o .
16 H A N DB OOK OF OR E DR E S S ING

and 2 1 -i n buc k et spacing wil l r eq uir e a wor ki ng capacity of

.
,

74 0 cu bi c i nc h es .

B el t -E l eva t or Sp eed s for p ul l eys Of vari ous diameters may be

cal cu l ate d from the chart given in F ig 6 Wi dt h a n d P l y of . .

C u bi c Pe e r
, pe r Ho u r

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 g 8 8 8
3 8 8 53 8 0
03 8 $9, 8 2

o o o o
o 0 0 0 8 m8 8 8 8
N V m o s eo
g £2 8
C ub i c In c h e s C a pa ci t y __ p er Buc k et

—
F I G 5 B u ck et el ev a t o r ch rt
. . a
9
.

use d in connection with be l t and bucket e l evator opera - -

tion are given in Tab l e VI .

18 H A NDB OOK OF OR E D R E S S ING

boot O f the e l evator C r ow n ed P u ll eys are to be prefe rre d and

.
,

the top (driving ) pu ll ey may be l agged With a s i n g l e l ay er of

i

be l ting
.

F IG .
—G ea r d iv
r e for el é v a t o rs .
11

FE E D IN G
F eed C on tr ol of O r e t o Ch ut es l eading to crushing or bre a ki ng
machinery i s regu l ated by means of gates F igures 9 an d 1 0 i l .

FI G . 8 .
—B e l t -
an d -
bu ck e t l ev t r t
e a o a k e-u p b o x es .

l us t ra te the various types in common use The rack gates are .

often fitted with counterweights The sector gate (F ig 1 0 ) is . .

 OR E C ON VE YA N C E AN D S T O R A GE

c l osed b y ra is i n g i t b y mea n s of a h a n d l ever t hr ou g h the stream

-
, ,

of ore When fu ll open t h e b a ck of t h e g a t e forms a section of

.

Le vr e -
a rc g a t e Si n gl r e- a c k g a t e D ou bl r
e- a ck t
ga e
FIG . 9 .
-
O r e- bi n g a t es .
18

the chute bottom Leakage of fi n es is l iab l e to O ccur with this

’
"
.

type because the j oints are in the bottom of the chute .

FI G . 10 . S ec t r
o ga et .
12

H an d Feedi n g f or P r i m is genera ll y practised in

a ry C ru s h er s
s ma ll or medium sized mi ll s where it is the usua l duty of the
-
,
20 H A NDB OOK OF OR E DR ES S ING

feeder man to reduce the size of the ex ce p tiona l l y l arge l umps

-

and a l so t o remove hammer h eads stee l or dynamite w hich , ,

FI G . 11 .
—G riz
zly co n veyo r .

F IG . 12 .
—
B ar - t yp e tra v eli n g gr z
izly.
14

wou l d cause damage if a ll owed to remain with the ore With .

l arge mi ll s the p rob l em Of p rimary or e breakage is s imp l ified ,

 OR E CON VE YA N CE AN D S T O R A GE

because the ca p a c i t y of the p l ant d ema n d s t h e erection of a

crusher or crus h ers of a di mension suita b l e for t h e coarsest rock

FIG . 13 .
—R e v l vi
o n g
-
di sc g ri z
zly f ee d er .
14

usua ll y received from the m i ne Magnets or magnetic pu ll eys .

are fre q u ent l y used to re m ove stee l from crushed ore feed .

S IDE E LE AT O N
_ V I _ _

FI G . 14 . P
-
l u ng er f d r
ee e for co a r s e or e .

z
z
The Ch a i n G ri l y C on veyor i ll ustrated i n F ig 1 1 acts as .

the feeder to a l arge crusher at the R owe Mine R iverton Minn , ,

.

The poc k ets on a l ternate driving sheaves are arran g ed s o that

22 H A N D BOOK OF OR E D R ES S ING

adj acent chains trave l at dif ferent s peeds Masses of a g g l om .

crated fine ore are therefore broken up en route to the crusher ,

the fines fa ll ing to the or e bin beneath S tationary l ongitudina l .

bars p l aced between the chains tend to assist t h e w ork of screen

ing and insure a finer undersize
z
,
.

The Ba r Typ e Of Tr a v eli n g G r i z ly (F ig 1 2 ) is used for feed

-
.

ing crushers P ieces of or e that beco m e w ed g ed b etween the

.

bars are automatica ll y re l eased w ith the oversize as the bars

‘

open up when passing over the sprockets

z
.

The R evo l v i n g D i s c G ri z l y F eed er i ll ustrated in F ig 1 3

-
.

makes possib l e the bypassing of fines and the efficient S epara

tion of coarse materia l with a mini
mum of fa ll The feeder i ll ustrated .

z
is used in connection wi t lI co a r s e
'

crushers .

The P l ung er F eed er f or C o a r s e O r e

(F ig 1 4 ) is s uitab l e for the auto
.

matic feeding of mine r Ock up to

1 0 in in diameter from chute of
storage bin into rock crusher or con
v ey o r R ate of feed is adj usted by
.

vary i n g the l ength of the eccentric

F I G 1 5 — R ll f d r
stroke or by an a l teration in the
. . o ee e .

speed .

I n R o ll P r a cti ce it is essentia l that the feed shou l d be even l y

distributed over the who l e width of the ro ll s S hort conveyo rs .

are sometim es used for this purpose .

R 0 11 F eed er s (F ig 1 5 ) are chie fl y used for a comparative l y

.

fine product They O perat eon much the same princip l e as the
.

C ha ll enge feeder and are fitt ed with a Vertica l friction disc

,

F eeders of this type have a l so been su ccessfu ll y insta ll ed f or

feedi ng mine rock to l arge primary crushers .

E x ces s iv e D a m a g e t o B elt C onveyor s invariab l y o c c urs when

no feeder is interpo sed between b reaker or bin and conveyor ,
.

The apron type of feeder suitab l e for this purpose is shown in

 OR E C ON VE Y A N C E A N D S T O R A GE

F ig 1 6 This fee der may a l so be used to feed crushers from

. .

bins containing mine rock .

Op p er

Bel t Con v ey or

FI G . 16 .
—F d r f
ee e or bel t co n v eyo rs .

FI G . l7 .
—S u s p en d ed C h ll
a en ge or e fe d r
e e .
11

S t a m p M i ll F eed er s
-
of (Figs 1 7 1 8
t h e C h a ll en g e T pe
y .
, ,

and 1 9 ) are l arge l y used , in spite of the inherent defects of design

24 H A N DBOOK OF OR E D R ES S ING

in the o l der patterns E xte nsive repair and renewa l work

.

feeders Of this k ind is us ua ll y unavoidab l e .

1 8z
— Mo v a b l e C h a l l en g e feed er 16
FI G . .

The M on k ey -W r en c h F eed er (F ig 2 0 ) operates on t h e prin

.

c i p l e of the spanner referred to The revo l ving disc and station

.

ary gui d e features of the ordinary C hal

,

l enge type are retaine d N O gears are

,
.

used and in p l ace O f the usua l paw l

,

and ratchet a l arge modified monkey

wrench o p erates o n a secondary dis c
pl aced be l o w an d attached to t h e main
feeder disc .

T he P l u n g er F eed er (F ig 2 1 ) is espe .

ci a ll y suitab l e for hand l ing crushed

FI. G 1 9
.
— -B el t d r iv
en material I t is operate d by means
.

C h l l e g e fe d r 17
a n e e
of an adj ustab l e eccentric and can
.

therefore be regul ated to suit estimated re q uirements This .

ty p e O f fee d er is avai l a bl e f or any c l ass O f crushing or

26 H A N D BOOK OF OR E D R E S S ING

mi ll ing machine where construction or operation d oes not permit

‘

of automatic adj ustment l imiting

the output from the feeder in a c
cor da n ce with the req uirements of
the mi ll ing machine A design show .

ing p l unger feeder arrangement with

direct Connection to bin bottom is
Shown in Fig 2 2 . .

A n Autom a ti c F eed er designed for

use with Tremain stamps is shown
in F ig 2 3 The m ov i n g p a r t of the . .

F G 2 2 —P l u g r f d er i
I . . n feeder has a surface which sustains
e ee n

bi bo tt m
n o
19

but a sma ll part of the weight of o r e

.

the remainder being carried b y the hop p er On l y a fig h t stroke .

FI G . 23 . G a t es
- a uto m t i c feed er
a .
11

is nece s sary and the fee der i s

, at tac h ed d i rect l y t o t he stamp
m ort a r box ,
 C ON VE Y A N C E A ND S T O R A GE

c e d er 15

F IG . 24 .
—S h v l o e f ee d e r .
19

FI G . 25 .
-
S h ki
a n g f eed e r .
12
28 H A N DBOOK OF OR E D R E S S ING

I n the S h ov el F eed er , shown i n Fi g 24 a proj ection .

,

fa ll ing stamp throws the boot backward The cou n t e .

then carries it forward The combination produces a feedi n g .

motion simi l ar to hand shove l ing .

The S h ak i n g F eed er (F ig 2 5 ) may be adj usted to give an

a l most continuous fl
.

o w o f crushed ore This type of feeder is .

often erecte d from scrap an d Op erated by means of a discarded ,

FI G . 26 —B a ll o w b a tt er y fee d er
.
20
.

fl
W i l ey or other concentrator tab l e head mot i on I n l arger - .

sizes t hi s ty p e has been used as a crusher feeder for coarse or e

'

—
.

B um per P l a t e F eed er s are l arge l y used f o r the mixed feed

de l ivered to ba ll mi ll s W est A ustra l ian p ractice gives the .

fo ll owing data :
6 f t 6 i n l on g . .

2 f t wid e a t t op .

1 f t 3 i n wid e . .

a t b ot t om

1 2 d eg t o t h e h o r i z
.

O O O O O O
on t a l
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O .
.

2 in .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 4 1 p er m in ut e .
 OR E C O N VE Y A N C E A N D S T O R A GE

A dj ustment of stro k e regu l ates amo u nt of fee d .

B um p er P la t e F eed er s of the B a ll o w type (Fig 2 6) operate

- .

by means of a fee d er tappet striking a triangu l ar proj ection

FI G . 27 .
— T u be -
m i ll f eed er .
11

from a sus p en d ed fee d er p l at e T h e wid t h of proj ection en

.

gaged by the feeder tappet regu l ates t h e j ar and conse q uent l y , ,

t h e fee d sup pl y T hi s t y p e of fee d er i s es p ec i a lly suita bl e for

.

FI G . 28 .
—
Trip l e Sp i r a l f eed er .

d ry -or e fee d ing to stamp batteries is of simp l e construction , ,

adj ustab l e O peration a n d re q uires the m i n i mum of attentio n

,

a n d r epair.
30 H A ND B OOK OF OR E D R E S S ING

Tub Mi ll Feed ers are usua ll y of the spira l ty pe (Fi g 27 ) an d

e-
.

are bo l ted direc t t o t h e trunnion Ampl e dimensio n to a ll ow

a .

f or the passage o f l arge pebb l es shou l d be provided the cutting ,

edge of the spira l shou l d be faced with a renewab l e stee l p l ate ,

and the front of the feeder shou l d have a removab l e d isc per
mitting examination O f interior of t h e mi l l as we ll as of the
trunnion l iners .

B a l l M i ll s , other than w i th perip h era l di scharge are usua ll y ,

fitted w ith s p ira l feeders O f the tube mi ll pattern or the type -

,

FI G . 29 .
—C om b i n a t i o n tri p l e sp i r a l feed er .

i ll ustrate d i n F ig 2 8 This l atter type may a l so be arrange d as

. .

a combination feeder in which the pu l p may be de l ivered centra ll y ,

and the scoops reserved f or feeding the pebb l es or ba ll s used as

grinding media (Fig ; The trip l e ty pe s p ira l fee d er i s sui t -

ab l e for l arge tonnage ba ll mi ll practice

- -
.

O R E S A M P LIN G

N o l og i ca l attempt can be made t o adhere to theoret i ca l l i m i

t a t i o n s in practica l ore samp l ing work W hen ores are being
-
.

purc h ased an agreement between buyer and sell er in the m atter

 OR E C O N VE YA N C E AN D S T O R A GE

of sam p l i ng i s t h e primar y consideration I n a l l meta l l ur g i ca l .

p l ants effic i ent samp l ing is an imperat i ve l y necessary p h a s e of

operations .

A ll O re S a m p li n g M eth od s must invo l ve bu l k reduction by

-

stages S y stematic comminution and thorough mixing are

.

necessar y and both of these steps shou l d preferab l y be taken

,

before each cutting or sp l itting operation '

S ui t a b l e W ei g h t s t o be Ta k en i n S a m pl i n g O r e are indicated
in Ta bl e V II These fi g u r es a r e based on the assumption that
.
-

the weight taken shou l d be proport i ona l to the s q uare of the

diameter of the l argest partic l e .

T A B LE VII .
—W E I G H T S To B E T AK E N IN S A M P L I N G OR E S
2

W ei g ht Diam tr
e e of l rg t p rti l
a es a c e

G r am s
32 H A N D BOOK OF OR E D R ES S ING

A S a m p l e-Cu t ti n g an d R ed u ci n g P l a n t i s se l dom necessary

.

except where the Or e is being p urchased o n assay content by the

m i ll ing company o r in the case where subse q uent mi ll ing opera
,

tions prohibit the taking of a samp l e after secondary crushing .

“
I n the maj ority of mi ll s what is genera ll y known a s a battery
”
feed sampl e is taken periodica ll y from the stream O f broken ore
entering the mi ll ing machine I n some cases it has been found
.

possib l e to hinge a chute which may be interposed between feeder

fl
,

and mi ll and across the o w of or e and s o periodi ca ll y de fl ect ,

a representative samp l e for further reduction

S a m pli n g P ra ctic e i n Cu s tom Mil l s varies wide l y b ut it is ,

genera ll y considered necessary t o reduce the ore t o a unif orm

s ize of in before any cutting is made About 2 0 p er cent is
. . .

then cut and reduced to 1 % in A further 20 per cent is cut . .

from thi s and reduced to 1 in A n additiona l 2 0 p er cent is then . .

cut an d redu ced to in The fin a l i n samp l e is cUt accord

.
-
.

i n g to its b u l k reground to about

,
i n again cut reground to .
, ,

in . and fin all y cut to produce about a 3 l b samp l e The

,
-
. .

l atter is S pli t according to re q uirements and further reduced ,

w ith sma ll e q uipment in the assay offi ce .

G en era l Mi ll S a m pl in g is best e ffected after sec ondary crush

ing The ore is mixed the fl ow i s more even and faci l ities for
.
, ,

samp l ing are genera ll y b etter T he va l ue of such samp l ing is .

,

of course inva l id if the or e is being mi ll ed in a So l vent of o n e of

,

the meta l s f or the recovery of which the O perations are b eing

conducted Mi l l ing go l d or si l ver ores in cyanide so l ution a n d
.
,

the inevitab l e admixture before secondary crushing of ore , , ,

va l uab l e meta l in so l ution and an active so l vent prec l udes the

, ,

possibi l ity of e ffective samp l ing after the or e is wetted .

Au t om a tic O r e Pu lp S a m ming , as distinct from S p l itting or

-

dividing consists of removing a definite proportion of the ore

,

stream either continuous l y or intermittent l y by de fl ecting the ,

who l e stream momentari l y or by passing a cutter across t h e ,

stream (see F ig .

I Au t om a ti c S a m pl e B u l k R ed uction may be accomp l ished by

“ ”
means of machines known as sp l its or dividers These .
34 H A ND B OOK OF OR E D R E S S ING

B es t re s u l ts are o b ta i ne d b y us i ng a l arge mounte d f unne l t o

‘
w

form t h e con e but even then the apex of soft materia l is l iab l e
, , ,

t o co ll apse at interva l s and se l dom distributes itse l f even l y .

B y shove l ing from on e spot t o ano ther an d by rej ecting a l ternat e

shove l f ul s the reduction in bu l k may
be accomp l ished satisfactori l y with
minimum l ab or and in a mu ch shorter
time than by coning an d q uartering .

A utom a ti c C ru s h i n g an d S a m pli n g
may be carr i ed ou t in o n e machine ,

such as t h e C l ift I n t h i s a p p a r a t u s
.
‘

FI G . 31 .
—J
o n es s p li t or s a m p l d ivi d er
e .

m pl u

the stream of ore i s d i v i d ed four times

taking a 2 0 per cent cut at eac h Op era
.

tion a nd is crushed three times The

, Fi l C hi g . na ru s n

fina l samp l e is screened automatica ll y FI G 3 2 — D i g ra m ill u . . a s

. ‘

and the oversize is returned for fur gi ggi gggfigai gZi g gy}?
o e

ther reduction A diagram i ll ustrating

.

the operation is shown in F ig 3 2 B y prece d ing this apparatus . .

with a l arge crus her and by cutting the main stream of ore
,

and sending a proportion to a sma ll er crusher or ro ll s the ,

‘

product from the l atter may be sent to the sam p l i ng a n d crush

ing mac h ine described above .
 OR E C ON VE Y A N C E AN D S T O R A GE

Si n g l e a n d D ou bl e t Ve i n S a m
-C u z
pl er s are i l lustrate d in Fi g .

33 from w hich the p rincip l e of the apparatus can be easi l y under

,

stood Width Of cutter opening in re l ation to maximum sized

.
-

partic l e in ore stream shou l d be amp l e and speed shou l d be we ll ,

be l ow the point tending to ho l d the ore at the periph ery of the

cutter by centrifuga l force .

Si g le d b l
n ou e -c u t z
Ve i n sa m pl er Tw i n d bl
ou e- c u t z
Ve i n sa m pl r
e

FIG . 33 .

S a m pli n g of S a n d in s itu i ii l eaching or co ll ecting vats i s

usua ll y done with an auger bit A c l ean core may be O btained
.

at sel ected points provided the sand is suffi cient l y damp to

cohere S amp l ing of ore in dumps is done by trenching at
.

interva l s across the who l e widt h an d samp l ing the exposed ,

faces at regu l ar distances apart .

 S EC T I ON II I

OR E T O N N A G E AN D M O I S TU R E E S TIM A TI O N

W eig h in g of O r e is usua l l y performed in truc k s with some type

of p l atform sca l e I n cases w here actua l w eigh i ng i s not practised
.

it i s customary to estimate ore weight by ca l cu l ation of car ,

ta ll y and average The resu l t is an approximation on l y U nder

. .

or over fill i n g of t h e cars error in record i ng numbers and varia

-
, ,

F I G 3 4 —A ut om a t i c p l a t for m wei g hi n g
. . s ca el .
22

tion in content resu l ting i n a b ove or b e l ow norma l w eights

,
-
,

are among the factors in fl uencing the correctness of resu l t .

T he A u t om a ti c R ecor d i n g of O r e W ei g h t can be accomp l ished

by means of an apparatus attached to any system of ore convey
ance F igure 3 4 shows an arrangement automatica l l y to weigh
.

and record weight of ore in ca rs passing a certain point Figure .

3 5 g i ves a sectiona l V iew of a m a chine recording the w eight of

ore trave l ing on a be l t conveyor The l atter type O f ap p aratus
.

i s ava i l a b l e f or use i n con n ection wi t h b uc ket , p an or apron ,

36
 OR E TONN A GE AN D M OI S T U R E ES T I M A T ION

conveyors or cab l e tramways as w e ll as horizonta l or in cl ined

, ,
.

be l t conveyors ;and an accuracy of 9 9 per cent is guaranteed . .

The correct Moi s tu r e P ercen ta g e in Un gr o u n d R o ck is di ffi cul t

if not impossib l e to determine a l though common l y attempted , .

Water occurs in ores as hygroscopic moisture and a l so as water

of crysta llization True ore weight shou l d inc l ude the l a tter
.

but shou l d exc l ude the former I n estimat ing moisture it is .

FI G . 35 .
— M err i c k i ht m t r
we g o e e on b el t co n v y r Fr t h e t
e o . on s e o f w ig h t
e om e e t r
h u i g i r
o s n s em o v ed to Sh w i t ri r
o n e o .
22

necessar y to fo ll ow precise l aboratory methods O ver heating

’
S -
.

may drive off water of crysta ll ization and under heating may ,
-

resu l t in the retention of hygroscopic moisture and error i n ,

statement E stimation of moisture percentage by weighing

.

before and after heating to an indefinite temperature for an

indefinite time resu l ts i n an approxi mation on l y a n d shou l d be ,

considered as such .
38 HA N D BOOK OF OR E DR ES S ING

E ti m a ti on of M oi s t ur e i n G roun d O r e i s made by se l ecting

s

a samp l e without l oss O f time or undue ex p osure to the a i r A n .

ap propri ate amount is weighed and kept at an even temperat u re ,

°
o f about 1 1 0 C for severa l hours and unti l further heating
‘

.
,

resu l ts in no appreciab l e reduction in weight Th e samp l e .

shou l d be cool ed in a desiccator before being weighed .

The Q ua n t i t y of Ma ter i a l N eed ed f or Moi s tu r e E s ti ma ti o n

vari es i nverse l y as to the degree of uniformity with whi ch the
moist ure is distributed A pproximations of moisture content in
.

ungro und o r e are g enera ll y made by drying an occasiona l car l oad .

Moisture content in wet sand o r dump tail ing is usua ll y ca l c ul ated

from a 1 00 g m samp l e P u l p samp l es for tonnage or moisture
-
. .
‘

estimation are genera ll y meas ured and weighed in a 1 0 0 0 c c -

. .

fl ask and the re q uired figures ca l c ul ated from tab l es wi thout

, ,
-

drying t he samp l e .

Cl a y a n d C l a yey O r es may carry a high percent a ge of h y g r o

s cO p i c moisture without appearing damp to the sense of touch .

A considerab l e a mount of h y g r os cO p i c moisture m a y remain

after heating to 1 0 0 C w h ereas water of crysta ll ization may
°
.
,

be expe ll ed and the chemi c a l and physica l compo sition of the

°
minera l may be a l tered by heating above 1 1 0 C .

The Sp eci fi c G ra vity of an ore is determined by weighing a

portio n of the dry ground materia l and transferr i ng this to a
,

fl ask of definite cubic content The fl ask is then fi ll ed with .

water to the mark and weighed Then if : .

A weight of dry ore ,

B weight o f fl a sk ore and water to mark , , ,

C weight of fl as k and water to m a rk ,

t hen
S pecific gravity of the or e weight of ore weight of water
it di sp l aces
,
A) B]
T he E s ti m a ti on of O r e pu lp Ton n a g e is made in most instances
-
, ,

b y direct weighing and ca l cu l ation from a sma ll samp l e I t ,

.

is necessary to k now the weight O f unit vo l ume or the specific ,

gravity of the pu l p and a l so t h e specifi c gravity of the ore

,

com p rising t h e s o li d materia l pres ent The ca l cu l ation of d r y .

 OR E T ONN A GE AN D M OIS T UR E ES T I M A TI ON

t onnage can then b e made in severa l ways b y mea ns O f the

formu l ae contained in Tab l e V I II or from the actua l e q uiva l ents
i n Tab l e IX .

T AB LE VIII O R E P UL P T O N N A G E FO R M U L E
.
- -
I
23

d S p eci fi c g r a vi t y o f d r y s o lid ( o r e s a n d o r s li m e) , ,
.

p s p eci fi c g r a vi t y o f p u l p ( m i x tur e o f w a t er o r e et c ) , ,
.

S p e r ce n t.b y w ei g h t o f d r y s o lid i n p u lp .

g r a m s i n 1 0 0 g r a m s t o n s
,
i n 1 0 0 t o n s et c ,
“
.

R w a t er r a t i o i n p u lp .

t on s w a t er p er t on d r y s olid .

g r a m s w a t er p er g r a m s olid .

V v ol um e p er cen t o f s olid i n pu lp
. .

cub i c cen t i m et er s i n 1 0 0 c c . .

cub i c f eet i n 1 0 0 cu f t p u lp . . .

F s o lid f a c t o r.

g r a m s s o li d i n 1 0 0 c c p u lp
t on s s o lid i n 1 0 0 fl
. . .

u id t en s o r 3 2 0 0 cu f t p u lp (a pp r ox )
,
. . .

av .o u n ces i n cu f t p u lp . .

K co n s t a n t f o r a n y p a rt i cu l a r s o lid u s ed t o fa cilit a t e ca l cu l a t i on a n d
,

d ep en di n g o n t h e s p eci fi c g r a vi t y o f t h e d r y s o lid .

V ALUE S O F K F O R S O L IDS O F K N O W N S P EC I F I C G RAV I T Y

Va l u es of
00
41) H A N DBOOK OF OR E D R ES S ING

r
m $ m N o a w a 8 m w a m w a o a m s a a w a m a
A a 5 m m m w e m 0 m e s m e m w m a o s n e n m s
o
>
.
o o o o o N N a a a m m a a m a a R S a a a e a m m a
m n n m m N N s m m m m s s m s s N N s s s a m a m m

w w ~ m ¢ ~ m w
.

S fi m m o m m h m N h o m m m m m u

vvH
m V o
u m v v m c n h w m o o fi N m v m m o b w a O ~ N m © h m
o o o c o o o o o fi fi fi fi fi fi N N N N N N N
~ fl H ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
.

w fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fi a fi fi a

a a a e a a S a m a a a o o s a m a E s S m s a n m m a a s
A s s n m ” s S n m n s s n n o m e s N o m e a m o m e s m o
o . .

> o o o o o a a e m a a m a m m a a a E E a e e a a a m m a a
m m n n s s m m m m m m m m m m m
.

n s s s s N N a s s s a s

_
.

m o h m ~ w w m ~ m n m M ~ o h o m w N fi O O N ® a a o

t
E
m
u m v v © m o h w N o o N m m v m w h w a O ~ N N m w m ©
0 o o o o o o o O o fi fi fi fi fl fi fi N N N N N N N N
~ ~ fl ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ fi ~ ~
.

m fi fi fi a fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fi a

a a m © a o c w m m w m h u m n h u o o m m m m m
n m m 5 m m o » m m ~ a m m m ~ m h n m a u m m ~
. . . . .

® @ m w w w w w “ “ h w © w
o
m
o
m
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m N N N
o
N N N N N N N h
N
b
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o
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m
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o e e c c o O o e o A E s fi a G fi s n fi a m N m s n w m m
fi n n ” fi E fl “ E H ” “ fi A ” ” n s A ” ” s fi

fl M « m w w “ w w w ~
o
N
w
N
e
m
w N
n
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0 w
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m
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.
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N
.
o
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h
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“
. . . .

m @ w w w w w © © m
fi
n
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m
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m
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m
v
.

N
m
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m
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w w
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m
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fi
n
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m
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m
m w
m w
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m
m
v
n
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o o o o o o o o o o fi a fi fi fi fi fi a fi fi N N N N N N N
H ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
.

w fi fi fi fi fi g fi fi fi a a fi fi fi fi fi

“ w “ ~
m
o
.
n
w ©
.
o

.
w
e N e
m
m
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n
a
m
m
a
m
a
S
h
S
m
m
m a h
m
m
u
m
w w
.
m
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fi
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.
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.
N
w
.
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e
w
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S
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n
o
m
m
w
e
h
e

~ o o o o o @ m m O m w w w w w N h u u u N o o w w w a m n
m n m n n n N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N m N N

m
v
.
a
m
o
h
m
o
w
v
o
o
m
o
h
m
o
w
o
o
fi
h
o
w
h
o
m
w
o
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a
o
m
m
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c
o
fi
v ~
N
N
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© w
m w m w w
fi
N

fi
o w w
fi
h
fi
n
w
fi
m
m
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-
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n
v
N
c
m
N
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ fl H ~ ~
.

w fi fi fi fi a fi fi fi fi fi fi fi

—
0 n w c c a m N O h o N 0 m c N n w n c o w a w m o a o o
0 e w o o m m a v o m w m w o o e w c o w o h w m N N n v

————
0 w N m o o m m a w N w m N o n w w fi o w n m w m N ~ e a

——— — —— — —
Ob
‘
l tb co l -
i
v-
d v- d v-
d v-i l i

fi F-
i -l
v F -
O v -I v-l v i v l v i r-t -I
v H v l v t v t v -i v I r- flv l v il fi v l fi v { M H F I
' r-
i v-‘ H
42 H A N DBOOK OF O R E D R ES S ING
O ~ O N O a O N O N N N N N N N N N M M M M M M M
N M N 0 N M N 0 N M N O N M N O N M N 0 N M N O N
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

O O O 0 O O O 0 M M M M N N N N O M O 0 M M M M O O
M M M M N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N

O
O
O
O
M
M
N
O
M
N
O
M
N
M
O
N
O
N
fi
N
N
N
M
N
O
N
M
M M
O N
O
M
O O O O O O O H fi N H a
a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ fi fi H N fi a H fl

O O M ~ O N O N O M O M ~
M O O N O N M M H M O O N

O O O O O O O O M M M M
M M M M N N N N N N N N

O
M
O
M
O
O
N
M
O
O
M
O
N
O
O
M
N
O
M
M
O
N H
O
O
O
O
O
M
O
M
N
fi
fi
M « M M
N M O M
fi fi fi
N
O
a
~
N
A
M
N
H
O
H
N
O
N
H
fi
N
N
N
N
N
m
N
N
N
O
N
M O
M O
N N
M
N
N
N
M
N
O
O
N
-
M
~ fi H H ~ a N ” fl fi a fi fi M fi fi fl fi ~ fi H fl ~

O M O O N O M O O N O M O « N O M O O N O M O « N O M O O N
O O O N O M M M ~ O N O N O M O M H O N M N O M O O N O N M

N H N
0 .

O M O M O O N O M O M O N ~ O O O M M M M M M O O O ~ N M M
M O M M O N M O O O fi N M O M M O N M O O H N M N O N M O O
O O O O O O O O O a a a ~ fi fi fi a N N N N N N N N N M
H ~ fi ~ H a a fi fi H fi fi fi a ~ O H ~ M fl ~ ~ ~ fl

N O M N M M ~ O M O O M ~ O M O O M H O M N M M M O M O M M
O N O N O M O O a O N M M a M O O N O N M M fi O N M N O M O

O O O O O O O O O M M M M M N N N N N O O O O M M M M M O O
M M M M M N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N

M N
M O
O
O
N
M O
M N
N
O
M
M O
M O
M
O
a
M N
N
O
M M
O M
O
N
M
O
O
M
N
O
M
O
O
O
O
O
~
O
N
O
M
O
O
O
M
O
O
N
N
M O
M O
O O O O O O O O O a fi fi a a H a H fi N N N N N N N N N N
a ~ a N ~ ~ ~ A ~ a fi fi fi ~ a ~ a H ~ fi fi ~ A ~ ~ H fi

m m M M M
8 5 8 R 8 5 S 8 2 S S 8 2
o o
8 S S
O fi O O N O
m . m 8 w m O N O M O
.
M ~
. .
0
.
N
.

o m m m a M M M
S S SR 8 8
o c c c R O O O O
S S 8 8 8
0 O
n m m n m . m m m s . N . N N N N N N N N N

M
M
N
O
O
O
N
O
M
O
O
fl M
N N
N
M
M
O
M
O
fi
fi
O
fi
M
N
O
M O
M N
O
M
M
O
N
N
fi
M
O
O
O
O
O
~
O
N
O
M
O
O
O
M
~ ~
O N
N
M
M
O
O c O O O o O O O fi fi a A fi ~ fi N N N N N N N N N N N
~ fi a ~ fi ~ ~ ~ fl fi fi a H fi H ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ N ~ ~ N ”

H ~ M

—
O N O O O N O N O N O M O N M M N O O O M M M O M O O

—I v
O O M O O O M O O O M M M O O O O O O O O O N O M N N M O
O O N M O O M O ~ O N M M N O N M M N O M N M O M N ~ O O

—— — ———
M M

———
O 4

— —
-I

—
r-t I v- v-d

Fi l -I
o F-
‘ F -
t i i v t v i v-i H I I r-i v l fi v 1 r -4 0 I v-4 F -
l r i v-4 r-
4 H r-
4 r-4 7 4 r-4 r -i v l v I v t
 OR E T ONN A GE A ND M OIS T UR E ES TIM A T ION
M M O M O M M O M
.

O O O O O M O M O M O N N N N N N N N N M
N O N M M O M M M O M M M 0 M M M O M M M O M M M 0 M M M O
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

M M N N N N M M M M O O O O O O O 0 M N M M N N N N O O O 0 M M M M O O
N N N N N N N N N N N N N N M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

O O O O M M M M N O M N O M M N M O O O M N O N M M M N M N M O M M O M
N M O N M M O M O M M M N O M M M N O N O N O N O N O M O O N M M N M O
M M O O O O O O M M M M M O O O O O N N N N N M M M O O O O O O O M M M
M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M N N N N N N

O N M N M M M
O M M O O M O N M N O M O M M O O O N O N M N O M O M M O
M O N M M O M O O M O N M N O M O O M O N M N O M O M M O N M N O M O M
O M M M M M N N N N M M M M M O O O O O O O O O M M M M N N N N N O O O
N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

M M N O M N O O M N O M N M O M M M M M M O O M N M O M M M M N O M N M
N M O O N M O M N O M N M O M M M O M O N O M N O M M O M O N M N O N M
M M M M M M O O O O O O O M M M M M M O O O O O O N N N N M M M M O O O
M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

M O

O M O N O M O O N O M O O N O M O O N O M O O N O M O O N O M O O N C
M O M O N O N M M M M O O N O N M M M O O O N o M M M M O N O N O M O

O O M M M M N N N N N M M M M M O O O O O O O O O M M M M N N N N N O O
N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

N O M O O M O
M O M N N N M M M O M M O M O M M N N N N O O M
M N N O O
M N M O N O O
O M M O O N O O N O M N O O N O O M O N O O M O M N O M N
M M M M M M M O O O O O O O M M M M M M O O O O O N N N N N M w M M O O
M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

M O M O M M M O M O O N M O M O O M M O M N M M M O M O O N M O N O O M
O M O N M M M M O O N O M O M M O N M N O M O O N O N M M M O O O N O M
O O M M M M M N N N N N M M M M O O O O O O O O O O M M M M N N N N N O
N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

O N O O M M O N M M M N N M N N M O O N O M M O M O O O M M O M M O M N
M M
N M M
O N O M N M M O M O M N O O N O M N O O M O N O O M O M M N O
M M M M M M M M O O O O O O O M M M M M M O O O O O N N N N N M M M M O
M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

M N M O M N O O M M O O N O M M N M O M N M O M M O O N O M M N M O M N
M M M M O O N O M O O M O N M M M O O O N O M O O N O N M M M O N O N O

O O O M M M M M N N N M M M M M O O O O O O O O O M M M M M N N N N N
N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

a a aaaH a ma ma a a N ma
0

e m w c A m w s N B S ” N E m c m E N m E m s R e R « B m a w o
o m a n a e w e a E s e S w o m O a S a w o w o N O a s o m e a
n m m m n m a a w s A e w S w m m m A m S m m e a s e n R S p k w w w m
s fi “ a n n s s S a s A a a A n n s A E s s s a s

N M M N O O O M O M N O M M M O M M N N O O O O M N O M N M M M M M O O
M M M M N N M M O O M M M M O M M O N

— ——— —fl —
N O O O N N N O O O N N O O M O N
M N N O M M O M M N N M M O O O O O M M M N N N O O O O M M M M O O O O

H fl H fl
—I v—————
M fi M I ‘ ‘ I i ‘ ‘ fi o O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

— — ———
I F v F

—
r v v v

—
v

H H H v I r- ‘ v I v ‘ v I v l r -i v-i H F I M fi v t fi fi fi fl fl r v I fi v i fi v i fi fi fi r ( H fi fi fi p q

«w
.

a a a e a a a a a a a e h w a o a a a a a a a o M N m s w w s w s a
n m n m m s s s s s s « e e s n n n n a e n n n n w e o e o e e o e o s
44 H A NDB OOK OF OR E D R E S S ING

p Sp
1 — R (p 1) Sp —l OO(p
R + 1 , 1 00

1 00 d (p i) K (p 1)
p (d 1) p
fl
1 .

d p p 1 00 S 1 00
di p — 1) p S S Km 1)
l oop 1 0 0 d (p 1)
— KW D ‘

R + 1 d l
—
‘

P l 00 (p 1)
d d d —l
(K l oo) (p

V ol u m e p erc en t a g e o f wa t er i n ul
p p 1 00 V 1 00

P)
1
10
25 I
f6
p (1 0 0 S)

1 00 IOOS
To n s dry S ol l d p er 1 00 ton s wa t er
R 1 00 S
1 0 0 d (p 1)
d p
1 00 1 00 R 1
F l u i d t on s t o yi el d 1 t on s o li d
F K (p 1) 10
S an d To n n a g e i n tu i n a l ea c h i n g or
si c oll ect i n g v a t i s c a l eu
l a t ed by a ll o wi n g a b ox of 1 c a p a c i ty t o fi l l wi t h t h e
v at . A ft er dr a i n a g e of ex c es s m oi s tur e t h e box a n d c o n t en t s ,

a r e w ei g h ed pr ef er a b l y i n t h e v a t by m ea n s of a s t eel y a rd
,
.

