Subject : Industrial Instrumentation FLOW MEASURNMENT Guided by : Prepared by :CONTENT + Introduction - Common types of flowmeters — © Obstruction type Flowmeter (differential pressure or variable area) o Turbine type Flowmeter Electromagnetic Flowmeter Ultrasonic Flowmeter > Hot Wire AnemometerINTRODUCTION + Accurate measurement of flow rate of liquids and gases is an essential requirement for maintaining the quality of industrial processes. + Most of the industrial control loops control the flow rates of incoming liquids or gases in order to achieve the control objective. As a result, accurate measurement of flow rate is very important. + Needless to say that there could be diverse requirements of flow measurement, depending upon the situation. + It could be volumetric or mass flow rate, the medium could be gas or liquid, the measurement could be intrusive or nonintrusive, and so on. As a result tere are different types of flow measuring techniques that are used in industriesOBSTRUCTION TYPE Differential Pressure Type + Orifice meter + Venturimeter + Flow Nozzle FLOWMETERS Variable Area Type | + RotameterBAS IC PR | N C | P LE (DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE TYPE FLOWMETERS) + In a differential pressure drop device the flow is calculated by measuring the pressure drop over an obstructions inserted in the flow. The differential pressure flow meter is based on the Bernoulli Equation where the pressure drop and ‘the further measured signal is a function of the square flow speed. 2 1 A tow+ We consider the fluid flow through a closed channel of variable cross section, as shown in fig.1 + The channel is of varying cross section and we consider two cross sections of the channel, 1 and 2. + Let the pressure, velocity, cross sectional area and height above the datum be expressed as p,, V,, A, and z, for section 1 and the corresponding values for section 2 be p,, v,, A, and z, respectively. We also assume that the fluid flowing is incompressible. + Now from Bernioulli's equation: oF pe Ifthe fluid is incompressible, then v; Ay = ve Ay ea aes a Y % 'y 2% v3 Fup) 1 eeeeihen Considering circular cross section, we define B as the ratio of th 1-22, . 2 a two diameters, i.e+ Therefore, the volumetric flow rate through the channel can be expressed as: Q= Ar = 42 |28(m- pr) Mp. y + From the above expression, we can infer that if there is an obstruction in the flow path that causes the variation of the cross sectional area inside the closed flow channel, there would be difference in static pressures at two points and by measuring the pressure difference, one can obtain the flow rate using eqn. However, this expression is valid for incompressible fluids (i.e. liquids) only and the relationship between the volumetric flow rate and pressure difference is nonlinear. + Aspecial signal conditioning circuit, called square rooting circuit is to be used for getting a linear relationship.ORIFICE METER ' + Construction : + An orificemeter provides a simpler and cheaper arrangement for the measurement of fow through a pipe. An orificemeter is essentially a thin circular plate with a sharp edged ‘concentric circular hole in it. + Working : + The orifice plate, being fixed at a section of the pipe, (Fig. 15.3) creates an obstruction to the flow by providing an opening in the form of an orifice to the flow passage. aoe+ The area Ay of the orifice is much smaller than the cross-sectional area of the pipe. The flow from an upstream section, where it is uniform, adjusts itself in such a way that it contracts until a section downstrea the orifice plate is reached, where the vena contracta is formed, and then expands to fill the passage of the pipe. + One of the pressure tapings is usually provided at a distance of one diameter upstream the orifice plate where the flow is almost uniform (Sec. 1-1) and the other at a distance of half a diameter downstream the orifice plate. + Considering the fluid to be ideal and the downstream pressure taping to be at the vena contracta we can write, by applying Bernouli’s theorem + The main job in measuring the flow rate with the help of an orificemeter, is to find out accurately the value ¢ Cat the operating condition. - The downstream manometer connection should strictly be made to the section where the vena contracta ‘occurs, but this is not feasible as the vena contracta is somewhat variable in position and is difficult to realize. + In practice, various positions are used for the manometer connections and C is thereby affected. Determination of accurate values of C of an orificemeter at different operating conditions is knowrVENTURIMETER » Construction: + Aventurimeter is essentially a short pipe consisting of two conical parts with a short portion of uniform cross-section in between. This short portion has the minimum area and is known as the throat. + The two conical portions have the same base diameter, but one is having a shorter length with a larger cone angle while the other is having a iarger iength with a smaller cone angle. + Working: + The venturimeter is always used in a way that the upstream part of the flow takes place through the short conical portion while the downstream part of the flow through the long one.This ensures a rapid converging passage and a gradual diverging passage in the direction of flow to avoid the loss of energy due to separation. In course of a flow through the converging part, the velocity increase in the direction of flow according to the principle of continuity, while the pressure decreases according to Bernoulli's theorem. The velocity reaches its maximum value and pressure reaches its minimum value at the throat. Subsequently, a decrease in the velocity and an increase in the pressure takes place in course of flow through the divergent part. This typical variation of fluid velocity and pressure by allowing it to flow through such a constricted convergent-divergent passage was first demonstrated by an Italian scientist Giovanni Battista Venturi in 1797, Figure shows that a venturimeter is inserted in an inclined pipe line in a vertical plane to measure the flow rate through the pipe. Let us consider a steady, ideal and one dimensional (along the axis of the venturi meter) flow of fluid. Under this situation, the velocity and pressure at any section will be uniform. In general, few guidelines are to be followed for installation of obstruction type flowmeters. Most important among them is that, no other obstruction or bending of the pipe line is not allowed near the meter. Though this type of flowmeters are most popular in industries, their accuracy is low for low flow rates. As a result, they are not recommended for low flow rate measurement.FLOW NOZZLE + The flow nozzle as shown in Fig.15.4 is essentially a venturi meter with the divergent part omitted. Therefore the basic