Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No. ICT -2S-2023-2024

College: Arts & Sciences

Campus: Bayombong

DEGREE BSBA 2 COURSE NO.

PROGRAM
SPECIALIZATION N/A COURSE TITLE ICT in Business w/ Spreadsheet
YEAR LEVEL 2nd Year TIME FRAME 10 hrs. WK 1-2 IM 01
NO. NO.

I. LESSON TITLE - Introduction

CHAPTER I – INTRODUCTION: INFORMATION SYSTEMS
 Information Technology Basics
 Types of Information System
 Components of Information System
 Collaboration Tools and Communication Media

II. LESSON OVERVIEW

With this introduction, basics of information system will be elaborated. Kinds of information
system and its components is expounded in detailed. Information system components
together with the collaboration tools and communication media is enumerated.

III. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

 explain what is Information System and its features

 differentiate types of Information Systems
 state computer components interaction in Information Processing Systems
 recognize collaboration tools and communication Media being used in business

IV. LESSON CONTENT

CHAPTER I: INFORMATION SYSTEM

Defining Information Systems

• “Information systems (IS) is the study of complementary networks of hardware and software that
people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create, and distribute data.”1
• “Information systems are combinations of hardware, software, and telecommunications networks that
people build and use to collect, create, and distribute useful data, typically in organizational settings.”2
• “Information systems are interrelated components working together to collect, process, store, and
disseminate information to support decision making, coordination, control, analysis, and visualization in
an organization.”
Components of Information System

1. Hardware - part of an information system that you can touch – the physical components of the
technology. Computers, keyboards, disk drives, iPads, and flash drives are all examples of information
systems hardware.

Hardware Tour

Digital Devices
A digital device processes electronic signals that represent either a one (“on”) or a zero (“off”).
The on state is represented by the presence of an electronic signal; the off state is represented by
the absence of an electronic signal. Each one or zero is referred to as a bit (a contraction of binary
digit); a group of eight bits is a byte.

Understanding Binary

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No. ICT -2S-2023-2024
Computers use the base-two numbering system, also known as binary. As the capacities of
digital devices grew,
new terms were developed
to identify the capacities of
processors, memory, and
disk storage space. Prefixes
were applied to the word byte
to represent different orders
of magnitude.

Processing Data: The CPU

• “brains” of the computer.
• primary manufacturers – Intel &
Advanced Micro Devices (AMD).
• The speed (“clock time”) is measured in
hertz. A hertz is defined as one cycle per
second.
• kilohertz (abbreviated kHz) is one
thousand cycles per second
• a megahertz (mHz) is one million cycles
per second,
• gigahertz (gHz) is one billion cycles per
second.
• multiple processors - dual-core (two
processors) or quad-core (four
processors)
Motherboard
• main circuit board where the CPU, memory, and storage components are connected
together
• provides much of the bus of the computer (the term bus refers to the electrical connection
between different computer components).
• The bus is an important determiner of the computer’s speed: the combination of how fast
the bus can transfer data and the number of data bits that can be moved at one time
determine the speed.
Random-Access Memory
• When a computer starts up, it begins to load information from the hard disk into its working
memory. This working memory, called random-access memory (RAM),
• Any program that you are running on the computer is loaded into RAM for processing.
• Another characteristic of RAM is that it is “volatile”. This means that it can store data as
long as it is receiving power; when the computer is turned off, any data stored in RAM is
lost.
Hard Disk
• for long-term data storage. A hard disk is where data is stored when the computer is turned
off and where it is retrieved from when the computer is turned on.
• A hard disk consists of a stack of disks inside a hard metal case.

Solid-State Drives
• A relatively new component becoming more common in some personal computers is the
solid-state drive (SSD). The SSD performs the same function as a hard disk: long-term
storage.
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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No. ICT -2S-2023-2024
• Instead of spinning disks, the SSD uses flash memory, which is much faster.
• Solid-state drives are currently quite a bit more expensive than hard disks. However, the
use of flash memory instead of disks makes them much lighter and faster than hard disks.
• SSDs are primarily utilized in portable computers, making them lighter and more efficient.