A s a mpl e of t h e s a n d i s r es erv ed f or i mm ed i a t e m oi s tur e

d et erm i n a t i o n a d educt i on i s a l s o m a d e f or t h e wei g h t of t h e
, _

b ox a n d t h e v a t c on t en t s a r e fi n a l l y c a l cul a t ed fr o m t h e n et
”

wei g h t o f t h e cub i c f oo t o f s a n d a n d t h e v o l um e o f t h e v a t a s
fi ll ed .
 S E C T I ON IV

THE OR Y O F CR U S HIN G
Th e Sta t em en t o f Cr u s hi n g R es u l t in t erm s of m ecn a n i ca l

va l u es mu s t be b a s ed o n s o m e l a w d efi n i n g -t h e r a t i o b et w een
wo r k r equi r ed or d o n e a n d r educt i on i n d i m en s i o n r es u l t i n g
'

.
,

M u ch c o n tr o v er s y o n t h i s p o i n t h a s o ccurr ed a n d t w o l a ws , ,

t h os e of K i c k a n d R i tt i n g er h a v e b een t h e s ubj ec t of cri t i c i s m

,

o r s upp o rt .

’
R i tt i n g er s La w s t a t es t h a t t h e w o rk of cru s h i n g i s pr o p o rt i o n a l
‘

’
t o t h e r educt i on i n d i a m et er r es u l t i n g R i c h a rd s i n t erpr et a
.

t i o n IS i d en t i c a l but m a y be s t a t ed
d i ff er en t l y v i z
,

: t h a t t h e w o rk d o n e i s
,
.

pr o p ort i on a l t o t h e s urf a c e exp o s ed .

B y r ef err i n g t o Fi g 36 r epr es en t
.
,

ing a l in -
cub e i t w ill be s een
.
,

t h a t t h e s urf a c e a r ea i s X
6 s q i n ; I f t h i s cub e i s d i v i d ed i n t o
.

-
i n cub es by t h r ee p l a n es t h e s urf a c e
.

a r ea W i l l be i n cr ea s ed t o 8 l6 ( % X } é ) ] F IG 3 6 — S u bdi vi i o f cu be . . s n o

I f r educ ed t o M i n
.

1 2 sq i n . .
-
.

cub es t h e s urfa c e a r ea w i l l be n cr ea s ed t o 6 46 0 1 X 4 3]
i 4 1

24 s q i n . Th e s urf a c e a r ea s of t h e cub es t h er ef o r e i n cr ea s e
.

i n t h e pr o p o rt i on s 6 1 2 : 2 4 o r 1 5 2 : 4 whi c h c orr es p on d s t o ,

t h e r ec i pr o c a l s of t h e l en g t h s of cub e s i d es or d i a m et er s
“
.
,

Th e R el a ti ve S u r fa ce E x po s ed i n E a ch G ra d e Ma y B e D et er
mi n ed by d i v i d i n g t h e wei g h t o f m a t er i a l f ou n d i n t h a t g r a d e by
t h e a v er a g e d i a m et er of t h e pa rt i c l es Th i s i s b a s ed on t h e fa ct
.

t h a t t h e t o t a l s urf a c e a r ea f or a n y d efi n i t e wei g h t of or e v a r i es
i n v er s el y a s t h e d i a m eter o f t h e p a rt i c l es c o mp os i n g t h a t wei g h t .

45
 H A N DBOOK OF OR E D R ES S ING

z
Av era g e S i e o f Ma t eri a l i n ea c h g r a d e i s d et erm i n ed by _

fi n d i n g t h e a r i t h m et i c a l m ea n wi dt h of t h e a p ertur es i n t h e
s cr een o n w hi c h t h e p a rt i c l es r em a i n a n d t h e s cr een o f n ex t

l a rg er a p ertur e wi dt h Thi s g i v es a fi g ure w h i c h i s a s a p pr ox i

N

m a t el y co rr ect a s p oss i b l e w h er e s creen s wi t h c l o s e— o rd er d i f f er

en c e i n a p ertur e wi dth a r e u s ed .

Th e R eci pr o ca l s of t h e M ean D i a m et er o f s cr een a p ertur e

wi dt h ar e us ed by D el M a r i n t h e c omput a t i o n o f cru s h i n g effi
ci en cy c o mp a r i s on s Th es e r ec i pr o c a l s a r e mu l t i p l i ed by p er
-
.

c en t a g e of m a t eri a l fo un d i n t h e v a ri ou s g r a d es a n d t h e pro d uct ,

g i v e s r el a t i v e s urf a c e exp o s ed B y a
. s s um i n g r el a t i v e s urf a c e
u n i t s a n d wor k u n i t s a s of i n t erc h a n g ea b l e v a l u e t h e c omp a ri s o n
m a y be m a d e i n t h e m a n n er s h o w n i n Ta b l e X R el a ti v e Me .

ch a n i ca l E mci en ci es m a y be o bt a i n ed by mu l t i p l y i n g un i t s of

wo r k d on e i n ea c h c a s e by duty o r o utput a n d d i v i d i n g t h e
r es ul t by p o wer c o n s umpt i o n .

T AB LE X .
-
C o MPA R 1s 0 N or C RUS HI N G P ER F O R MA N C E B A S E D ON
’
B I TT I N LA W 25
’

GE R s

R eci p r o ca l s of S i zes of S cr een A p ert u r es

 T HE O R Y OF C R US HING

T A B LE X .
—(C on ti n u ed )
S creen A n a l ys es of Mi l l Ma t er i a l

M i ll N o . 2

M es h

1 20

R el a t i v e W o rk D o n e in Mi l l N o . 1

Un i t s of wor k in f eed

Un i t s of wo rk i n f eed

D i ff er en ce ,
un its of w o r k d on e p er t o n
48 H A N D BOOK OF OR E D R E S S ING

R el a t i v e W o r k D on e in Mill No 2 .

Un i t s of w o r k i n f eed Un i t s of work
i n d i s ch a r g e .

D i ff er en ce ,
un its of w or k d on e p er t o n

Th e o f Va r i o u s M i lli n g M a chi n es ,
C r u s h i n g E mci en ci es
c a l cul a t ed on t h e b a s i s of i n cr eas ed s urf a c e ex p os ed dur i n g
cr us hi n g i s g i v en i n Ta b l e X I
,
.

T AB LE X I —C R U S R 1 N G . E FF I C I E N C I E S OF V AR I O U S M AC H I N E S “

P l an t

G ol d fi el d C o n St a m p s .

D om e . St a m p s .

G ol d fi el d C o n Hi g h -
s p eed C h i l ea n
Mog ul . . Hi g h -
s p eed C hi l ea n
G ol d B el t Sl ow s p eed C h i l ea n
-

St a . Sl ow s p eed C h i l ea n
-

La U n i on Sl ow s p eed C h i l ea n
-

Ll a n o Sl o w s p eed C h i l ea n
-

W h eel er p a n
 H A NDB OOK OF OR E D R E S S ING

T AB LE X II —S TA D LE R
.
’
s S T A N D AR D G RA D E S .
86

M es h a p er t u r e

l
O r d i n a n u m ber o r l en g th of s i d e of t h eor et i ca l cu bes )
m ech a n i ca lv l
a ue
E n er g y Un i t s
Mm .

. 0 0 09 8 . 0 2 480
. 00 1 2 3 0 03 1 2 5
.

. 00 1 5 5 . 0 3 93 7
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.

00 24 6
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.

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.

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.

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.

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. 63 0
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 T HE OR Y OF CR US HING 51

t he mec h a n i c a l v a l u es o f mpl es fr om f eed a n d d i s c h a rg e A n

sa .

ex a mp l e of t hi s m et h o d i s g i v en i n T a b l e X II I In t h i s c a s e a .

c omp a r i s on w a s b ei n g m a d e b et w een t h e O p er a t i o n of fo ur N i s s en
s t a mp s a n d t w o fi v e s t a mp m i l ls -
Th e dr o p i n ea c h c a s e b o th
.
,

w i t h r eg a rd t o h ei g h t a n d fr equ en cy w a s i d en t i c a l a n d t h e u n i t
, ,

of en er g y w a s t h er ef o r e b a s ed o n eff ect i v e w ei g h t o f s t a mp Th e .

f eed i n ea c h c as e w a s a l s o i d en t i c a l a n d wa s a s s um ed t o h a v e a
r el a t i v e m ec h a n i c a l v a l u e o f z
er o i n comp a r i s on wi t h t h e cru s h ed

pr oduct .

T AB LE X III E X AM P LE O F M E T H O D O F C O M P U TI N G R ELATIV E
.
-

MEC H A N I CAL E FFI C I E N CY O F C RU S HI N G M A C HI N E S 7 2

K i ck
’
(B a s ed on s La w )

S c r een i n g T w o 5- s t a m p m i ll s

6 6 54
. 64 6 0

10 . 17

2 3 74

D ut y p er stam p p er 24 h o u r s

Appr ox i m a t e M ech a n i ca l Va l u es c orr es p on d i n g t o a n y s i z e

of s cr een a p ertur e m a y be f o u n d fr o m Fi g 37 Th e t o p fi g ur es . .

—
(1 2 2 6 ) r epr es en t t h e en er g y u n i t s S cr een a p ertur e wi dt h s
z
.

a r e g i v en i n t h e l eft h a n d c ol um n
-
Th e ju n ct i o n of t h e h or i o n t al
.
52 H A NDB OOK OF OR E DR ES S ING

O -G
v N CO fl ‘ lO CO N w (D
—
O
v l
M
M
N
M

O O
N O M
M M
M
.
O
O
.
M
.
8 .
3 .
O
.
Q
.
O
.
O
.
O
.
O O
.
O
.
O
.
O
.
O
.
O
.

N O N N O O M M M O O O O O O
N O M M M O O O O O O O O O O
M M O N N O M M N 0 O O
J J
O . . . . . . . . .

H .
M N N N M N 0 N M
M M O O O O M N M
N N O N N M .

K
. .

N M O N
M O

w
w m m
m e fi o m
m « c w m fl o c
e w a n o m u m o m
m m m m e e c m m v a o
@ o m e o fi w o m ~ o o o
. . . . . . . . . . . . .

N m w ¢ m w m “ o o o o o
N m w o m
O m ~
;

M
O N O
M O O O M
M M O O O M M M
N O M M M O O O N O
M M O M N O O O M O
O O O M M M M O O O
M M M M M O O O O O
N N O O O O O O O O

O
. . . . . . . . .

O O O O O O O O O
 T HEOR Y OF C R US HI N G

l in e fr o m t h e g i v en s cr een a p ertur e wi t h t h e curv e s h o w n wi l l

g i v e a p o i n t v ert i c a ll y b el o w t h e r equ i r ed m ec h a n i c a l v a l u e .

M ech a n i c a l V a l u es
1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 25 20

37 .
—S t a d l er en er g y -
un it cu r v e .

A Ta bl e o f C on s ta n t s f or Tyl er S t an da r d S i eve s c a l c ul a t ed
.

on t he ba si s of
v er a g e s i z es of s ucc es s i v e s cr een ed pr o duct s
a

r a t h er t h a n a pertur e s i z es i s g i v en i n Ta b l e X I V Th e fi g ur es
z
.
,

a re ,
t h er efo r e b a s ed o n a v er a ge s i e o f pr o duct t h r o u g h t h e
,

c oa rs er s i ev e on t h e n ex t fi n er .
 S E C T I ON V

R O A S TIN G

R o a s ti n g o f M eta ll i f er ou s O r es i s c a rri ed o ut f or t h e pu rp o s e
I o f r em ovi n g c ert a i n el em en t s wh i c h w o u l d i n t erf er e wi t h s u b
s equ en t tr ea tm en t . C o pp er l ea d z i n c a n d g ol d o r es a n d Co n
, , ,

c en t r a t es a r e r o a s t ed t o r em o v e s u l p h ur a n d i n o rd er t o m a k e

t h e m a t er i a l a m en a b l e t o s m el t i n g o p er a t i on s a n d f or t h e pur ,

p e of r em o v i n g c ert a i n v ol a t i l e r efr a ct o ry m et al s s uc h a s
o s ,

a r s en i c a n d b i s mut h G ol d o r es a r e r oa s t ed a s a pr el i m i n a r y t o
.

cy a n i d e tr ea tm en t i n o rd er t o el i m i n a t e t h e p o s s i b l e a ct i o n of
i n t erf eri n g el em en t s t o r educ e t o n n a g e a n d t o f a c il i t a t e s u bs e
, ,

qu en t g r i n d i n g . Th e fr eei n g of g ol d fr o m en c a s i n g pyr i t e by ,

r o a s t i n g i s a l s o a n i m po rt a n t f a ct or i n t h e a m a l g a m a t i o n tr ea t
, x

m en t of a c ompl ex or e
-
.

H ea p Ro a s ti n g i s a s i mpl e pr o c es s i n w hi c h a l a r g e c o n e of
c o a rs e or e i s p i l ed o v er a s t a ck of wo o d fu el T h e l a tt er w h en .

i g n i t ed s upp l i es t h e n ec es s a r y h ea t a n d dr a u g h t a n d t h e r oa s t i n g ,
i

pr o c eeds wi t h o ut a dd i t i o n a l fu el pr o vi d ed t h e or e c a rr i es s uffi
c i en t s ul p h ur t o m a i n t a i n c o mbu s t i on .

A c h a rt f or t h e r a pi d C on ver s i on o f Fa h r en h ei t i n t o C en t i
g r a d e Tem p er a tur es , or v i c e v er s a i s g i v en i n T a b l e XV ,
.

Th e E d war d s Furn a ce (Fi g d es i g n ed i n A u s tr a li a a n d

.
,

us ed wi t h s ucc es s i n t h e r o a s t i n g of t h e s ul p h o t el l ur i d e o r es a t
'

.
-

K a l g oo rli e i s a r ev erb er a t o ry fur n a c e of t h e s tr a i g h t li n e s i n g l e

,
-
,

h ea rt h type . T h er e a r e t wo fir ep l a c es T h e r a bb l es a n d r a bb l e
.

S p i n d l es a r e wa t er c ool ed a t t h e fr o n t en d of t h e fur n a c e
,
Th es e .

a r e of t h e u s u a l r ev ol v i n
g typ e a n d dr i v e n by s u i t a b l e g ea r i n g
fr o m t h e t o p of t h e fur n a c e I n c l in a t i on of t h e fur n a c e fr o m
.

t h e h or i z on t a l wi l l d ep en d o n t h e c h a r a ct er of t h e or e a n d t h e
t i m e r eq ui r ed f or r oa s t i n g A v er a g e pr a ct i c e wou l d i n d i c a t e
”

a f a l l o f a b o ut 8 i n fr o m f eed t o d i s c h a r g e a d i s t a n c e of 7 0 ft
.
,
.

54
 R OAS T ING 55

TAB LE XV.
—C oN V E R s 1 0 N S C A LE F O R C E N T I G RA D E AND F A H RE N H E I T
TE M P ERA T U RE 3°
56 H A N D BOOK OF O R E D R ES S ING

Th e M erton F urn a ce (Fi g 3 9 ) i s .

a m o r e c o mp a ct m o d i fic a t i o n of t h e

E d w a rd s typ e a n d c o n s i s t s of t h r ee
s up er i mp o s ed h ea rt h s E f fect i v e
.

a ct i o n o ccur s as t h e or e dr o p s
t h r o u g h t h e fl a m e fr o m on e h ea rt h
t o t h e h ea rt h n ext b el o w Th e .

r a bb l es a r e s i m i l a r t o t h os e u s ed i n

t he E d w a rd s fur n a c e a n d a r e
w a t er c ool ed .Thi s fur n a c e i s s a i d
t o h a v e a g r ea t er c a p a c i ty t h a n t h e
E d wa rd s ,
an d i n v ol v es s m a l l er
i n i ti a l c os t .

Th e Ropp Fu rn a ce i s O f t h e __

s i n g l e h ea rt h
-
s tr a i g h t li n e typ e i n
,
-

wh i c h a r a k e O p er a t es i n p l a c e of
t h e u s u a l r ev ol v i n g r a bb l es .

Th e Ho l th o ff W et h ey Fu rn a ce
-

h a s t w o h ea rt h s a c o oli n g h ea rth
,

b ei n g a rr a n g ed b el ow t h e r oa s t i n g
h ea rt h . T h e r a bb l es c o n s i s t i n g of
,

h o r i z o n t a l c a rri er s wi t h a n umb er of
b l a d es a tt a c h ed a r e dri v en by
,
‘

c h a i n s w h i c h a r e i n tur n O p er a t ed
by s pr o ck et wh eel s T h e r a bb l e .

c a rr i ers a r e s upp o rt ed by r oll ers

a tt a c h ed t o t h e c h a i n s a t ea c h en d

a n d o p er a t e o v er t h e wh o l e wi dt h

o f t h e h ea rt h .

—
Th e C o m bi n a t i o n E dwa r d s a n d
H o l th o ff W et h ey Furn a c e (Fi g 4 0 ) .

d es i g n ed a t t h e G r ea t B o u l d er Per
s ev er a n c e Mi n e K a l g o o r l i e ut i li z es
, ,

t h e r a bb li n g s y s t em of t h e E d w a rd s
fur n a c e i n t h e t o p h ea rt h a n d t h e
H ol t h off W et h ey s y s t em i n t h e
-

l o wer h ea rth .

Th e P ear ce Turr et Furn a ce (Fi g .

4 1 ) n o w l a r el v s u p er s ed ed by t h e
58 H A N D BOOK OF OR E D R ES S ING

r ev erb er a t o ry h ea rt h s i n g l e or s up eri mp os ed i n t errupt ed by a

, ,

d i s c h a rg e h o pp er R a bb l i n g i s d on e by m ea n s of r ot a t i n g w a t er
.

c ool ed r a bb l e a r m s t o wh i c h a r e a tt a c h ed s oli d pl a t e s t eel or

h
-

ba r i r o n r a bb l es
-
.

Th e M a c d o u g a l l Fur n a c e c o n s i s t s O f a n un i ber o f c i rcul a r

h ea rt h s c on t a i n ed i n a cyli n d er or t o w er R a bb l i n g i s ef f ect ed
.

by m ea n s o f a c en tr a l s h a ft t o w h i c h a r e c o n n ect ed a n umb er of
r a bb l es o p er a t i n g o v er t h e or e i n ea c h h ea rt h T h e or e i s r a bb l ed .

fr o m c en tr e t o c i rcumf er en c e i n o n e h ea rt h a n d fr om c i rcumf er
en c e t o c en tr e i n t h e h ea rt h b el o w I n t h e f o rm er c a s e t h e or e
.

F IG . 40 .
—E d w a r d s Hl t h
o o f f—
‘V
e t h ey fu r n a ce .
7

dr o p s t h r ou g h a p a s s n ea r t h e c i rcumf er en c e a n d i n t h e l a tt er
c a s e n ea r t h e c en tr e T h e r o a s t i n g a ct i on i s m a t er i a l l y h el p ed
.

b y t h e d i r ect exp o s ur e t o t h e fl a m e duri n g tr a n s i t fr o m t h e h ea rt h

t o t h e o n e b el o w T h e o r e i s f ed t h r o u g h t h e r oof
. C a p a c i ty .

a v er a g es a b o ut 2 5 s qft h ea rt h a r ea p er t o n r o a s t ed p er 24 h o u rs

Th e H
. . .

err es h o fi R oa s t i n g F u rn a c e ( Fi g a m o d i fic a t i on o f
.

t h e M a cd o u g a l l r o a s t er h a s a i r c o ol ed r a bb l es
,
-
T h e ut i li z a t i on .

o f t h e h ea t ed a i r i n t h e f o rm o f dr a u g h t h a s b een f o u n d t o r es u l t

i n an ec o n o my i n fu el Co n s ump t i o n a n d p erm i t s t h e r oa s t i n g o f
a c o n c en tr a t e l o w er i n s u l p h ur c on t en t t h a n w o u l d o t h er wi s e be

p os s i b l e
.
R OAS T ING
60 H A N DB OOK OF OR E DR ES S ING

In ’
t h e O Bri en F urn a ce (Fi g 4 3 )
. t he Ma cd o u g a ll pri n cipl e
is f oll ow ed but t h e c en tr a l dri vi n g s h a ft i s h oll ow a n d c on si s t s
,

of t h ree c o mp a rtm en t s Th e c en tr a l c o mp a rtm en t s erv es

.

FIG . 42 .
—
H err es h o ff r o a s t i n g f u r n a ce .

t he p a s s a g e of c ol d a i r t o t h e r a bb l es a n d t h e t wo ot h er s s erv e
as o ut l et s f o r t h e h o t a i r Th e r a bb l es a r e fitt ed wi t h a d i vi s i o n
.

p l a t e pl a c ed h or i z o nt a ll y Th e c ol d a i r en t ers fr o m t h e s h a ft
.
,

a n d p a s s es u n d er t h i s pl a t e a n d r etur n s a b o v e i t t o t h e s h a ft .
 R OAS T ING

Th e a rms a re i n s er t ed or r em o v ed h o ri z on t a l l y , t h u s i ns ur i n g

s p a c e a n d h ea t ec on o my a n d g r ea t er c a p a c i ty .

In t h e W edg e F u rn a c e (Fi g t h e es s en t i a l fea tur e i s a n

.

en l a r g ed c en tr a l s h a ft ,
a b o ut 5 ft i n d i a m et er t h r o u g h whi c h
.
,

i t i s p o s s i b l e t o r em ov e a n d r ep l a c e t h e r a bb l e a rm s a n d wh i c h ,

a l s o f a c i li t a t es t h e u s e o f i nd ep en d en t a i r or wa t er c o n n ect i o n s

FIG . 43 .
— O B r i en
’
fu r n a ce .

to ea c h a rm . A dj u s t m en t of pr a ct i c e m a y be m a d e t o s ui t
t h e r equ i r em en t s o f t h e p a rt i cu l a r or e b ei n g r o a s t ed dur i n g t h e
o p er a t i o n o f t h e fur n a c e .

In t h e Ri d g e Furn a ce (Fi g 4 5 ) t h er e a r e a n umb er of s up er

.

i m p Os ed h ea rt h s . Th e upp erm o s t h ea rt h dr i es a n d h ea t s t h e
or e a n d fr o m t h er e i t i s f ed d o w n w a rd t h r o u g h p a s s es t o t h e
62 H A N D BOOK OF O R E D R ES S ING

l o wer h ea rt h s , b ei n g r a bb l ed en r o ut e . Th e l o wes t h ea rt h i s a

c o ol i n g h ea rt h w h er e t h e a i r r equ i r ed i n t he fur n a c e i s pr eh ea t ed .

FIG . 44 .
— \Ved g e m e c h a n i ca lf u r n a ce .

An c
e on o my of h ea t i n c ool i ng t h e o r e b ef o r e i t l ea v es t h e fur n a c e,
a n d ut i l i z i n g t h e h ea t s o r ec o v er ed i s c l a i m ed
,
.
 R OA S T ING

F IG . 45 .
—R i d g e roa s t i n g fur n a ce .

FIG . 46 .
—B ruc kn er r oa s t i n g fu r n a ce.
 64 H A NDB OOK OF OR E DR E S S ING

Th e Bru ckn er R oas ti n g Furn a ce i s o f t h e cy li n dr i c a l r ev o l v i n g

ty pe, a n d of i n t erm i tt en t O p er a t i o n Th e fur n a c e b o dy i s .

supp ort ed by d oub l e t i r es a n d r oll er s t h e l a tt er b ei n g o p er a t ed ,

by m ea n s of a s h a ft dr i v en by worm g ea r In t h e typ e i l l u s tr a t ed .

( g
F i 4 6.
) t h e fi r e b o x i s Of t h e r e
-
m o v a b l e typ e wi t h n o fi x ed

c o n n ect i on b et ween i t a n d t h e fur n a c e .

A Fi n e- O r e F eed er f or r oa s t i n g fur n a c es i s s h o wn i n Fi g 4 7 . .

Thi s c on s i s t s of a flut ed r oll o p er a t ed by a cr a n k a n d r a t c h et

7

dr i v en by a n ecc en tri c r o d off t h e r o a s t i n g dr i v i n g g ea r A dj u s t .

m en t i s m a d e by a l t er i n g t h e t h r o w o f t h e b el l cr a n k Th e .

dj u st a bl e Lever
s w a m

47 —.Fi n e ’

-o r e r oa st i n g fu r n a ce f ee d e r .
7
FIG . 48 .
—
C on vey or f eed e
r f or fu r na c e .
7

flut ed r ol l i s 1 1 i n d i a m a nd 1 4 i n l o n g a n d h a s 8 c o rru g a t i on s
. . .
,

ea c h 2 i n i n
. d i a m T h e .c e n tr es O f curv a tur e s o f t h e c o rru g a t i o n s

a r e o n t h e c i rcumf er en c e o f t h e r o ll A c a s t i r o
. n s h ell f o rm s
- t h e

c a s i n g t o t h e r oll s a n d i s pr o v i d ed wi t h i n s p ecti o n c o v er s t o
p erm i t t h e r em o v a l of a n y u n d es i r a b l e m a t eri a l .

D eli erv y o f Gr o u n d O r e i n t o F ur n a c e C h a m b e r 7
m a y b e e f f ect e d
by m ea n s of a s h ort s cr ew c on v ey or (s ee F i g 4 8 ) a dj u s t ed t o .

d el i v er well a bOv e t h e m a x i mum r eq u i r em en t s A ctu a l feed .

a m o u n t is c o n tr ol l e d by a n a dj u s t a b l e d e v i c e c o n n e ct e d w i t h t h e

or e f eed i n g a rr a n g em en t s
-
.
H A N D BOOK OF OR E D R ES S ING

FI G . 50 —Sh
. a ki n g g ri zz l y .
”

O re B i n

V I
TRA E L N G FE EDE R

FIG . 51 .
—C rus h er -
f eed er g r i zz l y .
14
 S CR E E NING

L um ps

F i n es

F IG . 52 .
—T ri p le s cr een i n g g ri z
zly .
I4

FIG . 53 .
—
R v l vi
e o n g s cr een .
68 H A NDBOOK OF OR E D R ES S ING

s t r u ct i n
g t he
tr o mm el o f s ev er a l c o n c en t r i c cy li n d er s ea c h Of
‘

l a r g er d i a m et er a n d wi t h s m a ll er p erf o r a t i o n s t h a n t h e o n e p r e
c ed i n g i t .

54 . Re v l vi
o n g s cr ee n s o per a tin g i n s e r i es .

FIG . 55 .
-
Hx
e a g on a l r ev o l v ing , s cr ee n .

H ex a g o n a l or O cta g o n a l R evo l v i n g S cr een s (Fi g 55) i n s ur e .

b ett er s i evi n g a s a r es ul t of m or e en er g et i c i mp a ct b et w een

m a t eri a l a n d s cr een S creen l i fe i s pr op o rt i on a t el y s h ort er
. .
 S C R EE NING

Tr om m el Perf o ra ti o n s i z es o n a cc o u n t of s cr een p l a t e i n c li n a
,
-

t i o n a n d s p eed d o n ot c o i n c i d e wi t h pr o d uct s i z es A 1 i n cub e

,
.
-
.

w i l l r equ i r e a ppr o x i m a t el y a l l é i n d i a m et er r i n g t o p a s s t h r o u g h
-
.
,

an d a 1% in -
. O p en i n g t o be s cr een ed by tr o mm el A s t a t em en t
.

of c o mp a r a t i v e m ea su r em en t s f o r v a r i o u s s i z es 1 s g i v en I n T a b l e

XV I .

Th e Ma xi m um Thi ckn es s o f Steel P l a t e t h r ou g h wh i c h i t i s

'

pr a ct i c a b l e t o pu n c h r o u n d or s qu a r e h ol es of t h e d i a m et er '

F IG . 56 .
—Im p a ct s cr een .

t t ed i s i n d i c a t ed i n Ta b l e XV II T h e fi g ur es g i v en a r e i n exc es s
s a .

of a v er a g e r eq u i r em en t s .

Th e I m pa ct S cr een (Fi g 5 6 ) O p erat es by m ea n s of a s h a f t t o

.

w hi c h t w o r a tc h et s a r e a tt a c h ed Th e c a m s f o rc e t h e fr a m e
.

d o wn w a rd a g a i n s t S pr i n g s whi c h s ub s eq u entl y c a rry t h e fr a m e

, ,

o n r el ea s e o ut w a rd a n d up w a rd a g a i n s t t h e s t o p s
, Th e l en g t h .

O f s tr o k e ca n be r eg u l a t ed a n d t h e i mp a ct i s s uc h t h a t t h e
,

en t i r e b o dy of ore i s m o m en t a r i l l i f t ed o ff t h e s ur f a c e of t he
y
s cr een .
70 H A N D BOOK OF O R E D R ES S ING
—
TA B LE X VI S C H E D U LE . OF R ELA T IV E S I Z ES OF S TO N E AND S C REE N 8

Si z e o f c u be Si z e o f ri n g

i A x s c r een
i A p p r qm m f
E x a ct , in .
p p mro

1 11 .
a t e,
E x a ct in .

In .
a t e.
I
p er o r a t i on , in .

Im pa ct Screen s a r e s a i d t o be pr ef er a b l e t o tr omm el s f o r h a n
dli n g m i n us in m a t er i a l f o r t h e f oll owi n g r ea s on s : (1 )
-
.
,

Hi g h er s ep a r a t i o n effi c i en cy ;(2 ) l o wer fir s t c os t f or eq ui pm en t

a n d er ect i o n ; (3 ) r ep a i rs ca n be m a d e m or e s p eed i l y ;(4 ) g r ea t er
a cc ess i b ili ty t o a ll p a rt s A s t a t em en t of a ppr oxi m a t e c a p a c i ty
.

f or v a r i ous m es h es i s g i v en i n Ta b l e XV II I .

Th e S tur tevan t N ewa yg o S epar a to r (Fi g 57 ) o per a t es o n t h e

-
.

pri n c i pl e Of l i g h t h a mm er t a p s on r ei n forc ed scr een s urf a ce .

I t h a s a n o utput g r a d e ra n g e fr o m M i n t o 1 80 m es h ;a n d fr o m .

o n e t o fo ur pr o duct s ca n be m a d e wi t h on e m a c h i n e Th e (
.

c a p a c i ty of s uc h m a c hi n es i s g i v en i n Ta b l e X I X .
 S CR E E NING

T AB LE X VII M I N I MU M S I Z E
-
H LE S
O ,
S Q U ARE OR R O UN D , W H I C H MA Y BE

P UN CHED IN S T EE L P L A T E S
l l

T h i c k n es s of p l a t es Sm a ll es t ho l e

Bi rm i n g h a m g a ug e I n c h es F r a ct i o n of a n i n ch

TAB LE X VII I , .
—
C A P AC I T Y OF IM P AC T S C REE N S 31

Si z e o f s c r een : 4 ft . x 3 ft .

M es h T o n s p er 2 4 h r .
 “

72 H A N D BOOK OF OR E D R ES S ING

Th e Bun k er Hi l l
Screen (Fi g 58 ) i s i n t h e fo rm o f a c o n e
.

c on n ect ed a t i t s b a s e wi t h a h oll o w s h a ft pl a c ed a t a n a n g l e of
Th e s cr een i s dr i v en by g ea r i n g a n d m a y be O p er a t ed a t ,

fr om 20 r p m Th e f eed s tri k es t h e s cr een t a n g en t i a l l y t h e

. . .
,

fi n es a re d eli v er ed t h r o u g h t h e wi r e c l o t h a n d t h e o v ers i z e ,

F IG . 57 .
—
S tu r te v an t- N ew a yg o s ep a r a t o r .

p a s s es t h r o u g h t h e h o l l o w s h a ft A s pr a y of w a t er t hr o ug h t h e
.

s cr een fr om t h e o u t s i d e m a t er i a ll y a s s i s t s s ep a r a t i o n
"

Th e C a ll o w S cr een (F i g 59 ) c on s i s t s of a n end l ess b el t s cr een

.
-

r ev ol vi n g on r oll ers Th e pul p i s d eli v er ed o n t o t h e upper

.

s urf a c e o f t h e s cr een t h r o u g h Wh i c h t h e fi n es p a ss
,
W a t er .

S pr a y s a r e u s ed t o c l ea n t h e s cr een a n d a ss i s t i n t h e r em o v a l of
74 H A N D BOOK OF OR E D R ES S ING

T AB LE X IX .
-
N E W AY G O VI B RA T O RY S CREE N
-
OP E RA T I O N 32

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

30
40
Br a s s 60 0 0 08
. 0 0 08 7
.

80 0 0 0 57 5
. 0 0068
.

1 00 0 004 5
. 0 00 55
.

Th e N u m ber o f Hol es per Li n ea r I n c h i n a s cr een i s t erm ed t h e

m es h . Thi s fi g ur e h a s n o s i g n i fi c a n c e u n l es s t h e w i r e S i z es a r e
a l s o g i v en Th e g en er a l a d o pt i o n o f a s t a n d a rd s er i es o f s cr een s
.

wi t h fix ed r a t i o d i ff er en c es i n t h e m es h a p ert u r es i s ur g en t l y
n eed ed .

Th e w o rd S cr een i n g i s u s ed t o d en o t e t h e n umb er of h ol es p er
“ '

s qu a r e i n c h Th u s 4 0 by 4 0 m es h i s k n o w n a s 1 60 0 s cr een i n g
. .

Th e us e of t hi s t erm t o d es i g n a t e s cr een S i z es Is t o be d epr ec a t ed ,

a s i t c on v ey s n o d e fi n i t e i n f orma t i on a s t o t h e a ct u a l d i m en s i on s
O f t h e s cr een i n g a p ert ur e s

S cr een or M es h Apert ur e i s a t erm u s u a l ly r eferri n g t o t h e

li n ea r d i m ens i o n of O pen i n g fr o m wi r e t O w i re O n e d i m en s i o n .

o n l y 1 s g i v en w h en t h e o pen i n g i s s qu a r e a nd t w o d i m en s i on s a r e

g i v en w h en t h e o p en i n g i s O b l o n g .

N eedl e S l o t P un ch ed S cr een s a r e s o m et i m es u s ed f or b a tt ery

-

a n d o t h er m il l w o rk Th e s l ot s a r e u s u a l l y a b o ut in in
Tr a d e s i z
. .

l en g t h . es of s uc h s cr een i n g a r e g i v en i n T a b l e XX .
 S CR E E NING

T AB L E XX —N EE D LE S L T S C REE N S
.
-
O
11

Wi d t h of S ot l

N o . 1 Mes h ) N o. 3 Mes h ) N o . 5 M es h )

No 7. M es h ) N o . 10 M es h ) N o . 12 M es h )
F IG . OO .
—S t a n d a r d di a g on a l l l
n eed e- S o t s c r een s .
u
76 H A N D BOOK OF OR E DR ES S ING

z
A ctu a l -s i e d i a g r a m s a r e r epr o duc ed i n Fi g 60 Wi t h t h i s typ e . .

o f s cr een t h e t o t a l d i s c ha r g e a r ea i s s m a l l w h en c o mp a r i s o n i s

m a d e wi t h a wi r e m es h ob l o n g O p en i n g s cr een of t h e s a m e a p er
-
,
-

tur e w i dt h .

R i t t i n g er s S cr een S eri es (T a b l e XX I ) i s o f l i m i t ed a pp l i c a t i o n
’
,

t h e fu n d a m en t a l s cr een o p en i n g b ei n g 1 mm a n d t h e r a t i o be .

t w een s ucc es s i v e o pen i n g s x/ 2 .