equations for calculation of flow rate are the same as those for a venturimeter. + The dissipation of eneray downstream of the throat due to flow separation is greater than that for a venturimeter. But this disadvantage is often offset by the lower cost of the nozzle. + The downstream connection of the manometer may not necessarily be at the throat of the nozzle or at a point sufficiently far from the nozzle. The deviations are taken care of in the values of C,, The coefficient Cy depends on the shape of the nozzle, the ratio of pipe to nozzle diameter and the Reynolds number of flow.ROTAMETER + Construction : + The basic construction of a rotameter is shown in fig. 7. It consists of a vertical pipe, tapered downward. The flow passes from the bottom to the top. There is cylindrical type metallic float inside the tube. The fluid flows upward through the gap between the tube and the float. + As the float moves up or down there is a change in the gap, as a result changing the area of the orifice. In fact, the float settles down at a position, + where the pressure drop across the orifice will create an upward thrust that will balance the downward force due to the gravity. The position of the float is calibrated with the flow rate. Ol cereals on vedeeien:+ Working : + Rotameter works as a constant pressure drop variable area meter. It can be only be used in a vertical pipeline. its accuracy is also less (2%) compared to other types of flow meters. + But the major advantages of rotameter are, itis simple in construction, ready to install and the flow rate can be directly seen on a calibrated scale, without the help of any other device, e.9. differential pressure sensor etc. Moreover, itis useful for a wide range of variation of flow rates (10:1). + If the tube is made in such a way that Area Of float varies linearly with the displacement, one have a linear relationship in the form + The scale of the tube can be graduated linearly in terms of flow rate. Otherwise, the displacement of the float can be converted to electrical signal by using a LVDT or similar type of displacement sensor. + The major source of error in rotameter is due to the variation of density of the fluid. Besides, the presence of viscous force may also provide an additional force to the float.TURBINE TYPE FLOWMETER + Turbine type flowmeter is a simple way for measuring flow velocity. A rotating shaft with turbine type angular blades is placed inside the flow pipe. The fluid flowing through the pipeline will cause rotation of the turbine whose speed of rotation can be a measure of the flowrate. Referring figure, let blades make an angle a with the body. Then Connections to data From the above expression, the volumetric flow rate can be related with the angular speed, as wy =kQ Where, ie =tangELECTROMAGNETIC FLOWMETER + Electromagnetic flowmeter is different from all other flowmeters due to its uniqueness on several accounts. The advantages of this type of flowmeter can be summarized as: It causes no obstruction to flow path. 2. It gives complete linear output in form of voltage. 3. The output is unaffected by changes in pressure, temperature and viscosity of the fluid. 4. Reverse flow can also be measured 5. Flow velocity as low as 10’misec can be measured. Extn col , Fiow \ \ veloc YH) Elocromagnats\, oF . ftow meter detecor+ Working ~ he basic principle of operation can be understood from fig. 10. It works on the principle of basic electromagnetic induction; i.e. when a conductor moves along a magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of flow, a voltage would be induced perpendicular to the direction of movement as also to the magnetic filed + The flowing liquid acts like a conductor. External magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the direction of the flow and two electrodes are flushed on the wall of the pipeline as shown. The expression for the voltage induced is given by: 1 eo =Blyv + where /is the length of the conductor (diameter din this case) and vis the velocity of the liquid. The above expression shows the complete relationship between the voltage induced and the velocity. + However, the magnetic field applied is not d.c. if the liquid medium is water or any other polarizable liquid. This is because, if the magnetic field is d.d. the voltage induced will also be d.c. and a small amount of d.c. current will low if a measuring circuit is connected to the terminals. ~ This small d.c. current will cause electrolysis; oxygen and hydrogen bubbles will be formed and they will stick to the electrodes surfaces for some time. This will provide an insulating layer on the electrodes surfaces that will disrupt the voltage generation process. - Asaresult, the magnetic field applied for these cases is a.c., or pulsed d.c. excitation. The meter can only be used for liquids having moderate conductivities. As a result, it is not suitable for gases or liquid hydrocarbons.ULTRASONIC FLOWMETER + An ultrasonic flow meter is a type of flow meter that measures the velocity of a fluid with ultrasound to calculate volume flow. Using ultrasonic transducers, the flow meter can measure the average velocity along the path of an emitted beam of ultrasound, by averaging the difference in measured transit time between the pulses of ultrasound propagating into and against the direction of the flow or by measuring the frequency shift from the Doppler effect. + Working : + Ultrasonic flow meters measure the difference of the transit time of ultrasonic pulses propagating in and against flow direction. This time difference is a measure for the average velocity of the fluid along the path of the ultrasonic beam. By using the absolute transit times both the averaged fluid velocity and the speed of sound can be calculated. + Using the two transit times and the distance between receiving and transinitting transducers L and the inclination angle one can write the equations: L tup — taown L tup + teown ato Deos(a) tap taown ata SanHOT WIRE ANEMOMETER The hot wire anemometer is used to measure fluid velocities by measuring heat loss by convection from a very fine wire which is exposed to the fluid stream. The wire is electrically heated by passing an electrical current through it. When the heated wire is cooled by a fluid stream its electrical resistance decreases, because the resistance of metal wire varies linearly with its temperature. Advantages of HWA + Compared to pneumometric methods, HWA has fast response. Manometers have transmission lag to a more or less extent depending on the measurement system employed. Instantaneous measurement of velocity is important for time dependent fluid phenomena such as turbulence. + In pneumometric methods, sensitivity decreases as the velocity decreases. In the case of HWA, sensitivity is more at lower velocities. + Small probes can be made.THANKYOU @