‫‪.

‬‬ ‫الر ِحيم‬ ‫الر ٰ‬

‫حم ِن َّ‬ ‫ہللا َّ‬
‫سم ِ‬ ‫ِب ِِ‬
‫️❤‬ ‫️❤ ۔ شُروع اَہلل کے پاک نام سے جو بڑا مہر بان نہايت رحم واال ہے‬

‫‪PUNJAB UNIVERSITY‬‬
‫&‬
‫‪LAW COLLEGE‬‬

‫‪LAHORE‬‬
 IT SKILLS NOTES

Answer the following Questions. Each Question carry 10 marks.

Question 1:
Write commands/steps to do the following in Microsoft word:
a) How to create a Password on a file.
b) How to use layout landscape and portrait
c) How use footnote.

Answer:
( Part a)
Procedure :
1. Go to File > Info > Protect Document > Encrypt with Password.
2. Type a password, then type it again to confirm it.
3. Save the file to make sure the password takes effect.

( Part b)
Procedure :

1. To change the orientation of the whole document, select Layout > Orientation.
2. Choose Portrait or Landscape.

(Part c)
Procedure:
1. Click where you want to reference to the footnote or endnote.
2. On the References tab, select Insert Footnote or Insert Endnote.

3. Enter what you want in the footnote or endnote.

4. Return to your place in the document by double-clicking the number or symbol at the beginning of the
note.

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 IT SKILLS NOTES

Question 2:
Write the functions of Operating System?
Answer :

Functions of Operating Systems:

Let us discuss the function of the operating system (OS) in detail.

➢ Security:

The operating system uses a password protection to protect user data it also prevents unauthorized access to
programs and user data, but for external functionality we need to install malware software to protect the
system.
➢ Control over system performance:

The operating system monitors overall system setup to help in improving the performance and it also records
the response time between service requests and system response so that it has a complete view of the system.
This can help improve performance by providing important information that is needed at the time of
troubleshooting problems.
➢ Job Accounting:

Operating systems always keep track of time and resources that are used by various tasks and users, this
information can be used to track resource usage for a particular user or a group of users.
➢ Error detecting aids:

Operating systems constantly monitor the system which helps us to detect errors and also avoid the
malfunctioning of computer systems.
➢ Coordination between other software and users:

Operating systems help in coordinate and assign interpreters, compilers, assemblers, and other software to the
various users of the computer systems.
➢ Memory Management:

The following activities are performed by operating system for memory management −
• It keeps track of primary memory.
• Memory addresses that have already been allocated and the memory addresses of the memory that
has not yet been used.
• In multiprogramming, the OS decides for how long the process must stay and the order in which
processes are granted access to memory.
• It allocates the memory to a process when the process requests it and deallocates the memory when
the process has terminated.

➢ Processor Management:

The OS manages the order in which processes have access to the processor, and how much processing time
that each process must stay in the multiprogramming environment. This is called process scheduling.

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 IT SKILLS NOTES

The following activities are performed by operating system for processor management −
• Keeps track of the status of processes.
• The program to track the status is known as traffic controller.
• It allocates the CPU and deallocates the processor when it is not required.

➢ Device Management:

An OS manages device communication through respective drivers.

The following activities are performed by the operating system for device management.
• Keeping track of all devices connected to the system.
• The OS designates a program that is responsible for every device which is called the Input/output
controller.
• It decides which process gets access to which device and for how long. It then allocates the devices
in an effective and efficient way and de-allocates devices when they are not required.

➢ File Management:

A file system is arranged into directories for efficient navigation and usage. These directories contain other
directories and other files.
The following activities are performed by operating system for file management activities −
• It keeps track of where information is stored, user access settings and status of every file and more.
• These facilities are called the file system.

Question 3 :
What is application software? Give name of three application software you use.
Answer:
Application Software:
Application Software: Applications software is capable of dealing with user inputs and
helps the user to complete the task. It is also called end-user programs or only an app. It resides above
system software. First user deal with system software after that he/she deals with application software. The
end user uses applications software for a specific purpose. It programmed for simple as well as complex
tasks. It either be installed or access online. It can be a single program or a group of small programs that
referred to as an application suite.

Examples:
Some examples of Application Software are Word processing software, Spreadsheets Software,
Presentation, Graphics, CAD/CAM, Sending email etc.
Types of Application Software:
According to my need I use three types of application software.

