Mathematics

 Irrational
o 1.1 - Terminating
o 1.12345678... Non Terminating
 Rational
o √ 25 = 5
o ½

Principal Root – is a number which produces a specific quantity when multiplied by itself. It is the positive nth
root of a number.

Perfect Square – is the square of a rational number

Rational Number – is a number that can be expressed in the form a/b where a and b are integers and b is not
equal to 0

Irrational Number – is a number whose decimal representation is neither terminating nor repeating. This number
cannot be expressed as a quotient of integers.

SCIENTIFIC NOTATION – simplifies the way we write very large & very small numbers in a compact form.
The primary components of a number written in scientific notation are as follows.

So in a nutshell, scientific notation is composed of

o A number part called coefficient or “c” (a number greater than or equal to 1 but less than 10)
o A number with base 10 raised to an integer power (n)

Common Name Decimal Power Scientific

Form of 10 Notation
One millionth 0.0000001 10-8 1 x 10-8
One thousandth 0.001 10-3 1 x 10-3
One hundredth 0.01 10-2 1 x 10-2
One tenth 0.1 10-1 1 x 10-1
One 1 100 1 x 100
Ten 10 101 1 x 101
One Hundred 100 102 1 x 102
One Thousand 1,000 103 1 x 103
One million 1,000,000 106 1 x 106
One billion 1,000,000,000 109 1 x 109
 One trillion 1,000,000,000 1012 1 x 1012
,000

A. How to Write Numbers in Scientific Notation

Steps in Writing Decimal Numbers into Scientific Notation

Step 1: Identify the initial location of the original decimal point

Step 2: Identify the final location or “destination” of the original decimal point.
The final location of the original decimal point must be directly to the right of the first nonzero
numbers
Step 3:
o Move the original decimal point to its final location
o You will get a number here called “c” its value must be greater than or equal to 1, but less
than 10.
o When the decimal is moved toward the left, the count for the exponents of base 10 would be
positive
o “Towards the right” - negative

Step 4: Write “c” multiplied by some power of base 10. It should look something like this: c x 10n

A. Example of How to Write Decimal Numbers into Scientific Notation (Positive Power)
1. Rewrite the given decimal number 3000 in Scientific Notation
Solution:
Now we move the decimal point from the starting point to its final destination while counting the
numbers of decimal places.

Remember the rule above, if the decimal is moved towards the left, the counting for the exponent of
base 10 is positive.

That makes our value of “c” as c=3.8, and the power of 10 is 3. Putting them together in the required
format, our final answer is 3.8 x 103.

Always remember to make sure that “c” value always has the decimal point right after the first digit
which is the case here.

2. Rewrite the given decimal number 43,335,000,000,000 in Scientific Notation

=4.3335 x 1013

B. Example of How to Write Decimal Numbers into Scientific Notation (Negative Power)
Rewrite the given decimal number 0.0005 in Scientific Notation
Solution:
It is obvious that the original decimal point is to the left of the nonzero digit. We will move the decimal
going to the right. The rule above states that
 When the decimal is moved towards the right, the count for the exponent of base 10 should be negative.

Moving the decimal point to the right should yield a negative exponent for the base 10.

The value for coefficient is c=5 and the power of 10 is 4. Our final scientific notation should be 5 x 10 -4

Other Examples:

26,892 – Positive – right

0.00625 - Negative – left

Metric Unit of Measure

Commonly Used English Unit of Measurement

3 – number of constant
3x (2 monomials)
3 – coefficient
x – variable

Development of Measurement & the International System of Units

Measurement : Finding a number that shows the size or amount of something

Traditional & Nonstandard Unit of Measurements: making use of body parts or nonstandard objects
for measurements

Example:
 Span(dangkal)
-it is the distance from the tip of the little finger to the tip of thumb of an outstretched hand
 Palm
-it is the distance across the base of the four fingers that form the palm
 Cubit
- it is the distance from the tip of the middle finger of an outstretched hand to the from of the elbow
 Foot
-it is the length of the foot
 Pase
-it is the distance of one full step