Th e S cr een S eri es s u g g es t ed by R i ch a r d s , i n whi c h t h e r a ti o

b et ween s uc c es s i v e O p en i n g s i s x7 2 d i s p os es of c ert a i n di s a d v a n
,

t a g es of t h e R i tt i n g er s eri es but r es ul t s i n a n u n n ec es s a ry mu l t i
z
,

pli c a t i on of s cr een s i n t h e c o a r s er s i es Va l u es o f t h e fi n er
z
.

s i es a r e g i v en i n T a b l e XX II .

—
T AB LE XX L R I TT I N G E R S
’
S I EV E S C ALE 3

v
'

i s t a k en a s ra tio of di a m e t er o f ho l e in s c r ee n t o t he on e a bo e it

s qm m. . c u bes , cu . m m .
 S CR E E NING 77

TAB L E XX I I .
-
THE R I C H AR D S OR D O UB L E R I TT I N G ER R A T I O OF S C REE N
O PE N IN GS I N S M A LL S I Z E S
33

M es h

T AB LE XXIII; —TH E TY LER S T A N D AR D S CREE N S CAL E “

O p en i n g (r a t i o V2

I n c h es
78 HA N DBOOK OF OR E ~ DR E S S I N G

fr m
o -
in
p en i n g t o o i n i n 1 8 S i ev es A l t er n a t e u n i ts
i n t h e R i Ch a r ds r a t i o a r e us ed f or t h e s m a l l er S i z
. . .

es D et a i l s a r e .

g i v en i n Ta b l e XX II I .

Th e S cr een S ta n d a r d s S u g g es ted by S ta dl er as r epr es en t i n g

a m a t h em a t i c a ll y c o rr ect s c a l e r educt i o n r a t i o of 1 : 4 fr o m on e

i n c h d o w n w a rd a r e g i v en i n T a b l e XX I V Th es e a r e b a s ed .

o n a s y s t em a ss um i n g a r eg u l a r r educt i o n of t h e p a rt i c l e t o h a l f

1
It s v ol um e at ea c h s t ep g i vi n g a ra ti o of ;or by om l t t l n g
X7 5
, ,

1
al e n a
t r te g r a d es of ?
7

T74
, 3

T AB LE X X I V M
—S TA D L E R
’
S S CREE N S C ALE; 5

M a t h em a t i ca ll y c o r r ec t s ca e ;l \
1 ea r es t I BI M s t a n da rd l a bo r a t o r y s c r ee n s
r ed u ct i o n tio 1 4
. . .

ra

M es h a pe rt u r e M es h a p er t ure

I n ch es M i ll i m et e r s N um be r I n c h es M i ll i m et er s

Th e U . S . B ur eau
o f S ta nda r d s S cr een S ca l e i s g i v en i n T a b l e
XXV a n d c o mm en c es wi t h a 20 0 m es h s cr een wi t h a s qu a r e -

op en i n g of i n a n d a w i r e of . i n d i a m et er Th e . .

ra t i o i n cr ea s es b et ween s ucc es s i v e s i z es .
 S CR E E NING

T AB L E XX V .
-
U . S . B U REA U OF S T A N DAR D S S CR E EN S CAL E

If t h e ana lys i s i s t o be c a r r i ed fi n er t h a n in .
(2 00 m es h ) , t h e ne xt
fin er ve
si e o p en i n g in t he s c reen s ca l e s er i es is in .
(2 8 0 m es h ) .

Th e S cr een S t a n d a r d s A d o pted by th e I n s ti tuti o n o f M i n i n g -

a n d M et a ll ur g y (
'

Ta bl e XXV I ) a r e d es i g n ed s o t h a t t h e d i a m e
t er of t h e wi r e u s ed a ppr o x i m a t es a s c l os el y a s p os s i b l e t o , ,

t h e wi dt h of a p ertur e Th e c os t of m a n uf a cturi n g t h e fi n er ”
.

m es h s cr een s i s c o n s i d er a b l e a n d t h e s y s t em pr es en t s n o o bv i o u s
,

a dv a n t ag es I t l a ck s a fix ed r a t i o b et ween s ucc es s i v e s i ev e
.

o p en i n g s .

S cr een i n g An a l ys es a r e u s u a l l y m a d e o n u n i t q u a n t i t i es of
m a t eri a l v i z
,
: 1 00 . 2 00 50 0 o r 1 000 g m
, ,
i n o rd er t o f a c i l i t a t e
,
.
,

p e rc e n t a g e c a l cu l a t i o n T h e a m o u n t
. t o b e t a k en w i ll d e p e n d
80 H A N D BOOK OF OR E D R ES S ING

T AB LE XX V I —I M M . . . S T AN D AR D LA B O RA T O RY S CRE E N S

on t he w ei g h t s O bt a i n ed i n t h e d i ff er en t s i z in gs an d it is
,L

g e n e r a l l y a dv i s a b l e t o m a k e a r o u g h pr eli m i n a r y S i z i n g on 1 00
g m . t o s ee w h e t h e r t h e a m o u n t s o bt a i n e d i n a l l S i z es a r e li k el y
t o be s uffic i en t t o i n s ur e a ccur a cy i n w ei g hi n g . Ass a y r equi r e
m en t s wi l l al s o i n flu en c e t h e a m o u n t t a k en w h en i t i s n ec es s a ry
t o d et ermi n e s ub s eq u en t l y t h e m et a l li c c o n t en t s of t h e v a r i ou s
g r a d i n gs
.

Th e m a teri a l i s u s u a ll y t h o r o u g hl y D ri ed a n d M i x ed b ef o r e
t h e fi n a l s a mp l e i s t a k en f o r s i evi n g . In t h e c as e wh er e t h e p ul p
c a rri es a p erc en t a g e of c o mp a r a t i v el y c oa r s e i n ) g r a v el
.
,

i t i s oft en i mpr a ct i c a b l e t o s el ect a fi n a l s a mp l e f or s i evi n g c a rry

i n g a tru e p erc en t a g e o f t h e c oa r s er m a t eri a l . In t h e l a tter c a s e
i t wi ll O ft en be f o u n d a dvi s a b l e t o m i x a n d w ei g h t h e or e whi l e
s t i l l d a mp s o t h a t n o s eg r eg a t i on o f c oa r s e p a rt i c l es t a k es p l a c e .

Th e s a mp l e t a k en i s t h en dri ed wi t h c a r e a n d a n y l o s s a v o i d ed .

T h e dry wei g h t i s r ec o rd ed a n d t h e en t i r e s a mp l e s cr een ed . Th e

82 HA N D BOOK OF OR E D R ES S ING

l
C um u a t i v e Di rect

N ame
M é C M

FIG . 61 .
— Gra phi c s t a t em en t o f s c r ee n an a ly si s .
 S CR EEN ING

AS S A YS

Tol ol o
.

F IG . 62 .
—G r a p h i c s t a t em e n t o f s cr een a na ly si s .
84 H A NDB OOK OF OR E D R E S S ING

a b l e t o t es t t h e o v ers i ze wi t h t h e t i p s of t h e fi n g er s t o s ee wh et h er

t h e s ep a r a t i on h as b een effi c i en t .

A n In ev i ta bl e Lo s s o ccur s i n s i ev i n g o p er a t i o n s . Wh er e p a r
t i cu l a r c a r e i s t a k en t o c l ea n t h e s cr een s a ft er ea c h t es t i t m a y
be a s s um ed t h a t t h e l os s i s i n t h e fi n es t m a t er i a l . Th e a ctu a l
wei g h ed pr o p o rt i on Of t h e l a tt er m a y t h en be cr ed i t ed w i t h an
_

us u a ll y v a ryi n g fr o m on e t en t h t o o n e fif t h
'

a ddi t i o n a l a m o u n t ( - -

of 1 p er c en t o f t h e o ri g i n a l w ei g h t of or e) s o t h a t t h e t ot a l
.
,

w ei g h t o f s i ev ed m a t eri a l s s h o ul d eq u a l t h e w ei g h t o r i g i n a l l y
t a ken .

W et S cr een i n g i s s el d o m pr a ct i s ed a l t h ou g h i t i s a u s eful
,

m et h o d w h er e i t i s f o u n d n ec es s a ry t o d et erm i n e t h e a p p r ox i
m a t e p erc en t a g e oi fi n e c ol l oi d m a t eri a l (s uc h a s c l a y ) aS di s ,

t i n ct fr o m g r ou n d or e p a s s i n g t h e fi n es t s cr een
, . Th e a d o pt i on
o f w et s cr een i n g r es u l t s i n a g r ea t er pr o p o rt i o n of fi n es b ei n g

a cc o u n t ed f o r t h a n i n d ry s cr een i n g a n d i t i s t h er ef o r e a dv i s a b l e
,

i n r ep ort i n g s cr een a n a l y s es by w et m et h o d t o s t a t e t h e f a ct .

Th e R es ul t s o f G ra d i n g An a l ys es wi t h Fi x ed Ra t i o S i eves m a y
-

be Pl o tt ed i n t h e m a n n er s h o wn i n F i g s 6 1 a n d 62
. . Th e f orm er
i s a n ex a mp l e of a cumu l a t i v e d i r ec t d i a g r a m of t h e a n a l ys i s .

Th e v erti c a l l i n es r epr es en t t h e s cr een o p en i n g s .Th e curv e

s t a rt s a t t h e l o w er l eft h a n d c or n er a n d r i s es t owa rd t h e t o p
-

r i g h t h a n d c or n er a cc ord i n g t o t h e cumu l a t i v e perc en t a g es of

-

s cr een ed pr o duct s r ec o rd ed i n t h e a n a l y s i s . In F i g 6 2 t h e s a m e
.

r es ul t s a r e p l o tt ed a s a cumul a t i v e l og a ri t h m i c d i a g r a m i n w h i c h
equ a l d i s t a n c es o n t h e h o ri z on t a l s c a l e r epr es en t eq u a l r a t i os ,

a n d wh er e t h e l o g a r i t h m s of t h e d i a m et er s o f t h e O p en i n g s
"
a r e u s ed t o p l o t t h e curv e i n c o n j u n ct i o n wi t h t h e d et erm i n ed

p erc en t a g es .
 S E C T I ON VI I

C O AR S E To M E D IU M HIN G IN J
CR U S AW , GYR A T O R Y ,
D IS C , O R O THER M A CHIN E S

In t h e l a k e Type Cr u s h er t h e
B -
m o v a b l e ja w i s s uppo rt ed a t t h e
Thi s i s t h e u s u a l t y p e o f cru s h er a d o pt ed i n a v er a g e s i z e or -

s m a l l m i ll s . F i g ur e 63 i ll u s tr a t es t h e d es i g n a n d T a b l e XXV I I

F IG . 63 .
— F a rr el c r u s h er .
36

Ma i n f ra m e . 15 . T o g l e bea r i n g 27 l
B o t f o r s w i n g -j a w p l a te
l
. .

R ou n d ba c k 16 B o t f o r w ed g e 28 S h a ck e p i n
x l
.

l l l l
. . . .

Fi ed j a w p a t e 17 B o t f or t o g g e b o ck 29 S p r i n g - r od s h a ck e
l v
. . . .

S wi n g ja w p a t e 18 C o er f or m a i n b e a r i n g 30 S p r i n g r od
S wi n g J v
. . . .

aw . 19 C o er f or s w i n g j a w 31 S p r i n g ba r
f
. .

W
.

Pi t m a n . sha t 32 a s h er
l l W
. . .

T og g e b ock 20 G r ea s e cu 33 a s h er
H
.

l l
. . .

W ed e . 21 B a a n c e w eel an d wh ee
f l f
. . .

E ccen t r i c s h a t 22 B o t f or s w i n g -j a w s h a t 85 Th u m b n ut
f v
. . . .

S w i n g -j a w s h a t co er 36 R ubb er s p r i n g
lf l B lt f l ll y
. . . .

U p p er h a c h eek p a t e o or m ain b ea r i n g 37 B o t f or p u e
lf l
.

P ll y
. . .

Lo w er h a ch eek p a t e 24 u e 38 G r ea s e-box cov er

l l v
. . . .

B o t f or ch eek p a t e 25 G r ea s e-b o x co er o n m a i n bea r i n g .

l B lt
. . .

T og g e. 26 . o an d t h um b s c r ew .

85
86 H A N D BOOK OF OR E D R ES S ING

i v es d e t a i l s o f o p e r a t i o n D et a i l s o f a c l a s s w i t h u n u s u a l f e e d
g .

p
o en i n g d i m en s i o n s d es i g n,
e d f o r fi n e cru s h i n g a r e g i v en i n ,

T a b l e XXV II I .

Th e t y p c
i a l B l ak e C ru s h e r D i a g r a m i l l u s t r a t i n g t h e t e n d e n cy ,

t o w a rd i n v a r i a b l e c o mp os i t i o n of pr o duc t i rr es p ec t i v e of c l a s s ,

l
M i l i m et er ; 2 3 4 5 6 7 '
8 J1 0
‘
1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 22
Mes h 1 50 70 50 40 30 2 4 20 16 10 8 No 2 .

F IG . 64 .
—C rv
u e s h owi n g un i f o rm i t y Of g r a d e p r o d u ced in cru s hi n g f
d i f er en t
m a t er i a s l in a B l a ke c r u s h er .
38

F IG 65 — D od g e
39
. . c r u s h er .

of m a t eri a l f ed i s s h o w n i n Fi g
,
curv r f r. 64 . T h e i n d i v i du a l es e e

to d r
i ff e en t t t t
es s w i h d r
i ff e en t m a t er i a l s T h e c ru s h er j a w s .

w er e s et t o 1 i n c h .

T h e D o d g e Type C r u s h er (Fi g 6 5 ) h a s i t m v b j
- s o a l e a w i
pv t d
o e
.

a t t h e l o w er en d a n d c o n s equ en t l y pr duc
-
o es a fi r
n e a n d m r o e

i
It s i l i
ev en pr o duct t h a n t h e B l a k e t m d rg z
n o a e n a e s es .
.
COA R S E TO M E D I U AI C R US HING

m c
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88 H A N D BOOK OF OR E D R ES S ING

FI G . 66 .
—S ec t i o n a l vi ew g yr a t o r y brea ker .
18

T AB LE X X V III — A PP R O X I M A T E
. C A P AC I T I E S OF F ARRE L FI N E
C RU S H ER S ”

T A B LE XX I X —A P P R O X I M A T E C A P AC I T Y
.
~
OF D O D G E C R U S HE RS
l l

'

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qu i r ed 1
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.

z
h our. n ut S i e
i R ev l
o ut i on s

p er m i n u t e
I
re

l
90 H A N D BOOK OF OR E D R ES S ING

D et a i l s Of o utput an d o t h er i n f o rm a t i on a re g i v en i n T a b l e

XX I X .

G yra t o ry C ru s h er s , a s t h ei r n a m e i mp l i es o p er a t e o n a n ,
.

ecc en tr i c r ev o l v i n g m o v em en t o f a n i n v ert ed c o n e S p i n d l e a t an

a dj u s t ed d i s t a n ce fr o m a fix ed h ea d Fi g ure 6 6 i ll u s tr a t es t h e
.

t y p e a n d Ta b l e XXX g i v es d et a i l s of c o n s truct i o n a n d O p er a t i o n
T h e P er cen ta g e of Va ri o u s S i z
.

ed Pr o d u ct s fr o m Ro c k C r u s h er s

m ya b e es t i m a t ed by r ef er en c e t o F i g 6 7 F or ex a mp l e w h en . .

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 0
Percen t a g es

FI G . 67 —
Di a gram t o d et er m i n e si z e o f r o ck - b r e a k er p r o d u ct .
8

cru s h i n g t o p a s s a i n r i n g 5 5 p er c en t w i ll be f o u n d t o p a s s
-
. .

a 2 in
- ri n g
. Va r i a t i o n fr o m t h es e fi g ur es wi ll o ccur i f t h e r o c k
.

br ea k s i n a n a b n o rm a l m a n n er .

Th e R eli a n c e Fi n e C ru s h er (Fi g 6 8 ) m a y be a dj u s t ed t o pr o
.

duc e a s fi n e a s M i n pr o duct fr o m a c o a r s e f eed Th e m o t i o n

-
. .

t o t h e m o v a b l e ja w i s tr a n s m i tt ed t h r o u g h a t o gg l e p l a t e fr om
 COA R S E TO ME D I U IV
I CR US HI N G

an e cc en tri c an d r oll .A ppr o x i m a t e c a p a c i ti es an d o t h er i n f o r

m a t i on i v n in T a b l e XXX I
a re g e .

F IG . 68 .
-
l
R e i a n ce fi n e cr u s h er .
40

TA B LE '
X XX I — R EL I A N CE F I N E C RU S H E R
. DAT A 40

Si z e o f cr u s h er , bei n g t h e si z e

of o p en i n g or r ecei vi n g ca

p a ci t y of j a ws 8 X 14 9 X 16 10 X 18 1 1 X22 12 X 24
l
C a p a ci t y p er h o u r i n t o n s t o
l ll 9—
"
34 m a t er i a a n d s m a er . . 11
W ei g ht , i n c l udi n g f ou n d a t i on

N ina l h o r s ep o w er f en g i n e
—
om o

an d boi l er r e qu i r ed
/

12 —
15 1 5- 2 0 20 2 5
Wi d t h of be t l 8
”
t o 10 10
”
t o 12
”
12
”
t o 14
D i a m et er of l ll y
be t p u e 30 32
”
36
”

N om ina l vl
r e o ut i on s p er

1
Wh en cr u s h i n g to M m a t er i a l at o n e o p er a t i on t he ca p a ci t y wi ll b e r ed u c ed a bout 1 3 -

f rom t he fig u r es gi v en i n t he t ab l e .

C o m par a ti v e F ea tu r es of G yra to ry an d J aw C ru s h er s h a v e b een

d i s cu s s ed by H L Woll en b er g . .
,
wh o h a s umm a r i z ed h i s con
s

el u s i o n s i n c o n d en s ed f o rm (
s ee T a bl e XXX I I ) I t i s s t a t ed
.
H A N DB OOK OF OR E DR E S S ING

6 6
6 5 3
2 7

X QI QI .

S
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T 8 w
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.

fi s
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5 0 3 m m s
94 HA N DBOOK OF OR E D R ES S ING

type i s a d i s a dv a n t a g e whi c h r es ul t s i n h i g h er r en ewa l c os t s .

R ep a i r s a r e ea s i er m a d e a n d a r e l es s fr equ en t w i t h t h e B l a k e t h a n
w i t h t h e g y r a t o ry cru s h er .

Adva n ta g es o f G yr a tory ov er j a w C r u s h er s l i e i n l o w er fir s t
c os t g r ea t er aut o m a t i c i ty (s o m et i m es el i m i n a t i n g n ec es s i ty f or
,

f eed c on tr o l ) a n d m o r e u n i f o rm pr o duct T h e d i s a dv a n t a g es .

a r e s een i n a c o mp a r a t i v el y n a rr o w f eed O p en i n g a n d m o r e co m

p l i c a t ed c o n s truct i on F o r c o a r s e cru s h i n g a n d v er y l a r g e o utput

.

t h e g y r a t o ry m a c h i n e h a s b een w i d el y a d o pt ed .

FI G . 71 .
—I d l e p u ll y
e a rra n g em en t s f or cr u s h er .

J
A Rol l a w C r u s h er , d es i g n ed es p ec i a l l y f o r h a n d li n g s t i cky
-

o r ea s i l y c a k ed m a t er i a l i s i ll u s tr a t ed i n Fi g 69 fr o m w h i c h t h e
,
.
,

O p er a t i on O f t h i s t y p e of m a c h i n e m a y be u n d er s t o o d .

T h e M a r a t h on Cr u s h er (Fi g 70 ) O p er a t es wi t h a tr i a n g u l a r
.

t o g g l e Th e m o t i o n s of cru s h i n g a n d fr eei n g t h e ja w f a c es r e
.

ci p r o ca t e i n b o t h t h e upp er a n d l o w er p o r t i o n s o f t he m o v a b l e
'

T h e l a tt er i s s uppo rt ed b y s h a ft a n d b ea r i n g s
j a w .
.

C ru s h er I d l er P u ll eys i n s m a l l p l a n t s w h er e s ev er a l dut i es
,

a r e s o m et i m es a ll o c a t ed t o o n e m a n a r e u s u a l l y a s o urc e o f
,

tr o ub l e a s a r es ul t o f i n s uffi c i en t a tt en t i o n t o l ubr i c a t i on w h en
t h e m a c h i n e i s o u t of a ct i o n T o o bv i a t e t h e a tt en t i o n n eed ed
.

i n t h i s c o n n ect i on t h e a rr a n g em en t S h o w n i n Fi g 7 1 i s s u i t a b l e . .
 C OA R S E TO . ME D I U Il I C R /
US HING

The l o o s e pu l l ey i s k ey ed t o .
an i n d e p en d e n t S ha ft an d sup

po rt ed on o rd i n a r y b ea r i n g s . T h er e i s no c o n n ect i o n b et w een

FIG . 72 —. S h ea r i n g t o g g l e for ja w cr u s h er s .
7

t h e t wo pu l l ey s ,
an d no d i fficu l t y in st ri k i n g t he b el t fr o m on e

to t h e o t h er

h er (s ect i on a l vi ew) .

An of P r even ti n g D a m ag e t o j a w -c ru s h er
pl a n t a n d a tt en d a n t m a c h i n er y w h en s t eel o r o t h er u n br ea k a b l e

m a t er i a l fi n d s i t s w a y b et w een t h e j a w s i s s h o w n i n Fi g 7 2 . . Th e
96 H A N D BOOK OF OR E D R E S S ING

r ea r t o g g l e c o n s i s ts o f t wo s ep a r a t e p i ec es whi c h a re l a p-joi n t ed ,

i n t h e m a n n er S h o wn a n d r i v et ed t o g et h er s o t h a t a n y a b n o rm a l
,

s tr a i n put up o n t h em wi l l r es ul t i n t h e s h ea r i n g of t h e r i v ets In
’
.

t h e c as e of g yr a t o ry cru s h er s a fl a n g e c o upli n g c o n n ect ed wi t h

t w o or m or e s o ft i r o n bel t s i n t h e dr i v i n g c o u n t er s h a ft wi l l s er v e
-

t h e s a m e purpos e T h es e m et h o d s h a v e b een l a r g el y a d o pt ed i n
.

Wes t er n A u s tr a li a .

In t h e S ym o n s D i s c C r u s h er (Fi g 73 ) t h e c o mm i n ut i o n of .

t h e o re t a k es p l a c e i n t h e d o ub l e c o n c a v i ty f orm ed by t wo h oll o w ed
m a n g a n es e s t eel di s cs Th es e d i s c s r o t a t e i n t h e s a m e di r ect i on
- .

a n d a t t h e s a m e s p eed a n d a r e s upp o rt ed a t a n a n g l e t o ea c h,

o t h er T h e m a t eri a l i s f ed c en tr a ll y b et ween t h e d i s c s a n d i s
.
,

t h r own by c en tr i fu g a l f orc e t o wa rd t h e p eri p h ery wh er e i t i s ,

crus h ed D i s c h a r g e of g r o u n d m a t eri a l t a k es p l a c e i n t h e s a m e
.

di r ect i o n a n d i s m a t er i a l l y a i d ed by t h e c en tr i fu g a l a cti o n Th e .

o r e a s i t i s cru s h ed t ra v el s t o w a rd a n i n cr ea s i n g d i s c h a r g e a r ea
“

t h us obv i a t i n g t h e l ow eri n g of effi c i en cy d u e t o c h o k a g e often

o ccurr i n g i n o t h er cru s h i n g m a c h i n es D et a i l s of c on s truct i o n .

o p er a t i o n a n d a ppr oxi m a t e c a p a c i t y a r e g i v en i n Ta b l e XXX I I I

,
.

T AB LE XXX III —S Y M O N S . D I S C C RU S H ER DAT A 43

Si z e o f cr u s h er

S h i p p i n g w ei g h t
Si z e of f eed o p en i n g
Mi ni m um e xi t o p en i n g an d t on s
per h o ur f or bes t r es ul ts .

Mi n i m um ca p a ci t y
i n t on s p er
h ou r w h en cr u s hi n g to si e z
gi v en .

R p m . . m a i n p ul e l y
R p m. . . eccen t r i c p ull e y
z
Si e of pu ll y
e s in
H
,

o rse p o w er re qui r ed

S wi n g H a m m er P ul veri er s a r e h i g h s p eed m a c h i n es a n d h a v e
-
z -

on l y a l i m i t ed a pp l i c a t i o n i n or e dr es s i n g O p er a t i on s Va r i o us -
.

typ es a r e c o n s truct ed i n w h i c h t h e a ct i on of i mp a ct b et w een

h a mm er a n d r o c k o cc urs ei t h er on t h e U p o r d o wn s tr o k e of t h e
98 H A NDB OOK OF OR E D R E S S ING

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 S E C T I ON VI I I

S TA M P MILLIN G

S ta m p Mi ll s a r e m a d e i n a wi d e v a r i ety o f typ es Th e n umb er .

o f s t a mp s O p er a t i n g i n a s i n g l e m o rt a r bo x m a y be ei t h er o n e ,

Th e l a tt er n umb er f orm s t h e u s u a l u n i t
'

t wo t h r ee or fi v e
, ,
.
.

M o rta r B ox es s et o n c on cr et e f o u n d a t i o n s r equ i r e s wi d er
b a s e t h a n f o r a w oo d en f ou n d a t i o n T y p es a re i l l u s tr a t ed i n
.

For w o o d en f ou n d a t i on or i r on —b
su b a se F or c o n c r et e f ou n da t i on
F IG 7 5 —M
. .

. . or t a r bo x es .
16

Fi g . 75 . i
S gn l e b ox es a r e i n c omm on u s e t he d o ub l e
-d i s c h a r e
g ,

d i s c h a r g e typ e (b a c k a n d fr on t ) h a v i n g b een g en er a l l y di s
‘

c a rd ed W h en ev er a d o pt ed O p en fr on t b ox es p erm i t g r ea t er
.
-

fr eedom i n c h an g i n g s hoes an d d i es a n d i n c a rryi n g o ut g en er a l ,

99
1 00 H A NDB OOK OF OR E D R E S S ING

FI G . 76 .
—Ty p es o f m ort a r fo u n d a t i on s .
45

Di e Boss h ea d Ta p p et
FI G . 77 .
—S t am
_
p
-
m i ll p a rt s .
 HA Nbé obK
‘
”

102 or OR E D R E SSI N G

b a tt ery sh ow of v a ri o u s p a rt s
"

i ng t he t he is g en i n
i v
Fi g 7 9 . .

C a m Li ft i n g S urf a ce i s u s ua l l y
i n t h e fo rm o f a n i n v o l ut e In .

t h e ord i n a ry d es i g n t h e curv e i s
f orm ed by s el ect i n g a p oi n t On .

t h e o ut er c i rcumf er en c e of a c i r c l e
“

r epr esen t i n g t h e h u b p eri p h ery ,

a nd wi t h a r a d i us of l en g t h a b
'

a b o ut t i m es t h e d i a m et er o f
t h e c i rc l e t h e i n v ol ut e i s f o rm ed
,

a s s h own i n F i g 80
H
. .

eavy S ta m p s r e
q u i r e a m o d ?

i fi ca t i on of ca m i n v ol ut e d es i g n ;
“

Fi g 8 1 s h o w s t h e B eh r t y p e
‘

w hi c h i s u s ed i n S o ut h A fr i c a .

A c on s i d er a b l e p o rt i on of t h e
ca m s urf a c e i s c i rcu l a r i n f o rm ,

t h e r em a i n d er b ei n g of t h e o rd i
n a ry i n v o l ut e d es i g n An in .

cr ea s ed dr o p h ei g h t i s o bt a i n ed
- ;

w i t h t hi s typ e wi t h a n ev en er ,

curv e s urf a c e .

Th e Bl a n t o n S el f -Ti g h t en i n g
C a m (Fi g 78 ) r el i es on a br a ss
.

t a p er bu s hi n g c a rry i n g s tud s .

T h e l a tt er p o ck et i n t o h ol es
b o r ed i n t h e c a m s h a ft a n d
m er el y s erv e t o k eep t h e w ed g e
i n p os i t i on T h er e i s n o s h ea r
.

i n g s tr a i n o n t h es e p i n s Cam .

f a s t en i n g s of t hi s o r a s i m i l a r
typ e a r e u n i v ers a ll y u s ed i n
F IG . 79 .
—D l
et a i s o f s t a m p -m i ll o n co n
s t a mp m i l l s
cr et e f ou n d a t i on .
12 .

C o m pen s a ti n g W ei g h t s (Fi g .

l
st m p w g
f - i h r u t
82 ) to a ll o w f or d ecr ease o eff e ct i v e a e t a s a es
,
 S TA M P M ILL I NG

of s h o e wea r u s u a l l y m a d e t o c l a mp on t h e s t em j us t a b ov e
a re

t h e bos s h ea d Di m en s i o n s a r e g o v er n ed by s t em a n d bos s h ea d
.

s i z es a n d w ei g h t r equ i r ed
,
.

In d i vi d u a l Fal s e D i es a r e u s ed t o r a i s e t h e d i e wh en w o r n ,

d o w n t o t h e pr o p er l ev el b el o w t h e s cr een d i s c h a rg e Th es e
,
.

FIG . 80 .
—C a m '

inv ol u t e d es i g n . FIG . 81 .
—
B eh r -
ca m in v lut
o e d es i g n .

m ay c a s t of a n y d es i r a b l e t hi ck n es s o f a s i m i l a r s i z e t o t h e
be ,

d i e b o tt o m a n d a r e pr ef err ed t o t h e s i n g l e f a l s e d i e s o m et i m es
,

s upp l i ed wi t h m o rt a r b ox es Old d i es w o r n t o a n ev en f a c e
.
, ,

a r e s o m et i m es u s ed .

Th e H ei g h t o f Di s ch ar g e m ea s ur ed fr o m t h e hi g h es t d i e l ev el
t o t h e l o wes t s cr een l ev el i s r eg u l a t ed wh en n ec es s a ry by t h e , ,

u s e of C h u ck B l o ck s Th es e a re m a d e of wo o d of t h e s a m e l en g t h
.

a n d t hi ck n es s a s t h e s cr een fr a m e a n d f a c ed i n s i d e w i t h s t eel
,

p l a t e t o wi t h s t a n d t h e s c o ur i n g a ct i on of t h e pu l p .

B a tt ery Fra m i n g i s u s u a l l y of t h e b a ck
’

k n ee type Th e ki n g p o s t s a r e t i ed t o t h e
.
-

o r e b i n s by m ea n s of a w o o d en s t a y h el d i n

p os i t i on ei t h er by l on g b ol t s or a tt a c h ed
b y m ea n s of a n g l e pl a t es a t ea c h en d - .

Th e c o u n t er s h a ft dr i v i n g t h e m i l l s i s p l a c ed
-

on t h e s tr ea k s i l l s b ehi n d t h e b a tt ery .

F i g ur e 83 i l l u s tr a t es t h e u s u a l a rr a n g em en t Fm i w f . V e o

o f b tt ery t i mb er s a n d t h e m t d
a e h o o f t m p m i ll m p t s a - co en s a

g w ei g h t
.

i n
drl v m g
.

Th e pr i n c i p a l b a tt ery t i mb er s k n o wn a s K i n g P o s t s , s t a n d i n g
,

a t ei t h er en d o f t h e m ort a r bo x a r e c o n n ect ed wi t h c o n cr et e ,

fou n d a t i on s by m ea n s of c a s t i r on s h oes (Fi g T h e u s e of

-
.

m et a l p o s t s i n pl a c e o f b a tt ery t i mb er s h a s n ot pr o v ed g en er a l l y ,
 1 04 H A N D B OOK OF OR E D R E SSING

s ucc ess fu1

Thi s i s u s u a l l y du e t o br ea k a g e c o n s eq u en t o n
.
~ -

vi br a t i on wh er e h ea v y s t a m ps a r e u s ed
‘

C a m s h a ft B ea ri g s (Fi g 85 ) a r e s el d o m pr o v i d ed wi t h m o r e
n .

t h a n c a n va s du s t c ov ers B ea r i n g m et a l i s a l s o r a r el y u s ed
.
.

S uc h b ea ri n g s a r e ma d e of c a s t i r o n tur n ed t o fit t h e c a m s h a ft .

FI G . 83 .
—B a t t er y fr a m i n g .

Ta ppet s wi t h on e g i b an d t wo t h r ee k eys
u s ed f o r l i g h t
or a re

s t a mp s S t a mp s wh os e eff ect i v e f a ll i n g w ei g h t i s b ey on d 1 50 0
”

l b a r e g en er a ll y pr o vi d ed wi t h d o ub l e g i b, t h r ee or f o ur k ey
.
- -

t a pp et s .

Th e f a c es o f G i bs u s ed i n wed g i n g t h e t a pp et on t h e s t em
s h o u l d h a v e a curv e o f s l i h t l y s m a ll er d i a m et er t h a n t h e s t em
g .
 106 H A NDB OOK OF OR E D R E SSING

In a d di ti on i t i s a dvi s a b l e t o c h a n n el o r c oun terbo r e t he o ppos i t e

,

s i d e of t h e t a pp et s o a s t o g i v e a d di ti o na l p o i n t s o f fr i ct i o n c on t a c t .

Th e Ca m s h af t Da m per , ill us tr a t ed i n Fi g 86 c o n s i s ts of t wo .
,

s h o rt p i ec e of oa k , an i ro n r o d a n d a n y s u i t a b l e s p ri n T h
s , g e .

a d o pt i on o f t hi s d evi c e i s s a i d t o h a v e r educ ed v i br a t i on of t h e

,
z
c a ms h a f t cry s t a lli a ti on a n d fr a ctur e of t h e s t eel a n d d a m a g e t o ,

c a ms h a ft b ea r i n g s .

S t a m p
- S t em G u i d es i n old m i ll s a r e o ft en m a d e o f wo od but ,

- m et a l type i s n ow a l m os t un i v er
t h e i n i i ua l
d v d s a ll y a d o pted i n

n ew m i ll s T h e g u i d e i ll u s tr a t ed i n Fi g 87 h a s i n t er l o c ki n g
. .

b us hi n g s i n ha l v es a n d t h e g ui d e fr a m es a re m a d e wi t h t a p er ed
,

FI G . 87 .
—
Met al s t am p s t em
-
g u i des .
I

so ck et s S t a mp s t em s m a y be c h a n g ed wi t h out l oos en i n g n ut s
.

or r em o v i n g b ol ts

J
.

A Fi n g er a ck i s u s ed i n c on j u n ct i on wi t h a C a m S ti ck t o
”
h a n g up a n y p a rt i cu l a r s t a mp T h e ca m s t i c k g en er a ll y m a d e
.
,

o f ol d b el t i n g wi t h a w oo d en h a n d l e i s of s uffic i en t t hi ck n ess
,

w h en pl a c ed b et w een ca m a n d t a pp et t o r a i s e t h e l a tt er s o t h a t
t h e fi n g er ja c k m a y be t h r o wn i n ag a i n s t t h e s t em t o s uppo rt
t h e ta pp et a b o v e ca m a cti on .

C o rr c
e t O r d er of D r o i fi -s t a mp m i ll i s a m a tt er of
1i n di v i d ual o pi n i o n a mon g op era t o rs Th e 1 3 5 2 4 o rd er i s
p n a v e
- - - -
.

l a rg el y a d o pt ed bu t a n ev en er d i s c h a rg e a n d h i g h er b a ttery
,

o utput h a v e b een c l a i m ed i n t h e u s e of t h e 1 5 2 4 3 s eq u en c e - - — - .

T h e N i s s en S ta mp (Fi g 88 ) O p er a t es i n a s i n g l e m o rt a r b ox
.

a d
n i c i l l d t d f o r h i h dut y p erf o
-
r m a n ce o n h a rd o r
s e s
pe a
y a a
p e g
 S TA M P M ILL ING
.

m ed i um ha rd o r es Th e s cr een i n g i s a rr a n g ed t o en c omp a s s t h e
- .

d i e a n d ex t en d s a r o u n d i t f o r t h e g r ea t er p a rt o f i t s c i rcumf er en c e
E x h a u s ti v e d a t a d ea l i n g wi t h t h e o p er a t i o n o f H
.

ea vy S M p

FI G . 88 .
—
A N i s s en - s t a m p m i ll .