1. Word Processing Software:

Word Processing software is used to manipulate, format the text, to create memos,
letters, faxes and documents. Processing Software is used to format and beautify the text. It provides a list of
features. Likethesaurus, the option provides synonyms, antonyms and related words for chosen word or
phrase. Find and replace feature enables users to scan and replace selected words or phrases in the

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 IT SKILLS NOTES

document. Font option provides font colour, font style, font effect, font size to modify the txt. Word Art
option to modify or animated titles, hyphens, columns and text boxes in documents. Grammar and
Spelling check option available for checking errors. Many more option is listed here in software.
Examples:

For example Microsoft Word, Lotus Word Pro, Word pad and Corel WordPerfect

2. Spreadsheet Software:
Spreadsheet software is used to perform manipulate and calculations. In
spreadsheet software data is stored in intersection row and column. The intersection of row and column is
known as a cell. The cell labelled with the row and column label like A1, A2 etc. While entering data into
the cell, we can also define the data value like text, date, time, number. It provides many formula and
function to perform calculations like arithmetic operations, logical operations, text operation etc. It provides
charts, graphs to display data graphically.
Example:
For example Microsoft Excel

3. Presentation Software:

Presentation program is a program to show the information in the form of slides. We can add text, graphics
video and images to slides to make them more informative.

The software has three components:

1) Text editor for inputting and formatting text.

2) Inserting graphics, text, video and other multimedia files.
3) Slideshow to display the information.

Presentation software helps the presenter to present their ideas with ease and visual information easy to
understand.

Example:
Example of presentation software: Microsoft’s PowerPoint and Apple’s Keynote

Question 4:
Essential computer hardware categorized into (04) four types. Explain?
Answer:

Computer Hardware:

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 IT SKILLS NOTES

Computer Hardware is any part of the computer that can be touched. These are
primarily electronic devices used to build up the computer. Computer Hardware actually perform the
computing operations along with taking input and outputting the computed result or to store that.

Types of Computer Hardware:

There are four categories of computer hardware, they are being described below.

➢ Processing Devices:

The main goal of a computer is to process raw data to generate useful information, which is a step of the
information processing cycle. Those computer hardware which are involved in processing data are the
processing devices. Primarily two devices are involved in processing, the processor and memory. However,
these two devices are part of the motherboard, which is the central circuit board that holds these devices
along with other devidevice

➢ Memory Devices:

A memory device, as it’s name implies, is a device that stores data. However, unlike storage devices, memory
devices are very fast and expensive. Memory devices can be volatile or non-volatile, both. Among various
types of memory, two most used are RAM and ROM. RAM is a volatile type of memory, the data stored in
RAM will be cleared when computer is turned off. On the other hand, ROM is non-volatile. However, data in
ROM can not be changed as it is read-only. Memories are used by CPU and programs, not by user.

➢ I/O or Input/Output Devices:

Input devices are used to take input from user, and output devices are used to output result to user. Any device
that are being used by an user to give instructions to computer is a input device such as keyboard, mouse,
microphone etc. On the other hand, any device that the computer uses to send result to user is an output device
such as monitor, printer, speaker etc.

➢ Storage Devices:

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 IT SKILLS NOTES

Storage devices are like memory devices but they are different as storage devices can keep data when the
computer is turned off, can be used to store data both by a program and an user. Most used storage device is
HDD or hard-disk-drive. There are many other storage devices, like optical disks, magnetic tapes etc.
Though input and output devices are two different types of devices, a single device can be both, an input and
an output device, such as a monitor with touch screen. User can use the touche screen for input and computer
can use the touch screen to display results.

Question 5
Explain Refresh Rate, Resolution and Dot Pitch with reference of Computer Monitor &
Video card?

Answer:

➢ Refresh Rate:
The refresh rate of a monitor is really important. Every pixel on a screen is redrawn
many times a second. This is to maintain the quality of the image. If flicker can be detected this will
cause headaches and eye strain. Most people recommend a refresh rate of 75Hz (each pixel is redrawn
75 times a second.) Most monitors can be set to a higher refresh rate than this; 85Hz is another
common refresh rate.

Now, at higher resolutions, there are more pixels to be redrawn. So if you increase screen resolution,
you may notice that the refresh rate declines. Decreasing the refresh rate tends to allow a higher refresh
rate. Imagine a see-saw.

High resolution ---- lower refresh rate

Low resolution ---- higher refresh rate

When buying a monitor, you should always check that the refresh rate can be set to 75Hz or higher at
the resolution you prefer.

➢ Screen Resolution:
Now we know what a dot is. But what is screen resolution?

Screen resolution is the number of pixels across the screen and the number of pixels down the
screen. E.g. 800 × 600 means there are 800 pixels across the screen and 600 pixels down the screen.

Typically, monitor specifications include maximum resolution along with dot pitch.

Provided the graphics card can handle it, an operating system can be configured to consider each single
dot as a pixel and can draw the desktop colouring each pixel separately. In this case the desktop will be
displayed at maximum resolution.

~~A pixel is the same as a dot at maximum resolution only~~

Now, although the number of dots a monitor has cannot be changed, the screen resolution can be
changed. An operating system can be configured to consider groups of dots as pixelsl. Each set of four
dots is now coloured identically.

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 IT SKILLS NOTES

~~So a pixel is a set of dots at a lower resolution than maximum~~

At maximum resolution each pixel is the same as a dot, otherwise a pixel is a group of dots.

Now, the lower the screen resolution the larger the text appears. The higher the screen resolution, the
finer and smaller text appears to be. This is because the higher the resolution, the more pixels there
are.