Basic Computer Hardware Components

a. Input devices
 Keyboard
 Image scanner
 Microphone
 Pointing device
o Graphics tablet, Joystick, Light pen, Mouse, Pointing stick, Touchpad, Touchscreen,
Trackball
 Webcam
o Softcam
b. Output devices
 Monitor
 Printer
 Speakers
 Plotter
c. Removable data storage
 Optical disc drive
o CD-RW
o DVD+RW
 Disk pack
 Floppy disk
 Memory card
 USB flash drive
d. Computer case
 Central processing unit (CPU)
 Hard disk / Solid-state drive
 Motherboard
 Network interface controller
 Power supply
 Random-access memory (RAM)
 Sound card
 Video card
e. Data ports
 Ethernet
 FireWire (IEEE 1394)
 Parallel port
 Serial port
 Thunderbolt
 Universal Serial Bus (USB)

2.
3. Software - set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do. Software is
not tangible – it cannot be touched. When programmers create software
programs, what they are really doing is simply typing out lists of
instructions that tell the hardware what to do. The two main categories are
operating-system software, which makes the hardware usable, and
application software, which does something useful. Examples of
operating systems include Microsoft Windows on a personal computer
and Google’s Android on a mobile phone. Examples of application
software are Microsoft Excel and Angry Birds.
Software Categories

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No. ICT -2S-2023-2024
• System Software- programs that generally perform the background tasks in a computer. These
programs, many times, talk directly to the hardware.
o Operating System (OS) - control the overall operation of the computer. OS do the ff.
 Manage processor resources to handle simultaneous input, output, and processing
task
 Manage memory by allocating space for all programs and data that are in use
during a computing session.
 Keep track of storage resources so that files and programs can be found and
manipulated.
 Ensure that input and output proceed in an orderly manner by communicating with
peripheral devices
 Establish basic elements of the user interface such as the appearance of the
desktop, menus and toolbars.

o Device drivers - software that helps a peripheral device establish communication with a
computer.
o Utilities - perform system management & maintenance.
o Language Translator - used to develop or maintain another program.

• Application/ Production Software

o Set of computer programs that helps a person carry out a task. Examples: Word
Processing Software, Video editing software

4. Data - You can think of data as a collection of facts. For example, your street address, the city you live
in, and your phone number are all pieces of data. Like software, data is also intangible. By themselves,
pieces of data are not really very useful. But aggregated, indexed, and organized together into a
database, data can become a powerful tool for businesses. Organizations collect all kinds of data and
use it to make decisions. These decisions can then be analyzed as to their effectiveness and the
organization can be improved.

Data versus Information

The term’s data and information are often used interchangeably. However, you should make the
following distinction:
Data:
- Are raw facts or observations, typically about physical phenomena or business transactions.
More specifically, data are objective measurements of the attributes (characteristics) of entities, such
as people, places, things, and events.
Information:
- Is processed data, which has been placed in a meaningful and useful context for an end user.
Data is subjected to a “value-added” process (data processing) where:
• Its form is aggregated, manipulated, and organized.
• Its content is analyzed and evaluated
• It is placed in a proper context for a human user

5. Networking Communication - An information system can exist without the ability to communicate –
the first personal computers were stand-alone machines that did not access the Internet. However, in
today’s hyper-connected world, it is an extremely rare computer that does not connect to another
device or to a network. Technically, the networking communication component is made up of hardware
and software, but it is such a core feature of today’s information systems that it has become its own
category.

Transmission media

A. Physical transmission media

 Twisted Pair - most prevalent form of communications wiring; used for
almost all business telephone wiring.
o Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) - containing no shielding, it is less expensive but more
susceptible to signal noise.

