Lesson 1: GLOBALIZATION Lesson 2: Global Interstate System

• Steger (2014) According to Manfred Steger • Global Interstate System is an organized

(2014), Globalization is “the expansion and institution that governs international
intensification of social relations and relations for mutual benefits.
consciousness across world-time and across • According to Chase-Dunn (1981) that GIS is
world-space”. an institutional arrangement of governance
• Albrow (1996) Globalization as the reality of that addresses regional or globalized issues
omnipresence of globalization makes us see that go beyond the scope of a nation-state.
ourselves as part of what we refer to as the State
“global age”. • A community of persons more or less
• Danug & Campanilla (2004) Globalization …. “as numerous, permanently residing in a definite
the process through which an increasingly flow portion of territory, having a government of
of ideas, people, goods and services, technology their own to which a great body of
and capital leads to the integration of inhabitants render obedience to, and
economics and societies at a speed enjoying freedom from external control.
unprecedented in effect and outcomes”
• Mittelman (2006) He viewed that Globalization Origin of States
is complex and multi-effect phenomenon. He • Divine Right Theory – the state is of divine
describes it in 3 ways namely: creation and the ruler is obtained by a god.
➢ Factors in production intensification • Necessity or Force Theory – the state must
➢ Compression of time and space have been created through force, by some
➢ A material power in historical structure great warrior who imposed their will on the
• Various Analysts Globalization implies the people.
opening of local and nationalistic • Paternalistic Theory - the origin of states is
perspectives to a broader outlook of an due to the enlargement of the family which
interconnected and interdependent world remained under the authority of the father
with free transfer of capital, goods, and services or the mother.
across national frontiers. • Social Contract Theory – the early states
must have been formed by deliberate and
Theories in view of Globalization voluntary compact among the people to form
a society and organize government for their
common good. This theory justifies the right
of the people to revolt against their ruler.

Elements of State
• Territory
• It includes not only the land over
which the jurisdiction of the state
extends.
• Territorial Domains:
Development Paradigms of Globalization
➢ Terrestrial (Land)
➢ Fluvial (Inland Waters)
Economic Globalization
➢ Maritime (Sea or Ocean Waters)
• measures long distance flow goods, capital,
➢ Aerial (Air and space above)
and services as well as information that
• People
accompany market exchanges.
• It pertains to the mass population
permanently living within the state.
Social and Cultural Globalization
• There is no requirement but it should
• measures the spread of ideas, information,
be small enough to be well-governed
images, and people.
but large enough to be self-sufficient.
Political Globalization • This population does not refer to a
nomadic people that move from one
• measures the diffusion of government
place to another in an indefinite time.
policies in terms of the number of embassies
• Government
and consulates in a country, membership in
international organizations, likewise • It is the instrument that provides
participation of a country in United Nations mechanisms in determining,
peace missions and similar advocates. formulating, and implementing the
policies of the state. It is the essential
instrument or machinery of the state
 that carries out its will, purposes and • Designed to make the enforcement of
objectives. international law, security, human rights,
• The government is the one exercising economic development, and social progress
the three inherent power of the state. easier for countries around the world.
• Sovereignty • This organization is the world’s largest
• The supreme power of the State to voluntary corporate responsibility initiative
exact obedience to its laws upon the brings together companies, national and
citizens. international agencies, trade unions, and
• The power of the State to command other labor organizations and various organs
obedience, the power to which of civil society to support universal
legally speaking, all interest are environmental protection, human rights, and
practically subject and all will social principles.
coordinate. 1. The UN General Assembly
Effects of Globalization to Governments • is the main decision-making and
• National and local policies are not only based representative assembly and is
on local context but also international and responsible for upholding the
global realities. principles of the UN through its
• Creation of International Agreements and policies and recommendations.
efforts could fight borderless challenges and • It is composed of all member states
issues. and headed by a president elected by
• Create job opportunities from major global the member states.