M i l l s a r e g i v en i n Ta b l e XX X V a n d ref er t o t h e r es ul t s of a
s er i es o f t es t s m a d e t o c o mp a r e t h e w o rk o f t h e N i s s en S ta m p

wi t h t h a t of a n o rd i n a r y fiv e s t a mp b a tt ery a t t h e C i t y D eep
-

M i n e, S out h A fr i c a i n ,
R el a t i v e m ec h a n i c a l v a l u es o f t h e
1 08 HA N DB OOK OF OR E D R E SSING
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1 10 H A NDB OOK OF OR E D R E SSING

pr o duct s wer e o bt a i n ed by s creen i n g a n a l y s es a n d c a l cul a t i on by

’
m ea n s o f S t a d l er s en erg y u n i t s y s t em b a s ed on K i ck s La w w i t h
-
’
, ,

t h e r es u l t t h a t t h e r el a ti v e effic i en cy of t h e N i s s en wa s c a l cu l a t ed
at a n d t h a t of t h e o rd i n a ry s t a mp a t a n a dv a n t a g e of

3 5 p er c en t i n f a v or of t h e N i s s en
. .

D i m en s i o n s a n d W ei g h ts o f S M p B a tt ery P a rt s (U S A -
. . .

pra ct i c e) m a y be f o u n d i n Ta b l e XXXV I F urt h er d et a i l s .

T AB LE XXX II V — W E I G HT A N D S I Z E O F M I L L PAR T S F O R V AR I O U S W E I G HT S
.
'

O F S T A M P S I N S O UT H A F R I C A N M I N E S

Jk
I
Sim m
Ci t y D p
er ac
Si m m E t er as ee
Pr op .

W ei g h t of s t a m p , lb 2 00 0
W ei g h t o f s h o e,

Hea d ,
lb
S t em ,
1b
T a p p et ,
Si z
e of s h oe ,

Hea d ,

S t em ,
in . X ft
Ta pp et , i n
D i a m et er of amh ft
c s a in .

T AB LE XXX VIII —ST AMP .

-
M I LL I N G D ATA OF A M ER I C A N PRA C T I C E 49

S i zi g n

Dis Stamp
R un
ch a r g e i n g co s t
n In g h ou rs
a p er t en
3m " d
1 er
p er 2 4 w ei g h t p er t o n
t u re
lb .

in
m i ll ed
cen
e
ts I n c h es

.
!
0 0 0 5 5 o 00 2 9 .

Mex Si l v er Mi l l
. 1 000
N i pi ssi n g . .
i 245
500
Si l v er Pea k . 50 0
H om es t a k e
Ho l li n g er . .

P or cu p i n e C r ow n 1 50
Li ber t y B el l 4 85
 S TA M P M ILL ING

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1 12 HA N DB OOK OF OR E DR E S S I N G

T AB LE XL —S TA M P M I LL .
- D ATA or W E S T ER N A U S T R A L I A N P R A C TI C E 7

W ea r p er t o n
cr u s h
Dis
Mi n e S cr ee n i n g c h a r g e,
in .

Iv a n h o e 15 x 15 1 04
O ro y a
B r own Hi l l . . 1 1 00 4 26 . 56 10 X 10 1 08
Son s of Gw a li a . 1 000 20 x 20 1 08
La k e Vi ew
C o n s ol s 1 200 5 3 00 m es h 1 02
G ol d en
H or s es h o e . 1 2 74 2 14 . 04 15 x 15
G r ea t Fi n g a l l . . 1 1 50 12 x 12
10 X 10

T AB LE XLI — A P P R OX I M A T E L I F E . OF S T A M P - M I LL PAR TS 51

C a m sh a ft . W r o u g h t i ro n —
1 0 50 1 0 85
C h r om e s t eel

C a s t i ro n

T a p p et
X

B os s h ea d . 9 X 18

9 X 5 5 . 3 0 —3 5 da ys

3 yea rs

—
1 0 1 6 da ys
Pl a t e La k e S u p eri o r
’
co p p e r 4 5
’
X 12
X
N OT E —Th e t h i ck n es s
. of m o rt a r -
box en d s h a s b een s i n ce i n cr ea s ed an d a

l on g er l i f e i s an t i ci p a t ed .
1 14 HA N DB OOK OF OR E D R E SSING

P o wer U s ed f or S ta mp M i l l s m a y be c a l cu l a t ed fr o m
g r a m g i v en i n Fi g 89 For ex a mp l e : To fi n d h o r s ep o wer t o dri v e
. .

a 1 0 s t a mp m i ll
-
ea c h o f 9 00 l h
,
a t 9 0 dr o p s per m i n ut e f o ll o w
.
, ,

up t h e v ert i c a l li n e c o mm en c i n g a t 90 0 u n t i l i t i n t er s ect s o n e of
t h e d i a g on a l l i n es r epr es en t i n g t h e h ei g h t of dr o p Th e h o r s e .

po wer r equi r ed f or a 7 i n d r op w i l l be f ou n d t o be
-
. a n d f or a n -

500 000 7 00 800 900 1 000 1 1 00 1 200

W ei g h t of S ta m p l b +, .

F IG 8 9 —P o w e
. . r re qu i r ed f or s tam ps, a t 90 d rop s a m in ut e .
53

dr o p Th es e fi g ur es d o n o t i n c l ud et o t a l fri ct i o n a n d
s h o u l d be mu l t i p l i ed by t o g i v e a n a ppr ox i m a t i o n of t h e t o t a l
p o w er r equ i r ed .

Th e Tr em a i n S ta mp (F i g 90 ) i s a s el f c o n t a i n ed u n i t s u i t a b l e
.
-

f or s m a l l pr o p ert i es T w o s t a mp s a r e u s ed i n ea c h b a tt ery
.
,

t h e en d s o f w h i c h t erm i n a t e i n p i s t o n s S t ea m i s a dm i tt ed .

u n d er t h e p i s t o n t o r a i s e t h e s t a mp a n d a l s o a s s i s t s i n t h e d own
w a rd m o v em en t t h u s i n cr ea s i n g t h e eff ect i v e s t a mp w ei g h t
,
.

T h e s t a mp s a r e o f c o mp a r a t i v el y li g h t d es i g n (a b o ut 500 l b .

ea c h ) a n d ca n be a rr a n g ed t o dr o p up t o 2 0 0 t i m es a m i n ut e .

D i s c h a r g e i s t h r ou g h fr on t a n d s i d e s cr een s
.
.

H ea vy D uty S t ea m S ta m ps (F i g 9 1 ) a r e of l i m i t ed a ppl i c a t i o n
-
.

a n d h a v e o n l y b een a d o pt ed i n ex c ept i o n a l c a s es Th e t wo t y pes .

 S TA M P M ILL IN G

i n g en er a l us e on c o pper pr o p ert i es d es i g n ed on ei t h er t h e
a re

s i mp l e- o r co mp o u n d en g i n e s y s t em
-
A h ea vy f eed i s n ec es s a ry
.
,

a n d actu al dut y i s c o n s equ en t l y l o w A l i g h t f eed pr ed i s p os es

.

t o wa rd pi s t o n r o d brea k a g e D el M a r qu o t es t h e u s u a l s tro k e
-
.

.
—
F IG 9 0 T r ern a i n
. s t ea m s tam p .

i n t h e L a ke S up eri o rd i s tr i ct wh er e t h es e s t a mps a r e m os t l y u s ed
, ,

a s 24 t o 2 5 i n .on 4 i n
-
m a t eri a l g i v m g a c a p a c i ty of fr om 2 t o 3
.
,

t on s p er h o r s ep ower d a y t h r ou g h a i n m es h s cr een
-
. S h oes
.

l as t i n g fro m 4 t o 7 d a ys wei g h fr om 7 80 t o 80 0 l b w h en n ew a n d
.
,

3 80 t o 4 00 l b wh en r eject ed ; Di es l a s t 7 m on t h s t o a y ea r , a n d
.
1 16 HA NDB OOK OF OR E D R E SSING

wei g h 800 lb wh en . n ew a n d 50 0 l b wh en
. r ej ect ed .

c h a rg e wou l d
‘

s eem to v a ry b et w een 9 an d 16 in .
,

nt t e Tr i p Y g l y e

11

I W
FRO N T V E I
S DE VIE W

FI G . 91
.
—St ea m stam p .

fi g ur e i s pr o b a bl y r er t h e a ver a g e Th e s t a mp h ea d wei g h s
n ea .

6 65 0 l b . a n d t he s t a mp i s dr o pped w i t h a fr eq u en cy of 1 08 p er

mi n ut e .
1 18 H A N DB OOK OF OR E D R E SSING

t h r o u g h t a per ed p erf or a t i o n s u s u a l l y i n t o 1 i n d i a m eter ,

. .
,

i n t h e g ri n d i n g p l a t es A c o a rs e pu n c h ed s cr een wi t h h ol es
.
,

a b out i n i n d i a m et er a n d p l a c ed o ut s i d e t h e l i n i n g
.
,

FIG . 93 .
—K ru p p l
w et ba l m i ll .

0 P er f l l l
t ed g r i n d i n g p a t es ; o r , Fl a n g e bo t s ; b, S i d e i n ers o n t h e eed s i d e ;bi , S i d e
or a f
I I
.

l l l
i n ers , r ea r s i d e ;u , S i d e-p a t e b o t s ;0 , n n er c oa r s e s cr ee n ;0 1 , n n er s cr een bo t s ;d , Fi n e l
f l l
s cr een ( r a m e w i t h w i r e c o t h ) ;0 , B o t s f o r s cr een ra m e; f
R et u r n s coo p s ;f . R et ur n s cr een ; z
z
f a, B r a c k et f o r co a rs e s cr een ; h , S h eet -i r o n c a s i n g ; 75, S p i t k a s t en ; k , D i s c h a r e n o e; zz l
1, S u p p ly
i f h fw t ; , R ; S t k ; S i d ; S i l
d g g ea r ;l
H v fl
e o r 1 -r a '

p p r es a er 0 o r 0 2 o s es o p co c s 8 e s e c
l l l f l
, , , ,

t, a n d w h ee f or s i d e-r a ck i n g g ea r ;m M a n h o e ;w, M a i n s h a t ;x , O er o w f or s i m e ;y .
ly
,

S upp p i p e f o r a s cen di n g w a t er ;2 , D i s ch a r g e b ox ;e IU g .

m a furt h er c l a s s i fic a t i on ;a n d t h e fi n es p a s s t o t h e wi r e c l ot h
kes a

a rr a n g ed i n fr a m es a n d c o v er i n g t h e p er i p h er y o f t h e m ill Th e .

ov ers i z e pa s s es b a ck i n t o t h e m i l l t h r o u g h a perf o r a t ed pl a t e
A s s o ci a t ed N o r t h er n . 7 00
'

X 28 (2 6 X 2260 40
2 4 00
(I . S W . . G .
)

32 x 3 2 x 3 0
(I s . .
wG ) . .

25 30 X 30 X 30
(I . S W . . G .
)

Sou t h K a l g u r li 25 2 3 52 40
24 57 700 26 3 4 72 1 10
2 7 ) (I . s . W G ) . .

Gt . Boul d er P r o py . . 23 60 30 x 3 0 28 4 2 56 90

(I . S W . . G ) .

T AB LE XLIV . K RU P P B ALL
-
M I LL P R O D U C Ts 7

K a lg url i
G r ea t B o u d er l
r op y .

S cr een i n g P er cen t .

1 00 00
. 1 00 00
120 HA N D B OOK OF OR E DR E SSING

pl a c ed b en ea th t h e t p
s e s . D a t a d ea l i n g wi t h dry- cru s hi n g b a ll
'

mi ll s m a y be f o u n d i n Ta b l e XL III a n d d et a il s o f typi c a l g r a d i n g
a n a l y s es i n Ta b l e X L I V .

D ry Cr u s hi n g wi t h Kr upp Ba ll Mi l l s h a s b een l a r g el y pr a ct i s ed
i n W es t er n A u s tr a li a o n s ul p h o tell ur i d e o r es Th e r ea s o n f or
-
.

t h e a d o pti on of dry cru s hi n g li es i n t h e f a ct t h a t r o a s t i n g f oll o w s

cr us hi n g a n d pr ec ed es cy a n i d e tr ea tm en t .

Th e W et C r u s h i n g K r u pp Ba ll Mi l l (Fi g 9 3 ) o p er a t es i n t h e
-
.

s a m e m a n n er as t h e dry cru s h er In a dd i t i o n a w a t er s pr a y
“

.
,

FI G . 94 .
—M '

arc y m il l .
84

d eli vers o ver t h e wh ol e wi d t h of t h e fin e s cr een i n g jus t a ft er t h e

l a tt er i n r ev o l ut i o n l ea v es t h e w a ter s urf a c e i n a tr o u g h p l a c ed
, ,

u n d er n ea t h t h e m i ll a n d f o rm i ng t h e l o wer p a rt of t h e c a s i n g
T h i s tro u g h c o n s i s t s of a s pi t z
.
,

k a s t en w i t h g oos en eck d i s c h a r g e
a n d a dj us t a b l e o v erfl o w l ev el Wa t er i s c a u g h t up dur i n g t h e
. .

r ev ol ut i o n of t h e mi ll C ru s hi n g s cr een i n g o v er a n ex cep
z
.
,

t i on a l l y l a r g e a r ea a n d r eturn o f o v ers i e a re a ll p erf o rm ed

,

s i mul t a n eo u s l y .

Th e M a r cy M i l l (Fi g 94 ) i s of t h e s h ort cyl i n dr i c a l t y p e wi t h

.

c o mp a r a t i v el y l a r g e d i a m et er F eed i s d el i v er ed t h r ou g h t h e
.

u s u a l tru i o ty
- f d r d d li v r t a k es p l a c e t hro u g h a
n n n
pe ee e a n e e
y
12 2 H A N DB OOK OF OR E D R E SSING

FIG .

FIG .
 B A LL M ILL ING 1 23

F IG . 9 6c.
— M et h o d s of v
d r i i n g ba ll
ll m i s .
31

T A B LE X LV —ST A N D AR D
. B ALL M I LL S 31
,

!
Th e fig ures f o r p o w er a re f or t h e m i l l w h i l e r u n n i n g , w i t h ba l l s ca r r i ed
up to cen t er of m i l l Th e power w i l l v a r y w i t h t h e ba l l ch a r g e, a n d t h e
.

l
p o w er t o s t a r t t h e m i l w i l l be a pp r o xi m a t el y dou bl e t h a t con s u m ed wh i l e t h e
m il l i s
.
ru n n i n g .

T
Th e ba l l ch a r g es a re a pp r bx i m a t e on l y , as t he y w i l l v a r y w i t h t h e t h i ck
n es s o f t he lin i n g an d t he x
e a ct p oi n t a t w h i ch i t i s f ou n d d es i r a b l e t o ca r r y
t h e ba l ls d er t h e p a r t i cu l a r
un co n d i t i on s.

i Th e w ei g h t s g i v en a r e f or t h e m i l l s com v
p l et e w i t h h ea d l i n er s a n d d ri i n g
sha ft w i t h p i n i on , b ea ri n g s an d pl a i n p u l l y
e ; b u t d o n o t i n cl u d e s h el l l i n ers .
1 24 H A NDB OOK OF OR E D R E SSING

T A LE X LV I —A V
B . E B A GE B ALL - M I LL C A BA C ITI E S 31
IN To N s PE R 24 H
R .

l -i n . f eed

Si z e of m i ll ,
’

it .
M es h p r od u ct

40
‘I 1 I 1
60 10 2O 40 60 20

Th e H di ar Mi ll (Fi g 9 7) c o n s i s ts o f t h ree s ect i o n s A ft er

nge . .

t h e u s u a l type o f tru n n i o n b ea r i n g t h e mi ll c o n s i s t s of a s h ort

c o n i c a l s ecti o n s h o wi n g a s h a rp dr o p fr o m f eed en tr a n c e t o m a xi
m um mi ll r a di us A cyli n dri c a l s ect i o n of v a r y i n g l en g t h t h en
.

f ol l o ws a n d t o wa rd t h e di s c h a r g e en d c o n n ects wi t h a c o mp a ra
t i v el y l o n g a n d c on i c a l s ect i o n s l o p i n g a t c o n s i d er a b l y l es s p i tc h
,

t h a n a t t h e f eed en d t o wa rd t h e d i s c h a rg e In pri n c i p l e i t h as
b een cl a i m ed t h a t a s ep a r a t i on a n d g r a di n g of t h e b a l l s i n s i z
.
,

es ,

r es ul t i n g i n a c orr es po n d i n g g r a du a t i o n i n t h e f orc e of t h e crus h

i n g b l o w o ccurr ed i n t h e m ill t o t h e ex t en t t h a t s i n g l e p a ssa g e
,
-

crus hi n g m i g h t be a dvo c a ted Th e s ucc es s i v e r educt i o n of t h e

.

ore p a rt i c l e fr o m ro c k t o s a n d o r g r a v el t o s l i m e wa s p i ctur ed as

a n a ctu a l a c hi ev em en t a n d a s a l o g i c a l d ep a rtur e fr o m t h e n or

m a l curr en t pr a ct i c e wi t h cy li n dr i c a l m i l l s T h es e vi ews h a ve .
1 26 HA N DB OOK OF OR E D R ESSING

T AB LE —
XLVII S . T A ND AR D SI E Z S OF H AR D I N G E ~MIL LS B5

N OTE : M i ll s m a r k ed wi t h a s u bs cr i pt 8 ha v e 1 5- i n . di a .
—
b ea r i n g s ;o t h er 6 f t . an d 8- f t .

i ll ha v 1 3 i di bea r i n g s
l y ;2 8—
m s e -
n . a . .

Pu ll y i z g i v
e s e en f or 4 % ft . X 1 3 -i h . m i ll i s f or B a ll M i ll on i X 8i
n .
- n .
pu ll y
e

f u r n i s h ed w i t h P ebb l e BI ill .

'

Fo r p os i t i on of o v er - a l l di m en s i o n s , A t o F, s ee Fi g . 97 .

TAB LE XLVIII .
—H AR D I N G E M I LL DA T A - 54

A ver a g e m a x i m u m s i ze f eed m m ,

A v era g e S i z e f eed m m ,
.

A ver a g e m a xi m u m s i z e di s cha r g e m m
A v era g e s i z
,

e p r o d u ct m m ,
.

A v er a g e p er cen t — 2 00 m es h i n d i s ch a r g e -

—
.

A v er a g e p er ce t n —
2 00 m es h i n d i s ch a r g e n o
S l op e

A v er a g e p er ce t n — 2 00 m es h i n d i s ch a r g e
.
-

s l op e

R ed u ct i o n ra t i o ra n ge
R ed u ct i o n r a t i o, a v er a g e
A v er a g e s i z e o f d i s ch a r g e, m m —n o s l op e
v er a g e S i z
.

A e o f d i s ch a r g e s l o p e to
A v er a g e t o n n a g e
A v er a ge t on n a g e a t n o s l o p e
A v er a g e t on n a g e a t t o 4 s l op e
A v er a g e HP
.

A v er a g e b a l l or p ebb l e ch a r g e t o n s ,

A v er a g e b a l l or p ebb l e con s l b p er t o n , .

A v er a g e p er cen t w a t er i n f eed . .

A v er a g e r ev o l u t i o n s p er m i n u t e .
 B A LL M ILL ING 1 27

-L v el D s ch
Va ri a b P ul p e
l e i ar g e i n b a ll m i ll s i s pr o vi d ed f o r
i n t h e A lli s C h a l m ers B a l l G r a n u l a t o r
-
In t h i s m a c hi n e t h e .

l ev el of t h e pul p m a y be r a i s ed t o a p oi n t a p p r ox i m a t el y h a l f
‘

wa y b et ween t h e tru n n i o n a n d t h e p eri p h ery or l o wer ed t o t h e ,

p eri p h er y Thi s i s a cc omp l i s h ed by c l os i n g o ut er r i n g s of

.

o p en i n g s b eh i n d t h e s cr een s a n d i n s i d e t h e m i l l en d (
s ee Fi g .

R a d i a l ri b s a r e p ro v i d ed t o el ev a t e t h e cru s h ed pu l p a n d d i s

L d
ea Fi ll i n g

S e c t i o n X-X

Fi g . 1 Fi g . 2 Fi g 3 .

In t eri or Vi ew S how i n g S creen l

Lo n g i t u di n a S ect i o n S h ow i n g E xt eri o r Vi ew S how i n g Di s c h a rg e
S creen a n d Di s ch a rg e E n d ea d H E nd Hd
ea a nd H d Hl
an o es

—
,

FIG . 98 . B ll g
a - ranu a l t or va r i a bl e d i s ch
-
a r g e s cr een .
l l

c h a r g e i t t h r ou g h t h e tru n n i o n S u n dry d a t a d ea li n g wi t h t h i s
.

t y p e of m i ll a r é g i v en i n Ta b l e XL I X .

S cr een An a l ys i s of B a l l G ran ul a t or P r o d u ct s a n d o t h er i n f or
-

m a t i on i s g i v en i n Fi g 99 a n d r ef ers t o t h e O p er a t i on of t hi s typ e
.

o f m a c h i n e a t t h e pr o p erty of t h e E n g l es C o pp er Mi n i n g C o .
,

K edd i e C a l o n a h a rd d i o ri t e or e
,
.
,
.

T h e Abbé S pi r a l D i s ch a rg e a n d S cr een f o r b a ll m i ll s (Fi g 1 0 0 ) .

c on s i s t s of a c o n v ol ut e wi t h d i a m et er d ecr ea s i n g t o wa rd t h e c en t er
l i n e of t h e m i l l Th e s p i r a l i s l i n ed wi t h s cr een i n g i n t h e m a n n er
.

s h o wn . T h e m a t eri a l i s d i s c h a r g ed fr o m t h e m i l l a t t h e ou t er
1 28 HA ND B OOK OF OR E D R ESSING

n o 0 8 0 30 0 0 1 0 3

3 8 8 8 0
9

8
0 0
0
1
5
9 9 8

a oxtu, 0 3 0 40 0 01 9 3
 H A N D B O OK OF OR E D R E SSING

p oi n t i n t h e s pi r a l a n d i s s i fted by t h e s creen i n g Th e o v ers i e .

z
i s a ut o m a ti c a l l y return ed by t h e c on v eyo r a s s h o w n i n Fi g 1 0 1 .

Th e s creen ed u n d ers i z e f oll o w s t h e c o urs e of a s ec o n d S p i r a l

u n d er n ea th t h e s cr een i n g a n d i s d i s c h a r g ed fr om t h e c en t er
, .

FI G . 101 .
-
A bbé ba ll
- m ill d i s ch a r g e s cr een .
“

In t h e E ccl es to n P er i ph era l D i s c h ar g e f or b a ll m i l l s (Fi g f 1 0 2 )

s cr een i g i s a
n cc o mp li s e
h d by m e a n s o f g r i zz l y -
typ e l i n er s w hi c h
a re a dj us t a b l e a s r eg a rd s s p a c i n g t h r o u g h out t h e l en g t h of
, ,

t h e m i ll. In t h e t y pe i l l us tr a t ed t h e i n t eri o r of t h e m il l i s s m o o t h ,

S O t h a t g r i n d i n g a ct i o n w o u l d r es u l t m a i n l y fr o m t h e a br a s i o n

o f t h e s l i d i n g b a ll s i n c o n t a ct wi t h t h e or e .
 B A LL; M ILL ING

Pr el i m i n ary L o a d of Ba ll s i n a B a ll M i ll m a y be a rr a n g ed t o
z
c o rr es p o n d wi t h n orm a l s i es f o u n d u n d er ord i n a ry O per a t i n g
c o n d i t i o n s but t es t s h a v e s h o wn t h a t t h i s i s n o t a l wa ys n ec es s a ry
,

a n d t h a t t h e b a ll s s oo n w ea r s o t h a t a m i xtur e o f a l l s i z es i s
,

pro duc ed In s t a rt i n g up a 5 f t K rupp m i l l i t i s cu s t o m a ry

.
- .

t o m a k e up t h e l oa d a s f ol l o ws :

4 5 p er cen t . by w ei g h t of l a rg e ba l l s w ei g h i n g a bo u t 1 8 lb .

2 0 p er cen t . by w ei g h t of m ed i u m ba l l s w ei g h i n g a bo u t 9 lb .

3 5 p er cen t . by wei g h t of sm all ba l l s w ei g hi n g » a bou t 5 lb .

F IG . 1 02 .
— P er i p h e r a l d i s c h a r g e ba
- ll m i ll .
56

S i z es d w ei g h t s f o rg ed s t eel b a l l s i n s uc h mi l ls a r e g i ven
of

z
-
an

i n Ta b l e L A s p ec i a l s m a l l c a s t s t eel b a ll of é i n
. in -
.
,
.
,

or 2 i n . d i a m et er i s m a d e b y t h e Al l i s C h a l m ers C o a n d wei g h s -
.
,

5 p er c en t l es s t h a n a h a mm er ed s t eel b a l l of c orr es p o n d i n g s i z e
-

z
. .

S i e of F eed i n B a ll M i lli n g s h o u l d be i n d i r ect r a t i o t o t h e

d i a m et er of t h e m i ll a n d t h e s i z e of t h e b a ll s u s ed f o r g ri n d i n g .

In s o m e i n s t a n c es a f eed up t o 6 i n i n d i a m et er h a s b een effect i v e .

wh ere i t h a s b een f o u n d t h a t fr a ctur e of t h e s m a l l er r o ck was

a cc o mp li s h ed by t h e l a r g er p o rt i o n s o f t h e f eed but t h i s i s ,

g en er a l l y o n l y f ea s i b l e wi t h a fr i a b l e o r e a n d a l a rg e m i l l A .

u n i fo rm feed o f 2 i n m a t er i a l o r t h er ea b o ut s u s u a l l y g i v es
-
.
, ,

b es t r es ul t s w i t h a n a v era g e s i z e (5 f t d i a m ) m i l l
- -
. . .
1 32 H A N D B OOK OF OR E DR E SSING

T AB LE L —SI Z E S AND WE I G HT S OF FO R G E D -S T E EL B ALL S 31

Low F eed T o n n a g e, i n tt empt t o m a k e t h e m i l l d o t h e work

an a
‘

i n a s i n g l e p a s s a ge r es u l t s i n t h e g r i n d i n g o f a co n s i d er a bl e p r o
‘

p ort i on o f t h e m a teri a l b ey o n d t h e r equi r ed l i m i t In t h e c a s e .

wh er e a l l s li m i n g i s b ei n g pr a ct i s ed i t r es u l t s i n a d ecr ea s ed
-

duty o n a cc ou n t o f t h e f o rm a t i on of s l i m e i n t h e firs t h a l f o f t h e
,

mi l l a s a r es u l t o f a n a l m os t i mm ed i a t e r educt i on of t h e fi n er
’

m a t er i a l pr es en t i n t h e f eed A furt h er d i s a dv a n t a g e a n d l os s
.

fr om i n s uffic i en t f eed i s s een i n hi g h b a ll c o n s umpt i o n a n d ex ces

.

s i v e w ea r o f t h e l i n er s a t t h e d i s c h a r g e en d of t h e m i l l Th i s .

o bj ect i o n d oes n o t a pp l y t o t h e c on i c a l m i l l wh er e li tt l e ,

eff ect i v e g r i n d i n g i s p erf o rm ed a t t h e d i s c h a r g e en d a n d w h er e

wea r of l i n er s i s pr o p o rt i on a l l y li g h t Ba ll Mi ll F eed s h o u l d be
.
-

i n cr ea s ed t o a p oi n t S h o wi n g m a xi m um g r i n d i n g wi t h m i n i mum
b a l l a n d l i n er c o n s umpt i on A mpl e f eed i n s ur es h i g h duty
.
,

b ec a u s e u n d er s uc h c o n di t i o n s t h er e i s a l wa y s a l a y er of s a n d
, ,

b et ween t h e b a l l s ev en a t t h e d i s c h a r g e en d I t pr ev en t s
,
.

exc es s i v e b a ll a n d l i n er w ea r by cu s h i o n i n g t h e b l o w b et w een

b a l l a n d b a ll a n d b a ll a n d l i n er w i t h a l a y er of m a t eri a l t o be
, ,

cru s h ed Th e d i s a dv a n t a g e of h i g h f eed i s s een i n t h e n ec es s i ty

.

f or a c o rr es p o n d i n g l y h i g h duty c l a s s i fyi n g a n d r etur n s y s t em ;

-

but a s el ev a t i n g c l a s s i fi er s p erf orm t h i s O p er a t i on a t a n i n s i g

,

n i fi ca n t c o s t t h e fi n a l a dv a n t a g e i s a l wa y s i n f a v o r of a n a mp l e
,

b a l l or tub e m i ll f eed w i t h a c l o s ed c i rcu i t r etur n s ys t em

-
,
-
.
 1 34 HA N DB OOK OF OR E DR E SSING

i sa m e t i m e wet cru s h i n g i n v ol v es s h o rt er l i f e f or li n ers a n d

i n cr ea s ed con s u m p t l on of s t eel b a l l s
. I n s umm i n g U p i t m a y be
s a i d t h a t t h e a dv a n t a g es a r e i n f a v o r of w et cru s hi n g , wh er e
p os s i b l e b ec a u s e fir s t c os t i s pr a ct i c a l l y t h e s a m e f or ei t h er
,

typ e of mi ll s o t h a t d epr ec i a t i o n a n d c a p i t a l c h a r g es on wet

,

cru s h ers a r e l es s p er t o n cru s h ed t h a n i n t h e c a s e of t h e dr y

typ e Po w er i s a l s o pr a ct i c a ll y t h e s a m e w h et h er t h e mi ll i s
.

cru s hi n g w et o r dry a n d t hi s f a ct a l s o i n flu en c es t h e c omp a ri s on

,

i n f a v o r of wet cru s h i n g .
 S E C T I ON X

G RI N D I N G IN CHILE AN , H UN TI N G TO N , AN D
SIM ILAR TYP E S OF M ILL S

T h e Ch i l e a n Mi ll (Fi g . 1 03 ) c o n s i s t s of a s h a ll o wci rcul a r

tr o u g h of a d i a m et er wh i c h d en ot es t h e S i z e of t he mi ll . L a rg e

F IG . 1 03 .
—C hi l ea n m il l .
18

d i a m et er r o l l ers of c om p a r a t i v el y n a rr ow fa c e a r e r evo l ved i n

t h e tr ou g h , a n d t h e g r o u n d p r o duct i s d i s c h a r g ed t h r oug h
13 5
136 HA NDB OOK OF OR E D R ESSING

a ppr o pri a t e s cr een i n g D et a i l s of c on s truct i o n wi ll be f o u n d i n

.

Ta b l e L I a n d o pera t i on i n Ta b l e L I I
,

T h e L an e M i l l i s a n i mpr o v ed C hi l ea n m i l l O p er a t i n g a t a s l ow
s p eed w i t h a n o v erfl o w d i s c h a r g e g en er a ll y w i t h o ut s cr een i n g .

A bed of o r e i s k ept b et ween t i r es a n d d i e a n d t h e m i l l i s s u r ,

m ou n t ed wi t h a w ei g h t t a n k wh i c h w h en fi ll ed w i t h r o ck o r
, ,

o t h er h ea vy m a t er i a l a dd s t o t h e cru s hi n g p o w er o f t h e t i r es
,
.

C o mm i n ut i o n i s i n s ur ed b y a c o mb i n a t i o n cru s h i n g g ri n d i n g , ,

a n d a br a s i v e a ct i o n C o n s truct i o n d et a i l s a re g i v en i n T a b l e
“
.

L III g en er a l o p er a t i n g d a t a i n Ta b l e L I V a n d s cr een a n a l ys es
, ,

i n Ta b l e L V .

T AB LE LI — C HI LEA N —
. M I LL DA T A 18

—
T AB LE LIL C HI LEA N -
MI LL PER F O R MA N C E 57

Ore Q ua rt z -
p or p h yr y
S cr een 1% m m d h o l e p u n ch ed
. r ou n

D i e w ei g h t 1 7 2 2 ea ch wh en n ew , t ot a l 2 52 6
T on s f eed p er 2 4 h ou r s 237
P er cen t . so l i ds in f eed
R a tio s o li d s t o w a t er 1 to 3
Hp
.

T on s d ry f eed p er .

da y
Hp. .
p er h r
W ea r p er t o n cru s h ed
138 H A N D B OOK OF OR E DR E SSING

TAB LE LIV .
—
LA N E SL O W S P EE D - C HI LEA N - M I LL DA T A 59

Dat a

Si z e of m i ll , in f ee t

Ti m e in a ct u a l o p er a t i o n

C a p a ci t y , t on s in 24
h o u rs
H o rs ep o w er r e qu i r ed
G ll a on s of w a t er u s ed p er
m i n ut e B
Hi g h t
e of di s ch a r g e, i n s . 4
M es h o f s cr een , if an y . . 8
C h a r a ct er of o re h a rd so ft h a rd
M es h of di s ch a r g ed p u p l . 40 E H
Ti m e s h u t d o w n f or r e

C os t o f r ep a i r s , p er t o n
Si z e of f eed , i n c h es

RE MA R K S

—T l cr u s h ed H—8O p
B—
A ot a i n 8500 t on s t i s m i n u s 1 00 m es h
— —9 5 p
. er c en . .

ll
—68
S m e as a l o s t a m p m i I er cen t is m i n u s 1 00 m es h
—R p i
a . . .

C a rs m a d e wh i l l
e c ea n i n J t i s m i n u s 1 00 m es h

D— —M i ll
e g up p er cen

Hv
. . .

a e an un li m i t ed supp ly of K ed a t ot a l of 7 000 t o n s t o d a t e of wr i t
w a t er N r ec o r d k ep t of ing
—7 3
. 0 co n .

—90
s um p t i on . L p er c en t . is m i n us 1 00 m es h .

E p er cen t is m i n us m es h M g al p er 2 4 h o u r s
—L
. . .
, .

F
G — 90
o w er

s hi ft
than
s t o dat e
st am

.
ps . Wh e re

u s ed .
n ot o t h er w i s e s t a t ed , n o s cr een s w er e

In A r i zon a . C o n s i d er s La n e bet t er t h a n st a m ps . F eed di r ect f r om cr us h er t o La n e

mi ll .

w In s o u t h er n N e v a da . An e x ll
ce en t fi n e g r i n d er and am a lg am a t or .

s In Id aho . A n i d ea l am a lg m a a t or ;8 1 p er c en t . ca u g ht i n t he m i ll i t l f
se .

e In C a i lf o r ni a . N ot s a tis fid e . G ri n ds t o o fi n e C a p a ci t i m i t ed
. yl .

s In Id aho . B et t er t h a n stam ps l
a s a cr u s h er ; es s w ea r a n d es s w a t er l n eed ed .

e In N v e a da . Or e xt e r em e ly h ard f
; r ee m ll
i i n g ;80 p er c en t . of l
p u p t h r ou g h 60 m es h .

N In T x e as . An e cex ll en t m a ch i n e f or f
i n e g r i n di n g .

Th e a b v o d a t a w er e obt a i n ed i n A u g us t , 1 9 1 2 ,
e f ro m co rr es p o n d en ce w i t h co m p a n i es
a ct u a ll y o p er a t i n g t h e m i ll .
 GR INDING IN M ILLS 1 39

TAB LE LV .
—
LA N E MI LL S C R EE N I N G D I S C HAR G E
- -
A N AL Y S I S 60

Hi g h t
e of o v er fl
ow di s

Screen i n g u s ed 1 2- m es h

Per cen t a g e of s ol u t i on ,
1n

R p
. . m . of m ill .

Scr een i n g An a l ys i s
'

P er cen t . P er c en t . Per ce n t .

Th e O p era ti o n of Hi g h an d Lo w -
S peed Ch i l ea n M i ll s i s g i v en
in Ta b l e L V I .

I A
S E CT O N L V E W I

F IG 1 0 4 —D v q
. . en er uart z m i ll .
61
1 40 H A N DB OOK OF OR E D R ESSING
m m m
. c m . m m 0 0
m u
. w

o o m O
w n m N .

fl o
u ~

3 5 5
5 5
e
8 8 8 5
5

0 5 t

3 0 5
0
3 0
8 ;
a

5 5 2 2 > .
5
.

5 .
5
“
m
5 W
.
8 m
5

o o o o
m m
. m . m

w m m (1 3 1 0 o m oo oo
m m m

3:

N b 00 ® O O
‘

8
.

5 0
.

2 5 5 5

—
.
7
0 0 0 0
0 0
m m 5 3 5
m 0 5 0 8
3 8
. 9 @ 5
0 5
8
8
5
0 u 8
a
0
«
0 m A m Q 4 A
142 H A NDB OOK OF OR E D R ESSING

T AB LE —
L VII H U N TI N G TO N M I LL DAT A 8
.
-

Si z e, ft .