English System of Units

-historical units of measurements used in medieval England
The Metric Prefixes

Prefix Symbol Multiple

exa E 1,000,000,000,000,000,000
peta F 1,000,000,000,000,000
tera T 1,000,000,000,000
giga G 1,000,000,000,000
mega M 1,000,000
kilo k 1,000
hecto h 100
Deka da 10
deci d 01
centi c 0.01
milli m 0.001
micro u 0.000001
nano n 0.000000001
pico d 0. 000000000001
femto c 0.000000000000001
atto m 0.000000000000000001
zepto z 0.00000000000000000000
1
yecto y 0.00000000000000000000
001

Metric System

Length/Unit Symbol Equivalent

1 Kilometer km 1000
1 Hectometer hm 100
1 Decameter dam 10
1 Meter m 1
1 Decimeter dm 0.1
1 Centimeter cm 0.01
1 Millimeter mm 0.001

English System

Unit Symbol Equivalent

1 foot ft 12 inches (in)
1 yard yd 3ft
1 mile mi 5,280 ft

Weight – metric System of Multiple of 1 Kilogram

Weight/Unit Symbol Equivalent

1 kilogram kg 1000
1 hectogram hg 100
1 dekagram dag 10
 1 gram g 1
1 decigram dg 0.1
1 centigram cg 0.01
1 milligram mg 0.001

Unit Symbol Equivalent

1 inch in 2.54 cm
1 foot ft 30.38 cm
1 yard yd 0.9m
1 mile mi 1.6 km

English System

Unit Symbol Equivalent

1 pound lb 16 ounces (oz)
1 V.S shorton T 2000 lb

Unit Symbol Equivalent

1 kilogram kg 2.2 lb
1 metric tonne t 2,200lb
1 metric tonne t 1.1T
1 ounce oz 28g

Area

Unit Symbol
1 Square kilometer km2
1 Square hectometer hm2
1 Square decameter dam2
1 Square meter m2
1 Square decimeter dm2
1 Square centimeter cm2
1 Square millimeter mm2

Multiple of 1 Square
1,000,000
10,000
100
1
0.0001
0.000001

Unit Symbol Equivalent

1 square foot ft2 122 square inches (in2)
1 square yard yd2 32 ft2
 1 square inch in2 (2.54)2 cm2
1 square yd yd2 (0.9)2 m2
1 square mile mi2 (1.6)2 km2

Measures of Length
1 meter (m) = 1000 millimeter (mm)
1 kilometer (km) = 100 centimeter (cm)
1 decimeter (dm) = 1/10 meters

Measure of Distance (Length)

English Units Conversion Equivalent

Inches (in.) 12 inches = 1 foot
Feet (ft.) 3 feet = 1 yard
Yards (yd.) 5,280 feet = 1 mile
Miles (mi.)

Fluid Volume (Capacity)

English Units Conversion Equivalent

Cups (c) 8 fluid ounces (ft.oz)= 1 cup
Pints (pt.) 2 cups = 1 pint
Quarts (qt.) 2 pints = 1 quart
Gallons (gal.) 4 quarts = 1 gallon

Weight

English Units Conversion Equivalent

Pound (lb) 16 ounces (oz.) = 1 pound
Tons (T) 2000 pounds = 1 Ton

Time

Minutes 60 seconds = 1 minute

Hour 60 minutes = 1 hour
Days 24 hours = 1 day
Week 7 days = 1 week
Year 365 days = 1 year

Length Mass Volume

Inch (in) Pound (lb) Tablespoon (tbsp)
Foot (ft) Ounces (oz) Teaspoon (tsp)
Yard (yd) ton Fluid ounces (fl. Oz)
Mile (mi) Pint (pt)
Quart (qt)
Gallon (gal)
Type of English System of Units based on Location
Imperial System – used in Great Britain
US customary system of Units –used in the States