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No. ICT -2S-2023-2024
o Shielded twisted pair (STP) - wire pairs are coated with a foil shield,
which reduces signal noise that might interfere with data
transmission.
 Coaxial Cable - commonly known as “coax”, is a high-capacity
communications cable consisting of copper wire conductor. Although it has
excellent bandwidth and can carry much more data, it is less durable, more expensive and more
difficult to work with than twisted-pair cable

 Fiber – Optic Cable - bundle of extremely thin tubes of glass, each

tube is called optical fiber, is much thinner than human hair. It is
technologically advanced as compared to the twisted-pair wire and
coaxial cable. It can carry a greater volume of data, it is also immune
from electromagnetic interference

B. Wireless transmission media - generally slower than cables and susceptible to signal
interference, eavesdropping and jamming.
 Radio Waves – provide wireless transmission for mobile communications, such as cellular
telephones, and for stationary communications where it is difficult or impossible to install
cabling, such as remote, geographically rugged regions.
 Infrared Transmission - use frequency range just below the visible light spectrum to
transport data.
 Broadband Radio - it distribute radio signals through the air over long distances such as
between cities, regions, and countries and short distances such as within an office or home.
 Cellular Radio - form of broadcast radio that is used widely for mobile communications,
specifically wireless modems and cellular telephones.
 Microwave - an electromagnetic wave with a frequency of at least 1 gigahertz. Microwave
transmission sends a high-frequency signal from a transmitting station to a receiving station.
Distance must not be 25 to 30 miles apart because at farther distances, the curve of the earth
blocks the line-of-sight transmission path.
 Satellites - must receive and transmit via line-of-sight but high altitudes overcomes the
limitations of microwave data relay stations.
o Three types of orbits
 Geostationary earth orbit (GEO) - satellites orbit 22,300 miles directly above the equator
and maintain a fixed position above the earth’s surface. Excellent in sending television
programs. Transmission take a quarter of seconds to send and return.
 Medium earth orbit – satellites are located about 6,000 miles above the earth’s surface.
 Low earth orbit (LEO) - satellites are located 400 to 1,000 miles above the earth’s
surface. Closer to the earth, reducing or eliminating apparent propagation delay.

Collaboration Tools & Communication Media

1. BULLETIN BOARDS – allows users to leave messages or read public messages that provide
information or announce upcoming events. Organizations often add bulletin board capabilities
to their Web site to attract a community of users and increase site traffic. Often Bulletin
board is used to keep visitors informed about current events and developments associated
with the organization.

2. BLOG – is a web site in which contributors (“bloggers”) provide ongoing commentary on a

particular subject. It is often used as a personal online diary or to address current issues and
local news. Organizations are using corporate blogs externally for branding, marketing, or
public relations purposes. Often, executives or public relations people write the posts with the
goal of improving a firm’s public image, its products, and its services.

3. CALENDARING – software allows people to capture and record scheduled meetings and
events. It enables you to check the electronic calendar of team members for open time slots
and notify or remind meeting and event participants by e-mail. Calendaring products include
Google Calendar, IBM Lotus Notes, Microsoft Exchange.

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No. ICT -2S-2023-2024
4. DESKTOP SHARING – includes number of technologies and products that allow remote
access and remote collaboration on a person’s computer. Remote log-in and real-time
collaboration are the most common forms of desktop sharing. Remote log-in – allows users to
connect to their office computer while they are away from the office. (technicians too for
repairs)
5. INSTANT MESSAGING – offers real-time, informal communications based on the often rapid
exchange of typed messages. IM is less formal than e-mail and is used primarily in a
synchronous communication mode, with all parties sending and receiving messages in real
time. ex. Messengers
6. PODCAST – is a digital media file distributed over the Internet using syndication feeds for
playback on portable media players and personal computers. Users simply download a podcast
to their computer and then transfer it to and Ipod or other player device for listening at their
convenience.
7. SHARED WORKSPACE – is an area hosted by a Web server in which project members and
colleagues can share documents, models, photos, and other forms of information to keep each
other current on the status of projects or topics of common interest. Example: Center for
Scientific Review (CSR) review of applicants.
8. WEB CONFERENCING – a way to conduct live meetings or presentations over the Internet. In
a Web conferencing, each participant sits at his or her own computer, and is connected to other
participants via the Internet. Ex. Softwares like GoToMeeting, Live Meeting, Netviewer,
SkypePro, WebEx, and Yugma.
Web conferencing often is sold as a service that is hosted on a Web server and controlled by
the vendor. The service may be offered on a per-minute usage basis or for fixed monthly fee.
Some vendors make their conferencing software available as a licensed product, allowing
organizations that make heavy use of conferencing to install the software on their own servers.
Ex. Adobe Acrobat Connect, Genesys Conferencing, GoToMeeting, Lotus Sametime, Microsoft
Office Live Meeting, Unyte, and WebEx
a. Webcast – a presentation of information in one direction only, like watching a video on
the Internet.
b. Webinar – a type of Web conference in which the direction of the presentation is
primarily one way from the presenter to the audience; however, it can also be
interactive between the presenter and audience.