investors. 2. The UN Security Council
• Displaced individuals due to industry • can authorize the deployment of UN
expansion. member state’s militaries, can
• Inequality to incomes from a rural and urban mandate cease-fire during conflicts,
area. and can enforce penalties on
Globalism and Internationalism countries of they do not comply
• Both terms are commonly interchangeably within given mandates.
and pertain to the increasing • It is composed of five permanent
interconnectivity of countries and people of members and 10 rotating members.
the world through communications, 3. The International Court of Justice
transport, and technology. (Roudometof, • can settle, according to international
2005) law, legal disputes between States
and give opinions, mostly advisory,
on legal questions brought to it by
UN organs and agencies.
4. The Economic and Social Council
• assists the UN General Assembly in
promoting economic and social
development, as well as cooperation
of member states.
Lesson 3: THE GLOBAL GOVERNANCE 5. The Secretariat
• headed by the Secretary-General,
• According to Weiss (2013), global provides studies, information, and
governance is a set of questions that enable other dates when needed by other
us to work out how the world is, was, and UN branches for their meetings.
could be governed, and how changes in Gaps in Global Governance
grand and not-so-grand patterns of
governance occurred, are occurring, and The Jurisdictional Gap
ought to occur. • between the increasing need for
• “Global governance is the management of global governance in many areas
global processes in the absence of any form such as health and the lack of an
of global government.” authority with the power, or
United Nations jurisdiction, to take action.
• United Nations is an important example of The Incentive Gap
non-state actor, an international government • between the need for international
organization (IGO) playing a vital role in the cooperation and the motivation to
world’s affairs. undertake it. The incentive gap is
said to be closing as globalization
 provides the increasing impetus for different countries. They also help facilitating
countries to cooperate. trade and development discussions among
The Participation Gap various states.
• which refers to the fact that ➢ International Monetary Fund (IMF)
international cooperation remains ➢ World Bank
primarily the affair of governments, ➢ Organization for Economic Cooperation
leaving civil society groups on the and Development (OECD)
fringes of policymaking. On the other
hand, globalization of 2. Multinational Companies
communication is facilitating the • Multinational Companies (MNC’s) are
development of global civil society considered to be the main carriers of economic
movements.” globalization (Shangquan, 2000:2)
• In 1996, there were 44,000 MNCs in the world
Lesson 4: THE GLOBAL ECONOMY AND MARKET with 280,000 overseas subsidiaries and
INTEGRATION branch offices (ibid). In 2006, there were
88,000 MNCs identified (UNCTAD, 2007)
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
• According to Sudgen & Wilson (2005), 3. Central Banks
Economic Globalization is the expansion of • They are considered one of the most powerful
national economies, the global market driven institutions in the world economy since they
by modern technologies and institutional set can lead economic development, and some
ups that promote faster and easier flow of authors contend that central bank governors
goods and capital. are more influential in their own national
• focus on increasing economic trade economy than some politicians (Shangquan,
interrelations among countries (Steger, 2010; 2000: 280)
Al-Rodhan, et al., 2006; Shangquan, 2000) 4. Global Civil Society
• Governed by neoliberal principles with the • Serves as a major driver of economic
role of the marker as a central driver of globalization.
economic activities, with less government • Global civil society seen as either composed of
interventions (Martin, Schumann & Camiller, individuals or groups of individuals
1997). disadvantaged by the effects of the
• Economic Globalization entails global globalization of the world economy, they
industries restructuring and readjustments protest and seek alternatives while on the
where developed countries play a dominant other hand, global social movement
role (Shangquan, 2000:3). constituting a basis for an alternative to a new
world order (Gherghel, n.d.)
Who are the Actors that Facilitate Economic • Part of the global civil society are
Globalization? Transnational Advocacy Networks (TAN),
networks which are "organized to promote
1. International Economic Organizations causes principled ideas, and norms, and they
• The Group of 8 (G8) and G20 are advisory often involve individuals advocating policy
organizations that discuss current economic changes that cannot be easily linked to a
and political problems and transfer the ideas rationalist understanding of their interests"
from the group's forum to national legislative (Keck & Sikking, 1998:8-9)
regulations (Shangquan, 2000:280).