C a p a c i t y i n To n s p er 2 4 H
ou r s a n d Sp eed of C o u n t er s h a f t f o r
D i ff er en t Feed s

Min
-
. f eed in
- . f eed

Si z e of m il l ,

ft .

1 00
40 1 35 1 5 t o 22
20 2 6 t o 38

9 to 15 1 00
1 66 2 5 t o 35 40 1 50 25 t o 35
50 t o 7 5 20 4 2 t o 62

17 to 28 1 00
216 47 to 65 40 195
9 2 t o 1 40

Th e G r i i n fl Mi ll
p er a t es by m ea n s o f a s i n g l e r o ll er a ttac h ed
o

t o a v erti c a l s h a ft w hi c h i s t h r o wn ou t by c en tri fu g a l f orc e a g a i n s t

a r i n g di e D et a i l s of t h e o p er a t i on of 1 6 of t h es e m i ll s s i n c e
.
,

r epl a c ed by K rupp b a ll m i l l s a r e g i v en i n Ta b l e L V I II ,
.

fi n en es s of t h e pr o duct wil l be n ot ed Th e m i l l h a s f o u n d s m a ll .

f a v o r a m o n g o p er a t o rs on a cc o u n t o f c o n s t a n t n ec es s i ty f o r
,

rep a i rs a n d r en ewa l s .
 GR IN D ING IN MILL S 143

TAB LE LVII I —G R I FF I N —
. MI L L DA T A "

Gt Boul d er
. Per s ev era n ce .

S i ze of m i ll No 11 . .

D i a m et er r
of c u s h i n g r o ll 1 5 in .

D i a m et er of ri n g di e 30 in .

R p m of s h a f t
. . . . 1 98
Li f e o f d i e r i n g s 1 8 d a ys
Li f e of r o l l bod i es 6 m on t hs
Li f e of r ol l t i r es . 9 d a ys
S i ze of f eed
Hp
.

. . con s u m p t i on 18
Out p u t 3 7 t on s p er d a y
S cr een i n g 1 4 X 1 4 X 22 I . S W
. . G .

S c r een i n g ana ly sis

M es h

Th e S tu r t eva n t R i n g R oll M il l (Fi g 1 06 ) t a k es a f eed up t o .

in
. In t h e o p er a t i on of t h i s typ e o f m i ll t h e ri n g i s r ev ol v ed
a n d t h e r o l l s a r e h el d a g a i n s t t h e r i n g by pr es s ur e Th e pr o duct
‘

fro m t h e mi ll m a y be s cr een ed a n d t h e o v er s i z
.

e re t ur n ed f o r
furt h er r educt i o n (s ee Fi g .

Th e M a r a t h on M i l l (Fi g 1 0 8 ) c o n s i s ts o f a g ri n di n g drum
.
,

m o u n t ed on a cr a d l e i n s uc h a w a y th a t f a l l b et ween f eed a n d
d i s c h a r g e l ev el s m a y be a dj u s t ed t o s ui t r eq u i r em en t s Th e .
1 44 HA NDB OOK OF OR E DR ESSING

g r i n di n g m ed i a c o n s i s t o f l oo s e s t eel b a r s o f a l o n g i tudi n a l
d i m en s i on eq u a l t o t h e l en g t h of t h e m i l l Th e s h ell i s li n ed wi t h .

s t eel p l a t e h a vi n g c o rru g a t i on s whi c h t en d t o pr o duc e a wa v e

FIG 1 0 6 S t u t ev t r i g ll m il l
. .
- r an n -
ro .
32

F d
ee t
en h pp
er s t H
o er a
t S d liv v v lvi g i g wh i t ly l
.

Sp ou e it t ers t f
a cen re o co n ca e re o n r n er e IS st ron g h e d by
t if g l f
r u a til
o r ce u n h d ff b y t h
cr us ll di h g i ng t D
e o e ro s sc ar a
ll d i v by t i f g ll y h l d m t i l
.
,

A Sp i g p
r n - d r ess e ro s r en cen r u a -
e a er a
v lvi g i g d i v ll t h l y f f ll y h l d l
.

Ri g i d re o n r n ll 1
r es a r ee r o s on
"
a er o c en tri ug a - e m a t er i a .

C Th i k l y
c fa t i f g ll y h l d
er o cen r g u d ka - e , un r oun r oc .

D G r ou n d r oc k cr us h ed o n b ot h s i d es of r i n g .

mo ti on a m o n g t h e r o d s dur i n g t he r ev ol uti o n of t h e mi l l . Th e
m i l l i s dr i v en by S pur g ea ri n g w h i c h i s a rr a n g ed c en tr a ll y an d
146 H A ND B OOK OF OR E DR E S SING

b et w een t wo t i r e r i n g s t h a t r es t on fo ur r o l l er ri n g bea rIn g s A n -

.

i mp o rt a n t f ea tur e o f t h e o per a t i o n of t h e M a r a t h on m i l l i s t h a t
t h e r o d s s p a c e t h em s el v es a t d efi n i t e d i s t a n c es fr o m ea c h o t h er ,

a cc o rd i n g t o t h e s i z e of t h e p a rt i c l es i n t h e f eed a n d t h e pr o duct ,

t h e s p a c i n g d ecr ea s i n g t o w a rd t h e d i s c h a r g e en d of t h e m i l l Th e .

a ct i o n i s t h er ef o r e s o m ew h a t S i m i l a r t o t h a t o ccurr i n g i n r oll
, ,

crus h i n g s m a ll p a rt i c l es of or e bei n g a bl e t o p a s s t h r o u g h t h e
,

en t i r e m i ll wi t h o ut furt h er a n d po s s i b l y u n ec o n o m i c r educt i o n

in Siz e.
,
—
Th e effic i en cy of t h e m i l l i s t h er ef o r e h i g h t h e m o ,

m en tum of ea c h r o d (a n d c o n s equ en tl y i t s eff ect i v en es s ) i s d i s

tri but ed o v er t h e en t i r e l en g t h T hi s i s i n d i s t i n ct c o n tr a s t t o
.

F IG 1 0 8 —M
. a r a t h on m i ll .
42

t he a ct i o n i n a n o rd i n a ry b a ll m i ll wh er e i mp a ct i s n ec es s a r i l y
, , ,

c o n c en tr a t ed i n o n e s p o t a n d wh er e l ow effi ci en cy m a y r es ul t
,

—
b ec a u s e of un pr o duct i v e b l o w s u n pr o duct i v e ei t h er fr o m t h e
m ec h a n i c a l o r ec o n o m i c p o i n t o f v i ew Th e r es ul t of t h e .

d i s tr i but ed i mp a ct i n a M a r a t h on m i l l i s t h a t t h e d i s c h a r g e i s
r em a rk a b l y ev en .Wh en t h e v a r i ou s c on tr oll i n g f a ct o r s h a v e
b een a dj u s t ed i n c o n f o rm i ty wi t h t h e g r a d e of pr o duct n ec es s a ry
, ,

t h e r es ul t s a r e o ft en n o t ew o rt h y . O t h er t h a n u n d er a b n o rm a l
c o n d i ti on s l i tt l e or n o u n d ers i z e a n d pr a ct i c a ll y n o o v er s i z e
’

es c a p es . Th e g en er a l c h a r a ct er i s t i c s o f t h e d i s c h a r g e wi l l a l t er
pr o p ort i o n a t el y a s t h e f eed i s f orc ed but t h e ev en n es s of t h e
,
 GR IN D ING IN III ILLS
/
147

TAB LE LIX .
—
M A R A TR O N -
M I LL PER F O R MA N C E 57

Or e Qua rt z m on z on i t e p o r p h y r y
Si ze of 3 ft . by 7 f t .

Ir o n r o d s i z e . . 7 56 i n . to 2 in . di a m .

C h a rg e O f r od s 700 0 l b .

Mo t o r u s ed 25 h p . .

S p eed 30 r m .

R atio so l i ds t o w a t er . 1 to 1 8
'

Hor s ep o w er
l

p er h ou r
Dr y feed p er h o r s ep o w er h o u r t o n s
To n s f
d r y eed p er 2 4 h r
Wea r of l i n er s p er t on g r o u n d . lb .

W ea r of r od s p er t on g r ou n d . 1h .

Scr een i n g A n a l ys i s

pr oduct wi l l r em a i n
'
a d i s t i n g u i s hi n g f ea tur e of t h e r es u l t Th e .

w ea r o n r o d s i s n o t a b n o rm a l but t h ey mu s t be r ep l a c ed wh en
,

wo r n t o a c ert a i n s i z e ;a n d t hi s d etr a ct s t o a s m a ll ext en t

, ,
148 HA N D B OOK OF OR E D R ESSING

fr o m t h e n et effic i en cy of r es ul t s Th e pri n c i p l e u n d e
. rl yi n g t h e
a ct i o n of t h e m i l l i s s o u n d .

D eta i l s o f R es u l t s o f M a r a t h o n M ill O pera ti o n a r e g i v en i n

-

T a b l e L I X a n d r ef er t o t es t s m a d e wi t h t h i s typ e of mi ll i n com
p et i t i on wi t h H a rdi n g e p ebb l e a n d C h i l ea n m i lls . I mpr ov ed
r es ul ts w er e obt a i n ed i n t h e s ec on d t es t a nd m a y be tr a c ed t o
(a ) b ett er c l a s s i fic a t i on of f eed a n d eli m i n a ti on of s li m e fr om
s a me , (b) h i g h er t o n n a g e a n d (0 ) r educt i o n i n f eed m oi s tur e
,

p erc en t a g e Th e r educ ed w ea r i n r o d s a n d li n er s i n t h e s ec on d
.

t es t i s a l s o a n i n d i c a t i on t h a t t h e pr evi ou s t es t w a s m a d e o n an
i n s uffic i en t f eed t o pr o t ect t h es e p a rt s fr om s el f a br a s i on
-
. Ma n u
’
f a ct u r er s i n f o rm a t i on a b o ut t h es e m i l l s i s g i v en i n T a b l e L X

T AB LE L. X — M ARA T HO N M I LL DA T A
- 42
1 50 HA NDB OOK OF OR E ' D R ESSING
0 3 11 a r od s u c n n ro s a g

m pg r ed 1 0 0 5, d
p e e s {n i a q
d u og

FI G . 1 10 .
—C ru s h i n g
— ll
ro di a g r a m .
 R OLL C R U S HING 1 51

Th e Cr u s hi n g -
Ro ll D i a g r a m (F i g 1 1 0 ) m a y be us ed f or t h e .

d et erm i n a t i o n of a ver a g e r ol l s i z es c a p a c i t i es a n d s peed s A n , , .

i l l u s tr a t i o n of t h e u s e of t h e d i a g r a m on t h e a s s umpt i o n t h a t i t
i s 1 equi r ed t o r educ e 2 5 t o n s p er h our of 2 i n m a t eri a l t o é i n 1 -
. .

i s g i v en a s f o l l o ws .

To deter m i n e di a m eter of roll r eq u i r ed Fi n d t h e s i z e of f eed .

(2 i n ) i n t h e c o l um n a t t h e l eft of t h e d i a g r a m a n d f ol l o w t h e
.

h or i z o n t a l l i n e l ea d i n g fr o m t h i s s i z e t o t h e p o i n t o f i n t e r s ect i on
“
wi t h t h e d i a g o n a l i n pr o duct l i n e i n t h e s eri es m a rk ed P r od
-
.

”
u ct li n es t o d et erm i n e s i z e of r o l l s F r om th i s p oi n t f oll o w
.

t h e n ea r es t v ert i c a l li n e t o t h e t o p of t h e d i a g r a m Th e rol l .

d i a m et er t h u s f o u n d (3 8 i n ) i s t h e t h eo r et i c a l m i n i mum d i am et er
.

t h a t ca n be u s ed t o r educ e 2 i n f eed t o -
.in A S th i s i s n o t a .

s t a n d a rd d i a m et er t h e n ea r es t l a r g er s i z e of s t a n d a rd d i m en s i o n
,

s h oul d be u s ed w h i c h w o u l d be 42 i n
,
.

To determ i n e s p eed a t whi ch 42 i n r oll s s h ou l d r u n : F i n d t h e -

.

s i z e of f eed o n t h e curv e m a rk ed Si z e of f eed i n i n c h es t o d et er

m i n e c orr ect p eri p h er a l s p eed a n d f oll o w t h e h ori z on t a l l i n e
,
-

t o t h e l eft t o t h e c ol um n m a rk ed
,
P eri p h er a l s p eed s f eet p er ,
”
mi n ut e w h i c h wi l l g i v e a s p eed of 700 ft p er m i n ute
,
. .

To det erm i n e th e ca p a ci t y of a 42 i n r oll r u n n i n g a t 70 0 f t p er -

. .

m i n u t e m a ki n g a / 2 i n p r odu ct F r o m t h e g i v en s p eed (
1 70 0 ft
’
-
. .
,
.

p e 1 m i n ut e ) f o ll o w t h e h o r i z o n t a l l i n e t o t h e r i g h t t o t h e p o i n t of

i n t er s ect i on wi t h t h e / 2 i n pr o duct li n e i n t h e s eri es m a rk ed

-
.

“ ”
P r o duct li n es t o d et erm i n e c a p a c i t i es D i r ect l y u n d er n ea t h
.

t h i s p oi n t a t t h e b ott o m of t h e t a b l e wi l l be fo u n d a c a p a c i t y
t on s p er h our p er i n c h of f a c e F r o m t h i s w e fi n d
'

g i v en of .

t h a t i t wi l l r equ i r e a r ol l 1 4 i n wi d e t o g i v e a c a p a c i ty of .

2 5 t o n s p er h our but a s t hi s i s n ot a s t a n d a rd wi dt h f or a 4 2 i n -
.

r oll a 42 b y 1 6—
,

, i n r ol l m a y be a d o pt ed
. .

S umm i n g up t h e a b o v e w e h a v e d et erm i n ed t h a t a 4 2 by 1 6 i n -
.

r ol l ru n n i n g a t a s p eed of 700 ft per m i n ut e wi l l r educ e . t on s

of 2 i n -
m a t eri a l t o
. m per h o ur . .

Th e a b o v e c a p a c i t i es a r e b a s ed on 2 5 p er c en t of t h e th eo ret i c a l .

ton n a g e o f a ri bb o n of cru s h ed o r e of t h i ck n es s equ a l t o t h e

d i s t a n c e b et ween t h e r o l l f a c es , a n d a s s um i n g t h a t t h e or e
1 52 H A NDB OOK OF O R E D R E SSING

w ei g h s 1 00 l b .
p er cub i c f oo t I n t h e . ,
a b o v e ex a mp l e t h e t he
o r et i ca l c a p a c i ty in t o n s per h our

(60 x 16 x it x 200 x 1 0 0 ) (2 00 0 X 14 4)
1 16 ton s p er h o ur
29 t on s p er h our at 2 5 p er c en t . effic i en cy .

To fi nd the R p m . . . of the roll at the ab ov e p er i p her a l s p eed

F oll o w t hecurv e f or 700 ft p er m i n ut e t o t h e po i n t w h er e i t
‘

i n t ers ect s t h e v ert i c a l l i n e u n d er 4 2 i n d i a m et er r oll a nd t h en

-
.
,

f oll o w t h e h or i z o n t a l l i n e fr o m t h i s po i n t t o t h e r i g h t o f t h e
d i a g r a m wh er e i t wi l l be f o u n d t h a t t hi s c orr es po n d s t o 63 r p m
, . . .

C r u s hi n g R oll C a pa c i ti es a t Va r i o u s S peed s m a y be d et erm i n ed

-

by t h e a i d of T a b l e L X I g i vi n g c ert a i n f a ct o r s i n r a t i o t o p er i p h
,

er a l s p eed i n f eet p er m i n ut e Th e c a p a c i t i es r es u l t i n g a r e 2 5 p er
.

c en t of t h e t h eo r et i c a l c a p a c i ty a n d t h e Wei g h t o f Or e h a s b een
.

a s s um ed t o be 1 0 0 l b p er cub i c f oo t . T o fi n d t h e c a p a c i t y of t h e
.

r oll s i n t o n s p er h o ur mu l t i p l y t h e f a ct o r o pp o s i t e t h e p er i p h er a l
,

s p eed by t h e d i s t a n c e t h e r o ll f a c es a r e s et a p a rt i n i n c h es an d ,

t h e r es u l t by t h e wi dt h of t h e r o l l f a c e i n i n c h es .

T AB LE LX I .
— FA C TO R S F O R T HE DE T ER MI N A T I O N OF C RU S HI N G -R O LL
C A P A C I T I E S A T V AR I O U S S P EE D S 1‘
 H A N D B OOK OF OR E D R ESSING

b et ween t h e f a c es . Th e c o effi c i en t o f fr i ct i o n is u sua l l y t a k en

as an d t he a n g le of nip

C orr u g a ted R o ll S h ell s (Fi g 1 1 2 ) en a b l e a l a r g er s i z

. ed f eed -

t o be h a n d l ed i n a s m a ll s et o f r olls t h a n wo u l d be t h e c a s e if
s m o o t h f a c ed s h ell s w er e u s ed
- .

'

E v en W ear o f Ti r es i s a i d ed by a n a dj u s tm en t a rr a n g ed t o
m o v e t h e s t a t i o n a ry r ol l i n ei th er d i r ect i on a l on g i t s a x i s A .

typ e o f t h i s a pp a r a tus i s i l l u s tr a t ed i n Fi g 1 1 3 . .

Hol l o w R oll Fa ces a r e u s u a l l y c a u s ed by u n ev en f eed i n g .

F IG . 1 13 .
—La t er a l a d u s t m en
j t m ech a n i s m .

Thi s n e es sc i t a t es t h e r em ov a l of t he r oll s an d t he tur n i n g d o wn

of t he f a c es i n a l a t h e .

C o rr u g a ti o n o f Ro ll F a ce s i s l a r g el y c a u s ed by ex c es s i v e s i z e

o f f eed b ey on d t h e d i m en s i o n i n d i c a t ed by t h e a n g l e of n i p a s
t h e m a xi mum . A s ec on d c a u s e i s f o u n d i n t h e c a s e w h ere b o t h
r oll f a c es a r e n ot tr a v el i n g a t i d en t i c a l l y t h e s a m e s p eed .

Roll s wi t h Fl eeti n g Acti o n (Fi g 1 1 4 ) c a rr y a n a ut o m a t i c l a t er a l

.

a dj u s t i n g d ev i c e w h er eby o n e r oll m o v es a cr o s s t h e f a c e of t h e

Ot h er r oll t wi c e a n h our Th e d eg r ee of m ov em en t d ep en ds i n
z
.

s o m e m ea s ur e o n t h e s i e o f t h e m a t eri a l b ei n g cru s h ed Th e .

o bj ect o f t h i s d ev i c e i s t o pr ev en t c o rru g a t i on s .
 R OLL CR US HI N G
A djus t m en t o f P r o du ct zi
u s u a l l y m a d e by m ea n s o f g ea r s
Si e s

o p er a t ed by a cr a n k In t h e typ e i l l u s tr a t ed (Fi g 1 1 5 ) p a r a l l eli s m

. .

of t h e r o l l f a c es i s i n s ur ed by S i mu l t a n eo u s m o v em en t of b o t h

r ol l f a c es a n d t h e d esi r ed a dj u s tm en t i s m a i n t a i n ed by m ea n s of
,

FIG . 1 14 .
— Fl eet i n g ro ll m ec h a n i s m .

a k ey en i
g g ng
a t he t eet h of t he pi n i on t o wh i c h t he Sh aft i s
att a c h ed .

S pri n g s i n Ro ll s a r e pr ovi d ed i n ord er t o pr ev en t d a m a g e t o

fr a m es a n d t en s i on r o d s by t h e pr es en c e of s t eel or ot h er u m
br ea k a b l e m a t er i a l i n t h e f eed .
HA N DB OOK OF OR E DR ESSING

1 15 .
—
R
r) ll a d u s t m en
j t g ea ri n g .

FI G . 1 16 —
. St ur te v an t ba l a n ced r o ll s .
"2
1 58 HA N D B OO K OF O R E D R ES S ING

is t o tr a n s m i t s uffic i en t po wer t o t h e r o l l t o w h i c h i t i s c on n ect ed

to keep i t r ev ol vi n g wh en n ot crus hi n g .

Th e Hi g h Pr es s ur e Born e by R o ll B ea ri n g s n ec ess i t a t es a mp l e

FIG . 1 18 —
. C a i
'
-
bo x ro ll be a r i n g .

an d ffi c i en t l ubri c a t i o n t o o bv i a t e h ea t i n g
e F i g ure 1 1 8 s h o ws a
.

m o d i fic a ti on of t h e ord i n a ry r a i l r oa d ca r j our n a l m et h o d of
-
.

l ubr i c a t i o n whi c h h as b een s ucc ess fu ll y a d o pt ed f o r r oll r equ i re

,

m en ts .
 S E C T I ON X I I

RE G RI N D I N G O R S LIM IN G IN P AN S AN D TUBE M ILL S

Th e G r i n d i n g P a n i
( g
F c on s i s t s typ i c a l l y of a c i rcu l a r
1 1 9)
c a s t i ron tr ou g h u s u a l l y 5 ft i n d i a m et er fitt ed wi t h fl
.

-
,
. a t f a c ed
,
-

r en ewa b l e d i es T h es e f orm t h e l o w er g ri n d i n g s urf a c e whi c h

.
,

i s s ta ti on a ry . Th e upp er g ri n d i n g s u r f a c e c o n s i s t s of r enew a b l e
s h o es a tt a c h ed t o a mu l l er p l a t e S p i d er y o k e a n d c en tr a l s h a ft
, , , .

FIG . 1 19 .
—W h eel er g ri n di n g p a n .
7

t o whi c h p o wer i s a pp li ed t h rou g h b ev el g ea r i n g u n d er n ea t h t h e

p a n. T h e d i s c h a r g e i s u s u a l l y i n s p i t z
k a s t en f o rm a n d a rr a n g ed ,

s o t h a t a n y u n g r o u n d pr o duct o v erfl o wi n g i s r etur n ed a u t om a t i

c a ll y t o t h e p a n f or furt h er r educti on .

P a n S h o es a n d D i es v a ry i n n umb er fr o m 8 t o 1 8 of ea c h p er
pa n . Th ey a r e u s u a ll y 2 % or 3 i n t h i ck a n d a r e m a d e ei t h er
.

l o c a ll y a t t h e m i n e fro m pi g i r o n a n d s cr a p or ot h er mi xtur e o r ,

1 59
1 60 H A NDB OOK OF OR E DR E SSING

p u r ch a s ed '
i n t h e f o rm
o f h em a ti t e i r on Th e li f e o f t h es e wea ri n g
.

p a rts v a ri es wi t h t h e ki n d of work t h e p a n i s c a ll ed u po n t o per

f orm a n d t h e c l a s s of m a t eri a l u s ed S h oes l o c a l l y c a s t fr om .

s cr a p us u a ll y l a s t a b o ut a m o n t h B ett er qu a l i ty m a t eri a l wi l l
.
-

i n s ure a li f e o f fr o m 6 t o 9 m on t h s .

56 B o l t

i pe 1 % Q

F d ee Pu p l
FIG . 120 — S t a n d a rd am a lg am ati n g and g ri n di n g p a n , wi t h cen tra l -
pipe f eed .
62

C en tr a l F eed f or G ri n d i n g P a n s m ay be a rr a n g ed by a s ys t em
of p i pes l ea d i n g fr o m a f eed box a r o u n d t h e t o p of t h e
- s p i d er

( g
F i . 1 2 0 ) o r by m ea n s o f a c en tr a l f ee d cy li n d er ( F i g .

Wi th t h e l a tt er a rr a n g em en t a ll f eed mu s t n ec es s a r il y p a s s be
t w een s h oes a n d d i es b ef o r e r ea c h i n g t h epu l p d i s ch a rg e po i n t - .

A Cl a s s i fyi n g Pi pe Di s ch ar g e m a y be a rr a n g ed t h r o u g h t h e
s i de of t he pa n i x i n t o t h e pa n
(s ee Fi g A .p p e e te n d s

F IG 8 7 —M
. . et a l st am p
-
s t em g u i d es .
16
1 62 H A ND B OOK OF OR E D R E SSING

an d t erm i n a t es a b o ut h a l f w a y t o wa rd t h e c en t er i n a b en d or
el b o w . A c l a s s i f y i n g a ct i on b a s ed o n c en tri fu g a l f orc es o ccurs ,

t h e c o a rs er p a rt i c l es b ei n g k ept t o w a rd t h e ed g e of t h e p a n .

C o mp en s a ti n g W ei g h t s , t o a l l o w f or l os s o f w ei g h t o cc a s i o n ed
i n w ea r of S h o es a re a n i mp o rt a n t f a ct o r i n t h e ef fic i en t w orki n g
,

o f a n o rd i n a r y g r i n d i n g p a n I n a b i li t y t o r eal i z e t h i s f a ct co n
.

s t i t u t es o n e o f t h e pr i n c i p a l r ea s o n s f o r f a i l ur e Th e .

w ei g h t s h o w n i n Fi g 1 22 i s u s ed ext en s i v el y a n d wa s o
.
,

d es i g n ed a t t h e I v a n h o e M i n e W es t A u s tr a l i a Th e ri n g
‘

.
, .

w ei g h s 600 l b a n d i s S li pped o n o v er t h e yo k e a n d r es t s o n t h e
.
,

mul l er p l a t e G r a d i n g a n a l y s es w i t h p a n s dri v en a t 57 r p m
. . . .

a n d c o n s um i n g h p a r e g i v en i n T a bl e L X I I
. . .

T AB LE LXII .
-
E FF E C T OF C O MP E N S AT I N G W E I G HT S IN PA N GRI N D I N G 7

D i s ch a r g e g r a d i n g ana ly sis

1 8 t o n s p er d a y 2 2 t o n s p er d a y

S cr een i n g

Th e Ad va n ta g e s of G ri n d i n g Pan s, f or s ma ll Or m ed i um
t on n a g e o per a t i on s a r e s een i n
(1) Im m ed i a t e a ccess i bi l i t y o f a l l p a rt s .

(i i ) A v a i l a bi l i t y a s a m a l g a m a t o r s
zt i mi l l O t p
.

(i i i ) Sm a l l u n i t ca p a ci t y , r es u l t i n g in l es s d i s or g a n i a on In u ut

d u ri n g r ep a i r .

(i v ) Low uni t a ry p o w er co n s u m p t i on w i t h n o e xt r a or o v er l o a d p r o v i s i o n
n eces s a r y f o r s t a r t i n g u p

(v ) Wea r i n g p a rt s of si m ple sh a p e a n d d es i g n an d ca n be ca s t f rom

s cr a p m et a l .

( )
i R
v a p i d d i s ch a r g e o f g r ou n d m a t er i a l w i t h l es s n eces s i t y f o r el i m i
n a t i o n o f fin es f r o m f eed t h a n w i t h o t h er t yp es o f fi n e g r i n d ers .

(v i i ) A u t o m a t i c ret u r n of u n g r ou n d p ro d u ct t o b od y of p a n .
 R EGR IN D ING OR SL I M ING IN P A NS A N D T UB E III ILLS 1 63

Cri ti ci s mAg a i n s t Gri n d i n g P a n s h a s b een t oo oft en b a s ed on

t h e ex p er i en c e wi t h a n a n c i en t typ e of a pp a r a tu s k n own a s t h e
s t a n d a rd g ri n d i n g a n d a m a l g a m a t i n g p a n ( g
F i I n t hi s .

m a c h i n e t h e n um ber a n d d i m en s i o n s of b o t h s h o es a n d d i es a r e
i n a d equ a t e t h e g ri n d i n g a r ea i s i n s uffic i en t a n d u o pr o v i s i o n
, ,
~

ex i s t s t o m a i n t a i n g r i n d i n g s urf a c e w ei g h t T h e pr i n c i p a l o b
-
.

j e c t i on a g a i n s t g r i n d i n g p a n s i s t h a t t h e
y r e qu i r e a dj u s tm e n t
a n d a r e n o t s o f o o l pr oo f a s tub e m i l l s
-
.

G ri n di n g P a n s m a y be u s ed ei t h er a s S ta g e G r i n d er s or a s .

S l i m er s D et a i l s of O p er a t i on i n b o t h c a p a c i t i es a r e g i v en i n
.

T a b l es L X III L X I V , a n d L XV
,
.

T AB LE LX III .
— O P ERA T I O N OF PA N S US E D FOR S AGE
T GR I I G
N D N 7

S on s of G wa l i a L V C on s o
. . l s G t Fi n g a
. ll
C l a ssi fi ed s a n d Mi d d li n g s f r om
M a t eri a l
p r od u c t Wil fly
e s
Sand

C o n d i t i on o f m a t er i a l

R p . . m .

Si zf p e o an

To n s p er d a y
Typ e o f p a n . W h eel er Wh eel er Fo r w ood
D ow n
S cr een i n g A n a l ys i s

1 00 0 .
1 64 HA NDB OOK OF OR E D R E SSING

T AB LE LXIV .
—
O P ERA TI O N OF PAN S US E D FO R FIN E R I I
G ND N G 7

Mi n e Ka l g ur li A s s oc i a t e d L V C on s o
. . l s

M a t eri a l

C on d i t i o n R o a s t ed R o a s t ed R o a s t ed

l
Go d r ec o ver ed i n p a n s by 12 of vla ue 22 of t ot a l 51 % °f t ot a l
V 8”1u e 0
am a lg a m a t i on o f or e r ec o v yer

R p m
. .

Si z e o f pa n .

Ton s p er d a y
Typ e of p a n Wh eel er Wh eel er Wh eel er

S creen i n g An a l ys i s

W h eel er -Type Gr i n d i n g P a n s wer e pr evi ou s l y i n u s e a t t h e

H om es t a k e Th es e were 5 ft i n d i a m et er c on s um ed
. . h p a t 58 ,
. .

Gra d i n g
'

r p m a n d h a n d l ed j us t un d er 2 0 t o n s p er d a y p er p a n
. . .
.

a n a l y ses o f f eed a n d d i s c h a r g e wi ll be f o un d i n T a b l e L XV I .

G ri n di n g P a n Pr a cti ce wi th C l o s ed C i r cui t a n d D o rr C l a s s i fi ca
-

t i o n i s i n o p er a t i on i n B oli v i a a n d a cc o rd i n g t o S Oh n l ei n a p a n
, , , ,

wi t h a c en tr a l f eed of 3 8 t o n s p er d a y ru n n i n g a t 60 r p m w i t h ,
. . .

a c on s umpt i on of h p i s c a p a b l e o
. f g
. r i
,
n d i n g 3 0 t o n s o f s a n d
p er d a y t o p a s s 2 00 m es h T h e f ee d s h o
. w ed a b o ut 7 0 p er c en t .

b et ween 30 a n d 1 0 0 m es h .
1 66 HA N DB OOK OF OR E DR E SS I N G

In t h e Go bbe P an t h e pr es s u r e b et ween s h o es a n d d i es i s
m a i n t a i n ed c o n s t a n t by t h e us e of l ev er s t h a t a r e wei g h t ed i n
s uc h a wa y a s t o k eep t h e d i es i n a dj u s t ed pr es s ur e a g a i n s t t h e

s h o es . T hi s typ e of p a n i s a rr a n g ed f or s cr een d i s c h a r g e, ] S
fitt ed rr a ng em en t s f or c en tr a l f eed a n d i s p a rt i cul a rl y
wi th a ,

wel l a d a pt ed f o r s t a g e g r i n d i n g D et a i l s of o p er a t i on a r e g i v en
.

i n Ta b l e L XV I I .

T AB LE LX VI — H O M E S T A K E P A N G R A D I N G A N AL Y S E S
.
51

T AB LE LX VI I .
—
C OB B E G R I N D I N G PA N D AT A
-

Screen i n g on ba t t er y 8 X 8 m ‘
es h

S cr een i n g on pa n 14 X 14 m es h

Feed t o p a n . t o n s p er 2 4 h r .

R p m
. . . of pan . 44

G ra d i n g A na l ys i s

M es h F eed ,
p er cen t .
 R EGR INDING OR SL I MING IN P A NS A N D T UB E M ILLS 1 67

Tu be -
M i lli n g P ra c t i ce i ll u s tr a t es a n i mpo rt a n t a d a pt a ti o n i n
o r e r educt i o n m et h od s
-
Ori g i n a l l y b o rro w ed fr o m t h e c em en t
.

i n du s tr y a n d wo rk ed w i t h out m o d i fic a t i on i n d es i g n t h e m a c h i n e
, ,

h a s p a s s ed t h r o u g h m a n y s t a g es o f i mpr o v em en t T h o ri g i n a l .
e

s i l ex l i n i n g o f fl i n t b l o ck s h a s b een l a r g el y rep l a c ed by h a rd

FIG . 1 23 .
— T u be m i ll wi t h m o t or d ri v e .

m et a l l i n i n g T h o exp en s i v e i mp o rt ed fl
. i n t s u s ed a s g ri n d i n g
m ed i a a r e r a r el y a v a i l a b l e a n d m a n uf a ctur ed p ebb l es of h a rd
,

r o ck m i n e r o ck o r s m a l l s t eel ba ll s a r e g en er a ll y u s ed
, , .

Tub e M i ll s a r e u s u a ll y c on s truct ed of a d i a m et er v a ryi n g

b et ween 4 a n d 6 ft Th e l en g t h d ep en d s on pr a ct i c e r e
.

q u i r em e n t s,s uc h a s fi n en es s of g ri n d i n g d es i r ed a n d t o n n a g e t o
be h a n d l ed Th ey a r e a rr a n g ed t o O p er a t e h o ri z o n t a ll y a n d
.

w i t h o ut f a ll P o w er i s tr a n s m i tt ed t h r ou g h s u i t a b l e g ea r i n g
.
,

a n d t h e m i l l i s u s u a ll y t h ro w n

i n t o o r o u t of a ct i o n by m ea n s
o f s o m e t y p e of fr i ct i o n c l utc h ,
w h i c h s h o ul d be of a mpl e
c a p a c i t y (u s u a l l y t wi c e t h e
a v er a g e m i l l l o a d) Th e i n i
.

t i a l p o w er r equ i r ed t o s t a rt (F I G 1 2 4 —Fl o t i g t u be m i ll p
. . a n - i n l on .

a m i l l of t h i s typ e i s hi g h ,

es p ec i a l l y w h er e t h e c o n t en t s h a v e c em en t ed t o a c ert a i n ext en t

s i n c e t h e pr ev i o u s s h ut d o w n -
.

P o w er f or Tu b e M i l l s m a y be tr a n s m i tt ed by b el t i n g or c h a i n
dri v e ;or t h e c ou n t ers h a ft m a y be m ot o r c on n ect ed by s u i t a bl e
fl ex i b l e c oupl i n g (Fi g A fl oa t i n g p i n i o n (F i g
. .

wi t h b a l a n c ed t h ru s t s m a y be a rr a n g ed by dri vi n g t wo m i l l s ,
,
1 68 HA N DB OOK OF OR E DR E SSING

p l a c ed p a r a ll el fr o m t h e on e pi n i on c ou n t ers h aft B y a rr a n g i n g
,
.

a wi d e s ol e p l a t e f o r t h e tru n n i o n b ea r i n g s fitt ed wi t h a dj u s t i n g ,

s cr ew s ei t h er m i l l m a y be t h r o w n ou t of a ct i o n f or r ep a i r o r
,

ex a m i n a t i o n b y u n c l utc hi n g t h e p i n i o n s h a ft a n d m o vi n g t h e ,

m i l l on t h e s ol e p l a t es s o t h a t t h e s pur wh eel t eet h a r e ou t of -

r a n g e of t h e dri vi n g pi n i on .

Ti r e a n d R oll er B ea ri n g T ub e Mi ll s (
-
F i g 1 2 5 ) a r e s a i d t o co n .

s um e l es s p o w er t h a n t h o s e equ i pp ed wi t h tru n n i on b ea r i n g s A .

c omb i n a t i o n of tru n n i on a n d t i r e a n d r ol l b ea r i n g s i s s o m et i m es
- -

u s ed Th e pr i n c i p a l a dv a n t a g e of t i r e a n d r ol l er s upp o rt i s s een
.
- -

F IG . 1 25 .
—T i re a n d ro ll er bea r i n g t u be m i ll .
55

i n i n cr ea s ed d i a m et er of d i s c h a rg e O p en i n g s cr een g ri zz l y (K rupp
t y p e) or l a r g e d i a m et er s p i r a l d i s c h a rg e (A bbé t y p e)
, .

