PRACTICAL – 4

AIM: Study and implementation of different types of constraints.

TABLE – 1 (employee)
mysql> create table employee(id int Primary key,name varchar
(30) NOT NULL,age int check(age<=18),email varchar(200) UNIQ
UE,DOB DATE DEFAULT '2000-01-01');

mysql> desc employee;

+-------+--------------+------+-----+------------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+------------+-------+
| id | int | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| name | varchar(30) | NO | | NULL | |
| age | int | YES | | NULL | |
| email | varchar(200) | YES | UNI | NULL | |
| DOB | date | YES | | 2000-01-01 | |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+------------+-------+

TABLE – 2 (department)
mysql> create table department(id int ,d_id int,d_name varch
ar(30),FOREIGN KEY(id) REFERENCES employee(id));
mysql> desc department;
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int | YES | MUL | NULL | |
| d_id | int | YES | | NULL | |
| d_name | varchar(30) | YES | | NULL | |
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
1] Working of PRIMARY KEY constraints-
mysql> insert into employee values(1,'Arun',17,'hurehferu','2000-03-11');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)

mysql> insert into employee values(1,'Arin',16,'arin006@gmail.com','2000-03-

11');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 'employee.PRIMARY'

2] Working of NOT NULL constraints-

mysql> insert into employee(id,age,email,DOB)
values(2,17,'poiu@gmail.com','2001-04-12');
ERROR 1364 (HY000): Field 'name' doesn't have a default value

3] Working of CHECK constraints-

mysql> insert into employee values(1,'Ram',20,'ureijf99@gmail.com','2000-03-
11');
ERROR 3819 (HY000): Check constraint 'employee_chk_1' is violated.

4] Working of UNIQUE constraints-

mysql> insert into employee values(3,'Ria',17,'ureijf99@gmail.com','2000-03-
15');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into employee values(4,'Ri',17,'ureijf99@gmail.com','2000-03-
15');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'ureijf99@gmail.com' for key
'employee.email'
5] Working of DEFAULT constraints-
mysql> insert into employee(id,name,age,email)
values(6,'Rita',17,'ewfd@gmail.com');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

6] Working of FOREIGN KEY constraints-

mysql> select * from employee;
+----+------+------+--------------------+------------+
| id | name | age | email | DOB |
+----+------+------+--------------------+------------+
| 1 | Arun | 17 | hurehferu | 2000-03-11 |
| 2 | Aman | 17 | poiu@gmail.com | 2001-04-12 |
| 3 | Ria | 17 | ureijf99@gmail.com | 2000-03-15 |
| 6 | Rita | 17 | ewfd@gmail.com | 2000-01-01 |
+----+------+------+--------------------+------------+

mysql> select * from department;

+------+------+---------+
| id | d_id | d_name |
+------+------+---------+
| 1 | 101 | Sales |
| 3 | 105 | Finance |
+------+------+---------+

mysql> select employee.name,employee.DOB from employee INNER JOIN

department ON employee.id=department.id;
+------+------------+
| name | DOB |
+------+------------+
| Arun | 2000-03-11 |
| Ria | 2000-03-15 |
+------+------------+
 PRACTICAL – 5
AIM: Study and implementation of different types of clauses.

----------------Reference table (emp)----------------

+----+--------+------+---------+
| id | name | dept | salary |
+----+--------+------+---------+
| 1 | Arun | BCA | 20000 |
| 2 | Arin | BBA | 40000.5 |
| 3 | Riya | BBA | 565555 |
| 4 | Ram | MBA | 345555 |
| 5 | Arun | BBA | 400055 |
+----+--------+------+---------+

 Select: is used to fetch data from one or more tables

SYNTAX – select column1, column2……. from table_name;
COMMAND – select id, name from emp;
+----+--------+
| id | name |
+----+--------+
| 1 | Arun |
| 2 | Arin |
| 3 | Riya |
| 4 | Ram |
| 5 | Arun |
+----+--------+

