Journal of Management and Service Science, 2021,

Vol. 01, Iss. 02, S. No. 006, pp. 1-6

ISSN (Online): 0000-0000

Android App Development: A Review

Anmol Tewari1, Pawan Singh2
Amity School of Engineering and technology, Amity University, Lucknow, India1,2
anmoltewari15@gmail.com1, pawansingh51279@gmail.com2

How to cite this paper: A. Tiwari and P. Singh Abstract

(2021) Android App Development: A Review.
Journal of Management and Service Science, Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, mid-
1(2), 6, 1-6.
dleware, and key applications. Android is a software platform and operating system for
https://doi.org/10.54060/JMSS/001.02.006 mobile devices based on the Linux operating system and developed by Google and the
Open Handset Alliance. It allows developers to write managed code in a Java- like lan-
Received: 24/02/2021 guage that utilizes Google-developed Java libraries but does not support programs de-
Accepted: 07/03/2021
Published: 08/08/2021
veloped in native code. The unveiling of the Android platform on 5 November 2007 was
announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 34 hard-
Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). ware, software and telecom companies devoted to advancing open standards for mo-
This work is licensed under the Creative bile devices. When released in 2008, most of the Android platform will be made avail-
Commons Attribution International License
(CC BY 4.0). able under the Apache free-software and open-source license.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
/ Keywords
Open Access
Android Studio, components, Android Libraries, Architecture, UI Design

1. Introduction
Mobile technology is the expertise castoff for cellular messaging. Subsequently the start of the generation of mobile to present,
a typical smart phone maneuver has left from being a modest shared pager to being a smart device, Global Positioning System
navigation device, a surrounded web browser in addition instantaneous messaging user, and a hand-held gaming control box.
Many of portable functional structures are available for smart receivers which include Windows Mobile, Android, iOS, Black-
berry OS, Bada. Android is an operating system based on Linux with a Java programming interface. Android is a portable oper-
ational system (OS) developed by Google. Android is the primary completely open-source mobile OS. All the android versions
are in the designation of dissimilar chocolates e.g. are Cupcake, Donut, Éclair, Froyo, Gingerbread, HoneyComb, Ice-cream
Sandwich, Kitkat, Lollipop, Marshmallow, Nougat, Pie. A mobile app is a computer software tender premeditated to course on
mobile, tablet computers and different other mobile devices. Smart phone apps remained initially accessible for wide-ranging
yield in addition data repossession, which includes electronic mail, datebook, associates, money market in addition meteoro-
logical conditions information.

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2. Technology Used

Android Studio is used to implement and code the applications.

2.1. Android Architecture

Fig. 1. Android Architecture

2.2. Hardware
Google has unveiled at least three prototypes for Android, at the Mobile World Congress on February 12, 2008. One prototype
at the ARM booth displayed several basic Google applications. A ‘d-pad’ control zooming of items in the dock with a relatively
quick response. A prototype at the Google IO conference on May 28, 2008 had a 528 MHz Qualcomm processor and a Synaptic
capacitive touch screen and used the UMTS cellular standard. It had 128 MB of RAM and 256 MB of flash, showing that An-
droid’s memory requirements are reasonable. The demo was carried out using a .6 Mbps HSDPA connection.

3. Building Block

3.1. Activity
It is a tender module which delivers a display using which operators could cooperate in command to perform approxi-
mately, like business the itinerant, snap a picture, guide the email, or view a record. Individually movement is prearranged
a window in which to draw its manipulator boundary. The window naturally plugs the shelter. Whenever an original activity

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starts, it is pushed onto the vertebral heap and takes user focus. The back stack abides to the basic “last in, first out” stack
mechanism, so, when the user is done with the current activity and presses the Back mutton, it is popped from the stack
(and destroyed) additionally the preceding action resumes. When an activity is stopped because an innovative activity
starts, it is notified of this change in state through the activity’s lifecycle callback methods.

3.2. Services
A package is a tender module which could accomplish extensive successively performing processes on the circumstantial, in
addition it prepares not to offer a operator boundary. Additional tender module could jump a service, and it continues to
course in the circumstantial level though the operator shifts to different tenders. There are quite a few recall methods that an
activity might receive, owing to an adjustment in its state whether the system is creating it, stopping it, resuming it, or destroy-
ing it- and each callback provides you the opportunity to perform specific work that is appropriate to that state change. For
instance, when stopped, our activity should release any large objects, such as network or database connections.

