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Bio Medical

The document summarizes the major categories of human body activities and various body systems. It discusses the three main categories as communication, intake and elimination of raw materials and waste, and protection and survival. It also outlines the key transport, communication, intake/elimination, and protection systems in the human body.

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Kalindu Liyanage
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40 views8 pages

Bio Medical

The document summarizes the major categories of human body activities and various body systems. It discusses the three main categories as communication, intake and elimination of raw materials and waste, and protection and survival. It also outlines the key transport, communication, intake/elimination, and protection systems in the human body.

Uploaded by

Kalindu Liyanage
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Activities of the human body can be divided into three major categories.

1. Communication
2. Intake of raw materials and elimination of waste
3. Protection and survival

Transport systems: Circulatory system – සංසරණ පද්ධතිය

Lymphatic system - වසා පද්ධතිය

• Internal communication: Nervous system


Endocrine system - අන්තරාසර්ග පද්ධතිය

• External communication: Verbal and non-verbal communication

Intake of raw materials and elimination of waste


• Intake of oxygen (Respiratory system)
• Ingestion of nutrients (eating) (Digestive system)
• Elimination of wastes:
– Carbon dioxide
– Urine
– Faeces
– Sweat
Protection against the external environment:
– skin
• Protection against microbial infection:
– immunity
• Protection against physical threats
– body movement
• Survival of the species:
– reproduction and transmission of inherited characteristics
Hippocrates "father of western medicine"
Anatomy is the study of body structure. (science of structure)
Physiology is the science of body functions. (science of body functions)
Anatomy -

 Surface Anatomy is the study of, form and markings of the body surface, often explored
through visualization
 Gross Anatomy is the study of anatomical structures visible to unaided eye. After making
the appropriate surface marking in the prior picture, the gross dissection proceeds through
“cutting.
Developmental anatomy is the study of the fertilized egg developing into its adult form.
Levels of Organization

 The chemical level of organization


 Atoms
 Molecules
 Cells are the basic structural and functional units of an organism.
 Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform Similar function.
 Organs are structures composed of two or more different types of tissues.
 system work cooperatively to perform necessary life functions.
 An organism consists of a collection of organ systems.

Levels of Organization
1.Metabolism: All Chemical Reactions That Occur In body cell
2.Responsiveness: The Ability To Sense And Respond to stimuli
3.Movement Of Body Parts Of substances (cardiac and smooth muscles)
4.Growth: Increase Size of A body part or of organism
5.Reproduction: Cellular Division For Growth Or Repair
6.Differentiation: is the development of a cell from an unspecialized to specialized state. Cells
Have specialized structures and functions
Survival Needs
1.Nutrients - Chemicals For energy and cell Building (Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals,
vitamins)
2.Oxygen Essential For Energy Release(ATP production)
3.Water - Most abundant chemical the body Site of chemical reactions
4.Normal body temperature - Affects Rate of chemical reactions
5.Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure - For adequate breathing and gas exchange in the lungs
Homeostasis – A condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment.
Body fluids are defined as dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals inside or
outside of the cell.

 Intracellular Fluid (ICF) is the fluid within cells


 Extracellular Fluid (ECF) is the fluid outside cells
 Interstitial fluid is the fluid between cells and tissues

Some important body fluids

 Blood Plasma is the extracellular fluid (ECF) within blood vessels.


 Lymph is the ECF within lymphatic vessels.
 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the ECF in the brain and spinal cord.
 Synovial fluid is the ECF in joints.
 Aqueous humor is the ECF in eyes.

Feed-back system
Each monitored variable is termed a controlled condition.

⚫Receptor

⚫Control center

⚫Effector

 Negative Feedbacksystems: Reverses change in a controlled condition. E.g: Regulation of


blood pressure
 Positive Feedbacksystems: Strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s
controlled condition E.g: Normal child birth
Biomedical Instrumentation System

1. Measurand - The physical quantity, property or condition that the system measures
E.g: Biopotential, Pressure, Flow, Dimensions
2. Sensor - converts physical measurand to an electric output.
3. Signal Processing - Sensor output converted to digital process E.g: Amplify, Filter
4. Output Display - Displayed in a way that a human operator
5. Control and Feedback
Measurand
The physical quantity, property or condition that the system measures
1. Biopotential
2. Pressure
3. Flow
4. Dimensions/ Imaging
5. Displacement – velocity, acceleration, force
6. Impedance
7. Temperature
8. Chemical concentrations
Signal Conditioning
Sensor output converted to digital process
Amplify
 Filter
 Match impedance
 Digitize
 Reduce noise
 Average repetitions
 Time domain > frequency domain
Types of Measurements
1. Direct measurement − Directly hold the measurand to the calibrated standard
2. Indirect measurement
3. Null measurement − Compare calibrated source to unknown measurand, adjust till
difference is zero.
What is calibration?
Matching the standard value of the instrument to the True Instrument value.
Why Calibration?
We trust the results of the machine.
Factors in measurement

1. Error - You will have an error when you measure several times Goal is to minimize the
error.
2. Validity - What are the ranges that the measurement is valid.
3. Reliability and Repeatability - return same value under same conditions.
4. Accuracy and precision - Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true
value. Precision refers to how close measurements of the same item are to each other.
5. Resolution - Measurand can be broken into identifiable adjacent parts.
In digital measurements – resolution is set by number of bits.
Calculate resolution of a 8 bit system. Voltage 5V.

𝒓 = 𝑽𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 /𝟐 𝑵 =

= 𝟓 – 𝟎V/ 𝟐 𝟖

= 𝟓 /𝟐𝟓𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟓 𝑽/𝒔𝒕𝒆p


Types of signals

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