This system is mainly used by the three countries today

United States
Liberia
Myanmar

Length-meter (m)
Mass-kilogram (kg)
Time-second (s)
Amount of substances-mole (mol)
Electric current-ampere (A)
Temperature-kelvin (k)
Luminous intensity-candela (cd)

4. International System of Units (SI) or Metric System of Measurements Standard way of expressing
measures used worldwide

Conversion Factors – usually are provided in the conversion charts or tables used for converting units of
measurements

Converting factors on Time

1 millenium = 1000 years
1 century = 100 years
1 score = 20 years
1 decade = 10 years
1 year = 12 months
1 year = 52 weeks
1 year = 365 days
1 week = 7 days
1 day = 24 hours
1 hour = 60 minutes
1 minute = 60 seconds

Conversion Factors for Volume

1 liter (L) = 1000 milliliters (mL)
1 centiliter (cL) = 10 milliliters (mL)
1 deciliter (dL) = 10 centiliters (cL)
1 liter (L) = 10 deciliters (dL)
1 dekaliter (dal) = 10 liters (L)
1 hectoliter (hL) = 10 dekaliters (dal)
1 kiloliter (kL) = 10 hectoliters (hL)
Conversion Factors for Mass/Weigh
1 centigram (cg) = 10 milligrams (mg)
1 decigram (dg) = 10 centigrams (cg)
1 gram (g) = 10 decigrams (dg)
1 dekagram (dag) = 10 grams (g)
1 hectogram (hg) = 10 dekagram (dag)
1 kilogram (kg) = 10 hectogram (hg)
1 metric tonne (T) = 10 kilograms (kg)
1 pound (lb) = 1000 kilograms (kg)
1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds
1 ton = 2000 pounds (lb)

TRANSLATING PHRASES & SENTENCES

From English into Mathematics & Vice Versa

A. Numerals {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9...}
B. Variables {a,b,...z}
C. Operational Signs {+, -, x, ÷}
D. Equation & Inequality Symbols { =, ≠, ≤, ≥}

Symbol/Sign Keywords
+ Plus, increase, more than, add, sum, all together, combine
- Minus, difference, decrease, diminish, take away, subtract
less, less than, reduce
x, •, ( ) Times, product, multiply, twice (2 times), thrice (3 times)
÷, /, – Divide, quotient, ratio, fraction, per
= Is equal to, equals, is the same as, will be, yields
Is less than, is fewer than
Is greater than, is more than
≤ Is less than or equal to, at most, maximum of
≥ Is greater than or equal to, at least, minimum of

Examples:

Phrases Keyword Symbol/Sign Expression

a number Increased by + a+6
increase by six
Five diminished Diminished by - 5-a
by a number
The product of The product of x, •, ( ) A•n, a x 12,
a number and a(12), 12a
12
The quotient of The quotient of ÷, /, – n÷7, n/7
a number and
seven
A number more More than + 6+n
than six
Five less than a Less than - n-5
number
A number is Increased by +, = a + 6 = 20
increased by six
is twenty
A number is Greater than a 7
greater than 7
A number is Diminished by - a-7
diminished by 7
Three times a times x, ( ), • 3 x a = 27
number is 3(a) = 27
twenty-seven 3•a = 27
The quotient of quotient ÷, / 10÷5=2
ten and five is
two 10/5=2
Three times a Times, added, is 3a + 3 = 3
number is equal too
added to three is
equal to three
The difference Difference, 4/a - 3 = 12
of four divided divided by, is
by a number equal to
and three is
equal to twelve
Twice the Twice, 2 (a-9)
difference of a difference
number and
nine
The sum of a sum m+9
number & 9
A number more More than 9+m
than 9
Two times a Added by 2n + 5
number added
by 5

Expression Keyword Verbal Phrase

3x + 110 Product, added by Three times a number is
Thrice, increased by increased by ten

The sum of three times a

number and ten
5 (m-1) Product. Subtract, Five times the difference
decrease of a number and 1