9. WIKI – a collaborative Web site that allows users to create and edit Web page content freely
using any Web browser. It has supports hyperlinks and has a simple text syntax for creating
new pages ad cross-links between internal pages. Wikis can be constructed from all types
of corporate data, such as spreadsheets, Microsoft Word documents, PowerPoint slides, PDFs
and anything else that can be displayed in a browser. Ex. Wikipedia – largest free content
encyclopedia on the Internet.

6. People - from the front-line help-desk workers, to systems analysts, to programmers, all the way up to
the chief information officer (CIO), the people involved with information systems are an essential
element that must not be overlooked.

7. Process - series of steps undertaken to achieve a desired outcome or goal. Using technology to
manage and improve processes, both within a company and externally with suppliers and customers,
is the ultimate goal. Technology buzzwords such as “business process reengineering,” “business
process management,” and “enterprise resource planning” all have to do with the continued
improvement of these business procedures and the integration of technology with them. Businesses
hoping to gain an advantage over their competitors are highly focused on this component of
information systems.

Information System Activities

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No. ICT -2S-2023-2024
Information processing (or data processing) activities that occur in information system include the
following:
1. Input of Data Resources
- Data about business transactions and other events must be captured and prepared for
processing by the input activity.
- Input typically takes the form of data entry activities such as recording and editing.
- Once entered, data may be transferred onto a machine-readable medium such as magnetic
disk or type, until needed for processing.

2. Processing of Data into Information:

- Data is typically subjected to processing activities such as calculating, comparing, sorting,
classifying, and summarizing. These activities organize, analyze, and manipulate data, thus
converting them into information for end users.
- A continual process of correcting and updating activities must maintain quality of data stored in
an information system.
3. Output of Information Products:
- Information in various forms is transmitted to end-users and made available to them in the
output activity. The goal of information systems is the production of appropriate information
products for end users.

4. Storage of Data Resources:

- Storage is a basic system component of information systems.
- Storage is the information system activity in which data and information are retained in an
organized manner for later use.

5. Control of System Performance:

- An important information system activity is the control of its performance.
- An information system should produce feedback about its input, processing, output, and
storage activities.
- Feedback must be monitored and evaluated to determine if the system is meeting established
performance standards.
- Feedback is used to make adjustments to system activities to correct deficiencies.

Types of Information System

Information Systems perform important operational and managerial support roles in businesses
and other organizations. Therefore, several types of information systems can be classified conceptually as
either:
• Operations Support Systems
• Management Support Systems

1. Operations Support Systems

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No. ICT -2S-2023-2024
-Information systems are needed to process data generated by and used in business
operations. Such operations support systems (OSS) produce a variety of information products
for internal and external use. However, they do not emphasize producing the specific
information products that can best be used by managers. Further processing by management
information systems is usually required. The role of a business firm’s operations support
systems is to:
• Effectively process business transactions
• Control industrial processes
• Support enterprise communications and collaboration
• Update corporate databases
a. Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
- Focus on processing the data generated by business transactions and operations.
- Transaction processing systems record and process data resulting from business transactions
(sales, purchases, inventory changes).
- TPS also produce a variety of information products for internal or external use (customer
statements, employee paychecks, sales receipts etc.).
- TPS process transactions in two basic ways:
• Batch Processing
- transactions data is accumulated over a period of time and processed periodically.
• Real-time (or online) processing
- data is processed immediately after a transaction occurs.

b. Process Control Systems (PCS)

- Process control systems are systems, which make use of computers to control ongoing
physical processes. These computers are designed to automatically make decisions, which
adjust the physical production process. Examples include petroleum refineries and the
assembly lines of automated factories.

c. Enterprise Collaboration Systems

- Enterprise collaboration systems are information systems that use a variety of information
technologies to help people work together. Enterprise collaboration systems help us:

• Collaborate
- to communicate ideas
• Share resources
- Co-ordinate our cooperative work efforts as members of the many formal and informal process
and project teams. The goal of enterprise collaboration systems is to use information
technology to enhance the productivity and creativity of teams and workgroups in the modern
business enterprise.