G ea r D ri v es f or T ub e M i l l s a r e s h o w n i n F i g s 1 2 6 a n d 1 2 7 . .

T h e s pur g ea r dri v e i s u s u a ll y a d o pt ed r es u l t s i n l o w er h o r s e
-
,

p o wer c on s umpt i on a n d i s a n a rr a n g em en t p erm i tt i n g g r ea t er

,

ri g i d i ty i n c o u n t ers h a ft o p er a t i o n .

Tu be M i l l D ri vi n g S h a ft s h o u l d be a s h ea r i n l i n e wi t h t h e
h o r i z o n t a l a x i s of t h e m i l l a s p o s s i b l e s o t h a t a s i n g l e s o l e p l a t e
,

m a y be u s ed f or tru n n i on a n d c o u n t er s h a ft b ea r i n g s wi t h t h e ,

a dv a n t a g e of g r ea t er r i g i d i ty a n d ea s i er a dj u s tm en t Th e w ea r .

of wh i t e m et a l u s ed i n b a bb i tt i n g t h e tru n n i o n b ea r i n g s c a u s es a
1 70 HA N DB OOK OF OR E DR E SSING

c o n s umpt i o n . C o n d i t i o n s a r o u n d a tub e m i l l a r e h owev er , ,

a g a i n s t k eep i n g t h e r o ll er s c l ea n wi t h t h e r es ul t t h a t t h ey h a v e
,

n ot b een a d op t ed t o a n y ex t en t .

Feed i n g i n to t h e Tu b e Mi l l i s us u a ll y a cc ompli s h ed by
m ea n s of a s i mpl e f orm o f s c oo p s pi r a l of a s i z e i n pr o po rti on ,

t o t h e m a x i mum pebbl e d i a m et er Th e f eed en d t run n i on i s

.
-

li n ed wi t h a s p i r a l s h ell whi c h ten d s t o c a rry t h e m a t eri a l

,

i n t o t h e mi ll (F i g . Th e d i s c h a rg e en d i s s om et i rn es
fitt ed wi t h a r ev ers e s pi r a l f or t h e purp o s e of r et a i n i n g p ebb l es
i n t h e m i ll.

Fi ll er B ar
Li P l
A n g l e Bar
n er at e

E 1 0 Li n i n g Kom a t a Li n i n g

Os b o r n e L i n i ng

C or r u g a t ed L i n i n g R i b b ed P l a t e L i ni n g

FIG . 128 .
—
S e ct i on a l vi ew s o f t u be- m i ll li n ings .

S h ort Tube M i ll s a r e u s ed w h er e s li m i n g i s n o t requ i r ed a n d a r e ,

s u i t a b l e f or r eg r i n d i n g t a i li n g s or m i dd l i n g s i n c o n c en tr a to r
mi ll s or f or t h e r educt i on t o a s u i t a b l e m es h of a c oa rs e b a tt ery
,

pr o duct f or s ub s equ en t l ea c hi n g tr ea tm en t D et a i l s of t h i s .

c l ass of m il l a r e g i v en i n T a b l e L XVI II .

Th e I mpr ov ed E ffi c i en cy r es u l t i n g fr o m t h e us e o f sh o rt
tub e m ill s i s r ec ei vi n g i n cr ea s i n g r ec og n i t i on A s t a t em en t .

of t h e r es u l ts of c omp a r a t i v e t es t s m a d e wi t h r ef er en c e t o
t h e O p er a t i on o f c y li n dri c a l a n d c o n i c a l mil l s i s g i v en i n T a b l e
L XI X .

Th e E l O r o Tub e M il l L i n i n g (Fi g 1 2 8) c o n s i s t s of h a rd m et a l
- .
-

ca s t i n g s c a rry i n g g r oo v es h a vi n g a s l i g h t t a p er i n w a rd to w a r d
 R E GR I N D I N G OR SLI M I N G IN P A NS A N D T UB E MILLS 171

t he m i l l c i rcumf er en c e Th es e r ec es s es ex t en d a l o n g t h e l en g t h
.

of t h e m i l l a n d a r e d es i g n ed of a wi dt h t o a l l o w t h e p ebb l es
'
'

.
r

us ed f or g ri n di n g t o w ed g e i n t o pl a c e t h u s form i n g a pr ot ect i v e ,

l a y er a g a i n s t t h e m et a l Thi s t y p e of li n i n g o ri g i n a t ed i n M exi c o
.
,

a n d h a s b een ext en s i v el y a d o p t ed el s ew h er e .

C o rr u g a ted Tu be Mi ll L i n i n g (Fi g 1 2 8) i n s ur es c o n s i d er a b l e
-
.

m ovem en t of t h e pebb l es a n d pr ev en t s s l i pp a g e a n d c o n s equ en t

l o w crus h i n g effi c i en c y T h e typ e h a s b een u s ed l a rg el y wi t h
.

K rupp m i ll s .
0

T AB LE LX VIII —D E TA I Ls . OF S HO RT T UB E M I LL S 18

4 f eet 0 i n ch es X 6 f eet
4 feet 6 i n ch es x 6 f eet 6, 0 0 0
5 f eet 0 i n ch es X 6 feet
5 f eet 6 i n ch es X 6 f eet
6 f eet 0 i n ch es X 6 f eet
7. f eet 0 i n ch es x 6 f eet

Th e K o m a a t Tube- Mi ll
Li n i n g (Fi g 1 2 8) c on s i s t s of l on g i tud i n a l .

pl a t es wi t h m a xi mum t h i ck n es s wh er e w ea r i s g r ea t es t a n d
, ,

l o n g i tud i n a l s h o es b ot h of h a rd s t eel ,
Th e l a tt er s erv e t o r a i s e .

t h e pebb l es a n d a r e t h e pr i n c i p a l g r i n d i n g effi ci en cy f a ct o r i n -

t h i s typ e of l i n i n g E a c h 4 f t d i a m et er m i ll h a s ei g h t ri b s
.
-
.
-
,

m ea s ur i n g 3 i n by 2 % i n a n d t h e c orr ect s peed i s g i v en

For t h e 5—
. .
,

as 2 7% r p m . . . f t m i l l t en r i b s a r e r equ i r ed .
, ,

m ea s uri n g i n by 3 i n a n d t h e m i l l s h o u l d r ev ol v e a t 2 4
. .
,

r p m C a l cu l a t ed s p eed f or a m i ll wi t h K om a t a l i n i n g i s con
. . .

s i d er a bl y b el o w t h e r equ i r em en t s f or o rd i n a ry pr a ct i c e .

R i bb ed P l a te Tu be M i ll L i n i n g (Fi g 1 2 8) i s a s i mp l e typ e i n
- -
.

whi c h a v a r i a t i o n i n t h e pr o j ect i on of t h e r i b s m a y be a d o pt ed
t o m od i fy o r i n cr ea s e t h e d eg r ee of l i ft i n g of t h e p ebb l es .

Th e O s born e T u be M i l l L i n i n g (Fi g 1 2 8) c on s i s t s o f s t eel b a r s

- .

pl a c ed a l t er n a t el y l en g t h wi s e a n d ed g ewi s e a g a i n s t t h e i n s i d e of
t h e m i l l s h el l Th e li n i n g i s h el d i n p o s i t i o n by t h e wed g i n g
.
1 72 HA N DB OOK OF OR E DR E SS I N G

TAB LE LX I X .
—DE T A I L S OF S HO R T T UB E -
M I LL O P E R A TI O N

7
'
X 10
’
P o wer Mi n i n g Cyl i n d r i ca l Tu b e Mi ll
v s.
’
8 X 30 H di ar n g e C on i cal P ebbl e M i ll
N oT E
—
zTh e ob ect j in V i ew l
bei n g t o g r i n d t h e a r g es t p o s s i b e a m ou n t of t h e m a t er i a l l
so t h a t i t wi l lp a ss a 4 0 m es h s cr een a n d a t t h e s a m e t i m e a o i d p r o d u ci n g a n e c es s o f 2 4 0
-
v x
m es h m a t er a i l , bo t h m i ll s w er e i n a l
c o s ed c i r cu i t co n tainin g a y
h d ra u li l i fi
c c a ss er an d
c on cen t ra t i n g t a b l e so t ha t t he o v er s i z e of 40 m es h wa s r et u r n ed t o t he t u b m i ll
e s .

Dim en s i o n s o f M i ll s 7 X 10
’ ’
8 30
’
X ’

I n v
d i i d ua l l
M o t o r s B e t ed t o P i n i o n S h a t f .

1 00 T eet h 1 1 8 T eet h
”
4 P i t ch P i t ch
P D . .

" ”
14 F a ce ,
6 F a ce
1 6 T eet h 1 7 T eet h
P D. . P D . .

”
14 F a ce F a ce
G ea r an d P i n i on R atio

F eed S coo p . 3 C u p S p i ra l Si n g l e Cup

S pi ra l
Di m en s i o n s o f T r u n n i o n B ea r i n g s 24 "
X 24 ”
1 2 94
"
Di a .

l ’
x 9}é
W et t on s f eed p er 2 4 h r
—p
.

Av er a g e m oi s t u r e in f eed er cen t
D ry t on s of f eed p er 2 4 h r .

R ati o of f eed to m i ll s

P er cen t . of m a t er i l
a on 40 m es h in f eed

P er cen t . m a t er i a l on 40 m es h i n d i s ch a r g e
R ati o o f r ed u ct i o n on 40 m es h m a t eri a l
T on s r ed u ced t h r ou g h 4 0 m es h p er 2 4 h r
R a t i o b et w een m i ll s

P er cen t . of m i n er a l on 40 m es h in f eed

P er cen t . of m i n er a l on 40 m es h i n di s ch a r g e

R ati o o f r ed u ct i o n on 40 m es h m i n er a l
P er cen t . of m a t er i a l on 80 m es h in f eed

P er c en t . of m a t er i a l on 80 m es h i n di s ch a r g e

R atio of r ed u ct i o n on 80 m es h m a t er i a l
T on s red u ced t h r ou g h 8 0 m es h p er 2 4 h r
R a t i o bet w een m i ll s

P er cen t . of m i n er a l on 80 m es h in f eed

P er cen t . of m i n er a l on 80 m es h i n d i s ch a r g e
Ra ti o o f r ed u ct i o n on 80 m es h m i n er a l
P er cen t . of t h r ou g h 24 0 m es h m a t er i a li fn eed

P er c en t . of t h r o u g h 24 0 m es h m a t er i a l i di
n s ch a r g e

P er c en t i n cr ea s e i n t h r o u g h 2 4 0 m es h m a t er i a
. l .

T on s t h r ou g h 2 4 0 m es h m a t er i a p r o d u ced p er 2 4 h r l .
1 74 HA N DB OOK OF OR E D R ESSING

OOOOOOOOO
c o
N
er c
N
e
N
— 1
4
00 8 1 01 0 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 4 6 8 0 2 5 5

-
+ + + + + + +
 R EGR INDING OR SL I M ING IN P A NS A N D T UB E M ILLS 1 75

P ebbl e L o a d i ntub e m i ll s i s g en er a ll y k ept a t s li g h t l y a b o v e t h e

m i l l c en t er li n e but fluctu a t i o n s i n v ol um e a b ov e o r b el o w t hi s
,

a m o u n t a r e p erm i s s i b l e t o a ll o w f or i n cr ea s ed o r d ecr ea s ed t on

n a g e b ei n g h a n d l ed or t o p erm i t v a ri a t i on i n g r i n d i n g fi n en es s
, .

Wh en t h e l ev el r i s es c o n s i d er a b l e a b o v e t h e c en t er li n e h ow ev er , ,
“ ”
t h er e i s a d a n g er of p ebb l es b ei n g t h r o wn b a ck fr om t h e f eed
S CO O p or of c h o k a g e of t h e d i s c h a r ge s cr een s
,
F i g ur es s h o wi n g .

t h e d i f f er en c e i n h o r s epo w er c o n s umpt i on a n d o t h er d a t a a s a
r es u l t of va ri a t i on i n p ebb l e v ol um e a r e g i v en i n T a b l e L XX .

W ei g h t of tub e m i l l p ebb l e l o a d s i s g i v en i n Ta b l e L XX I
-
.

T AB LE LXX I .
—WE I G HT OF T UB E -
MI LL PEB B LE LO A D S 6 5
In Ton s of P ebb l es a t 105 l b . P er C u b i c F o o t

I n t er n a l di a m et er o f t u b e- m i ll l i nin g

t ube m i ll
l
54 i n 55 i n . 56 i n
{57 i n . 58 i n . 59 i n . 60 i n .

g6l in .
l6 2
I
in . 63 i n .

12 in . a bo v e a x i s of m ll
i 14 2 1 14 65 1 5 10 1 5
11 in . a bo v e a xi s o f m i ll 1 3 8 1 1 4 2 5 1 4 69 1 5
10 i n . a bo v e a xi s o f m i ll 1 3 4 1 1 3 84 1 4 2 7 1 4
9 in . a bo v e a xi s o f m i ll 1 3 0 1 1 3 4 3 1 3 85 1 4
8 in . a bo v e a xi s o f m i ll 1 2 60 1 3 0 1 1 3 4 2 1 3
7 in . a bo v e a xi s o f m i ll 1 2 1 8 1 2 58 1 2 9 9 1 3
1
6 in . a bo v e a xi s o f m i ll 1 1 76 1 2 1 5 1 2 55 1 2
5 in . a bo v e a xi s o f m i ll 1 1 3 3 1 1 72 1 2 1 1 1 2
4 in . a bo v e a xi s o f m i ll 1 0 9 0 1 1 2 8 1 1 66 1 2
3 in . a bo v e a xi s o f m i ll 1 0 4 7 1 0 79 1 1 2 1 1 1
2 in . a bo v e a xi s o f m i ll 1 0 04 1 0 4 0 1 0 7 6 1 1
1 in . a bo v e a xi s o f m i ll 9 60 9 96 10 3 1 10
Le v l w i t h xi
e a s o f m i ll
h l f f ll )
a u

1 i n b l w xi
. e o a s of m ll i . .

2 i n b l w xi
. e o a s of m i ll . .

3 i n b l w xi
. e o a s of

4 i n b l w xi
. e o a s of m i ll
5 i n b l w x
. e o a i s cf

6 i n b l w xi
. e o a s of m i ll . .

7 i n b l w xi
. e o a s of

8 i n b l w xi
. e o a s of m ll i
9 i n b l w xi
. e o a s of m i ll . .

10 i n b l w xi
. e o a s of m i ll . .

11 i n b l w xi
. e o a s of

12 i n b l w xi
. e o a s of m i ll
 1 76 HA N DB OOK OF OR E DR E SSING

Th e S peed of a tub e m i l l i s u s u a ll y c a l cu l a t ed fr o m D a v i ds en ’
s
2 0
formu la N ,
2 , wh er e N e qu a l s the r ev o l ut i on s per

an D t h e i n s i d e d i a m et er o f t h e m i l l i n i n ch es
d .

App r oxi m a t e Hor s ep o w er c on s um ed i n tub e m i l li n g wh er e ,

’
s p eed i s r eg u l a t ed by D a v i d s en s f o rmu l a equ a l s M wh er e , ,

M r efers t o t h e p ebb l e c o n t en ts o f t h e m i l l i n cub i c f eet Mo i s ture .

p erc en t a g e i n t h e f eed a n d o th er fa ct o r s w i l l i n flu en c e t h e r es u l t .

F eed T o n n a g e i n T ub e M i ll s u s u a ll y v a r i es w i th i mm ed i a t e
c o n d i t i o n s a n d r es u l t s a r e i n t erd ep en d en t w i th o th er fa ct or s A
, .

r etur n s y s t em f o r U n g ro u n d pr o duct i s i mp er a t i v el y n ec es s a ry
w h er e s li m i n g i s pr a ct i s ed a n d t h e f eed s h o u l d be i n s uc h qu a n
,

t i ty t h a t a mp l e u n g r o u n d m a t eri a l r em a i n s n ea r t h e d i s c h a rg e
en d t o pr o v i d e w o rk f or t h e f a l l i n g p ebb l es a n d t o pr ev en t ,

u n du e w ea r o n t h e l i n er s F i g ur es s h o wi n g t h e eff ect of t o n n a g e
.

va ri a t i o n i n tub e m i l l f eed a r e g i v en i n T a b l e L XX II
-
.

T AB LE —
LXXII E FF E C T . OF FEE D TO N N AGE V AR I A T I O N IN T UB E M I LL I N G 64

23 ft . X 5 ft .

l l
'

P eb b e oa d lb .

F eed 3 in . 3 in . 3 44 i n . 3 44 i n . 4 in . 4 in . 4 in . 4 in .

To n s or e p er 2 4 h r . 1 72 1 72 1 90 190 216 216 23 1 23 1

P er cen t a g e or e 64 71 66 67 7 1 05 67 85 . 68 1 8 69 7 0 6 6 67 . 72 22
P er cen t a g e l
s o ut i on . 32 1 4.

I n di c a t ed h p. 56 4 54 2 8 5 1 60 53 2 0 4 9 40 . 4 7 50 . 4 3 50

M es h D i s ch a r g e, G r a d i n g A lyn a sis

P er P er P er P er P er P er P er P er
t t t t t t t t
C
cen . cen . c en . cen . cen . c en . een . ce n .
 1 78 HA N D B OO K OF OR E D R E SSING

C om p a n y Ma ke

Oro y a B r ow n h i ll , W A . us t r a li a . 1 9 04 5

H an n ans St ar, W A . us t r a li a 1 9 04

Y ua n m i , W A . us t r a li a
'
4 X 16
’
20 1

V
V
aihi , N ew Z ea a n l d 19 1 1 3

R a n d , S ou t h Af i r ca 19 12 i so t h r u 90

R a n d , S ou t h Af i r ca
'
5 6
”
X22
’
52 3 240 , 9 0 —
90

D os E s t re ll as , E l Or o , M ex ’
5 X 24
’
7 5, 58 —
2 00

E s p er a n z a , E l Oro , M ex

S a n t a G er t r u d i s , P a ch u ca , M ex . 19 1 2 6
4
hi ex i co , M i n es of , E l Or o, M ex . 19 1 2 6 K rup p

Lu ck y Ti g er , S o n o r a , M ex 19 1 2 5 P . an d
'
5 X 14
’

M M Co
. . .

M on t a n a -
To n op a h , N ev 1 90 8 2 All i s
’
5 X 22
’

Ch lm a ers

G o ld fi el d C o n .
, G o l d fi el d , N ev .
, 19 12 6 A . C . 5
’
X 22 ’

B l a ck Oa k Tu o , l um n e Co .
, Ca i lf . 19 12
Li b er t y Be ll , Te ll ur i d e, 19 1 3 3 . A bb é
H ll i
o n g er , P o r c u p i n e , On t .
, Ca n . 19 12 4 A . C . 5
’
X 20 '

D om e, P o r cu p i n e, O n t a r i o . 1912 4 A . C . 5
’
X 22 ’

N ew N i p i ss i n g , L ow G r a d e , Co
ba l t , On t
C em en t I n d us t r y .
 C

H a rd i r on P o w er co s t

C o r r u g a t ed

F eed 1 0 m es h

1% t on s p er h p . .

f
( r o m b a ll ) t hru 90
m es h

F ee d 3 m es h

Li n i n g l asts 3 00 d a y s

0 1 56

Feed l a rg e ly qu a r t z
Qu a rt z R i bb ed an d t ai i n g s l

Qu a r t z

—
4 3 48 l
F int R i bbed F eed m m .

4
"
Si l x
e Li n i n g l a s t ed 8 m os .

0 1 66
. Si l xl e asts 7 m os .

Si l t en ch a i n d ri v e

Li n i n g l asts 9 -
10
m os .

Si l en t ch a i n d ri v e

70 —80 P r o d u ct f r om ba ll
m i ll s
1 80 H A N DB OOK OF OR E DR E SSING

T AB LE LXX V —T UB E M I LL DAT A
.
- 49

Mex Si l v er M i l l
. 5 X 16
X 20
X 20

Hl li
o n g er
P o r cu p i n e C ro w n .

36 0 . 1 00 0 .

Li bert y B el l . 87 0 .

P ro d u ct

F IG . 129 .
—C l o se -
ci rcu i t di a g ra m .
 S E C T I ON X II I

C O N VE YAN C E AN D E LE VATI O N O F OR E P UL P

P u l p E l eva ti o n Pr o bl ems ver n ed by t h e f a ct ors of o r e

a re g o

c oa rs en es s s pe c i fic g r a vi ty of fl u i d a n d el ev a ti o n r equi red O w
, , .

i n g t o t h e v a ri ed c o n d i t i on s o f w o rk a n d t h e d i ff er en t ch a r a ct er i s
t i c s of t h e m a t er i a l t o be el eva t ed t h e pri n c i p a l r equ i r em en t i s
,
-

s u i t a b i l i ty ;i a
. . t h e s ys t em a n d equ i pm en t i n s t a ll ed s h o u l d i n
,

vol v e m i ni mum a tt en t i on f o r c o n tr ol a n d r ep a i r a n d mu s t o per a t e ,

at a s a t i s f a cto ry effi c i en cy E l ev a t i on of pu l p a n d w a t er a r e
.

p h a s es of o r e dr es s i n g Wo rk i n w h i c h c on t i n u i t y of O per at i bfi i s of
-

pri m a ry i m po rt a n c e a n d f or t hi s r ea s on ev ery o ppo rtu n i t y

,

s h o u l d be t a k en a dv a n t a g e o f i n t h e fir s t i n s t an c e t o i n st a ll
’

equ i pm en t w h i c h wil l d o t h e w o rk effic i en t l y a n d w i t h o u t u n n ec ‘

es s a r y a tt en t i o n T h e qu es t i on of l o ss o f t i m e t o ef fect r ep a i rs
.

a n d r en ew a l s s h o u l d a l s o be c o n s i der ed : S uc h a pp a r a tu s m a y
be d i vi d ed i n t o n i n e d i vi s i o n s a cc ord i n g t o t h e c l a s s of m a t eri a l
,

t o be h a n d l ed a n d t h e h ei g h t t o whi c h i t mu s t be el ev a t ed Ta b l e .

L XXV I s h o w s t h e a ppl i c a b i li ty o f ei g h t c l a s s es of a pp a r a tu s
f or d i f fer en t k i n d s of wo rk .

T AB LE L XX VI — M I L L PU M P I N G S Y S T E M S 7
.
_
6

Wa t er or l
so u Ai r l i ft C en t ri f u g a l p u m p Pl u n g er p u m p (1
t i on Fr en i er p u m p C o m p oun d a i r li f t 2 or 3- t h r o w )
C en t r i f u g a l p u m p C om p o u n d cen t ri f
ug a l pum p
 C ON VE YA N C E AND EL E VA TI O N OF OR E P UL P 1 83

Th e s i mp l e C en tr i fu g a l Pu m p i s l a r g el y u s ed f or t h e el ev a t i on
of wa t er a n d o r e pu l p For l o w l i ft s i t i s f a v or ed o n a cc ou n t of
.

c omp a ct n es s a n d b ec a u s e i t ca n be d i r ect c on n ect ed t o a n el ectr i c

,

m ot or N o rm a l v el o c i t y f or t hi s t y p e of pump i s h i g h ev en w i t h
.
,

l o w l i fts H en c e t h e g r ea t er a b i li t y of t h e c en tri fu g a l t o k eep

.

g r a i n s of s a n d i n s u s pen s i o n u n t i l t h e d i s c h a rg e p oi n t i s r ea c h ed .

I f t h er e i s a t en d en cy f or t h e s ol i d m a tt er i n t h e pul p t o s ett l e
qu i ck l y t h e c en tri fu g a l s h o ul d be a d o pt ed I t i s n ot s u i t a b l e
, .

i f d i l uti on wi t h g l a n d c l ea ra n c e wa t er mu s t be a v oi d ed For .

m ed i um li ft s t h e c en tri fu g a l h a s i t s d i s a dv a n t a g es C o n s i d er .

a b l e tr o ub l e i s o ft en c a u s ed by t h e wea r of l i n er s a n d ru n n er s
,

.
—
F IG 1 3 0 C en t i fu g l
. r a sa n d pum p .

on a cc o u n t of t h e c o mp a r a t i vel y h i g h s p eed n ec es s a r y f or eff ect

i v e O p er a t i o n T h e w ea r c a u s es u n c ert a i n d eli v ery l o n g b ef o r e
.

i t i s t i m e t o h a n g up f or r ep a i rs I f c o n t i n ui ty of o p er a t i o n i s
’

d es i r ed i t i s i mp er a t i v el y n ec es s a ry t o er ect i n dup l i c a t e s o t h a t
'
,

a s ec o n d pump wi ll a l w a y s be a v a i la b l e i n c a s e of br ea kd o w n .

A s t a n d a rd t y pe of c en tri fu g a l pump i s s h o wn i n Fi g 1 3 0 . .

C en tr i f u g a l P ump R un n er S peed i s d es i g n ed i n d efi n i t e r a t i o
t o h ei g h t of l i ft H i g h l i ft s i n vo l ve exc es s i v e s p eed a n d t hi s
.
,

r es ul t s i n c o n s i d er a b l e fri ct i on a n d wea r o n t h e l i n ers Th e

,
.

s i n g l e t y p e pump i s
-
t h er ef or e u n s u i t a b l e f or t h e purp os e
, ,
.

D et a i l s of c en tri fu g a l pump o p er a t i on a r e g i v en i n T a b l e
L XXV II .
1 84 HA N DB OOK OF OR E D R E SSI NG

A
T B LE LXX V II —C E N TR I F U G AL PU M P
. O P ERAT I O N 69

l
B e t S t ri k e

Gl d an S e rv i ce

t o P um p

C l ut c h
Gl d an S erv i ce
to f u m p

F
IG . 13 1 .
— A ut om a t i c l
r eg u a t i o n o f pum -
p g l an d l
c e a r a n ce s er vi ce .
1 86 H A NDB OOK OF OR E DR E SSING

a re u s u a ll y fr o m 50 t o 75 per c en t of t h o s e g i ven i n t h e t a b l e
. .

H ea t i n g t h e p ul p o r d i l u en t i s o ft en a n ec es s a ry ph a s e of O p er a
t i o n s i n a m i ll i n g p l a n t Th e eff ect of t h i s o n d i a p h r a g m pump
.
-

o p er a t i o n m a y be es t i m a t ed by r ef er en c e t o Ta b l e L XX I X .

T AB LE —
LXX VIII A P P R oe
. A TE T HE O RE T I C AL
SU CTI O N A ND D I A P HRA G M
PU MP L IFT S AT N O R M AL T E MP ERA T URE S 67

S p eci fi c g ra vi t y of fli du

M a xi m um s u ct i o n li f t in f eet

T AB LE LXXI X —E FF E C T
. OF T E M P ERA T URE ON SU C T I O N A N D D I A P HRA G M
PU M P LI FT S 67

a t s ea lvl
e e a t sea lvle e

P l un g er P um p s a re c o mp a ct a n d s ui t a b l e m a c hi n es f or or e
pul p el ev a t i on . S i n g l e- pl u n g er pumps c a n n o t be u s ed h owev er , ,

wi t h a n y s ucc es s wi t h a pu l p c a rry i n g r a p i ds et t l i n g p a rt i cl es Th e .

t h r ee t h r o w type i s t o be pr eferr ed a n d i s g en er a ll y u s ed H i n g ed
-
.

c l a c k v a l v es a r e u n s u i t a b l e i n a n y c a s e For c o n t i n u o u s o pera
.
 C O N VE Y A NC E AND ELE VA TI ON OF O R E P UL P 1 87

t i On a p l u n g er pu m p m a y dra w fro m a s ump p l a c ed bel o w t h e

.

l ev el of t h e pump wi t hi n s ucti o n l i m i t s but a g ra v i ty s upp l y

, ,

i n t o t h e s ucti on i s t o be pr ef err ed a n d i s a l m os t i mp er a t i v el y
ne c es s a ry wi t h i n t erm i tt en t o per a t i on Pr es s ur e c l ea r a n c e .

wa ter d eli v er ed t o t h e p l u ng er c h a mb er b el o w t h e p a cki n g

, ,

FIG . l 33 .
— A l d ri c h t h r ee- t h r o w s li m e pum p .

is ess en t i a l t o pr ev en t u n du e wea r on t h e pl u n g er s Th e s peed . .

of t h e pump i s a f a ct or d ep en d i n g up o n t h e c h ar a ct er o f t h e

s oli d s b ei n g l i ft ed Th i s c l a s s o f pump i s n o t a l t o g et h er s u i t a bl e
.
i

f or c oa r s e o r e pulp but i n t h e c a s e wh er e i t i s u s ed f or t h i s purpo s e

-

t h e v el o c i ty of fl
,

o w s h o u l d be s u ffi c i en t t o pr ev en t a g g r eg a t i o n

of s a n d a n d c o n s eq u en t c h o k a g e i n a n y p a rt of t h e s y s t em .
 1 88 H A ND B OOK OF OR E DR E SSING

Th e Al dri ch Th r ees-Th r o w S l i m e P utn p i s s h o wn i n Fi g 1 3 3 . .

"
B a ll v a l v es a re us ed i n t h i s pump a n d o n a cc o u n t of c om p a ct n es s
, ,

a cc es s i b i li ty o f p a rt s a n d g en er a l c o n s truct i o n
,
t h e typ e i s t o
,

be r ec o mm en d ed . D et a i l s of o p er a t i on a r e g i v en i n T a b l e L XXX .

T AB LE LXXX .
— A L D R I C H SL I ME PU MP OP ERA T I O N 71

M a xi m um w or ki n g l i ft ,

1 00 f t
.

Th e Ai r Li f t p er a t es o n t h e pr i n c i p l e t h a t a c ol um n of or e
O

p ul p pl u s a i r i s li g h t er t h a n a n eq u i va l en t c ol um n of or e pul p
Th e lif ti n g a ct i on i s a cc el er a t ed by t h e g r a du a l ex p a n s i o n of t h e
a i r fr o m m a xi mum t o a tm os p h er i c pr es s ur e whi c h r es u l t s i n a
,

d ecr eas e i n t h e s p ec i fi c g r a v i ty of t h e In i x t u r e a s i t r i s es i n t h e
li ft p i p e
.

A C o mpo u n d Ai r L i ft c o n s i s t s of t wo or m o r e s i mp l e a i r li ft s
a rr a n g ed i n s er i es t h e r i s i n g ma i n o f t h e fi r s t d i s c h a r g i n g i n t o
,

t h e s ump of t h e s ec o n d a n d s o o n ,
Th e s y s t em c a n be u s ed
.

t o d up l i c a t e or tr i p l i c a t e a n y of t h e o r di n a r y d es i g n s i n u s e .

I t i s s ui t a b l e wh er e a s ump o f s u ffic i en t d ept h wou l d be

i m pr a ct i c ab l e o r wh er e t h e a v a i l a b l e pr es s ur e of a i r i s l ow
,
.

Fa i l ur e wi th A i r Lif t s u s u a l l y r es ul t s w h en t h e m a t eri a l li ft ed
i s t oo c o a rs e . E ffic i en cy i s o ft en s a cri fic ed by u s i n g ex c es s a i r
1 90 H A N DB OOK OF OR E DR ESSING

b ott o m o f t h e l i ft p i p e a n d t h e d a n g er of c h ok a g e o f
s upp l y i s a l m os t en t i r el y a v o i d ed W h er e p o s s i b l e t h e d
.

s h o u l d d eli v er i n t o t h e b o tt o m o f a s h o rt l a u n d er h a v i n g a

f a l l Pr es s ur es r equi r ed f or o rd i n a ry a i r li ft wo rk w i t h v a r i o u s
.
.
-

s p ec i fic g r a v i t i es of pu l p a r e s h o w n i n Ta b l e L XXX I Th e .

c a p a c i t i es of a i r l i ft s u n d er S i m i l a r c o n d i t i on s a r e g i v en i n Ta b l e
L XXX I I .

T AB LE LXXXI — T HE O RE T I C AL PRE S S URE S R E Q U I RE D

. To E LEV A T E WA T ER
A N D OR E PUL P B Y A I R LI FT 73

T h e o r et i ca l g a u g e p r es s u r e i n lb q in to lv te
fl
p er s e e a
fi v y
. . .

u i d o f s p ec i c g ra i t

S u bm er g e n ce,
Ll f t , f t .

Ore p u p l
l
l
1

1 000 1 1 00
I 1

In p r a ct i ce a n i n cr ea s e o v er t h e a bo v e p r es s u r e fi g u r es of f r om 1 0 p er cen t .

t o 1 5 p er cen t w i l l be r eq
. u i red .
 CON VE YA N C E AN D ELE VA TI ON OF OR E P UL P 19 1

TAB LE LXXXII —
A V ERA G E . C A P A C I TY OF AI R LI F T S H A N D LI N G OR E PUL P 73

T o n s p er 2 4 h r .

l
Pu p o f s p eci fi c g ra v i t y

Th e Ai r Vo l um e r equ i r ed f o r s i mp l e a i r l i ft s i s s h o w n i n Ta b l e
L XXX II I Fo r a c on s t a n t l en g t h of r i s i n g m a i n t h e a m ou n t l
of fr ee a i r r e q u i r ed d ecr ea s es a s t h e s ubm er g en c e i n cr ea s es a n d ,

i n cr ea s es a s t h e l i ft i n cr ea s es . T h e a m o u n t of fr ee a i r r equ i r ed
d oes n o t v a ry m a t eri a l l y wi t h t h e w ei g h t of t h e pu l p b ei n g l i ft ed ,

o t h er t h a n i n t h e c a s e w h er e exc es s i v e v el oc i ty i n t h e r i s i n g

m a i n i s n ec es s a ry t o pr ev en t t h e s ett l em en t of s ol i d s In t h i s .

c a s e t h e ai r l i ft i s n o t s u i t a b l e Th e fi g ur es g i v en i n t h e t a b l e
.

a r e a pp r O xi m at e I f c a r e i s t a k en i n t h e d es i g n of t h e l i ft t h e
. .

a m o u n t of a i r a ctu a l l y r equ i r ed w i l l be f o u n d t o be b el o w t h e

v ol um e g i v en ;but On a cc o u n t of t h e v a ri a t i o n of c o n d i t i on s u n d er
wh i c h s uc h a s y s t em m a y be ut i l i z ed i t i s a dv i s a b l e t o a l l ow a
wi d e m a r g i n .

Al ti tu d e d o es n ot a ff ect t h e effi c i en cy of t h e a i r l i ft Th e l
'

extr a v ol um e of fr ee a i r c o mpr es s ed i n t h e fir s t i n s t a n c e i s
b a l a n c ed b y t h e extr a wo rk d on e a s a r es u l t of t h e i n cr ea s ed
exp a n s i b i l i t y o f t h e a i r a ft er c ompr es s i on Th e a i r s h o ul d
.

es c a p e a t l i tt l e a b o v e t h e pr es s ur e of t h e s urr o u n d i n g a tm os p h er e .

Th e Fr en i er P ump , or s p i r a l s a n d pump a s i t i s s om et i m es ,

t erm ed o p er a t es on t h e a i r li ft pr i n c i pl e Th e pr o p er o p er a t i n g
,
-
.

s p eed i s fi x ed a n d t h e o utput fr o m t h e pump c a n n o t be m a t er i a ll y

,

r a i s ed or t h e l i ft i n cr ea s ed b y a n a cc el er a t i o n i n r p m Th e . . .
1 92 HA N D B OOK OF OR E DR E SSING

TAB LE LXXX III .

—A I R VO LU ME R E Q U I RE D To . O P ERA T E A I R LI FT 74

Si z e of l i ft p i p e, cu . ft . of f r ee a i r p er m i n .

a ir is c ompr es s ed t o a v er y li m i t ed pr es s ur e a n d s a t i s f a ct o r y ,

O p er a t i o n i s i n s ur ed b y o p er a t i n g w i t h ex a ctl y t h e a m o u n t o f
pul p r equ i r ed by t h e pump a l l o wi n g fr ee eg r es s fr om t h e d i s
,

c h a r g e p i p e l i m i t i n g t h e h ei g h t oi l i ft wel l w i t hi n t h e pr es cri b ed
,

fi g ur es a n d O p er a t i n g on a pul p a s fi n e a s p o s s i b l e a n d c a rr y i n g
,

n o h i g h p erc en t a g e of h ea vy m i n er a l Fi g ur e 1 3 5 w i l l s erv e
.

t o i ll u s tr a t e t h e g e n er a l d es i g n a n d T a b l e L XXX I V g i v es a v er
,

a g e c a p a c i t i es
. A d educt i o n of 4 i n f or ea c h 1 000 f t fr o m t h e
,
. .
,

s t a t ed l i ft s h o u l d be m a d e i n t h e c a s e wh er e t h e pump i s t o

O p er a t e a t a n a l t i tud e .