The difference of a
number and one is
multiplied by 5
8m + 4p Product, sum, increase The product of a number
 and 8 increased by the
product of another
number and 4

8 times a number is
increased by four times
another number

ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

Coefficient Numerical Coefficient Literal Coefficient

(number part) (letter part with exponent)
2x 2 x
5mn 5 mn
10st2 10 st2

Leading Coefficient
10st2+4st-7 the leading coefficient is 10
-5mn + 8 the leading coefficient is –5
3 2
9x + 6x -12x the leading coefficient is 9

9st2+4st-7
Constant 7
Variable/s s, t
Numerical Coefficient9 and –4
Literal Coefficient st2 and st
Leading term 9st2
Leading coefficient 9
Number of Terms 3

POLYNOMIAL

A Polynomial is a special kind of expression where each term is a constant, variable or a product of
constants and variables.
Thus, an algebraic expression is not a polynomial
o When the variable is in the denominator
o When the exponent is not a whole number
o When the variable is under a radical sign

TERM

Is a constant, variable or a product of a constant and variables separated by plus or minus.

Polynomial Number of Terms Leading Term Constant Term

10st2-4st+7 3 10st2 7
 -5mn+8 2 -5mn 8
9xy3 + 6xy2 – 5xy – 3 4 9xy3 -3
-12a2 - 4a2 + 6 3 -12a2 6
6ab 1 6ab 0

CLASSIFICATION OF POLYNOMIAL

There are special names for polynomial according to the number of terms:

 A monomial has one term

o 9st, 4x, 6ab, -7x2y
 A binomial has two terms
o 5st2 + 3s
 A trinomial has three terms
o 3xy2 + 6xy - 2
 A multinomial has four or more terms
o -15m3n2 + 10m2n2 – 4mn + 11

Degree of a Polynomial

The degree of a polynomial with one variable is the value of the largest exponent of the variable that appears in
any term

-2x3 + 3x2 –2x +5 third (3rd degree)

The degree of a polynomial with two or more variables is the highest degree for a term with nonzero coefficient.

12x3y3 + 5x3y2 – 4x2y + 10 Sixth (6th degree)

Polynomial in Descending Order

The polynomial is in descending order if the exponent of the variable is arranged from largest to smallest

-2x – 2x3 + 3x2 + 5 ------ -2x3 + 3x2 – 2x +5

Addition of Polynomial

In adding polynomials by combining like terms you may use this acronym as your guide.

C – Combine like terms

A – Add the numerical coefficient

C – Copy the Literal Coefficient

2x – 5 + 8x = 10x –5
3x3 + 4x –8x + 7x3 = 10x3 - 4x

Subtraction of Polynomials

In subtracting polynomials by combining like terms, you may use this acronym as your guide

C – Change the sign of the subtrahend

C – Combine like terms

A – Add the numerical coefficient

C – Copy the Literal Coefficient

(2x2-3x+2) - (3x2 +5x+2)

2x2-3x+2 - 3x2 –5x-2 = - x2 - 8x

LAWS OF EXPONENT FOR MULTIPLICATION

1. State the laws of exponent for multiplication and division

 Product with the same base
o am •an = am+n
o X3 • x2 = x3+2 = x5
2. Power Raised to a Power
o (am)n = amxn
o (x3)3 = x3x3 = x9
3. Product Raised to a Power
o (ab)n = an • bn
o (xy)3 = (x1x3)(y1x3) = x3y3

MULTIPLYING MONOMIALS

o (ab3)(a2b) = a3b4
o (xyz2)(x2yz) = (x3y2z3

MULTIPLYING TWO BINOMIALS

FOIL Method

Distributive Property

o (3x + 4) (2x + 5)
6x2 + 15x + 8 x + 20
6x2 + 23x + 20

MULTIPLYING TWO OR MORE TERMS

LAWS OF EXPONENT FOR DIVISION

Quotient Raised to a Power

Product of the Sum and Difference of Two Terms

“The product of (a+b) and (a-b) is equal to a2-b2 for any a and b. “