• Non-state actors include international Market Integration
economic organizations private sector led by • a process by which economies are becoming
multinational companies, central banks, and more interdependent and interconnected in
civil society terms of commodity flows including
• These organizations promote regional externalities and spillover of impacts (Genshel
agreements and standards that facilitate better & Jacktenfuchs, 2017)
trade and exchange of knowledge, human • e.g. of market integration are establishment by
resources, and regional cooperation food retailers of wholesale facilities and the
➢ Association of Southeast Asian Nations establishment by a milk processor of another
(ASEAN) plant.
➢ North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) TYPES OF MARKET INTEGRATION
• These organizations are critical in developing
and pushing for neoliberal policies among
HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION The Rise of Global Corporations
• Horizontal Integration is a competitive strategy History of Global Economy
that can create economies of scale, increase • The start of the modern global trade leading to
market power over distributors and suppliers, 1914 was considered the first period of
increase product differentiation, and help globalization (Bhagarva, 2006).
businesses expand their market or enter new • It is when trade, capital, and immigration flows
markets. By merging two companies, they may grew tremendously and in large volume, but the
be able to generate more revenue than they global institutional architecture to manage
could have done independently. these were quite limited (ibid.).
• Horizontal integration can also provide access • From the Second World War to the late 1990s,
to new channels of distribution where a the modern international economic enabling
company can create or acquire production units architecture was established (Freiden, 2012).
for outputs that are both complementary and • In addition, we see the expansion of MNCs
competitive. across the globe, supported by enabling policies
VERTICAL INTEGRATION and improved communications and transport
• Vertical Integration strategy, a company (Bhagarva, 2006)
becomes involved in new portions of the • Political changes like the fall of the Berlin Wall,
value chain. This approach may be desirable if establishment of regional networks, and trade
the suppliers or buyers of a company have agreements resulted to trade liberalization and
gained too much power over the company and free flow of capital in the world (Neubauer,
use their ability to earn more profit at the 2014)
expense of the company. • the euphoria on globalization and global free
• By acquiring the supplier or buyer, executives trade was put into question with the 1994/95
can reduce or eliminate the leverage the Mexico crisis, when Mexico's multi-billion
supplier or buyer has over the company loan from IMF created a negative spillover
effect on US, Europe, Portugal, and Spain
BACKWARD VERTICAL INTEGRATION (Neubauer, 2014).
• backward strategy of vertical integration • This was offset by the exponential rise of the
involves a company moving back or upstream Asian economy and the advancement in
along with the value chain and entering the digitalization and technology that ushered
business of a supplier in a new wave of globalization (Neubauer,
• If executives are concerned that a supplier has 2014)
too much power over their firms, some firms • late 1990s until very recently, Bhavarga (2006)
use this strategy. contends and characterizes the third wave of
• Ford Motor Company created subsidiaries in market integration. We see the advent of the
the early days of the automotive business, modern Internet, the WTO establishment, and
providing vital inputs to vehicles such as formal entry of China into the trading system
rubber, glass, and metal. through its accession to international financial
institutions (Frieden, 2012).
FORWARD VERTICAL INTEGRATION • Despite the world economy boom-where the
• involves a company moving further down the world enjoyed increased growth-the global
value chain to enter the business of a purchaser. debt crisis, political and civil unrests even in
• vertical integration can also be useful to developed countries like the US resulted to
neutralize influential buyer’s effects. Because market crash and started the war on terror that
they buy thousands of cars, rental car agencies affected global diplomacy and economy (Buiter,
can insist on low prices for the vehicles they buy 2011).
from automakers. • the world enters what the World Economic
Forum argues as the "Fourth Industrial
CONGLOMERATE INTEGRATION Revolution," Mueller (2010) predicted that
• is a fusion of companies involved in completely there will be slower economic growth, political
unrelated business activities. destabilization, and diffusion of power. Some of
• There are two kinds of mergers of his recommendations to remedy these include
conglomerates: pure and mixed. reforms in work, economic spending, improving
➢ Pure mergers of conglomerates involve solidarity, openness, and cooperation among
companies with nothing in common; countries.