➢ Dot Pitch:
A screen is made of of lots of tiny dots. Each dot is composed of a triad of phosphor cells - a red
phosphor, blue phosphor and green phosphor cell.

In a normal cathode ray tube monitor (CRT) an electron gun at the back of the monitor shoots electrons
at the back surface of the monitor screen. When electrons hit the phosphor cells they glow. The colour
that each type of phosphor cell emits depends on the intensity with which electrons strike them. The
red phosphor cell can be made to glow different intensities of red, the green phosphor cell can be made
to glow different intensities of green and the blue phosphor cell can be made to glow different
intensities of blue.

Each set of three phosphor cells make up a dot. The colour the whole dot appears to be depends on the
intensity of the red phosphor cell, the green phosphor cell and the blue phosphor cell. You may recall
mixing paints at school. This is similar except the three primary colours of light
are red, green and blue.

Have a look at this RGB Application that shows you the colour produced when different combinations
of red, blue and green light are mixed.

Question 6:
What is Software? write down (02) two main types. of computer
Software with examples' Express software relation in-between Hardware & User with
diagram.

Answer:

Software:
Software is the instructions that tell a computer what to do. Software comprises the entire set
of programs, procedures, and routines associated with the operation of a computer system. The term was
coined to differentiate these instructions from hardware—i.e., the physical components of a computer system.
A set of instructions that directs a computer’s hardware to perform a task is called a program, or software
program.

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 IT SKILLS NOTES

Types of software:
The two main types of software are system software and application software.

➢ System Software:

System software is a type of computer program that is designed to run a computer's hardware and
application programs. If we think of the computer system as a layered model, the system software is the
interface between the hardware and user applications. The operating system is the best-known example of
system software. The OS manages all the other programs in a computer.

System software is used to manage the computer itself. It runs in the background, maintaining the
computer's basic functions so users can run higher-level application software to perform certain tasks.
Essentially, system software provides a platform for application software to be run on top of.

Examples:

• Chrome OS
• MAC OS
• Ubuntu.
• Android
• iOS
• Blackberry
• Windows

➢ Application Software:
Applications software is capable of dealing with user inputs and helps the user to complete the task. It is also
called end-user programs or only an app. It resides above system software. First user deal with system software
after that he/she deals with application software. The end user uses applications software for a specific
purpose. It programmed for simple as well as complex tasks. It either be installed or access online. It can be a
single program or a group of small programs that referred to as an application suite.
Examples:
Some examples of Application Software are Word processing software, Spreadsheets Software, Presentation,
Graphics, CAD/CAM, Sending email etc.

Relation diagram between user , software and hardware:

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 IT SKILLS NOTES

Question 7:
Differentiate between WAN and LAN.
Answer:

Let’s see the difference between LAN and WAN:

S.NO LAN WAN

1. LAN stands for Local Area Network. Whereas WAN stands for Wide Area Network.
2. LAN’s ownership is private. But WAN’s ownership can be private or public.
3. The speed of LAN is high(more than WAN). While the speed of WAN is slower than LAN.
Whereas the propagation delay in WAN is long(longer than
4. The propagation delay is short in LAN.
LAN).

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 IT SKILLS NOTES

S.NO LAN WAN

There is less congestion in LAN(local area While there is more congestion in WAN(Wide Area
5.
network). Network).
6. There is more fault tolerance in LAN. While there is less fault tolerance in WAN.
7. LAN’s design and maintenance is easy. While it’s design and maintenance is difficult than WAN.
8. LAN covers small area i.e. within the building. While WAN covers large geographical area.
9. LAN operates on the principle of broadcasting. While WAN works on the principle of point to point.
Whereas WAN uses PSTN or satellite link as a transmission
10. Transmission medium used in LAN is co-axial .
or communication medium.
11. LAN has a higher data transfer rate. WAN has a lower data transfer rate as compared to LAN.
WANs technologies used like Frame Relay and X.25 for
12. LANs technologies used like ethernet and token.
connectivity for longer distances.
13. LANs technologies is data transfer rate is 10mbps. WANs technologies data transfer rate 150mbps
14. LANs is cheaply compared to WAN WAN is costly compared to LAN

Question 8:

What is a Computer? Draw block diagram, explains brielly Mainliame, Minicomputer &
Supercomputer.
Answer:

Computer:
A computer is a machine or device that performs processes, calculations and operations based
on instructions provided by a software or hardware program. It has the ability to accept data (input), process
it, and then produce outputs.

Computers can also store data for later uses in appropriate storage devices, and retrieve whenever it is
necessary.

Modern computers are electronic devices used for a variety of purposes ranging from browsing the web,
writing documents, editing videos, creating applications, playing video games, etc

Block Diagram of computer:

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 IT SKILLS NOTES

Mainframe Computer:
Mainframes are a type of computer that generally are known for their large size,
amount of storage, processing power and high level of reliability. They are primarily used by large
organizations for mission-critical applications requiring high volumes of data processing. In general, there
are a few characteristics of mainframes that are common among all mainframe vendors: Nearly all
mainframes have the ability to run (or host) multiple operating systems. Mainframes can add or hot swap
system capacity without disruption. Mainframes are designed to handle very high volume input and output
(I/O) and emphasize throughput computing. A single mainframe can replace dozens or even hundreds of
smaller servers.