B el t a n d B u ck et E l eva t o r s a r e s a t i s f a ct or y m a c hi n es f o r t h e
'

- -

el ev a t i on o f or e pu l p . Th e d es i g n s h o u l d i n cl ud e pr o v i s i o n
1 94 IIA N DB OOK OF OR E D R E SSING

bo o t ov erfl o w d i s c h a rg e bel o w t h e l evel o f t h e

a n a mp l e a l l o w a n c e i n h ei g h t f o r t o p d i s c h a r g e a n ,

wh er e wea r a n d s c o uri n g a ct i on i s g r ea t es t .

Th e B uck ets on B el t E l eva to r s a r e s om et i m es p l a c ed i n a

s t a g g er ed po s i t i on T h i s r es u l t s i n a m or e ev en l o a d o n t h e
.

b el t a n d l es s s tr a i n o n t h e c en t er li n e .

Ta i li n g Wh eel s a r e c o s t l y t o er ect a n d c l um s y i n a pp ea r a n c e ,

but c h ea p t o O per a t e Th ey a r e s el do m a d o p t ed i n c o u n t ri es
.

w h er e m i ll s a r e c o v er ed i n Th e effic i en cy of a t a i l i n g w h eel
.

v ar fr om 50 t o 60 p er c en t a n d i s u n i f o rm U n d er m a n y .
,
.

c o n d i t i on s i t ca n s ucc es s full y c o mpet e wi t h t h e c en tri fu g a l i n

t h e el ev a t i o n o f m i ll pu l p .

D a ta D ea l i n g wi th I n c li n a ti o n a n d Ca pa c i ty o f L a un d er s
a n d p i p i n g wi l l be f o u n d i n Ta b l es L XXXV
,
L XXXV I a n d , ,

L XXXV I I .

T AB LE LXXX V — LAU N D ER G RA D E S
. AT G O LD P I E
'

LD CON SO LI D AT E D 76

P r o d u ct

4 m es h f r om ba t t eri es .

12 m es h f r om ba t t er i es
—4 m es h f r o m C h i l ea n s
.

—3 0 m es h f r o m C h i l ea n s
Tu be-m i ll d i s ch a r g e 50 p er cen t
—
.

2 0 0 m es h
Mi xt u r e o f t u be- m i ll an d C h i l ea n
p r od u c t s .

M i xt u r e o f t u b e- m i l l an d C h i l ea n
p r o du ct s .

Fi n a l p r od u ct f ro m t u be m i l l s .

P r o d u ct f r o m C a l l o w t a n k s
C on cen t r a t e
Mi d d l i n g
Ta ili n g
C on cen t r a t e
Ta il i n g
Wa t er .
C ON VE Y A NC E AND ELE VA TI ON OF OR E P UL P 195

O O O O O O O O IO LQ O O O
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.
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196 HA N DB OOK OF OR E DR E SS ING

TAB LE LXXX VII —P U LP . TR A N S F ERE N C E IN PI P I N G AT T HE H o

M I LL 81

Sa nd li ne a t Lea d

Di a m et er o f p i p e, i n . 12 8 12
Th i ck n es s of p i p e, i n . ,
91 6 %6 91 6
A v er a g e g r a d e, p er cen t 2% to 5
B en d s i n li n e Th e p i p es g en er a l l y f o l l ow t h e con t o u r of t h e
h i l l s : t h e s h a r p es t cu r v e i s 2 2 1 4 d eg , a
flg
.

stan d a rd el bow f or an ed C . I .
pi pi n g
bei n g u s ed

Fi n en es s of t a i l i n g i n p u p , p er l
cen t —
1 00 20 0
2 5 + 2 00 20 +2 00
45 2 00 55 2 00
W a t er i n pu lp , p er cen t 70 75 85 —90 65—
70
Sol i d s p er 24 h r .
, t on s 1 9 50 4 50 1 1 00
Pi p e r un s A bo u t f ul l Fu l l
Wea r It i s cu s t o m a r y t o t u rn p i p e t h r ou gh a bo u t

1 2 0 d eg w h en
. bo t t o m i s w o rn t h i n ;t h u s
t h e p i p e w i l l be u s ed un t i l t h r ee l i n es of

w ea r h a v e been d ev el op ed .

On 5 p er cen t .
g ra de ,
In use 8 In use 5
w or n ou t in 2 yea rs . y ea r s yea r s
On 2 1 6 p er cen t g r a de w i t h ou t w i t h ou t
—
.

w o rn f r om 9 1 0 ye a rs . t urn i n g t u rn i n g
Mo s t of li n e st i ll in
u s e a f t er 11 yea r s ,
bu t '

ba d l y w o rn .
!

R em ar ks :
Th e g ra d e h a s been r ed u ced t o 2 1 5 p er cen t . t h r ou g h o u t an d
n ew p i p i n g 1 i n t h i ck h a s been i n st a l l ed
. .
198 HA N DB OOK OF OR E D R ESSING

w a t er c a rryi n g t h e or e t o r et a i n t h e fi n er p a rt i c l es i n s us pen s IOn .

“ ”
C o n e cl a s s i fi ers m a y be O per a t ed dry wi t h l o w m oi s tur e
,

perc en t a g e i n u n d er fl o w) a s i n t h e c a s e w h er e
,

t o a ccumu l a t e a n d r em a i n i n t h e c o n e b ef or e a
“ ”
i s t a pped ;or t h ey m a y be O p er a t ed wet wi t h
c en t a g es of w a t er i n t h e u n d er fl ow C o n es ru n n i n g
. d ry
”

a r e u s u a ll y fitt ed wi t h a b a ffl e p l a t e n ea r t h e a p ex Th e fu n ct i o n
.

FIG . 1 37 .
—
C l d ec
a ot t co n e .

of t h i s i s t o pr ev en t ru n n i n g o f t h e en t i r e c o n t en t s of t h e c o n e
“
b y p i pi n g t h r ou g h t h e c en t er Th e C a l d ec o tt c o n e (F i g
. .

1 3 7 ) i s of t hi s typ e .

Th e Al l en C o n e i s a n a pp a r a tu s of t h e C a l d ec o tt t y p e w h i c h
i s pr o vi d ed wi t h a ut o m a t i c c o n tr ol of u n d erfl ow T h e pu l p .

s tr ea m en t ers t h e f eed s p o ut A ( s ee F i g 1 3 8) a n d a ft er p a s s i n g
.
,

t h rou g h t h e tru n c a t ed c o n e B t h e bul k of t h e w a t er a n d fi n er

,

m a t eri a l fl o ws up wa r d a n d i n t o t h e ov erfl o w l a u n d er T h e s a n d .
 CL A SSIFI CA TI ON OF OR E P UL P 199

pa rt i cl es s ettl e i n t h e c o n e a n d f o rm t h e b a s i n W h en t h e s ettl ed
.

s a n d r ea c h es t h e o utl et of B i t o b s truct s i t s o t h a t t h e wa t er

fl
,

ri s es m B Th i s l i ft s t he oa t 0 t h er eby r em o vi n g t h e b a ll
.
,

G fr om t h e s p i g o t by m ea n s of t h e l ev er D t h e l i n k E a n d , ,

F IG . 1 38 —T h e A ll en co n e .

t he . fl
v a l ve a rm F Th e s ett l ed s o l i d s ow out i n a c on t i n u ous
s tr ea m t h e q u a n t i ty di s c h a r g ed b ei n g c o n tr o ll ed by t h e qu a n t i ty
,

s ettl i n g i n t h e c on e Wh en s a n d c ea s es t o en t er t h e c on e B t h e
.

b a l l G c l os es t h e s p i g ot a n d i t r em a i n s c l os ed u n t i l t h e feed
,

of s a n d i s r en ewed . Th e a ut om a ti c o p er a t i o n o f t h i s a pp a r a tu s
2 00 HA NDB OOK OF OR E DR E SSING

sho ul d m a k e i t o f es pec i a l v a l u e i n t h os e c a s es wh er e d ewa ter i n g

or c l a s s i fy i n g by c o n e h a s b een pr o v ed t o be c h ea p a n d c o m
’

p a r a t i v el y e ffic i e.n t
C o n e Cl a s s i fi er s o f t h e M ul ti pl e Typ e (Fi g 1 3 9) pr o duc e m o re .

t h a n t w o pr o duct s a nd s i m i l a r r es u l t s m a y be o bt a i n ed by u s i n g
,

s i n g l e c o n es i n s eri es . Di m en s i on s o f c on e p a rt s a n d t h e d eg r ee ,

o f i n c li n a t i on O f t h e s i d es a r e m a tt er s d ep en d i n g o n c h a r a cter
of f eed c h a r a ct er o f pr o duct r equ i r ed a n d t o n n a g e t o be h a n d l ed
, , ,

a n d a r e i n flu en c ed by t h e p h y s i c a l pr o p ert i es o f t h e g r o u n d

m a t eri a l C l as s i fic a t i on i n c o n es i s b ei n g ca r ri ed o u t u n d er
'

a n a l m os t i n fi n i t e v a r i ety of c o n d i t i o n s a s t o d es i g n and n o ,

g e n e r a l ru l es c a n b e en u n c i a t ed .

FIG . l 39 .
—M u l t i p l e co n e c a s s il fi er s .

H o m es ta k e C o n e P ra cti ce (Fi g 1 4 0) r epr es en ts a n u n us u a l

.

a rr an g em en t n o t a b l e f o r t h e r es u l t s o bt a i n ed a n d t h e s m a l l

a m o u n t of a t t en t i o n r eq ui r ed Th e firs t s ect i on of t h e i n s t a ll a
.

t i on c o n s i s t s of 1 4 g r a vi ty c o n es 4 ft i n d i a m wi t h a 7 0 d eg
,
. .
,
- .

s l o pe. Th e us u a l o v erfl ow a rr a n g em en t s a r e pr o vi d ed but t h e ,

u n d erfl o ws a r e ea c h s uppli ed wi t h a {h i g h pr es s ure em er g en cy -

w a t er s upp l y a s i l l u s tr a t ed a n d a r e ea c h c o n n ect ed by a l en g t h
, ,

of s t ea m h o s e t o a s ec o n d c o n e of 1 6 i n
!

d i a m a n d 80 d eg -
. .
-
.

s l o pe. Th e l a tt er s eri es o f c o n es a r e s uppl i ed wi t h extr a w a t er

i n t h e m a n n er s h o w n a n d t h e s a n d f eed i s d eli v er ed i n a n
,

up wa rd d i r ect i on fr o m t h e l ower p a rt of t h e c on e n ea r t h e
a p ex Th e o v erfl o w a rr a n g em en t s a r e a s u s u a l a n d t h e u n d er
fl
.
,

o w p a s s es d i r ect t o t h e tub e m i l l b ei n g d i l ut ed wi t h l ow
’

pr es s ur e wa t er a s f o u n d n ec es s a ry .
2 02 H A N D B O OK OF OR E D R E SSING

P or cel a i n or G la s s N o z
zle s been Us ed i n
h a ve so me mi ll s i n
t h e r eg u l a ti o n o f c o ne c l a s s i fi er d i s c h a r g e u n d er fl
o w an d h a v e
-

b een f o u n d t o out l a s t s t eel bus h i n g s

"

FI G 1 4 1
. .
—T yp es o f co mp oun d Spi z
t k a s t en .

In t h e Fl o od C l a s s i fi er (Fi g 1 4 2 ) t h e up wa rd curr en t of wa t er
.

is a pp li ed t h r o u g h t h e m ed i um of a c en tr a l l y l o c a t ed p i p e a n d

is d i s tri but ed fr om t h r ee t i ers . C o a rs e m a t eri a l is s ubj ect ed

FIG 1 4 2 —Fl ood c l a s s i fi

. er .
”

t o t h e i n flu en c e o f t h e curr en t s pr o duc ed duri n g i t s p a s s a g e

fr o m i n t a k e t o ex i t a n d fi n es a r e sep a r a t ed fr om c o a r s e m a t er i a l
,

duri n g t h e pr o c es s Th e c l a s s i fi er m a y be a tt a ch ed t o t h e b o tt om
.
 CLA SSIFI CA TI ON OF OR E P ULP 20 3

of a l a u n d er c a rryi n g pu l p , o r m a y be fitt ed wi t h a b ox t o p .

It m a y be u s ed s i n g l y o r In s er i es .

Th e D ei s t er C l a s s i fi er (Fi g 1 4 3) c on s i s t s o f a c a s t-i r o n
. b a rrel
c a rryi n g i n v ert ed tru n c a t ed c o n es a rr a n g ed wi t h s l ot s of a si ze

perm i tt i n g t he free p a s s a g e of t he c o a rs er m a t er i a l . T h e pu l p

1 43 —D ei s t er c o n e c l a s s i fi er .
78

r out e t h r o u g h t h es e c on e s l o ts i s s t a g g ered t h e O pen i n gs fr o m

,

o n e c o n e b ei n g o u t o f l i n e v ert i c a ll y c on s i d er ed wi t h t h ea dj a c en t
, ,

c o n es . H ydra u l i c wa t er i s a dm i tt ed t h ro u g h on e of t h e s i d e
i n l et s i n t h e a n n u l a r w a t er w a y u n d er n ea t h t h e b o tt om T h es e .

c on es m a y be u s ed s i n g l y or i n s er i es a n d t h ei r i n tr o duct i on h a s
,

m a rk ed a d ec i d ed a dv a n c e i n t h e pr a ct i c e of c o n e c l a s s i fic a t i o n .
2 0 4: HA NDB OOK OF OR E DR ESSING

1 44 —R i J 11
FIG . . ch a r d s - an n e y cl a s s i fi er (2 co m partm en t) .
2 06 H A N DB OOK OF OR E D R ESSING
'

i s l o os en ed A v a l ve r o d w hi c h p a s s es t h r ou g h t h e
.

s h a ft whi c h i s h oll o w i s r a i s ed i n t erm i tt en t l y b y ca m a cti o n

, , ,
’

a n d a n a m o u n t of m a t eri a l i s t h u s p erm i tt ed t o p a s s t o t h e h
y
d r a uli c c h a mb er O n t h e dro pp i n g of t h e v a l v e r o d t h e cl as si fi ed
.

] '

m a t eri a l p a s s es o ut a n d t h e c h a mber i s t h en r ea dy f or a n a d
di t i o n a l c h a r g e
J
.

R ch a r d s an n ey Cl a s s i fi ca ti on a t t h e Ma g n a pl a n t o f t h e
i
"

U t a h C o pp er C o mp a n y G a rfi el d U t a h i s i ll u s tra t ed b y ow , , , fl
s h eet ( F i g 1 4 5 ) s h o w i n g a rr a n g em en t of c l a s s i fi er s i n t h e m i l l
.
,

a cc o mp a n i ed by a s t a t em en t o f c o mp a r a t i v e r es u l t s i n T a b l e

L XXXV I I I .

T AB LE —
LXXX VIII C O MP ARAT IV E . R E S U LTS OF O P ERA T I O N OF R I C HAR D S
JA N N E Y C LA S S IFI ER S

S cr ee n p ri m ar y . 228 5 89

Mi ll p ri m ar y
T h i rd co m pa rt m en t
s eco n da r y . . 23 3 30 82 4 9 64 1 3 23
98 1

F o ur t h co m p a rt m en t
s eco n da r y 3 10 40 529 992

N OT E . Th e s m
-
a ll a m ou n t of w a t er i n j ec t ed p er t o n an d d i s ch a r g ed p er t on i n r es ul t s o b
t a i n ed f m ro m i l l p ri m a r y l
c assi fi er i s d u e t o h ea vy ci r c u l a t i on f rom fi rs t a n d s ec on d s p i g o t s

flw
.

S ee o s h eet (F i g . u po n w h i ch
. a bo v e data a re b a s ed .

Th e l a u n d er typ e R i cha r d s Pul s a to r Cl a s s i fier c on s i s t s of a

-

s ett li n g p o ck et whi c h m a y be a tt a c h ed d i r ect l y t o t h e b o tt o m

of a l a u n d er i n t h e m a n n er s h o w n i n Fi g 1 4 6 B el ow t h e s ett li n g . .

p o ck et i s a s o rt i n g c ol um n t h a t r ec ei v es w a t er by m ea n s o f a
pul s a t or v a l v e i n a n up wa rd d i r ect i o n A s p i g o t d i s c h a rg e i s .

a rr a n g ed .
 CL A SSIFI C A TI ON OF OR E P ULP 207

In typ e Ri cha r d s P ul s a t o r C l a s s i fi er s h o wn i n
t h e i n v ert ed
Fi g 1 4 7 t h e fi n es t m a t er i a l i s d eli v er ed fr o m t h e fir s t c o mp a rt
.

m en t H ydr a u l i c wa t er i s pul s a t ed i n t o t h e m a c h i n e p a s s es
.
-

t h r ou g h a s ep a r a t i n g s cr een ,
i
g
n
s
v

a n d t h r o u g h t h e o ut l et s w h i c h
a u
t
S a
s s r
e e a
mm p

a r e p l a c ed o n l y s li g h t l y b el o w
i i p
A
l l
S S

t h e l ev el of t h e f eed i n t a k e
. .

Th e v a r i o u s c o mp a rtm en t s ,

fr o m t h e fir s t o n w a rd d e
—
,

cr ea s e i n cr os s s ect i on a n d a s
,

t h e h ydr a u l i c w at er i s di s
tri but ed u n d er ev en pr es s ur e ,

t h e v el o c i ty of a s c en d i n g w a t er
i

i n a n y co m p a r t m en t wi l l v a ry
'

i n v er s el y a s i t s cr o s s s ect i on
.
-
,

b ei n g a t a mi n i mum i n t h e fir s t
c omp a rtm en t a n d a t a m a xi
mum i n t h e l a s t c omp a rt
m en t Th e s cr een s erv es t o
.

s upp o rt t h e or e b ed a n d di s

tr i but e t h e w a t er s uppl y ev en l y .

H ydr a u li c wa t er s uppl y m a y be
“
a dj u s t ed s o t h a t a ll s o l i d p a r

t i cl es p a s s t h r o u g h t h e d i s
c h a r g e s p o ut s ; or t h e s p i g o t
'

j u s t a b o v e t h e s cr een i n t h e
l a s t c o mp a rtm en t m a y be u s ed
a s a n o ut l et f or c o n c en tr a t e
/
.

Th e O v er s tr o m C l a s s i fi er
F
( g i 1. 4 8 ) o p er a t es s o m e w h a t
s i mi l a r l y to t he R i c h a rd s
P ul s a t o r C l a s s i fi er a n d d i s d
fi
e

c h a r g es t h e pr o duct s a t t h e t op
s
s
a
l
c
n

of t h e m a c h i n e .R ef erri n g t o
t h e a cc omp a n y i n g cut i t wi l l be s ee n t h a t t h e f eed en t er s a t A ,

p a s s es a s cr een a n d en t er s t h e fir s t c omp a rtm en t wh i c h i s s u p ,

208 HA NDB OOK OF OR E DR ESSIN G

p l i ed wi t h hydr a uli c wa t er a s s h own v erfl o ws a n d

. T h e s li m e o ,

t h e s a n d t h en dr o p s t h r o u g h a s l o t i n t o t h e firs t s ort i n g c ol um n .

Th e h ea v i er m a t er i a l dr o ps t h r o u g h G a n d p a s s es t o t h e n ext
c omp a rtm en t a n d s o on ,
.

In t h e R i ch ar d s H i n d er ed Set tl i n g C l a s s i fi er (F i g s 1 4 9 a n d
-
.

1 50 ) t h e s o rt i n g i s eff ect ed by p erm i tt i n g t h e a r t i c l es t o a g g r e

A i r C h a m be
Ma i n G at e V al v e

A i r C h a m be '

Htu ch

FIG l l fi (i n ver t ed y p e) 16
. l 47 . R i ch a r d s p u
-
sa t or c a ssi er t .

ga et i n a c o n s tr i ct i on f orm ed i n t h e l o w er p a rt of t h e s ort i n g
c ol um n wh er e t h ey a r e s ubj ect ed t o t h e s ep a r a t i n g eff ect of a n
,

up wa rd curr en t o f w a t er .

C o n cen t r a ti n g Ta bl es m a y i n c ert a i n i n s t a n c es be u s ed a s
cl as s i fi ers Th e W i l fl
. ey t a b l e h a s b een ex t en s i v el y u s ed i n t h i s

r es p ect wi t h out a n y i n t erf er en c e w i t h i t s c o n c en tr a t i n g fu n ct i o n s .

A c l ea r l i n e of d em a rc a t i o n b et ween s a n d an d s li m e z o n es a t t h e
2 10 H A NDB OOK OF OR E
‘

DR ESSING

t a b l e d i s c h a r g e i s g en er a l l y o b s erv a b l e a n d a dv a n t a g e i s t a k en
,

o f t hi s by d i vi d i n g t h e t a il i n g l a u n d er a n d equ i pp i n g t h i s wi t h

a n a dj u s t a b l e d i v i d er t a l l o w f o r t o n n a g e fluctu a t i o n s o r v a r i a
o
t i on s i n t h e c h a r a ct er of t h e or e .

Th e D or r C l a s s i fier (Fi g 1 5 1 A ) c o n s i s t s of a l on g i tud i n a l

.

tr oug h wi t h i n c l i n ed b o t t o m a n d v ert i c a l s i d es i n wh i c h n umb ers ,

o f m ec h a n i c a ll y o p er a t ed s cr a per s s erv e t o dr a g t h e c oa r ser

m a t eri a l t o wa rd t h e upper en d o f t h e tr ou g h a n d exp o s e i t t o a
wa s h i n g a ct i on i n s o d o i n g Th e a ct i o n of t h e s cr a p ers i s i n t er
.

FIG . l 49 .
—T h e l
R i ch a r d s h i n d er ed -s et t i n g l
c a ssi fi er 1 1
.

m i tt en t an d t h e o p er a t i on i s g ov ern ed by a n a rr a n g em en t o f c am s ,
l ev er s , r o d s , a n d cr a n ks, a c omb i n a t i on t h a t pr o duc es a s l o w
ra ki n g m o ti o n A m o d i fic a t i on of t h e s t a n d a rd e m a c hi n e —t h
—
.

b owl typ e cl ass i fier h a s a c l a s s i fyi n g c h a mber (s ee Fi g 1 5 1 B )

- .

c on n ect ed t o t h e c l a s s i fi er t a n k c o mp a rt m en t T h e f eed i s .

d eli v er ed t o t h e c en t er of t h e b ow l t h e b ott o m of whi c h i s s wept

,

by a m ec h a n i s m s i mi l a r t o t h a t u s ed i n t h e D orr t hi ck en er .

T h e s ett l ed s ol i d s a r e d eli v er ed t h r o u g h a n o r i fic e t o t h e c l a ss i fi er
pr o per wh ere t h e s a n d i s h a n d l ed i n t h e u s ha l wa y Wa t er i s
,
.
 CL A SSIFI C A TI O N OF OR E P UL P 211

a dd ed i n t h e t a n k c o mp a rtm en t Thi s i n s ures a r i s i n g curr en t

.

t h r o u g h t h e o ri fic e a n d a s si s t s effic i en t s ep a r a t i o n .

O v er flw
o

Teet er i n g
Hi d
n er i n g Pa r

Con s t

Hyd l irau c Va l ve

D i s b ur s e B u s h

FIG . 1 50 —O p er a t i on of R i ch a r d s hi n d er ed -s e
l
tt ing cl a s s i fi er .
11

p er a t es o n t h e pr i n c i pl e of
i

T h e Ak i n s C l a s s i fi er (Fi g . 1 52 ) o

the r i bb on c o n v ey or wi t h a l a r g e- d i a m et er s p i r a l t h a t pr ev en t s

FIG . 1 51 A .
—D o r r cl a s s i fi er .
80

t he bu i l d i n g up of so l i d s i n a n y p a rt o f t h e a pp a r a tu s Th e h el i x .

i s c o n t i n u o u s f or a p a rt of t h e l en g t h Co mm en c i n g fr o m t h e o v er
2 12 HA NDB OOK OF OR E DR ESSING
2 14 H A NDB OOK OF OR E DR ESSING

Th e D ra g C l a s s i fi er u s ed a t t h e In s pi r a ti o n mi ll h a n d l es 800
t on s p er da y a n d c on s i s t s of t wo 1 8 i n b el t s wi t h s cr a per s a t
- .

t a ch ed . Th e r etur n i n g b el t i s r a i s ed t o a p o i n t a b o v e t h e l ev el
o f t h e p ul p by m ea n s o f a dup li c a t i o n of t h e pul l ey a t t h e f eed

en d ,
a s ec o n d pu ll ey b ei n g p l a c ed v ert i c a l l y a b o v e t h e o t h er .

C l a s s i fi er E fi ci en cy i s s el d o m d et erm i n ed o wi n g t o t h e pr ev a
,

l en t o p i n i o n t h a t t h e w ork of t h em a c h i n e m a y b e g a u g ed fr o m a
s t a t em en t o f g r a d i n g a n a l y s es of f eed a n d d i s c h a r g e A s a m a tt er .

o f f a ct s uc h fi g ur es a r e a l wa y s v a l u el es s a n d s o m et i m es m i s

F IG 1 54 —S i n g l e s cr ew Ovoca
. .
-
cl a s s i fi er .
16

l ea d i n g e x c ept wh en u s ed i n c on j u n ct i on wi t h t o n n a g e of f eed
a n d i n d i v i du a l d i s c h a r g e Wi t h s i mp l e c l a s s i fi er s t h e effi c i en cy
o f c l a s s i fic a t i o n a t a c ert a i n m es h d i v i d i n g a n u n d er s i z
.

e fr o m a n

o v er s i z
,

e m a y be f o u n d fr o m t h e f oll o wi n g f o rmul a
'

1 00 <
t + t > ffic i en c y
e of cl a s s i fic a t i o n ,
F
wher e t
'
t o n n a g e of o v er s i z e In t h e c oa r s e pr o duct a n d t ,

t o n n a g e of u n d er s i z e i n t h e fi n e pr o duct a n d F
‘
,
t o t a l f eed
to n n a g e a l l p er u n i t of t i m e A n ex a mpl e i s g i v en i n T a b l e
,
.

L XXX I X .

C om po un d - C l a s s i fi er E fi ci en cy m a y be es t i m a t ed i n a s i m i l a r
wa y by ex t en d i n g t h e f ormu l a t h u s :
’ ’
1 00 ( t t t 0)
 CL A SSIFI C A TI ON OF OR E P UL P 215

"
wh ere t t o n n a g e o f r eq ui r ed g r a d i n g i n firs t pr o duct t
“

t on n a g e of requi r ed g r a d i n g i n s ec o n d pr o duct et c a n d 0
t o n n a g e of r equ i r ed u n d er s i z
, .
,

e i n o v erfl o w a n d F t o t a l t on
'

_ ,

n a g e i n f eed .

LXXXI X C LAS S IFI ER

T AB LE .
-
E FFI C I E N C Y
Pl a n t : In s p i ra t i on C on s o l i d a t ed C o p p er C o .

C l a s s i fier : Mod el D D o r r 6 X 2 7 f t ,
.

Sp eed : 25 s t r ok es per m i n .

Sl op e : 2 % i n t o 1 f t. .

To n n a g e f eed : 1 1 00
T on n a g e co a rs e d i s ch a r g e : 79 0
p r od uct
Ton n a g e fi n e p r od u ct d i s ch a r g e : 3 1 0
“

Sep a r a t i on d es i r ed : 6 5 m es h
S cr een i n g an a ly sis

p er cen t .

C l a s s i fi ca t i on effi ci en c y: p er cen t . of 7 90 t on s t
’
p er cen t . of 3 1 0 t on s t
t on s of a p os s i bl e 1 1 00
'

p er cen t . ef fi ci en cy .

Th e E li m i n a t i o n of O v er s i zfrom O flw i
o m et i m es o f
e v er o s s

pri m e i mp ort a n c e In o t h er c a s es t h e i n c l u s i on o f fi n es In t h e
un d er fl
.

o w i s t o be a v o i d ed In ei t h er c a s e t h e s i mp l e m et h o d
o f c a l cu l a t i n g cl a s s i fi er effi ci en cy o ut l i n ed wi ll i f uti l i z
.

ed s erv e , ,

t o a s s i s t a d ju s t m en t a n d pr o duc e t h e m o s t s a t i s f a ct o ry r es u l t s
po s s i bl e .
 S E C T I ON XV

THI CK E N IN G , S E TTLIN G , A N D D E WATE RIN G

OF O R E P UL P

S ettl em en t a n d Thi ck en i n g o f O r e Pul p a r e g en er a ll y s y n on y

m o u s p hr a s es A pp a r a tus u s ed m a y be c o n s i d er ed u n d er t wo
h ea d i n g s v i z
.

: t h e g r a vi t a t i o n a l
,
. a n d t h e g r a vi t a t i o n a l p l us
,
-

m ec h a n i c a l A m o n g g r a v i t a t i o n a l s ett l ers m a y be i m en t i on ed
t h e c o n i c a l a n d s pi t z
.

k a s t en t y pes Or s i mp l e S l o p i n g b o tt om ed
,
-

va t s Th e g ra vi t a ti on a l p l us m ec h a n i c a l t y p es h a v e a n a rr a n g e
.
- -

m en t w h er eby d i s c h a rg e i s a s s i s t ed a n d r eg u l a t ed by m ec h a n i c a l
m ea n s wi t h ei t h er a n i n t erm i tt en t o r c on t i n u o u s a ct i on
G ra v i ta ti o n a l Thi ck en i n g E fl
.
,

- i ci en cy i s g o v er n ed by v a ri o u s
f a ct o rs a m on g w h i c h m a y be m en t i o n ed (a ) d i l ut i on of pu l p
, ,

feed (b) c o n d i t i o n of c oll oi d a l c on s t i tu en t s w i t h r efer en c e t o

,

el ectr ol yt i c c o a g u l a t i on (c) a rea of s ettl er s a n d (d) d ept h of

, ,

s ett l ers Ass u m i n g m a x i mum f a v ora b l e c om p a r a ti v e c o n d i

.

t i on s i n t h es e r es p ect s t h e a ctu al d eg r ee of t h i ck en i n g a tt a i n ed
,

w i t h a fi n e pr o duct wi ll be pr o p o rt i o n a l t o t h e t i m e a l l o w ed .

Wh er e m a xi m um d ew a t eri n g i s r eq u i r ed t h e i n t erm i tt en t g r a vi
t a t i o n a l pl u s —m ec h a n i c a l t y p e of s ettl er wi l l g i v e a pr o duct freer
-

fr om w a t er t h a n t h e c on t i n u o u s m a c hi n e T h e a dv a n t a g es .

o f a mp l e a l l o w a n c e i n t h e t i m e f a ct o r f or s l i m e s ett l em en t m a y

be ut i li z ed w i t h o ut d i r ect m ec h a n i c a l a i d a s i n t h e c a s e wh er e ,

t h e s ett l ed c o n t en t s of l a r g e s l o p i n g b o tt om ed v a t s a r e s l u i c ed
-

o ut wi t h t h e cy a n i d e s ol ut i on n eed ed f or s ub s equ en t r ec ov ery

tr ea tm en t I n t erm i tt en t g ra v i t a t i o n a l t hi ck en i n g i s o n l y f ea
.

s i b l e i n l a r g e c a p a c i ty v a t s
- .

T h e P u l p Th i ck en er i ll u s tra t ed i n Fi g 1 55 i s of t h e i n t erm i t
'
.

t en t typ e a n d i s O p era t ed i n s er i es A s s o o n a s fi l l ed wi t h s l i m e
.
,

i a w h en t h e o v erfl o w i s n o l o n g er c l ea r t h e pul p s tr ea m i s
. .
, ,

2 16
 2 18 H A N D B OOK OF OR E DR ESSING

Th e D orr Con ti n uo u s Thi ck en er c o n s i s ts Of fo ur

i
( g
F . 1 56)
r a d i a l a rm s a tt a c h ed t o a c en tr a l vert i c a l s h a ft s u s p en d ed
‘ ‘

in a fl
,

a t b o tt o m ed
-
t a n k i n t h e m a n n er s h ow n a nd r evol v ed ,

by m ea n s of w o rm g ea ri n g a t a s l o w s p eed Th e p l ou g h s .

s cr a p e t h e s ett l ed s l i m e t o wa rd t h e c en t er of t h e t a n k w h er e i t ,

i s d i s c h a r g ed o r c o n v ey ed el s ewh ere Th e d i s c h a r g e i s pr efer

.

a b l y h a n d l ed by m ea n s oi a d i a p h r a g m pump a s s h o wn i n t h e ,

F IG . 1 56
.
—D orr co n t i n u ou s t hi ken er
c .

cut w h er eby l os s o f f a l l i s a v oi de d a n d i mpr ov ed r es ul t s a r e

,

i n s ur ed D et a i l s of typ i c a l pr a ct i c e a r e g i v en i n Ta b l e X C
. .

Th e D orr Tra y Th i ck en er i s a n a d a pt a t i on of t h e s t a n d a rd
m a c hi n e wh er eby i n cr ea s ed s et t l i n g a r ea i s o bt a i n ed by m ea n s
o f a di v i s i o n o r d i v i s i on s of t h e t a n k i n t o h o ri z on t a l c o mp a rt
,

m en t s ea c h fitt ed wi t h a b o tt om tr a y c on f orm i n g t o t h e s l o p e
,

o f t h e a ddi t i o n a l pl o u g h m ec h a n i s m wh i c h i s a dup l i c a t e of t h a t
,

f ou n d i n t h e ord i n a ry m a ch i n e T w o typ es a r e n ow i n O p er a t i on
.
.
 D E W A TE R ING OF OR E P UL P 2 19

Th e O pen Type th i c k en er i s s h o wn i n Fi g 1 57
- Th e C o n n ected
. .

Type t hi c k en er i s a rr a n g ed f or t h e s ep a r a t e d el i v ery of f eed t o

“

ea ch ct i on
se , and t h e i n d i v i du a l d i s c h a r g e o f t h i ck en ed pr o duct s .

FIG . 1 57 .
—D or r t ra y —
t h i ck en er o p en t yp e .

C on i ca l S ettl er s (Fi g . 1 58)

u s u a l l y o p era t ed In p a ra ll el
a re ,

a s t h ei r c a p a c i ty i s s m a ll F eed i s d el i vered c en tr a l l y a n d t h e
.
,

V el o ci ty of d i s c h a r g e of t h e t h i ck en ed pu l p m a y be l ess en ed a n d

fa ll r eq ui r ed r educ ed b y t h e u s e of a g oo s en eck d i s c h a rg e T h i ck
fl
.

en ed pu l p ow m a y be a dj u s t ed b y m ea n s o f a B u n s en v a l v e

o p er a ti n g on a pi ec e o f rubb er tub i n g c on n ect i n g a n y t w o con

v en i en t p o i n t s i n t h e g oo s en eck ;o r by m ea n s o f t h e r eg u l a t o r
2 20 H A NDB OOK OF OR E D R E SSING

T AB L E XC .
—TY P C I AL D O RR THI C K E N E R PRA C T I C E 80

R em a r k s

San R a f a el P a ch u ca Mex Tu b e i l l p r o d u ct , 7 5 p er cen t

-
m
—20 0 m es h D i s ch a rg e,
,
. .
, .

p er cen t s o li d s

Tu be—
. .

Li ber t y B el l , Tel l u r i d e, C o l o m i l l p r od u ct , m u ch l i g h t

a r g i l l a ceo u s s l i m e D i s ch a r e
g , .

3 0 p er cen t s ol i d s . .

Ba t o p i l a s , C h i h u a h u a , Mex . . to 40 m es h p r od u ct ;9 0 p er cen t .

p a s s i n g 1 00 m es h .

Z am bon a D ev . Co .
,
So n o r a ,

T u be-m i l l p r od u ct D i s ch a rg e
’

4 0 p er cen t s o l i d s . .