➢ While diverse mergers of conglomerates
involve companies looking for product The role of Financial Institutions and Global
extensions or market extensions Corporations
International Financial Institutions growth – all while tackling climate change and
• International Financial Institutions (IFIs) are working to preserve our oceans and forests.
institutions that provide support through local
or grants and technical advices to promote a
country’s economic and social development
(Bhargava, 2006:393)
• The most significant contribution of the IFI
was its analysis and ideas that dominated the
aspects of development strategy and
ideology.
• an international organization with 183 member
countries that promotes international monetary
cooperation and exchange stability to foster
economic growth and high employment and to
provide short-term financial assistance to
countries to help ease balance of payments
adjustments (IMF, 2019)
SDGs 1: No Poverty
International Monetary Fund • Goal 1 calls for an end to poverty in all its
• an international organization with 183 member manifestations by 2030. It also aims to ensure
countries that promotes international monetary social protection for the poor and vulnerable,
cooperation and exchange stability to foster increase access to basic services and support
economic growth and high employment and to people harmed by climate-related extreme events
provide short-term financial assistance to and other economic, social and environmental
countries to help ease balance of payments shocks and disasters.
adjustments (IMF, 2019
SDGs 2: Zero Hunger
World Bank • Goal 2 aims to end hunger and all forms of
• plays a central role in overseeing economic malnutrition by 2030. It also commits to
policy and reforming public institutions in universal access to safe, nutritious and sufficient
developing countries and defining the global food at all times of the year. This will require
macroeconomic agenda sustainable food production systems and
• Its fund both coming from the global capital resilient agricultural practices, equal access to
markets and its member states land, technology and markets and international
cooperation on investments in infrastructure and
The Composition of the World Bank technology to boost agricultural productivity.
1. The International Bank for Reconstruction
and1 Development (IBRD SDGs 3: Good Health and Well-being.
2. The International Development Association • Goal 3 seeks to ensure health and well-being for
(IDA) all, at every stage of life. The Goal addresses all
3. The International Finance Corporation (IFC) major health priorities, including reproductive,
4. The Multilateral Investment Guarantee maternal and child health; communicable, non-
Agency (MIGA) communicable and environmental diseases;
5. The International Centre for Settlement of universal health coverage; and access for all to
Investment Disputes (ICSID) safe, effective, quality and affordable medicines
and vaccines. It also calls for more research and
Lesson 5: Sustainable Development Goals development, increased health financing, and
strengthened capacity of all countries in health
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable risk reduction and management.
Development, adopted by all United Nations
Member States in 2015, provides a shared blueprint SDGs 4: Quality Education
for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, • Despite progress, the world failed to meet the
now and into the future. At its heart are the 17 Millennium Development Goal of achieving
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are an universal primary education by 2015. In 2013,
urgent call for action by all countries - developed and the latest year for which data are available, 59
developing - in a global partnership. They recognize million children of primary-school age were out
that ending poverty and other deprivations must go of school. Estimates show that, among those 59
hand-in-hand with strategies that improve health million children, 1 in 5 of those children had
and education, reduce inequality, and spur economic dropped out and recent trends suggest that 2 in 5
 of out-of-school children will never set foot in a sectors and prompts the development of new
classroom. The Sustainable Development Goals skills.