Mini Computer:
minicomputer, computer that was smaller, less expensive, and less powerful than
a mainframe or supercomputer but more expensive and more powerful than a personal computer.
Minicomputers were used for scientific and engineering computations, business transaction processing, file
handling, and database management

Super Computer
A supercomputer is a computer with a high level of performance compared to a general-purpose computer.
Performance of a supercomputer is measured in floating-point operations per second (FLOPS) instead of
million instructions per second (MIPS). Supercomputers contain tens of thousands of processors and can
perform billions and trillions of calculations or computations per second. Supercomputers are used for data-
intensive and computation-heavy scientific and engineering purposes such as quantum mechanics, weather
forecasting, oil and gas exploration, molecular modeling etc.

Question 9:
What is a CPU? Identify its parts, explain Machine Cycle with Diagram?
Answer:

CPU:
CPU stands for “Central Processing Unit“, and it also known as the “Processor” and “Brain”
of computer system CPU is placed on its compatible CPU socket, which is embedded on the motherboard.
CPU generates more heat while processing data, so it is connected with heat sink which helps to keep cool

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 IT SKILLS NOTES

CPU plays vital role for performing great performance in computer system, and it helps in running
all devices of system. CPU controls the all instructions, which are received from the system’s hardware and
software, process them, and finally produces the result through output devices likes as monitor and printer
etc. So, we can consider that CPU (Central Processing Unit) is more important part of computer system.

Parts of CPU:

1) Memory unit:

Memory unit is the main components of CPU, because its main objective is to store all
instructions, and pass them to other component of CPU (Control unit).
In the computer industries, computer memory is spited into two main categories such as primary and
secondary memory. Entire performance, computing power, and execution speed of computer memory is totally
depends upon its design layout and types like as (SRAM or DRAM).
After processing of all instructions by CPU, memory unit helps to store the generated output, and finally it is
moved to output device

2) Control Unit:

Main goal of control unit of CPU is to control entire operations of its units, and it helps to
move all data or instructions in between the all units of system. Memory unit is received all instruction and
data from control unit, interprets them, and finally transfer entire operations to different units.
Control unit is a communication medium between the all input and output devices to transfer.

3) Arithmetic and Logic Unit:

ALU is divided into two parts like as arithmetic and logic unit. It contains the digital
circuit which is made with registers, and they help to solve the various arithmetic and logical operations.
Arithmetic unit is designed to solve the different operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division etc.

The Machine Cycle:

Fetch - get an instruction from Main Memory

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 IT SKILLS NOTES

Decode - translate it into computer commands

Execute - actually process the command

Store - write the result to Main Memory

Question 10 :
What is LCD? Put-up its drawbacks, Differentiate between active matrix LCD and passive
matrix LCD.
Answer:

LCD:
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is a type of flat panel display which uses liquid crystals in its primary form of
operation. LEDs have a large and varying set of use cases for consumers and businesses, as they can be
commonly found in smartphones, televisions, computer monitors and instrument panels.

Drawback of LCD :
• Slightly more expensive than CRT
• Can't act as a portal to another dimension
• Suffer from a motion blur effect
• High refresh rate
• Like the backlight ages, it can change colors slightly
• The aspect ratio and resolution are fixed
• Not proficient at producing black or very dark grays colors
• Restricted viewing angles
• Slow response times

Difference between Active Matrix LCD and Passive Matrix LCD

Active Matrix LCD Passive Matrix LCD

❖ It uses thin film transistors that are arranged in a ❖ It uses grid of vertical and horizontal conductors
matrix on a glass surface. To control the voltage such that the intersection of two of those
tiny switching transistors and capacitors are used at conductors allows for controlling a single pixel.
each pixel location.
❖ The primary constituent is silicon (allows for ❖ The primary constituent is Indium Tin Oxide
assigning one transistor for each pixel). (referred to as ITO).

❖ Cost is usually higher. ❖ They are less costly.

❖ It has a segments best viewed higher response ❖ It has a low response time.
time.
❖ Used for Full Graphic Displays. ❖ Used for segmented digits or character displays.

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 IT SKILLS NOTES

Active Matrix LCD Passive Matrix LCD

❖ They are best-viewed head-on. When the user to
❖ It allows the viewer much more freedom to choose either side to view the screen from an oblique
his/her angle. angle, it will cause color distortion, dimming, and
other problems.

❖ Refresh rates are high. ❖ Refresh rates are low.

❖ They display lower resolution as compared to
❖ They display higher resolution. active matrix LCD.
❖ They have the ability to create gray scale. It also ❖ They don’t reproduce colors accurately.
offers 256 levels of brightness per pixel.
❖ They are used in calculators display or a digital
❖ Active matrix LCDs are used in full-color LCD wrist watches where the display contains a limited
TVs monitors, cell phones etc. number of segment and does not require full color.
They are often created for custom applications.
❖ The number of rows can be more than ❖ The number of rows is limited to 50 only
50,grayscale.