 From: names one or more tables from which data values are retrieved
by the query.
SYNTAX – select column1, column2 ……from table_name;
COMMAND – select id, dept from emp;

+----+------+
 | id | dept |
+----+------+
| 1 | BCA |
| 2 | BBA |
| 3 | BBA |
| 4 | MBA |
| 5 | BBA |
+----+------+

 Where: used to filter the results and apply conditions in a SELECT,

INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement.
SYNTAX – select column1, column2…..from table_name where
<condition>;
COMMAND –select name, salary from emp where id=2;
+------+---------+
| name | salary |
+------+---------+
| Arin | 40000.5 |
+------+---------+

 Group by: used to collect data across multiple records and group the
results by one or more columns. Used with aggregate functions.

SYNTAX – select column1, column2.….. , aggregate fun( column) from

table_name group by column_name;
COMMAND –select dept,sum(salary) from emp group by dept;
+------+-------------+
| dept | sum(salary) |
+------+-------------+
| BCA | 20000 |
| BBA | 1005610.5 |
| MBA | 345555 |
+------+-------------+

 Having: works same as ‘where’ clause, i.e provides conditions, but

always used with ‘group by’ clause.
 SYNTAX – select column1, column2.….. , aggregate fun( column) from
table_name group by column_name having<condition>;
COMMAND – select name,sum(salary) from emp group by name having
name=’Arun’;
+------+-------------+
| name | sum(salary) |
+------+-------------+
| Arun | 420055 |
+------+-------------+

PRACTICAL – 6
AIM: Study and implementation of views.
mysql> create table employee(id int Primary key,name varchar
(30) NOT NULL,age int check(age<=18),email varchar(200) UNIQ
UE,DOB DATE DEFAULT '2000-01-01');
-------------------Reference Base table (employee)------------------
+----+------+------+--------------------+------------+
| id | name | age | email | DOB |
+----+------+------+--------------------+------------+
| 1 | Arun | 17 | hurehferu | 2000-03-11 |
| 2 | Aman | 17 | poiu@gmail.com | 2001-04-12 |
| 3 | Ria | 17 | ureijf99@gmail.com | 2000-03-15 |
| 6 | Rita | 17 | ewfd@gmail.com | 2000-01-01 |
+----+------+------+--------------------+------------+

 CREATING VIEW -
mysql> create view em(em_id,em_name,em_dob) as select id,nam
e,DOB from employee where DOB>'2000-03-13';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> select *from em;

+-------+---------+------------+
| em_id | em_name | em_dob |
+-------+---------+------------+
| 2 | Aman | 2001-04-12 |
| 3 | Ria | 2000-03-15 |
+-------+---------+------------+

 INSERT -
mysql> insert into em values(7,'Raj','2001-09-10');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> select *from em;
+-------+---------+------------+
| em_id | em_name | em_dob |
+-------+---------+------------+
| 2 | Aman | 2001-04-12 |
| 3 | Ria | 2000-03-15 |
| 7 | Raj | 2001-09-10 |
+-------+---------+------------+

 UPDATE -
mysql> update em set DOB='2002-10-11' where em_id=3;
ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column 'DOB' in 'field list'
mysql> update em set em_dob='2002-10-11' where em_id=3;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0

mysql> select *from em;

+-------+---------+------------+
| em_id | em_name | em_dob |
+-------+---------+------------+
| 2 | Aman | 2001-04-12 |
| 3 | Ria | 2002-10-11 |
| 7 | Raj | 2001-09-10 |
+-------+---------+------------+

 DELETE -
mysql> delete from em where em_id=2;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select *from em;
+-------+---------+------------+
| em_id | em_name | em_dob |
+-------+---------+------------+
| 3 | Ria | 2002-10-11 |
| 7 | Raj | 2001-09-10 |
+-------+---------+------------+