clearly recognize that this gap must be closed,
even as the international community more SDGs 10: Reduced Inequalities
explicitly addresses the challenges of quality and • Goal 10 calls for reducing inequalities in income
equity. as well as those based on age, sex, disability, race,
ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other
SDGs 5: Gender Equality status within a country. The Goal also addresses
• Gender equality and women’s empowerment inequalities among countries, including those
have advanced in recent decades. Girls’ access to related to representation, migration and
education has improved, the rate of child development assistance.
marriage declined and progress was made in the
area of sexual and reproductive health and SDGs 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities
reproductive rights, including fewer maternal • More than half the world’s population lives in
deaths. Nevertheless, gender equality remains a cities. By 2030, it is projected that 6 out of 10
persistent challenge for countries worldwide and people will be urban dwellers. Despite numerous
the lack of such equality is a major obstacle to planning challenges, well-managed cities and
sustainable development. other human settlements can be incubators for
innovation and ingenuity and key drivers of
sustainable development.
SDGs 6: Clean and Water Sanitation
• Water and sanitation are at the very core of SDGs 12: Responsible Consumption and
sustainable development, critical to the survival Production
of people and the planet. Goal 6 not only • Economic growth and development require the
addresses the issues relating to drinking water, production of goods and services that improve
sanitation and hygiene, but also the quality and the quality of life. Sustainable growth and
sustainability of water resources worldwide. development require minimizing the natural
resources and toxic materials used, and the
SDGs 7: Affordable and Clean Energy waste and pollutants generated, throughout the
• Energy is crucial for achieving almost all of the entire production and consumption process.
Sustainable Development Goals, from its role in
the eradication of poverty through SDGs 13: Climate Action
advancements in health, education, water supply • Climate change presents the single biggest threat
and industrialization, to combating climate to development, and its widespread,
change. unprecedented impacts disproportionately
burden the poorest and most vulnerable. Urgent
SDGs 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth action to combat climate change and minimize
• Sustained and inclusive economic growth is its disruptions is integral to the successful
necessary for achieving sustainable implementation of the Sustainable Development
development. The global annual growth rate of Goals.
real GDP per capita increased by 1.3 per cent in
2014, a significant slowdown compared to 2010 SDGs 14: Life Below Water
(2.8 per cent growth) and 2000 (3.0 per cent • Oceans, along with coastal and marine
growth). Developing regions grew far faster than resources, play an essential role in human well-
developed regions, with average annual growth being and social and economic development
rates in 2014 of 3.1 per cent and 1.4 per cent, worldwide. They are particularly crucial for
respectively. people living in coastal communities, who
represented 37 per cent of the global population
SDGs 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure in 2010. Oceans provide livelihoods and tourism
• Goal 9 encompasses three important aspects of benefits, as well as subsistence and income.
sustainable development: infrastructure,
industrialization and innovation. Infrastructure SDGs 15: Life on Land
provides the basic physical systems and • Preserving diverse forms of life on land requires
structures essential to the operation of a society targeted efforts to protect, restore and promote
or enterprise. Industrialization drives economic the conservation and sustainable use of
growth, creates job opportunities and thereby terrestrial and other ecosystems. Goal 15 focuses
reduces income poverty. Innovation advances specifically on managing forests sustainably,
the technological capabilities of industrial restoring degraded lands and successfully
 combating desertification, reducing degraded
natural habitats and ending biodiversity loss.

SDGs 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions

• Peace, justice and effective, accountable and
inclusive institutions are at the core of
sustainable development. Several regions have
enjoyed increased and sustained levels of peace
and security in recent decades. But many
countries still face protracted armed conflict and
violence, and far too many people struggle as a
result of weak institutions and the lack of access
to justice, information and other fundamental
freedoms.

SDGs 17: Partnership for the Goals

• Achieving the ambitious targets of the 2030
Agenda requires a revitalized and enhanced
global partnership that brings together
Governments, civil society, the private sector, the
United Nations system and other actors and
mobilizes all available resources. Enhancing
support to developing countries, in particular
the least developed countries and the small
island developing States, is fundamental to
equitable progress for all.

Lesson 6: Peace Studies