N ov a Sco t i a C o ba l t , On t T u be i ll p r od u ct , 8 8 p er cen t
m
'

—2 0 0 m es h , o r e d i a ba s e
.
, .

D i s ch a rg e, 4 0 p er cen t s o l i d s . .

F eed 6 1 .

El P a l m a r i t o Si n a l oa Mex
, ,
. . T u be- m i l l p r o d u ct —p u r e q
u a rt

z i t e, 9 7 p er cen t —2 00 m es h
.

D i s ch a rg e 65—70
.

Feed ,

p er cen t . s o l i ds (C on t i n u
,

ous d eca n t a t i on )
Jl i Tu be- m il l p r o d u ct —s i li ceo u s
.

A m p a r o, a s co , Mex
p er c en t —2 00 m es h . .

F eed 2 4 5 : 1
,
. . D i s ch a r g e ,

p er cen t . s ol i d s - u s ed to f eed
v a n n er s
—
.

Vet a C ol or a d o , Pa rr a l Mex Tu be -
m i l l pr od u ct ra t h er a r g i l
—
, .

l a ceou s —7 1 p er
.

cen t . 2 00
m es h Feed 1 1 : 1
. . D i s ch a r g e ,

33 p er cen t . so li ds f or
a g i t a t or . Ha v e s et t l ed t o 65

p er cen t . s oli d s .
22 2 H A NDB OOK OF OR E D R ESSING

s h o w n i n Fi g 1 59 whi c h m a y be m a d e of é é i n r o u n d Ir o n In -

t h e c as e wh er e a n ex c ept i o n a ll y s t ea dy fl
. . .
,

o w of or e i s r ec ei v ed

by ea c h c on e t h e r eg u l a t i on m a y be d on e by m ea n s
o r n o zz l e a tt a c h ed t o t h e en d o f t h e g o o s en eck .

F d ee

I A AI
—C
S E CT O N L E LE V T ON
FIG . 1 58 on e t hi c ken er wi t h go o s en eck di s ch a r g e .

Met a l Va l ves a re g en e a ll
y u n s ui t a b l e f or r eg ul a t i n g t h e u n d er
r
fl o w fr o m c o n es or s p i t z k a s t en Th i s i s d u e t o t h e f a ct t h a t i n
.

t h r o tt li n g t h e d i s c h a r g e o n e or m o r e s h a rp c o r n ers a r e f orm ed

1
FIG . 1 59 .
—H os e d i s ch a r g e l
r eg u a t or .

wh i c h l ea d t o an a ccumul a t i o n o f s oli d s a n d s ub s eq u en t c h o k a g e
of t he c on e . S t o p va l v es c o n n ect ed wi t h t h e a p i c es of c on es
-

sho ul d be of a t y pe p erm i tt i n g no c o n s tri ct i o n In d i a m et er

 D E WA TER ING OF OR E P UL P 223

and s ho ul d be l eft ~
wi d e o p en duri n g t he o p er a ti o n o f t he
c on e
z
.

S pi t k a s t en S ett l er s a r e u s u a ll y O per a t ed i n n es t s (Fi g

‘
.

A n g l e of i n c li n a t i o n of c o n e s i d e d ep en d s on f a ll a v a i l a b l e a n d
c h a r a ct er of m a t eri a l t o be t h i ck en ed M a x i mum p o s s i b l e s l o p e
.

i s a l wa ys a dvi s a b l e Wi t h c oll oi d a l m a t eri a l t h er e i s a t en d en c y

.

A I
E N D E LE V T O N

ul p F eed

A
PL N
W a t er D i s ch a r g e

FI G . 1 60 —S p i t z
k a s t en se t t er l .

ccumu l a t e on t h e s i d es i f t h e l a tt er a r e i n s u fl
l

i
‘
f or t h e s li m e t o a

ci e n t l y s t eep Th i s r es u l t s i n o cc a s i o n a l c h o ka g e of t h e di s
c h a rg e Go os en ec k s m a y be u s ed i n c on n ecti o n wi t h S pi t z
. .

. k a s t en
s et t l ers i n t h e s a m e w a y a s wi t h c o n es

z
Pri s m S pi t ka s t en S ett l er s a r e u s u a ll y i n s eri es a n d a r e s et
tr a n s v er s el y t o t h e fl ow o f p u 1p A n ex a mpl e o f W es t A u s t r a
.

li a n pra ct i c e s h o ws t h e f o l l o wi n g d i m en s i o n s :
7
2 24 HA NDB OOK OF OR E DR E S SING

Si z
e 111
, f t l on g by 4 2 f t w i de ;
. n u m ber of p ri s m s , 8 ;
. n u m ber of ori fi ces

i n ea ch p ri s m , 3 0 ;di s t a n ce bet w een o r i fi ces , 3 f t 8 i n ; d i vi s i on p l a t es be

. .

t ween p r i s m s , w i t hi n 8 i n of s u r f a ce o f p u l p ;
d i s ch a r g e, con t i n u ou s f r om firs t
— fl
.

r ow i n t erm i t t en t f r om rem a i n d er ;con s i s t en ce o f u n d er ow , 1 t o 1

'

D et a i l s Of d es i g n a r e s h own i n Fi g 1 61
‘

. .

G r a v i ta ti o n Thi ck en i n g m a y be
c a rri ed o ut i n a n y v a t o f
s u i t a b l e d i m en s i o n s pr o v i d ed t h a t t h e b o tt o m s l o pes t o w a rd a

poi n t of d i s c h a rg e I f w o rk ed c on t i n u ou s l y t h er e i s a n a g g r e
.

g a t i o n o f s o li d s i n t h e b o tt o m o f t h e v a t a n d i t s c a p a c i ty i s ,

r a p i d l y r educ ed By work i n g i n t erm i tt en t l y a n d by s l u i c i n g

.

o u t t h e a ccumu l a t ed s li m e b y m ea n s of a h i g h pr es s ur e jet t h e -

a pp a r a tu s m a y be o per a t ed a t a f a i r effic i en c y .

i n P er f o r a t e d La u n d er F d ee

W a te r fl
O v er ow

C RO S S S E C T O N I
F IG . l 61 .
—P r i s m sp i z
t k a s t en s et t l er .

Th e Ayt on i n t erm i tt en t Pul p E x tr a ctor , f or u s e wi t h c on es

an d po i n t ed b ox es , i s a d evi c e c on s i s t i n g , i n t h e m a i n , of a
y a l ve t h e p era t i on o f w h i c h i s c on tr oll ed by a l ev er h el d i n p os i
’

t i on by a s pri n g a n d a ctu a t ed by ca m m ov em en t Th e fr equ en cy .

a n d d eg r ee o f o pen i n g s ee Fi g
of t h e v a l v e a r e a dj u s t a b l e ( .

D ewa teri n g i s t erm g en er a ll y u s ed i n t h e c a s e wh er e i t i s

a

po s s i b l e t o r educ e t h e m o i s tur e p erc en t a g e t o a s m a ll a m ou n t ,

o ft en a s l o w as 5 p er c en t Thi s i s eff ect ed d i r ect l y b y m ec h a n i c a l

.

m ea n s by pr es s ur e or v a cuum i n v o l vi n g fi l tr a t i o n a n d m a y be
, ,

a ss i s t ed by h ea t or c o mpr es s ed a i r .
2 26 HA NDB OOK OF OR E D R ESSING

on tr a ck s b el ow t h e pr es s fl o o r .

Th e M erri ll Fil ter Pr es s i s o n l y s u i t a b l e a s a d ewa t er er wh en

s ub seq u en t tr ea tm en t o f t h e m a t eri a l ca n be eff ect ed by l ea c hi n g

i n t h e press . Th e s h a p e o f t h e p l a t e a n d fr a m e i s m o d i fi ed t o
a ll o w f o r t h e i n tr o duct i o n of a s l u i c i n g n o zz l e a t t h e b a s e o f ea c h

fr a m e wh i c h r ot a t es a n d a ut o m a t i ca ll y d i s c h a rg es t h e c o n t en t s
,

a ft er tr ea tm en t . D ew a t er i n g i n t h i s m ach i n e i s o n l y on e p h a s e

FI G . 1 63 .
—S w eet a nl d fil t e
r p r es s .

of an per a t i o n wh i c h mu s t n ec ess a ri l y t erm i n a t e wi t h a s hi g h

o

o r h i g h er a m o i s tur e perc en t a g e i n t h e d i s c h a r g ed t a ili n g a s i n

t h e o r i g i n a l pu l p. A t t h e Ho m es t a k e wh er e t h i s t y p e o f pres s
,

i s o per a t ed a t a h i g h effi c i en cy f or t h e trea tm en t of l ow g r a d e -

s lim e a fter a m a l g a m a t i o n h a s r ec o v er ed t h e bu l k o f t h e g ol d
,

t h e pr es s es a r e fi ll ed by g r a v i ty h ea d pr ess ur e .

Th e S weetl a n d Fi l ter Pr es s , of i n t erm i tt en t O p er a t i on con ,

s i s t s of a cy l i n dr i c a l fi l t er b o dy d i v i d ed o n t h e h o r i z o n t a l c en t er
,

l i n e i n t o t wo h a l v es whi c h a re hi n g ed t o g et h er (s ee Fi g .
 D E WA TER ING OF OR E P UL P 227

A h ea d er i s
‘

ea s t a l on g t o p h a l f t h r o ug h wh i c h h o l es a r e b o red
t he ,

t o r ec ei v e t h e fi l t er l ea f n i pp l e o ut l et s
-
Th e fi l t er i s l o ck ed by
.

m ea n s of a s er i es o f s wi n g b o l t s wh i c h a r e t i g h t en ed or l oos en ed
,

b y m ea n s of a n ecc en tri c s h a ft Th e fi l t er l ea f i s a c i rcul a r ba g

.

s upp o rt ed up o n a w i r e s cr een s tructur e w h i c h pr ev en t s c ol l a p s e

-

of t h e ba g a n d p erm i t s dr a i n a g e o f t h e c l ea r l i qu o r In O p er a t i on .

a n d a ft er t h e d i s p l a c em en t of t h e a i r t h e fi l t er b o dy i s k ept a t a

pu l p pres s ur e o f a b o ut 40 l b per s q i n by m ea n s o f g r a vi ty
. . .

FIG v lv
i

. 1 64 .
-
Re o i n g -d r u m t yp e d ew a t er i n g fil t er 31
.

press ur e pump Or m on t eju s Th e l i qu o r p a s s es ou t t h r o u g h

, ,
.

t h e l ea f a n d a c a k e i s f o rm ed T h e ex c es s pu l p i n t h e s h el l m a y
.

t h en be r em ov ed a n d t h e m o i s tur e p erc en t a g e r educ ed b y m ea n s

of c o mpr es s ed a i r D i s c h a rg i n g i s effect ed by O p en i n g t h e pr es s
.
,

a n d b y u s i n g a b a c k curr en t of a i r or s t ea m t o d i s l o d g e t h e c a k es

a n d fr ee t h e p o r es of t h e fi l t er m ed i um .

Meta lli c Fi l ter C l ot h i s a n a l l o y i n wh i c h n i ck el g en er a ll y p r e

d o m i n a t es but m a y be m a d e o f c o pp er br on z e a n d ot h er m et a l s
, , ,
.

Th i s i s dr a wn i n t o fin e Wi res , wh i c h a r e s tra n d ed a n d t wi s t ed .
2 28 H A NDB OOK OF OR E DR ESSING

Th e c l o t h i s wo v en t o g i v e t h e d es i red t ex t ur e a n d fi n a ll y p a s s ed
b et ween r oll s t o fl a tt en i t a n d t o pr oduc e t h e r equ i s i t ed eg r ee
of fi n en es s .

D ewa t eri n g by Va cuum m a y be effect ed by m ea n s of a type of .

Ro ta ry Va cu u m F i l ter s uc h a s t h e O li v er o r P o rt l a n d Th e pri n .

ci p a l r eq u i r em en t s of s uc h a m a c hi n e w h en u s ed f or t hi s purp os e

a re : ( a ) a ut o m a t i c i t y a n d c o n t i n u o u s a ct i o n ;( b) a mp l e exp o s ur e

t o v a cuum f o r dry i n g wi t h o ut v i br a t i on or d a n g er of cr a ck i ng
t h e c a k e ;(0 ) pr o v i s i on f or a ut o m a t i c d i s c h a r g e wi t h o ut n ec es s i t y
f or a i r b l a s t (w h i c h i n ev i t a bl y c a u s es a n i n cr ea s e i n m oi s tur e
p e rc en t a g e i n d i s c h a r g ed m a t er i al b y b l o w i n g b a ck m o i s tur e
a l r ea d y r em o v ed ) . Wi t h t h e r o t a ry v a cuum fi l t er a n a i r b l ow
m a y be u s ed t o c l ea r t h e p o r es of t h e c a n v a s a ft er t h e ca k e h a s - .

b een r em ov ed by s cr a per .

Fi n e M a teri a l t o be d ew a t er ed i n a Ro ta ry Typ e Va cu um
'

Fi l ter (s ee Fi g 1 64 ) i s fi rs t t h i ck en ed i n a c o n t i n uou s m a c h i n e
.
,

u s u a l l y of t h e D OE typ e D et a i l s of t h e o p er a t i o n of P o rt l a n d
.

fi l t er s a t t h e B utt e S up er i or m i l l on a fl o t a t i on c on c en tr a t e
c a rryi n g p e r c en t
.
— 2 00 m es h a r e g i v e n I n Ta b l e X C I

a n d S h ow an a v er a g e of u n d er 8 p er c en t . m oi s tur e i n t h e
d i s c h a r g ed pr o duct wi t h o ut s t ea m c oi l h ea t i n g
-
.Wi t h o rd i n a ry
s li m ed or e i t i s pr a ct i c a b l e t o r educ e t h e m oi s tu re t o fr o m 1 0

t o 2 0 p er c en t wi t h a m a c h i n e of t hi s typ e a cc o rd i n g t o t h e
.
,

c l a s s of m a t eri a l b ei n g h a n d l ed In t h e c a s e of a g ol d or e
.

t hi s p erm i t s effi c i en t a m a l g a m a t i on a n d a l k a li n e tr ea tm en t ,
pr evi o u s t o cy a n i d a t i o n wi t h o ut a n y s ub s equ en t a ccumul a t i o n
,

o f cy a n i d e s ol ut i o n .

A c omb i n a t i on D ewa teri n g P l an t f or s ep a r a t e h a n d l i n g of

c o a r s e a n d fi n e m a t er i a l i s S h o w n i n Fi g 1 65 . .

Th e S h o v el W h eel f o r d ewa t er i n g s a n d c on s i s t s of a n umb er

of s h o v el s a tt a c h ed t o a w h eel a n d w h i c h r em o v e t h e s a n d fr o m

a tr o u g h. Th e s h ov el s a r e u s u a l l y p erf o r a t ed t o f a c i li t a t e
dr a i n a g e of t h e exc es s w a t er a n d d i s c h a r g e of t h e s a n d Th e .

C o l e Sh o vel Wh eel i s s h o wn i n Fi g . 1 66 Th i s w h eel i s

.

24 i n i n d i a m et er a n d i s fitt ed wi t h 1 2 S h o v el s of I M i n s cr a p
.
- .

s t eel.
230 HA N DB OOK OF OR E DR ESSING

T AB LE XCI —P . O RT LA N D F I LT E R D E W A T ER I N G T E S TS AT T HE B U TT E
S U P ER I O R M I L L

Ti m e

T es t N O . Va c .
, in .

p er hr .
,

N O TE .
—T es t s m a r k ed x h ea t ed o ver s t ea m coi l w h i l e d ryi n g
"

. A v er a g e
ca p a ci t y 14 ft . X 1 4 f t P o r t l a n d Fi l t er w i t h f eed con t a i n i n g
.
p er cen t .

s o li d s , 1 9 4 t on s p er d a y ;w i t h f eed con t a i n i n g p er cen t . s oli ds , 2 65 t o n s

p er d a y ;w i t h f eed \ con t ai n i n g 6 7 t o 6 8 p er cen t . s ol i d s , 4 0 3 t on s p er d a y .

A v er a g e m oi s t u re in k
ca e, w i t h ou t s t ea m -c o i l h ea t i n g , to p er cen t .
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22
A bb é s pi r al d i s ch a rg e, 1 2 7 B a t t er y f r a m i n g 1 0 3 ,

t ube m i l l , 1 68 ki n g pos t s 1 0 3 ,

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-

a n d a l t i t u d e, 1 9 1 r ol l er f or t u be m i l l s , 1 69
a ir vol u m e f or ,
19 1 B eh r -ca m ,
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s u b m er g en ce, 1 89 B el t - a n d -b u ck et p u l p el ev a t i o n , 1 9 2
Ai r
‘

v ol u m e f or a i r l i f t 1 9 1 ,
B el t co n v ey o r d a t a , 1 0
A k i n s cl a ss i fi er 2 1 1 ,
v a t or s p eeds 1 6
el e ,

A l d ri c h t h r ee t h r o w p u m p 1 8 8 B el t el ev a t o r s p eed s 1 6
’

- -
, ,

A l l en co n e 1 9 8 ,
B el t i n g f or bel t el ev a t ors Wi d t h , an d
Al l i s C h a l m er s b a ll g r a n u l a t o r
-
, pl y of , 16
A l t i t u d e f or a i r l i f t s 1 9 1 ,
Bi n s , o r e, 7
A n a l ys es s cr een i n g 7 9
, ,
B l a ke cr u s h er , 85
A n g le of n i p , 1 53 di a g r a m ,
86
A p ert u r e, m es h , 74 B l a n t on ca m ,
102
A pr o n f eed er ,
22 B oxes , m or t a r , 99
A u t om at i c w ei g h i n g o f o re, 36 B o w l t y pe
-
l
c a ssi fier ,
210
A yt on p ul p ext r a ct or ,
224 B r u ck n er f u r n a ce 6 4 ,

B u ck et el ev a t o r 1 0

s peed , et c .
,
14
B ul k r ed u ct i o n in sam pl i n g , 3 1
B a l a n ced r ol l s , 1 57 B u m p er-pl a t e f eed er , 28
B a l l g r a n u l a t o r , A l l i s- C h a l m er s , 1 27 B u n k er H
i l l s cr een , 7 2
B a ll m i l l , E ccl es t on , 1 3 0 B u r ea u of St a n d a r d s ,
s cr een s er i es ,

f eed , 1 3 2 78
f eed er ,
30
l i n in g , 121
l oa d, 1 3 1
Kr u p p , 1 1 7 C a l d eco t t con e, 1 98
K r u p p w et -cr u s h i n g , 1 2 0 C a l l ow s cr een ,
72
s i z es an d c a p a ci t i es , 121 Ca m s, 101
st an da r d, 1 2 1 B eh r , 1 0 2
Ba l l m i ll i n g , w et or dr y , 1 3 3 B l a n t on , 1 0 2
Ba l l m i l l s , g r a t es f or , 1 3 3 l i ft i n g s u rf a ce, 1 02
2 36 IND EX

C a m s h a f t bea ri n g s , 1 04 C o n v er t i bl e-t y p e r ol l s , 1 5 7
d a m per, 1 0 6 C o n v eyor-b el t w ea r , 1 0
C a m s h a ft s , 1 0 1 ch a i n g ri zz l y ,
21
C a rs , 6 p us h , 9
C en t r a l f eed f or pa n s , 1 6 0 S pi r a l , 9
C en t r i f u g a l pu m p, 1 83 C orr u g a t ed r ol l s h el l s , 1 54
C h a i n g ri zzl y con v eyor , 2 1
-
t u b e- m i ll li n i n g , 1 7 1
C h a l l en g e f eed ers , 2 3 C orr u g a t i o n of r o l l f a ces ,
1 54
C hi l ea n m i l l , 1 35 C os t s f o r m i ll i n g , 1 1 3
C l a s s i fi ca t i o n of or e p ul p , 2 54 C r u s h er , B l a k e, 8 6
C l a s s i fier s , 1 9 7 d i a g r a m , B l a k e, 86
A ki n s , 2 1 1 D o dg e, 86
co n e, 1 98 g yr a t or y ,
90
D ei s t er , 2 0 3 i dl er p u l l ey, 94
D orr , 2 1 0 Ma r a t h on , 94
dra g , 2 1 4 R eli a n ce fi n e, 90
effi ci en c y 214 r ol erl, j a w, 9 0
Fed er a l es p er a n za 213 S ym on s di s c, 9 6
fld
,

oo ,
20 2 C r us h i n g ro l ls ,
1 49
h y d r a u l i c, 1 9 8 C u s t om m i lls, sam pl i n g i n , 3 2
O v er s t r om ,
20 7
O v o ca , 2 1 3
R i ch a r d s-Ja n n ey, 2 0 5
t a bl e, 2 0 8 D a m p er ca m s h a f t 1 0 6
,
-
,

C l a y, m oi s t u r e i n , 38 D ehn e fil t er pr es s 2 2 5 ,

C l ea r a n ce w a t er f or p u m p s , 1 8 5 Deis t er c l a s s i fi er 2 0 3 ,

C li f t s a m p l i n g m a ch i n e, 3 4 D en ver q u a rt z m i ll 1 4 1
,

C l os e- ci r cu i t s ys t em ,
133 D ew a t eri n g 2 24 ,

C l ot h , m et a l l i c fil t er , 2 2 7 a n d v a cu u m 2 28 ,

C o a l d r es s i n g , 3 D i a g ra m r o l l 1 5 1
, ,

C o a rs e- o r e pl u n g er f eed er ,
22 D i a m et er t u be m i l l 1 6 7
,
-
,

Gobb e p a n , 1 66 Di a p h r a g m p um ps 1 8 5 ,

C om bi n a t i on t u b e-m i l l l i n i n g , 1 7 3 Di es f al s e 1 0 3
, ,

C om pen s a t i n g w ei g h t s , 1 0 2 Di s c crus h er Sym on s 9 6 , ,

f or p a n s , 1 62 g r i zzl y r ev o l vi n g 22
, ,

C on e, Al l en , 1 9 8 o
Di s ch a r g e, A bb é S pi r a l , 1 27
C a l d ecot t , 1 9 8 h ei g h t of , 1 03
cl a s s i fi er s , 1 9 8 D o d g e cr u s h er , 86
C on e p r a ct i ce, H
o m es t a k e 2 0 0 , D orr cl a s s i fi er, 2 1 0
C o n i ca l s et t l ers , 2 1 9 t hi ck en er , 2 1 8
C on i n g an d q
u a r t eri n g , 33 t ra y t h i ck en er ,
218
C o n s t a n t s f or Tyl er s i ev es , 5 3 Dr a g cl a s s i fi er 2 1 4 ,
2 38 IND EX

G r i ff en m i l l , 1 4 2
G ri n d i n g p a n , 1 59
G r i zz l y, b a r - t yp e t r a v eli n g , 2 2 Ki ck s l a w ’
,
49
vol vi n g d i s c 22
re , Ki n g p os t s ba t t ery , 1 0 3 ,

G r i zzl y co n v ey or ch a i n , ,
21 K o m a t a t u be m i l l l i n i n g , 1 7 1
-

G r i zz li es 65 ,
K r u pp ba l l m i l l , 1 1 7
G ui d es , 1 06 K r u pp wet - cr u s h i n g ba l l m i l l , 1 2 0
”

st am p
-
s t em ,

Gyr a t o ry cr u s h er , 90
Gyr a t ory vs .
ja w cru s h ers , 91

La n e m i l l , 1 36
La u n d er d a t a , 1 94
Hm m
a er , s wi n g - p u l v eri z er ,
96 Lea ch i n g v a t sa m l
p i n g , 35
Ha n d f eed i n g ,
19 v at t on n a g e es t i m a t i o n ,
44
Ha r di n g e m i l l 1 24 Lif e of s t a m p -
m i ll p a r t s 1 13
Hp
, ,

ea t i g 54
ro a s n Li f t a i r 1 88
H vy t m p 1 0 2
, , ,

ea s a s, Li n ers , m o r t a r - bo x , 101
H vy t m p m i l l 1 0 7
ea -
s a s, Li n i n g ba l l -
m i ll, 121
Hi g h t f d i h g 1 0 3
,

e s o sc ar e, Lo a d , ba l l -
m i ll , 1 3 1
H h ff f
err es 58o u rn a ce , Lo s s i n s i ev i n g ,
84
Hi n d er ed s et t li n g, c a ss l . R i ch a r d s , Lu b ri ca t i on f or ro lls ,
1 58
7
Ho l l o w r o ll f a ces , 1 54
Hl t h
o o ff - W et h ey f u r n a ce 56
Hm
,

o k e co n e p r a ct i ce
es t a ,
2 00 Ma cd ou g a l l f u rn a ce 58 ,

Hu n t i n g t o n m i ll 1 4 1 Ma g n et i c p u l l eys 2 1
Hyd ra u l i c cl a s s i fi er s 1 98
, ,

,
M a r a t h o n cr u s h er 9 4 ,

Ma r a t h on m i l l 1 4 3 ,

M a r cy m i l l 1 2 0 ,

M ech a n i ca l effi ci en cy r el a t i v e ,

Id l er pu l l ey cr u s h er 9 4 , ,
M er r i l l fi l t er p r es s 22 5 ,

Im p a ct s cr een 69 ,
Mer t o n f u r n a ce 56 ,

In s t Mi n M et s cr een s eri es 7 9
. . .
,
M es h a p ert u r e 74
, ,

In t er m i t t en t bu ck et el ev a t o r s 1 2 ,
s cr een ,
74
In t erm i t t en t p u l p t h i ck en i n g 2 1 6 ,
M et a l l i c fi l t er cl o t h 22 7 ,

Mi l l l o a d , ba l l 1 3 1 ,

M i l l ba l l l i n i n g 1 2 1
,
-
,

C hi l ea n , 1 3 5
Ja ck fin g er 1 06 D en v er q
ua r t z ,
141
Jw
, ,

a l l er 9 4
cr u s h er , r o G ri fi en , 1 42
Jw
,

a v s g yra t o r y cr u s h ers
.
,
91 H a r d i n g e, 1 2 4
Jon es s p l i t 3 3 ,
Hu n t i n g t on ,
141
 IND EX 23 9

Mi l l , K r upp ba l l , 1 1 7 O re-bi n g a t es , 1 9
La n e, 1 3 6 O re dr es s i n g , d efin i t i on of , 1
Ma r a t h on 1 4 3 O r e- f eed co n t r o l , 18
Ma rcy 1 2 9 ,
O r e-p u l p , p li n g , 3 2
sa m

p u m ys t em s 1 8 2
i
p gn s ,
l
s et t em en t of , 2 1 6

St a n d a r d b a l l 1 2 1 ,
t h i ck en i n g of , 216
St u rt eva n t r i n g r ol l 1 4 3 -
,
t on n a g e es t i m a t i on ,
’

38
t u b e, 1 6 7 O r e t on n a g e
-
ca cu a t i o nl l ,
18 1
Mi l l s ,
h ea vy -
st a m p, 1 07 O s bo r n e t u b e m i l l l i n i n g , 1 7 1
-

stam p , 99 O v er s t r om l
c a ssi fier ,
20 7
Mi l l s pa rt s , l i f e of s t a m p, 1 13 O v o ca cl a s s i fi er , 213

p o w er f or st a m p , 1 1 4

w ei g h t of s t a m p, 1 10
Mi xed m et h o d f or g r a d i n g ana l y s i s,
81 Pa n , cen t r a l f eed f or , 1 60
Mo i s t u r e d et er m i n a t i o n ,
37 C obbe, 1 66
in c a l y ,
38 g r i n d i n g , 1 59
Moi s t u r e i n t u b e m i l l f eed 1 7 7-
,
s h o es a n d d i es , 1 59
M on k ey w r en ch f eed er 2 4
-
,
Pa n s , p en s a t i n g w ei g h t s f o r , 1 6 2
co m

Mo r t a r boxes 9 9 ,
s t a g e g r i n d i n g i n , 1 63

Mo rt a r bo x f o u n d a t i o n s 1 0 1
-
,
Pea r ce t u rret f u rn a ce 56 ,

l i n er s , 1 0 1 Pebb l e l oa d i n t u be m i l ls 1 7 5 ,

Per f or a t i on s i z es t r om m el 69 , ,

Per i p h er a l d i s ch a rg e E ccl es t on 1 3 0 , ,

Pl a n t s a m p l i n g 3 2
, ,

N eed l e- s l o t p u n ch ed s cr een s 74 Pl ot t i n g g ra d i n g a n a l ys i s 84 ,

N i p , a n g l eof , 1 53 Pl u n g er f eed er 2 4 ,

N i s s en st a m p , 1 06 Pl un g er f eed er f or coa r s e o r e 2 2
z
,

No zl es , p or cel ai n , 2 0 2 Pl u n g er p u m p s 1 86 ,

Po r cel a i n o r g l a s s n ozzl es 2 0 2 ,

Po r t l a n d fi l t er 22 8 ,

Po wer f or bel t a n d bu ck et el ev a
’
O B ri en f u rn a ce, 60 t o rs , 1 7
O r d er of d r o p , 1 06 ro ll s ,
1 57
O r e, a u t om a t i c w ei g hi n g of , 36 st a m p mi l ls ,
1 14
bi n s , 7 t u be m i l s 1 6 7 l
sa m p l i n g , 30 Pr i s m s p i t z
k a st en s et t l er s 2 2 3 ,

s p eci fi c g r a vi t y of , 38 Pu ll ey cr u s h er i d l er 9 4
, ,

t r a n s p o rt , 6 P u l l eys m a g n et i c 2 1
, ,

w ei g h i n g of , 36 Pu l p el ev a t i on 1 82 ,

O r e bi n s , co m p a r a t i v e cos t of
, 7 Pul p ext r a ct o r A y t on 22 4 , ,

s t eel , 7 Pu l p s a m p l er 3 3 ,
 24 0 IN D EX

Pu l p t hi ck en i n g i n t er m i t t en t 2 1 6 , , R ol l f a ces cor r u g a t i o n
, of , 1 54
Pu l p t on n a g e o re es t i m a t i on 3 8
, , , R o l l f a ces h o l l ow 1 54
, ,

P u l s a t o r cl a ss i fi er R i ch a r d s 2 06 , ,
R 0 11 f eed er 22 ,

P um p A l d ri ch t h r ee t h r ow l 88
,
-
, R o l l ja w cru s h er 9 4
-
,

cen t rif u g a l 1 83 ,
R ol l s h ell s co rr ug at ed , ,
1 54
c l ea r a n ce wa t er f o r 1 85 ,
R 0 11 s p r i n g s , 1 55
F r en i er 1 9 1 ,
R o l l t i res , w ea r of , 1 54
S p i ra l s a n d 1 9 1 , R oll er bea r i n g s f o r t u be m i l ls
P um p s d i a p h r a g m 1 8 5
, ,
R o l l s , ba l a n ced , 1 57
p l un g er , 1 86 R o ll s , co n v ert i b l e t yp e -
,
1 57
Pu m p i n g s ys t em s m i l l 1 82 , , R o l ls , cr u s h i n g , 1 49
Pu n ch ed s cr een s n eed l e S l ot 74 , , R o l ls , l u b r i ca t i on f o r , 1 58
Pu l ver i z er s wi n g h a m m er 96
,
-
,
R o l l s , p o w er f or , 1 57
P us h con v eyor 9 R o l l s , r i g i d , 1 57
flt i
,

R ol ls wi t h ee g n a ct i o n ,
1 54
R opp f u rn a ce ,
56
R o t a ry d u m p ca r s ,
6
Q ua rt er i n g , co n i n g an d, 33

Sa m p l e d i v i der Jon es 33 , ,

R a i l roa d dum p ca rs , 6 Sa m p l e f rom l ea chi n g v a t s 3 5 ,

R el a t i v e m ech a n i ca l effi ci en cy , 4 9 Sa m p l es d ryi n g 8 1

, ,

R el i a n ce fin e cr u s h er , 90 Sa m pl ers Vezi n 35 , ,

R ev ol vi n g - di s c g ri zz l y , 22 Sa m p li n g bu l k r edu ct i on i n 3 1
, ,

R ev ol vi n g s cr een , 68 Sa m p l i n g i n cu s t om m i l ls 3 2 ,

R ev o l vi n g t i p Ier , 6 Sa m p l i n g m a ch i n e C li f t 3 4 , ,

R i bbed -p l a t e t ube m i ll , 1 7 1 Sa m p l i n g o r e 30 , ,

R i ch a r ds h i n d er ed- set t li n g cl a s s 20 8 Sa m p l i n g or e p u l p 3 2
— , , ,

R i ch a r ds J an n e y c l a ss i fi er 2 0 5 ,
Sa m pl i n g or e w ei g h t s i n 3 1 , ,

R i ch a r ds p u l sa t o r c l a s s i fi er 2 06 ,
Sa m pli n g p l a n t 3 2 ,

R i ch a r d s sc reen ser i es , 76 S a n d t o n n a g e es t i m a t i on of 44 , ,

R i d g e f u rn a ce, 6 1 Scr een B u n k er Hi ll 72

, ,

R igid ro l l s , 1 57 Scr een C a ll ow 72

, ,

Ri n g -r ol l m i ll , St u rt ev a n t ,
1 43 Scr een Im p a ct 69
, ,

B i t t i n g er
’
s l a w, 45 Scr een m es h 74
, ,

B i t t i n g er
’
s s cr een s er i es , 76 Scr een r ev o l vi n g 68
, ,

R oa st i n g , 54 Screen s eri es B of St a n da rds 78 ,

.
,

R o a s t i n g , h ea p , 54 Scr een s eri es I M M 79 ,

. . .
,

R ock er s i d e-d u m p ca rs , 6 Scr een s eri es Ri ch a r ds 7 6 , ,

R oll cr us hi n g , d ry , 1 53 Screen s eri es R i t t i n g er s 7 6 ,

’
,

R 0 11 d i a g ra m ,
1 51 Scr een s eri es S t a dl er s 78 ,
’
,
24 2 IN D EX

T u b e m i l l , di a m
-
et er , 16 7
d ri v i n g s h af t ,
1 68
f eed m o i s t u re i n 1 77 Va cu u m d ew a t er i n g , 2 2 8
, ,

f eed t o n n a g e, 1 7 6 Va t t o n n a g e es t i m a t i o n , l ea chi n g , 4 4
Vezm l ers
.

f eed er 30 sa m p ,
35
,

f eedi n g , 1 7 0
flt i oa n g p i n i on , 1 6 7
g ea r v
d r i e, 1 68 Wa s t e a n d or e 2
lin in g , co m b i n a t i on , 1 7 3 Wa t er a ct u a t ed p u l p s a m pl er 3 3
-
,

li n i n g , co r ru g a t ed , 1 71 Wea r of r o l l t i r es 1 54 ,

l i n i n g , E l O r o , 1 70 Wed g e f u rn a ce 6 1 ,

l i n i n g , K om at a, 171 Wei g h i n g of o r e 3 6 ,

l i n i n g , O s b o rn e, 1 7 1 Wei g h t of s t a m p m i l l p a rt s 1 1 0-
,

lin i n g , r i bb ed p l a t e, 1 7 1 Wei g h t s com p en s a t i n g 1 0 2

, ,

p ebb l e l o a d , 1 7 5 Wei g h t s i n s a m p li n g ore 3 1 ,

r oll er b ea ri n g s , 1 69 Wei g h t s of m a t er i a l s 8 ,

s p eed , 1 76 W et a n d d ry ba ll m i l l i n g 1 3 3 ,

T ub e m i ll s , 1 6 7 W et cru s h i n g m i ll Kru pp 1 2 0
-
, ,

m i l l s , p ow er f o r , 1 6 7 W et s cr een i n g , 84
s h ort , 1 70 Wh eel s h ov,
el , 22 8

Tyl er ra ti o o f s cr een s , 78 W h eel s t a i l i n g s 1 94

, ,

si e v es ,
con s t a n t s f o r , 53 Wh eel er g ri n di n g p a n ,
. 1 64
 S TA MP E D B E L OW
'
”

I N I TI A L F I N E O F 2 5 C E N TS
BE A S S E S S E D FO R FA I LU R E TO RE T UR N
BO O K O N T HE DA TE DU E . HE P E N A LTY
T
IN C R E A S E TO 5 0 C E N TS O N T H E FO U R TH
DA Y A N D TO ON TH E S E V E N TH D A Y

LD 2 1 —
g 5m