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Fluid DrBorse01

This document provides an overview of fluid mechanics and fluid properties. It discusses key topics including: - Fluid mechanics deals with fluids at rest or in motion, including liquids and gases. - Fluid properties include density, viscosity, and specific gravity. Density is mass per unit volume, viscosity is resistance to flow, and specific gravity compares a fluid's density to a reference fluid. - Fluid mechanics has many engineering applications, including meteorology, ocean engineering, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, and civil engineering. - Newton's law of viscosity states that shear stress is proportional to shear strain, and viscosity is the constant of proportionality for Newtonian fluids like water and air.

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Sachin Borse
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15 views18 pages

Fluid DrBorse01

This document provides an overview of fluid mechanics and fluid properties. It discusses key topics including: - Fluid mechanics deals with fluids at rest or in motion, including liquids and gases. - Fluid properties include density, viscosity, and specific gravity. Density is mass per unit volume, viscosity is resistance to flow, and specific gravity compares a fluid's density to a reference fluid. - Fluid mechanics has many engineering applications, including meteorology, ocean engineering, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, and civil engineering. - Newton's law of viscosity states that shear stress is proportional to shear strain, and viscosity is the constant of proportionality for Newtonian fluids like water and air.

Uploaded by

Sachin Borse
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fluid Mechanics

CE 321
1. Fluid Properties
Dr. Sachin L. Borse
Associate Professor,
College of Engineering, Shaqra University, Dawadimi, KSA
(Formerly Professor,
Rajarshi Shahu College of Engineering , Pune, India.
Formerly Hydraulic Design Engineer,
Klein Schanzline Becker Pumps, India)

@
College of Engineering, Shaqra University,
Dawadimi, KSA
Course CE 321 Fluid Mechanics 2(2, 1, 0)
Syllabus:-
Fluid properties, pressure at a point, pressure variation
with depth, hydrostatic forces on plane surfaces,
hydrostatic forces on curved surfaces, buoyant forces,
stability of floating bodies, continuity equation, Euler
equation, Bernoulli's equation, energy equation,
momentum equation.

2
1.1 Introduction
Fluid:- is substance which deforms continuously under action
of shear stress.
Shear stress = shear force /area
Shear force is tangent to surface

Fluid mechanics: Subject that deals with the study of the


behavior of a fluid at rest or in motion.
Fluids are either liquids or gases
1.1 Introduction
Liquid: A state of matter in which the molecules are relatively
free to change their positions with respect to each other but
restricted by cohesive forces so as to maintain a relatively
fixed volume. It have fixed volume but no fixed shape. Eg.
Water.

Gas: a state of matter in which the molecules are practically


unrestricted by cohesive forces. A gas has neither definite
shape nor volume. Eg. air
1.2 Application of Fluid Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics is useful in many areas of engineering as
follows,
• Meteorology and Ocean Engineering
To study movements of air currents and water currents
To predict weather

• Chemical Engineering
Design of chemical process equipment

• Mechanical Engineering
Design of pumps, turbines, air-conditioning equipment,
pollution-control equipment, vehicle etc.
• Civil Engineering
Study of Transport of river sediments
Study of Pollution of air and water
Design of piping systems
Design of flood control systems
Design of dams and hydraulic structure
1.3 Fluid Properties
Property:- “It is one which gives physical condition of fluid.”
Following are properties of fluid,
1) Density(ρ -rho):- “it is mass per unit volume of fluid.” SI
Unit of density is kg/m3. It is also called as mass density.
Properties in gm/cc or kg/lit are also available.

Density for various fluid is as follows,


1.3 Fluid Properties
Density of some commonly used engineering materials,

All solid, liquid and gases will have density. Properties of


materials are taken from property tables from book or from
reliable web site.
Various properties of a material can be taken from following
website,
www.matweb.com
1.3 Fluid Properties
2)Weight density(γ-gamma) :- “It is weight per unit volume of
fluid.” Unit of weight density is N/m3.

Relation between weight density (γ) and mass density (ρ) of a


fluid is,
Newton's second law, F = ma eqn.1
F = force, N
m = mass of object, kg
a = acceleration, m/s2
Weight of body is due to gravitational force, eqn. 1 becomes
w = mg
1.3 Fluid Properties
w = mg
Divding both sides above equation by volume V

weight density = mass density*acceleration of gravity


1.3 Fluid Properties
3)Specific gravity(SG) :- “It is ratio of mass density of fluid to
mass density of reference fluid”.

Reference fluid for liquid and solid is water. Reference fluid


for gases is air. Reference fluids and their densities,

If value of SG if less than 1 indicates fluid is lighter than


reference fluid and if SG is more than 1 indicates fluid is
heavier than reference fluid.
1.3 Fluid Properties
If fluid is immiscible to reference fluid, lighter fluid will float
on reference fluid and heavier fluid will get submerged in
reference fluid.
1.3 Fluid Properties
4) Viscosity (µ-mu):- “it is internal resistance to fluid flow”.
It is fluid property. It resists shear stress. SI unit of viscosity is
Ns/m2
It is also called as dynamic viscosity. Its value comes from
Newton’s law of viscosity.

Proof of unit of viscosity


1.3 Fluid Properties
5)Newton's Law of viscosity:-
“In the fluid shear stress is proportional to shear strain”

τ = shear stress, N/m2


= shear strain
y = distance from fixed wall to
given point
u = velocity at distance y from
fixed wall
U = velocity of moving plate
u varies from 0 to U
1.3 Fluid Properties
Fluids “stick” to solid boundaries due to molecular adhesion
forces. This phenomenon is called as “no slip”. Hence velocity
of fluid on fixed plate is zero. While velocity of fluid on
moving plate is U. Hence fluid velocity varies from fixed plate
to U at moving plate.

Constant of proportionality is µ (dynamic viscosity).

……………..eqn. 2
Fluid which follows eqn. 2 is called Newtonian fluid.
Examples of Newtonian fluids are water, glycerin, alcohol and
air. Fluid not following eqn. 2 are called as non-Newtonian
fluid. Examples of non-Newtonian fluids are paints, toothpaste
and ketchup.
1.3 Fluid Properties
6)Kinematic viscosity (ν, nu):- “it is ratio of dynamic viscosity
to density of fluid”

SI unit of kinematic viscosity is m2/s.


1.3 Fluid Properties
7)Variation of viscosity with pressure and temperature:-
There is very little change is viscosity with pressure.
Viscosity changes with temperature. For gases viscosity
increases with temperature. For liquid, viscosity decreases
with increase in temperature.
Viscosities for common liquids are several orders of
magnitude higher than those of gases.
Thank you!

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