Question 11:
How a Computer Mousc interacts? Differentiate in between trackballs, TrackPads and
Trackpoint.
Answer:

A mouse typically controls the motion of a pointer in two dimensions in a graphical user interface
(GUI). The mouse turns movements of the hand backward and forward, left and right into equivalent
electronic signals that in turn are used to move the pointer.

Trackball:
A trackball is a stationary pointing device with a ball on its top or side. To move the pointer using a
trackball, you rotate the ball with your thumb, fingers, or the palm of your hand. In addition to the ball, a
trackball usually has one or more buttons that work just like mouse buttons.

Trackpad:
A touch / track pad is a device for pointing (controlling input positioning) on a computer display screen. It is
an alternative to the mouse. Originally incorporated in laptop computers, touch pads are also being made for
use with desktop computers. A touch pad works by sensing the user's finger movement and downward
pressure.

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 IT SKILLS NOTES

Trackpoint:
Alternatively known as a pointing stick, style pointer, or nub, TrackPoint is a mouse solution used with
portable computers that was first introduced by IBM on their ThinkPad in 1992. It is a small,
isometric joystick that resembles a pencil's eraser head, located between the "G," "H," and "B" keys on
the keyboard. This technology enables the user to keep their hands on the keyboard and still be able to
control the mouse. The left and right buttons for this mouse are commonly located under the spacebar. The
picture shows an example of the TrackPoint.

Question 12:
Write commands / steps do the following in Microsoft word.
. How to create a password on a file
. How to usc subscript and super script
. How to apply bibliography

Answer :
( Part a)

Go to Question Number 1 Part (a)

( Part b )
Procedure/steps:

Use the Superscript or Subscript buttons :

1. Select the text or number you want.

2. Goo Home and select Superscript or Subscript .

Use keyboard shortcuts to apply superscript or subscript:

3. Selectext or number that you want.
4. For superscript, press Ctrl, Shift, and the Plus sign (+) at the same time.
5. For subscript, press Ctrl and the Equal sign (=) at the same time. (Do not press Shift.)

Alternative Method /step :

Apply Superscript or Sub script from the font dialog box

1. Select the text that you want to format as superscript or subscript.
2. Go to Home, in the Font group, select the Font Dialog Box Launcher .
3. Select Superscript or Subscript in the Effects group.

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 IT SKILLS NOTES

( Part c)

Create a bibliography :
With cited sources in your document, you're ready to create a bibliography.
1. Put your cursor where you want the bibliography.
2. Go to References > Bibliography, and choose a format.

Question 13:
A computer systems have (04) four parts, explain briefly?

Answer:

Major components of a Computer System:

1) Input Devices:

Input is any data or instruction that a computer collects from the outside world. The input
can be in the form of text, programs, commands, and user responses.
The device that collects the input and sends it to the computer is called an input device. Input devices
include the keyboard, mouse, scanners, digital cameras, nicrophone, etc

The input device is used for entering data or instruction to the central processing unit. Some major functions
of input devices are:

1. It accepts data from the user or outside the environment.

2. It converts user understandable form of data into binary code that is understandable to the computer.
3. It sends data & instructions in binary form to the computer for further processing.

2) Central Processing unit (CPU):

The central processing unit(CPU) is the main information processor in a digital

computer capable of executing a program. The manipulation of the raw data based on the instruction is
called processing.

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 IT SKILLS NOTES

A computer processes data in a device called the central processing unit. It is a very complex integrated
circuit, containing millions of miniaturized electronic components.
The CPU servers as a “brain” of the computer. The speed of the CPU is measured in Hertz(MHz, GHz, etc).
The various types of CPU chips are intel Celeron, intel core i3, i5, i7, etc

3) Storage/Memory:

A computer has a huge data storage capacity. Storage is the place where data is held in an
electromagnetic or optical form for access by a computer processor.

Storage has been divided into:

(i) Primary Storage:

Primary storage holds data in memory. The primary storage (also known as main memory, internal memory,
or prime memory), also known as memory, is the only one that is directly accessible to the CPU. e.g.
Random Access Memory or RAM
The CPU constantly reads instructions from memory and executes them as needed.

(ii) Secondary Storage:

Secondary storage holds data on hard disks, tapes, and other devices requiring input-output operations.
Secondary storage (also known as external memory or auxiliary storage) differs from primary storage where
it is inaccessible to the CPU directly

4) Output devices :

The output device is any peripheral device that receives or displays output from a computer.
Output is any computer-generated information displayed on-screen or printed on paper. It can be in the form
of words, numbers, graphics, sound, videos, and animations.

Question 14:
Describe the (5) five steps with help of which we can, compare processors.
How Do I Compare Different Processors?

Answer:

Here's what to consider when comparing processors. These points are ranked from most to least
important.