------ Base table (employee) after modifications in its view table-----

+----+------+------+--------------------+------------+
| id | name | age | email | DOB |
+----+------+------+--------------------+------------+
| 1 | Arun | 17 | hurehferu | 2000-03-11 |
| 3 | Ria | 17 | ureijf99@gmail.com | 2002-10-11 |
| 6 | Rita | 17 | ewfd@gmail.com | 2000-01-01 |
| 7 | Raj | NULL | NULL | 2001-09-10 |
+----+------+------+--------------------+------------+

PRACTICAL – 7
AIM: Study and implementation of index.
------Reference table (emp)-----
+----+--------+---------+
| id | name | address |
+----+--------+---------+
| 1 | Arun | delhi |
| 2 | Arin | mumbai |
| 3 | Riya | panji |
| 4 | Ram | delhi |
+----+--------+---------+

 CREATING INDEX ON TABLE –

mysql> create index i1 on emp(id,address);

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)

mysql> select * from emp where id=2;

+----+------+---------+
| id | name | address |
+----+------+---------+
| 2 | Arin | mumbai |
+----+------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

 CREATING UNIQUE INDEX –

mysql> create unique index i2 on emp(name);

mysql> desc emp;
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| name | varchar(20) | YES | UNI | NULL | |
| address | varchar(30) | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
mysql> insert into emp values(5,'Arun','mumbai');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'Arun' for key 'emp.i2'
  DROPING INDEX –

mysql> alter table emp drop index i2;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> desc emp;

+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| address | varchar(30) | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

PRACTICAL – 8
AIM: Study and implementation of sub-queries.
-------------------Reference table 1 (empl)--------------------
+------+-------+------+-----------+--------+
| id | name | age | dept | salary |
+------+-------+------+-----------+--------+
| 101 | Ram | 29 | Sales | 40000 |
| 102 | Kiran | 26 | Finance | 30000 |
| 103 | Tiya | 25 | Finance | 45000 |
| 104 | Shiv | 25 | Marketing | 50000 |
+------+-------+------+-----------+--------+
EXAMPLE 1]
mysql> select *from empl where salary >(select salary from empl where
id=101);
+------+------+------+-----------+--------+
| id | name | age | dept | salary |
+------+------+------+-----------+--------+
| 103 | Tiya | 25 | Finance | 45000 |
| 104 | Shiv | 25 | Marketing | 50000 |
+------+------+------+-----------+--------+
EXAMPLE 2]
mysql> select name,dept,salary from empl where salary>(selec
t avg(salary) from empl);
+------+-----------+--------+
| name | dept | salary |
+------+-----------+--------+
| Tiya | Finance | 45000 |
| Shiv | Marketing | 50000 |
+------+-----------+--------+

EXAMPLE 3]
mysql> select id from empl where id IN (select id from empl where
salary>30000);
+------+
| id |
+------+
| 101 |
| 103 |
| 104 |
+------+

-----------------Reference tables (products and orders )-----------------

+------+--------+-------+
| p_id | p_name | price |
+------+--------+-------+
| 211 | wart | 200 |
| 111 | xyz | 120 |
| 115 | abc | 320 |
+------+--------+-------+

+------+------+----------+
| o_id | p_id | quantity |
+------+------+----------+
| 1005 | 115 | 10 |
| 1012 | 211 | 5|
| 1092 | 111 | 23 |
+------+------+----------+

EXAMPLE 4]
mysql> select p_name from products where p_id=ANY(select p_id from orders
where quantity=5);
+--------+
| p_name |
+--------+
| wart |
+--------+

EXAMPLE 5]
mysql> select p_name,price from products where p_id=ALL(select p_id from
orders where quantity=23);
+--------+-------+
| p_name | price |
+--------+-------+
| xyz | 120 |
+--------+-------+

PRACTICAL – 9
AIM: Study and implementation of PL/SQL.
 Simple program to print text using PL/SQL –

DECLARE
message varchar2(20) := ’hello,world!’;
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line(message);
END;
/

 Write a program in PL/SQL to add 2 numbers –

DECLARE
x integer;
y integer;
z integer;
BEGIN
x :=&x;
y :=&y;
z :=x+y;
dbms_output.put_line(‘Sum is ’ ||z);
END;
/