3.3. Content Providers

A data worker achieves a collective usual of tender information. We could collect the information in the file system, an SQL
information record, scheduled the network, or somewhat additional tenacious storage location your tender could entrée. A
data worker delivers a structured interface to application data. Through a data worker our tender could segment information
using some additional requests. Android contains an SQLite database that is customarily used in unification with a content
provider. When the activity resumes, we can reacquire the necessary resources and resume actions that were interrupted.
These state transitions are all part of the activity lifecycle.

3.4. Broadcast Receivers

Pixabay is an international, free to use website used for sharing pictures, vector images, illustrations, video clips as well as
audio clips. Currently Pixabay offers approximately 1188454 photos, vector graphic images, videos, and audio clips free of cost.
All the image and video files available on the website can be utilized for both personal and commercial purposes with- out any
attribution requirement. Transmission Telephones merely retort to transmission communications from further tenders or be-
ginning the arrangement the aforementioned. For example, tenders can similarly recruit programs to let additional tenders see
that roughly information has been transferred to the phone and is obtainable for them for usage, hence it is transmission
phone which will seize this announcement in addition will inductee suitable achievement.

4. Android Libraries
This class incorporates that Java-built in functions which were explicit to Android advancement. Some of the examples of built-
in functions in cutting-edge sort comprise of the fond summary functions additionally of that whose simplify handler boundary
edifice, illustrations sketch besides record entrée. An immediate off around crucial central Android built in functions which are
accessible to the originator is as per the following: -

• android.app- Propositions installment to tender prototype additionally is the groundwork of all Android applications.
• android.content- Simplifies data entrée, issuing also communication among tenders and tender gears.
• android.database- Castoff to entrée information available by pleased workers and comprises SQLite information record
organization modules.
• android.opengl- A class to the OpenCV EA 3D illustrations translation application programming interface.

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• android.os- Delivers requests by entrée to typical operating system amenities which comprises posts, scheme facilities
then intra-procedure announcement.
• android.text- castoff to essence on addition to deploying typescript on an exercise monitor
• android.view- the fundamental building block of application user interfaces
• android.widget- an ironic assembly of initial made operator boundary workings such as buttons, labels, listviews, outline
executives, radio switches and so on.

4.1. Authors and Affiliations

Menu component is responsible for generating the navigation bar of this website. It uses standard bootstrap navigation with
some custom css styling to achieve so. menu component once loaded, stays there throughout the life cycle of this website.
Property Binding While developing Angular applications, developers come across a couple of methods for displaying data on
the view. First is property binding and the other is interpolation. They are used to transfer data from component to template.
Property binding can be defined as a one-way technique that allows to set the attribute of the view element. Property bind-
ing involves updating the property value present in component and then bind it with an element present in the view tem-
plate. Attributes which are bound to an element are always placed within square brackets. They are uno of the simplest layout
types cast-off to establish controls within the user interface of an Android application. They will be worked fewer frequently
than some other layouts, simply since they are normally castoff to display only one view, or views which overlap. The efficiency
of a frame outline makes it a upright optimal for screens containing few view controls (home screens, game screens with a
single canvas).
Sometimes other inefficient outlines strategies can be reduced to a frame layout design that is extra effective, while other
times a more specialized layout type is appropriate. Frame layouts are the normal layout of choice when you want to overlap
views.

4.2. Identify the Headings

They are single of the meekest and utmost mutual categories of strategies used by Android developers to organize controls
within their user interfaces. The linear layout works much its name implies: it organizes controls linearly in either a vertical or
horizontal fashion. When the layout’s orientation is set to vertical, all child controls within it are organized in a single column.
when the layout’s orientation is set to horizontal, all child controls within it are organized in a single row.

Some of the most important attributes you will use with linear layouts include:
• The orientation attribute (required), which can be set to vertical or horizontal.
• The gravity attribute(optional), which controls how all child controls are aligned and displayed within the linear layout
(class: LinearLayout)
• The layout weight attribute (optional, applied to each child control) specifies each child control’s relative importance
within the parent linear layout (class: Linear Layout. Layout Params Headings, or heads, are organizational devices
that guide the reader through your paper. There are two types: component heads and text heads.