1. Visit Geekbench 5's results database and search for the exact name of each processor you're
considering. You can also search by the name of the laptop, tablet, smartphone, or other devices
you're researching. The Geekbench 5 browser will show benchmark results from users who've run the
benchmark on that processor or device. Higher numbers are better.

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 IT SKILLS NOTES

2. Compare the core count of each processor. Modern processors almost always have multiple cores but
can range from two to dozens. Most processors in today's laptops, tablets, and phones have four to
eight cores. The more, the better.

3. Determine how new each processor is in the manufacturer's line-up. Companies like AMD, Intel, and
Qualcomm group processors into generations. They're usually attached to a number like the Intel
10th-generation Core, AMD Ryzen 5000, or Qualcomm Snapdragon 865. A company's newest
processors, with the highest numbers, are nearly always its best. Apple is even getting into the game
with its new line of processors, starting with the M1.

4. Search for the production process the processor is built on. The industry uses terms such as "7-
nanometer node," often shortened to "7nm," as shorthand. A lower number is better. A processor
produced on a 5nm node is typically more efficient than one on a 10nm node.

5. Consider added features in the processor. Many include integrated graphics, which, in the best cases,
can handle most modern games. Some new processors also have an AI co-processor to accelerate
applications that use AI algorithms. In most cases, it's better to have these features than not.

Question 15 :
Differentiate between operating system, Utility and application programs

Answer:

➢ Operating System:

An operating system (OS) is the program that, after being initially loaded into the computer by a boot
program, manages all of the other application programs in a computer. The application programs make use
of the operating system by making requests for services through a defined application program interface
(API). In addition, users can interact directly with the operating system through a user interface, such as a
command-line interface (CLI) or a graphical UI (GUI)

➢ Utility Software:

Utility software helps to manage, maintain and control computer resources. Operating systems typically
contain the necessary tools for this, but separate utility programs can provide improved functionality. Utility
software is often somewhat technical and targeted at users with a solid knowledge of computers. If you use a
computer mostly for e-mail, some Internet browsing and typing up a report, you may not have much need
for these utilities. However, if you are an avid computer user, these utilities can help make sure your
computer stays in tip-top shape.
Examples :
Examples of utility programs are antivirus software, backup software and disk tools. Let's look at each of
these in a bit more detail.

➢ Application Software / Programs:

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Applications software is capable of dealing with user inputs and helps the user to complete the task. It is also
called end-user programs or only an app. It resides above system software. First user deal with system
software after that he/she deals with application software. The end user uses applications software for a
specific purpose. It programmed for simple as well as complex tasks. It either be installed or access online.
It can be a single program or a group of small programs that referred to as an application suite.
Examples:
Some examples of Application Software are Word processing software, Spreadsheets Software, Presentation,
Graphics, CAD/CAM, Sending email etc.

Question 16:
Describe the concept of Bus in computer ? Explain shortly any three external Bus Standards
.
Answer:

Concept of Bus in computer :

. A bus is a set of wires or connections that connect the different components together
and through which signals travel. there are three major types of buses in computer. in other words, a bus is a
set of wires that is used as a communication path. the bus width determines the speed of data transmission.
In similar words a computer bus is like a traditional road bus, only that transfers data from one computer to
another like a traditional bus transports passengers from one bus stand to another.

Besides the transfer of data to other computers, a computer bus can also transfer data from one component to
another within the same computer. When we say ‘components’, we refer to both hardware and software
components inclusive of optical cables, wires, communication protocols, etc.

External BUS Standards:

➢ USB :
In recent standard for external serial bus with high throughput, allows daisychaining
(up to 127 devices). Eliminates need for separate serial and parallel ports for common devices.
➢ SCSI bus family :

SCSI bus family use a specialized parrallel port, that can accept and provide addressing for
multiple different devices such as disk drives, CD-ROMs, scanners at very high data rates.

➢ IEEE FireWire

IEEE FireWire extremely high speed external bus, developed for peripherals such as
video cameras.

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Question 17:
Write a Procedure to implement a table in Excel.

Answer:
Procedure/steps:
1. Select a cell within your data.
2. Select Home > Format as Table.
3. Choose a style for your table.
4. In the Format as Table dialog box, set your cell range.
5. Mark if your table has headers.
6. Select OK.

Question 18:
What is page number, subscript and bibliography inMicrosoft offce and also writc
mcthodt use in Microsoft Word.

Answer:

▪ Page Number:
Sometimes abbreviated as page no, a page number is the number of the specific page in a
document. The document may be printed, like a book or a magazine, or electronic, like a Microsoft Word
document or an e-book.

Method:
1. Select Insert > Page Number, and then choose the location and style you want.
2. If you don't want a page number to appear on the first page, select Different First Page.
3. If you want numbering to start with 1 on the second page, go to Page Number > Format Page
Numbers, and set Start at to 0.
4. When you're done, select Close Header and Footer or press Esc.