2. Management Support Systems (MSS)

- Management support systems focus on providing information and support for effective decision
making by managers. They support the decision-making needs of strategic (top) management,
tactical (middle) management, and operating (supervisory) management. Conceptually, several
major types of information systems support a variety of decision-making responsibilities:
• Management Information Systems (MIS)
• Decision Support Systems (DSS)
• Executive Information Systems (EIS)

a. Management information systems

- are the most common form of management support systems. They provide managerial end
users with information products that support much of their day-to-day decision-making needs.
MIS provide a variety of pre specified information (reports) and displays to management that
can be used to help them make more effective, structured types of day-to-day decisions.
Information products provided to managers include displays and reports that can be furnished:
• On demand
• Periodically, according to a predetermined schedule
• Whenever exceptional conditions occur

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No. ICT -2S-2023-2024
b. Decision support systems
- provide managerial end users with information in an interactive session on an ad hoc (as
needed) basis. Managers generate the information they need for more unstructured types of
decisions in an interactive, computer-based information system that uses decision models and
specialized databases to assist the decision-making processes of managerial end users.

c. Executive information systems

- provide top and middle management with immediate and easy access to selective information
about key factors that are critical to accomplishing a firm’s strategic objectives. EIS are easy to
operate and understand.

Other Classifications of Information Systems:

Several other categories of information systems that support either operations or management
applications include:

• Expert Systems
◦ is an artificial intelligence
◦ emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert.
◦ designed to solve complex problems by reasoning about knowledge, represented mainly as if–
then rules rather than through conventional procedural code.

• Knowledge Management Systems

◦ Supports the capturing, organization, and dissemination of knowledge throughout an
organization
◦ It is up to the organization to determine what information qualifies as knowledge.

• Functional Business Information Systems

◦ System that provides detailed information for a specific type of activity or related group of
activities, as well as summarized information for management control of such activities.
◦ Ex. IS for Marketing, for HR management, for finance management

• Strategic Information Systems

◦ A system used by organization to examine market and competitor information to help them
plan how to make their business more successful
◦ It shapes the strategy of an organization.

• Cross-functional Information Systems

◦ is the third era of information systems, after calculations systems and functional systems
designed to integrate the activities of the entire business process, and are called so because
they 'cross' departmental boundaries.
Summary
In this handout, we were able to understand what an Information system is, its type and
components alongside collaboration and communication tools being used as the components
function as one.

V. REFERENCES
Books
1. Dr. Norberto A. Orcullo, Jr. Principles of eCommerce/eBusiness (Theories and
Applications). Philippine Copyright, 2009.
2. David M. Kroenke and Kathleen A. Dolar. Business Computer System 4th Edition
3. Prof. Vasile Avram Ph. D. Internet Technologies for Business
4. Long, Larry. Introduction to computers and information processing. 4th Edition. Prentice
Hall. 1991.
5. Dave Chaffey - E-Business and E-Commerce Management Strategies. 4th edition
6. Regina C. Espinosa-Chico and Winston F. Abalos. Introduction to Networking,
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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No. ICT -2S-2023-2024
Internet and Web Page Development, Philippine Copyright 2012
E -Resources
1. Kenneth C. Laudon and Jane P. Laudon, Management Information Systems – Managing the
Digital Firm, 13th Edition, Pearson Education Limited, 2014
2. Wikipedia entry on "Information Systems," as displayed on August 19, 2012. Wikipedia: The
Free Encyclopedia. San Francisco
3. Wikimedia Foundation. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_systems_(discipline).
4. Excerpted from Information Systems Today - Managing in the Digital World, fourth edition.
Prentice-Hall, 2010.
5. Excerpted from Management Information Systems, twelfth edition, Prentice-Hall, 2012.

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