Topic Rational Numbers Operations on Rational Numbers Rational Numbers as Decimals Exponents and Powers Application of Percentage Algebraic Expressions Linear Equations in One Variable Triangle and Its Properties Congruent Triangles Construction of Triangles Perimeter and Area Data Handling Symmetry Visualising Solids ANSWERS Contents Page No. 1-19 20-50 51-65 66-90 91-107 108-127 128-139 140-162 163-192 193-202 203-225 226-241 242-255 256-262 263-274RATIONAL NUMBERS CHAPTER INTRODUCTION Do you remember number systems? (l) Numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, . .. which we use for counting, form the system of natural numbers. Natural numbers are TC cee 1,2,3,4 (ii) Natural numbers along with zero, form the system of whole numbers. Whole numbers are, 0,1,2,3,4,5. Ooetseere | ae aa ab) (ii) Collection of natural numbers, their opposites along with zero is called the system of integers i Integers are /4 3/4 6/4 0 214 1 5/4 742 Properties of fractions (a) if a is a fraction, then for any natural number m, Pp _pxm qa axm(b) If > is a fraction and a natural number m is a common divisor of p and q, then (©) Two fractions i and 2 are said to be equivalent if pxs=qxr (d) A fraction F is said to be in its simplest or lowest form if | P and q have no common factor other than 1.| (e) Fractions can be compared as: aa ay Pru ! ae i eos i ES ® vy apsscaxe ®) Wee eeonr i) ees | Let us do some problems to revise our memory. Simplify the following: 1. (— 212) + 384 - (- 137) 2. (-9)x [7 +(-11)] 3. (- 12) x (- 10) x 6 x (1) 4. (108) + (- 12) 5. (- 1331) +11 6. ~72(- 15-37-18) RATIONAL NUMBERS In Class-VI, we have dealt with negative integers. In the same way, we shall be introducing negative fractions, e.g. corresponding to 1/2 we have negative fraction — 1/2. % -% -% % % % tt tt tt 3 a eA ° 1 2 3 Fractions with corresponding negative fractions and zero constitute the system of rational numbers. The word ‘rational’ comes from the word ‘ratio’ Any number which can be expressed in the form of p/q, where p and q are integers and #0 is known as a Rational Number.See the following rational numbers. J B= wy 2 5 -2 #43 1 n 1 y Positive Rational Numbers The rational numbers are said to be positive if signs of numerator and denominator are the same. Negative Rational Numbers The rational numbers are said to be negative if signs of numerator and denominator | are not the same. * Every fraction is a rational number, but every rational number need not be a fraction, | eg. —4, S are not fractions os fractions are part of a whole which are always postive. Remember | All the integers are rational numbers. Integers ~ 50715, 0 can be written as, —2°, 15,0 respectively. ————-—_+ «cc 1. Which of the following are rational numbers? 2 4 0 () -3 Gre (ii) > (vy) = 2. Write down the rational numbers in the form a whose numerators and denominators are given below: () (5)x4and-5+4 (i) 64+ 4 and 32-183. Which of the following are positive rational numbers? -2 A ys (iil) (i a 4. Answer the following: (i) Which integer is neither positive nor negative? (ii) Arational number can always be written as 5 Is it necessary that any number written ag s is a rational number? 5. Staté whether the following statements are true. If not, justify your answer with an} example. () Every whole number is a natural number. (ii) Every natural number is an integer. (iil) Every integer is a whole number. (iv) Every integer is a rational number. (v) Every rational number is a fraction. (vi) Every fraction is a rational number. PROPERTIES OF RATIONAL NUMBERS tC Property |. Two rational numbers E and = are said to be equivalent if pxs=rxq. To explain the property, let us take few examples. 4 8 Example 1: Show that — and —- are equivalent rational numbers. Solution: 4x (- 14) = - 56 =8 x (-7) 4 8 Hence, —> and —7 are equivalent rational numbers 5 -15 Example 2: Show that & and =,- are not equivalent rational numbers Solution: 5 x 24 = 120 and 8 x (— 15) = - 120. Hence, 5 x 24 #8 x (- 15). Therefore, the given rational numbers are not equivalentProperty Il Example 3: Solution: an Example 4: Solution: Property Ill if a is a rational number and m be any integer different from zero, then Pp _pxm q axm ‘sh Write three rational numbers which are equivalent to = To find equivalent rational numbers, multiply numerator and denominator by any same non-zero integer. 