▪ Subscript:
A subscript is a character, symbol or number set slightly below the normal line of text. It is always
smaller than the usual font and is typically found in mathematical or scientific formulas.
Method:
Goto Question 12 (Part b)

▪ Bibliography:
A bibliography is a list of the sources that you have consulted or cited in your Word® document, usually
placed at the end. In Word® 2007, you can automatically generate a bibliography based on the source
information provided in your document.

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Method:
Goto Question 12( Part c)

Question 19:
Write methods to implement the following in Microsoft PowerPoint
1. Slide show
2. Trarsition sound
3. Printing slides

Answer:
Part (a)

Procedure :
1. To start your slide show, on the Slide Show tab, select Play From Beginning.

(If you've turned off the Simplified Ribbon, you don't have a Slide Show tab; instead use the View tab
to start Slide Show.)

2. To manage your slide show, go to the controls in the bottom-left corner

and do any of the following:

Select To
Go to the previous slide

Go to the next slide

View all slides

To skip to a particular
slide, simply click it in
this Grid view.
Turn subtitles on or off

End the slide show

3. To skip to any slide in the presentation, right-click the screen and select Go to Slide. Then, enter the
slide number you want in the Slide box, and select OK.

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 IT SKILLS NOTES

(Part b)
Procedure:
1. Press and hold the Ctrl key while you select the transition slides that you want to add a sound to.
2. Click TRANSITIONS > Sound.
3. Do one of the following:
▪ Click one of the built-in sounds, such as Chime or Drum Roll.
▪ Click Other Sound to add your own sound file.
4. Click TRANSITIONS > Preview to hear the sound while the transition plays.

(Part c)
Procedure:
1. Select File > Print.
2. For Printer, select the printer you want to print to.
3. For Settings, select the options you want:
▪ Print All Slides: To print each slide on a single sheet or change to just print a range of slides.
▪ Slides: From the drop-down, choose to print all slides, selected slides, or the current slide. Or, in
the Slides box, type which slide numbers to print, separated by a comma.
▪ Print Layout: Choose to print just the slides, just the speaker notes, an outline, or handouts. The
number of slides per page is also an option, an effective way to save paper.

The Outline prints only the text in the slides, without images. The Notes of a presentation show
the slide and the related speaker notes below it. If you choose to print Handouts, you can print
several slides on one page using a variety of layouts, some with space for note-taking.

▪ Color: Choose whether you want color, grayscale, or pure black and white.
▪ Edit Header & Footer: Select to edit the header and footer before printing.

4. For Copies, select how many copies you want to print.

5. Select Print.

Question 20:

❖ Computer:
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A computer is a digital electronic machine that can be programmed to carry out sequences of
arithmetic or logical operations automatically. Modern computers can perform generic sets of operations
known as programs. These programs enable computers to perform a wide range of tasks.
❖ Hardware:
Hardware refers to the physical elements of a computer. Also referred to as the machinery or the equipment
of the computer.
Example:
Examples of hardware in a computer are the keyboard, the monitor, the mouse and the processing unit
However, most of a computer's hardware cannot be seen; It's inside the computer case.
❖ Software:
Software is the instructions that tell a computer what to do. Software comprises the entire set
of programs, procedures, and routines associated with the operation of a computer system. The term was
coined to differentiate these instructions from hardware—i.e., the physical components of a computer
system. A set of instructions that directs a computer’s hardware to perform a task is called a program, or
software program.
Example:
Windows, MS Word , MS Excel etc

❖ Application Software:
. Applications software is capable of dealing with user inputs and helps the user to complete
the task. It is also called end-user programs or only an app. It resides above system software. First user deal
with system software after that he/she deals with application software. The end user uses applications
software for a specific purpose. It programmed for simple as well as complex tasks. It either be installed or
access online. It can be a single program or a group of small programs that referred to as an application
suite.
Example:
Some examples of Application Software are Word processing software, Spreadsheets Software,
Presentation, Graphics, CAD/CAM, Sending email etc.

❖ System Software:
System software is a type of computer program that is designed to run a computer's
hardware and application programs. If we think of the computer system as a layered model, the system
software is the interface between the hardware and user applications.
The operating system is the best-known example of system software.

Question 21:
Difference between RAM, ROM ,Hard Disk and CD _
RAM?
Answer:

➢ RAM:
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 IT SKILLS NOTES

RAM (Random Access Memory) is the hardware in a computing device where the operating system
(OS), application programs and data in current use are kept so they can be quickly reached by the
device's processor. RAM is the main memory in a computer. It is much faster to read from and write to
than other kinds of storage, such as a hard disk drive (HDD), solid-state drive (SSD) or optical drive.

Random Access Memory is volatile. That means data is retained in RAM as long as the computer is on, but
it is lost when the computer is turned off. When the computer is rebooted, the OS and other files are
reloaded into RAM, usually from an HDD or SSD.