4.3. Relative Layout

The relative layout works much as its name implies: it organizes controls relative to one added, or onto parent control itself. It
resources that kid controls, such as ImageView, TextView, and Button controls, can be placed above, below, to the left or right,
of one additional. Teen-ager joysticks can also be placed in relation to the paternal (the relative layout container); including

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placement of controls aligned to the top, bottom, left or right edges of the layout. Some specific attributes apply to relative
layouts- namely the child rules, including:

• Rules for child control centering within the parent layout, including: center horizontally, center vertically or both.
• Rules for child control alignment within the parent layout, including: align with top, bottom, left or right edge of an-
other control.
• Rules for child control alignment in relation to other child controls, including: align with top, bottom, left or right edge.
• Rules for child control placement in relation to other child controls, including: settlement to the leftward or right of a
detailed control, or above or below another control.

4.4. Table Layout

A table layout is exactly what you might expect: a grid of made up of rows and columns, where a cell can display a view control.
From a user interface design perspective, a TableLyout is comprised of TableRow controls_ one for each row in your table. The
contents of a TableRow are simply the view controls that will go in each “cell” of the table grid. Although table layouts can be
used to design entire user interfaces, they usually aren’t the superlative device for undertaking so, as it has been consequential
from Linear Layout.

4.5. Options Menu and Action Bar

The options menu is the primary collection of menu items for an activity. It’s where you should place actions that have a global
impact on the app, such as “Search”, “compose email”, and “settings”. On Android 3.0 and higher, items from the options
menu are accessible by the achievement bar as an amalgamation of on-screen action items and overflow options. Beginning
with Android 3.0, the Menu button is deprecated (some devices don’t have one), so we should migrate toward using the action
bar to provide access to actions and other options.

4.6. Context Menu and Contextual Action Mode

A context menu is a floating tariff that look as if as soon as the manipulator performs a long click on an element. It provides
travels that mark the designated content or context frame. A contextual tariff bids schedules that mark the detailed entry or
situation frame in the UI. You can provide a context menu for any view, nevertheless they are maximum repeatedly used for
items in a ListView, GridView, or other view collections in which the manipulator can perform direct actions on each item.

4.7. Popup Menu

After building all those components, we need to somehow relate them to enable navigation between them. Some of these
events driven navigation is directly controlled in respective typescript files while the static ones are handled using routing
module. For eg: A unvalid path results in 404 error, this is handled by redirecting any such requests to home component.

4.8. Adapters

This is a custom service designed to handle authentication with firebase auth, thereby simplifying this process and reducing
repetition of code. Making a custom service enables us to change authentication method in future, without struggling too
much as now all the authentication code is at one place and not scattered among several files.

4.8. Notification Manger

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This is a custom guard designed to validate email address, password etc. before it is pushed to database. Similar to auth ser-
vice, we define it as a guard to reduce repetition of code and gives us flexibility to 20 tune these criteria with a lot more ease.
This guard is used in login, signup, and profile component to validate the information given by the user. Guards are imple-
mented to impose constraints on information provided by user, such as password, email id, name etc.

Conclusion

Android smartphones are in the hype in the 21st century. The scope of android applications is increasing day by day. Its devel-
opment has become an essential part of today’s programming curriculum. Its utility and efficiency are also high. The society
has no dearth of ideas. These ideas can be most effectively implemented by developing user-friendly android applications.
Android is a much more diverse operating system than iOS and Windows Phone Mobile. Android has grown rapidly over the
past 4 years becoming the most used smartphone operating system in the world. It is because Android doesn’t release 1 phone
from 1 company with 1 new OS every year, but countless phones from numerous companies, adding their own twist, through-
out the year, developing gradually day-by-day. Android’s ability to customize is unparalleled compared to Apple’s and Mi-
crosoft’s software allowing the user to change and customize nearly every aspect of Android which most iPhone and Windows
users would not dream. So, Android is unique and incomparable to other mobile operating systems.

Acknowledgements
I would like to thank my university for giving me this golden opportunity to research on such an interesting topic. I would also
like to thank Dr. Anil Kumar, Assistant Pro Vice Chancellor & Director, ASET and Dr. Deepak Arora, Professor & Head, Dept of
CSE & IT, ASET for encouraging students to indulge in valuable research activities to enhance their technical skills. Next, I want
to thank my faculty guide Dr. Pawan Singh for guiding me throughout the course of this project. I would also like to thank the
internet, books, and the institute for the knowledge I acquired with their help.

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