➢ ROM:

Read-only memory (ROM) is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices.
Data stored in ROM cannot be electronically modified after the manufacture of the memory device. Read-
only memory is useful for storing software that is rarely changed during the life of the system, also known
as firmware. Software applications (like video games) for programmable devices were formerly distributed
as plug-in cartridges containing ROM.
The term "ROM" is sometimes used to mean a ROM device containing specific software, or a file with
software to be stored in EEPROM or Flash Memory. For example, users modifying or replacing the Android
operating system describe files containing a modified or replacement operating system as "custom ROMs"
after the type of storage the file used to be written to.

➢ Hard Disk :
hard disk, also called hard disk drive or hard drive, magnetic storage medium for a computer. Hard disks are
flat circular plates made of aluminum or glass and coated with a magnetic material. Hard disks for personal
computers can store terabytes (trillions of bytes) of information.

➢ CD_ROM
Stands for Compact Disc Read-Only Memory, a CD-ROM is an optical disc containing audio or software
data whose memory is read-only. A CD-ROM Drive or optical drive is the device used to read them. CD-
ROM drives have speeds ranging from 1x to 72x, meaning it reads the CD roughly 72 times faster than the
1x version. As you would imagine, these drives are capable of playing audio CDs and reading data CDs,
including CD-R and CD-RW discs

Question 22:
Write a note on different kinds of computer.

Answer:
. All the computers that are developed are not alike rather they have different designs and features.
Some computers have very high capacity as well as working speed; however, some are slow. Depending upon
the requirements, computers are being developed.

Types of Computer:

Depending upon the internal structure and subsequent features and applicability, computer system is
categorized as follows –

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 IT SKILLS NOTES

➢ Mainframe Computer:

It is high capacity and costly computer. It is largely used by big organizations where many people can use it
simultaneously.

➢ Super Computer:
This category of computer is the fastest and also very expensive. A typical supercomputer can solve up to ten
trillion individual calculations per second.

➢ Workstation Computer:
The computer of this category is a high-end and expensive one. It is exclusively made for complex work
purpose.

➢ Personal Computer (PC) :

It is a low capacity computer developed for single users. In its more general usage, a personal computer (PC)
is a microcomputer designed for use by one person at a time. Prior to the PC, computers were designed
for (and only affordable by) companies who attached terminals for multiple users to a single large computer
whose resources were shared among all users.
Example:
An example of personal computers are desktop computers used in homes, schools and small businesses.

➢ Apple Macintosh (Mac):

It is a sort of personal computer manufactured by Apple company.

Laptop computer (notebook)
It is a handy computer that can be easily carried anywhere.

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 IT SKILLS NOTES

Tablet and Smartphone:

Modern technology has advanced further. It has helped develop computers that are pocket-friendly. Tablets
and smartphones are the best examples of such computer.

Question 23:
What is lnternet? Write its advantages.

Answer:
Internet:
The Internet is a vast network that connects computers all over the world. Through the Internet,
people can share information and communicate from anywhere with an Internet connection.

Advantages of Internet:

1) The Internet has helped us in connecting with our friends and families.

2) It has given us the E-Mail, which is a fast, secure and reliable mode of communication.

3) The VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) technology has drastically reduced the calling connecting with
our relatives abroad.

4) The Internet has an endless knowledge supply which anyone can access that too free of cost

5) GPS technology helps in getting the direction of the destination in an unknown place.

6) Now, you don’t have to sweat search for any services, just search it on Google, and you will get all the
details.

7) The use of ATM is very common now, and the backbone of this service is the internet.

8) Mobile banking helps you to avoid the headache of long queues in the bank.

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 IT SKILLS NOTES

9) Selling and buying have become easy with the internet, and it has helped millions to sell and buy their
goods.

10) Don’t have much space left on your laptop or computer; use cloud storage, one more safe and reliable
advantage of the internet.

Question 24:

How One can insert a picture in a Word Document ?

Answer:

Procedure:
▪ Select Insert > Pictures > This Device for a picture on your PC.
▪ Select Insert > Pictures > Stock Images for high quality images or backgrounds.
▪ Select Insert > Pictures > Online Pictures for a picture on the web.
▪ Select the picture you want, and then select Insert.

Question 25:
Make difference between relative ,mixed and absolute cell reference or address supported
by Mx Excel.
Answer:

Difference between Relative, mixed and absolute Cell reference/address:

The three types of references that can be used in Excel and Google Sheets are easily identified by the
presence or absence of dollar signs ($) within the cell reference. A dollar sign tells the program to use that
value every time it runs a formula.

• Relative cell references contain no dollar signs (i.e., A1).

• Mixed cell references have dollar signs attached to either the letter or the number in a reference but
not both (i.e., $A1 or A$1).
• Absolute cell references have dollar signs attached to each letter or number in a reference (i.e.,
$A$1).

You'll typically use an absolute or mixed cell reference if you set up a formula. For example, if you have a
number in Cell A1, more numbers in Column B, and Column C contains the sums of A1 and each of the
values in B, you'll use "$A$1" in the SUM formula so that when you autofill, the program knows to always
use the number in A1 instead of the empty cells below it.

❤️ ..... Best Of Luck My Dear Bestie 👍🏻 .....❤️

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