2 oe ‘Multiply numerator and denominator by 2) oe (muti tor and ator by 3) Z (Multiply it \d denominator by — 3) =) 5 Multiply numerator and denomin -3) 5x(-3) —18 cis y SXB 15 (Multipl ts 1d denominator by 5) =< ultiply numerator and denomir 5x5 25 Pe wie) 6 -9 15 Hence, +5+— and 55 3 are three rational numbers equivalent to =. 4 Express — as a rational number with ()) numerator 12 (i) denominator 28. (i) To get numerator 12, we must multiply - 4 by — 3. (G4) xCaeyeeReN fee 7X(=8)e el 12 ai Therefore, the required rational number is (ii) To get denominator 28, we must multiply the given denominator 7 by 4. (4)x4 _ -16 7x4 28 ie. —16 Hence, the required rational number is 5 If : is a rational number and m is a common divisor of p and q then p_P q=21 Example 5: Express [= as a rational number with denominator 7. Solution: To get denominator 7, we must divide 49 by 7 Therefore, ple herefore, mesa Hence, 1. In each of the following cases, show that the rational numbers are equivalent. is the required rational number. w 3 and = (i) A and = (ii) 2 and = 12 2. In each of the following cases, show that rational numbers are not equivalent. () 4 ana 38 (i) 1% ana $2 iy ana & 9 jnen 3 9 =17 54 3. Write three rational numbers, equivalent to each of the following: 4 36 5 =72 05 as (iii) rE, 4. Express 2 as rational number with numerator, @) -21 (ii) 150 5. Express — as a rational number with denominator, (i) 84 (i) -28 90 E ; 6. Express 57 as a rational number with numerator 5. 64 7. Express >-— as a rational number with denominator 8. 8. Find equivalent forms of the rational numbers having a common denominator in eact of the following collections of rational numbers. ee 78 IN 6 5 as (ii) 14 (ii) 7 ain @)STANDARD FORM OF A RATIONAL NUMBER Let us try to express a rational number in the simplest form with positive denominator. 16 : Example 6: Express —>7 in the simplest form with its denominator as positive. Solution: Step 1. Convert denominator into positive by multiplying numerator and denominator by -1 (16)x(-1) _ -16 (-24)x(-1) 24 Step 2. Find HCF of 16 and 24, which is 8 in this case, and divide numerator and denominator by it. -16+8 2428 — The example given above explains that every rational number 5 can be put in the simplest form with positive denominator. This form of the rational number is called its standard form. For this, we take the following steps Step 1. Make the denominator positive. Step 2. Find the HCF m of p and q. If m = 1, then é is the required form Step 3. If m #1, then divide both the numerator and the denominator by m. The rational +m = 80 obtained is the required standard form number © The numbers represent the same rational number. A rational number a is said to be in the standard form if q is positive and the leach integers ‘p’ and ‘q’ have their highest common factor as 1.Ne Example 7: Express 2 in the standard form =22x(-1) _ 22 Solution: Step 1. =~ 2 = ae fen ois ae ees Step 2. HCF of 22 and 55 is 11 22+11_ 2 [ Fea] = 5 Which isthe standard form, Example 8: Find x such that the rational numbers in each of the following pairs are equivalent. x 5 15 -3 ) to § Waxy w al 2 will be equivalent if 6xx = 5x12 | 5x12? | a — =5x2=10 x = 10. will be equivalent if 15x8 = (-3)xx x= x8 =-5x8=-40 Hence, x = -40. Example 9: _ Fill in the blanks: aaa Solution: __ In the first two given rational numbers, we have to find the number which whet multiplied by — 3 gives the product 6. Here, the number shall be 6 + (- 3) Now, we multiply both numerator and denominator of the given rational numbe by-2 _ © 9)x(-2) we - poe 5x(-2) —10To get denominator - 15, = - 3) x (— 9 s So =< (Multiply numerator and denominator by — 3) lent. | 1. Write the following rational numbers in standard form. 33 64 -27 105 0F (Wess, i) 5 () Sy 2. Find x such that the rational numbers in each of the following pairs, become equivalent. aa (i) 3. ae (ii) = 2 () ee -13 3, Check whether the following rational numbers are in standard form. If not, write them in standard form. a) 4 14 8 (Oe il) aE () = 49 4, Fill in the blanks. 2.\8 ym ABSOLUTE VALUE OF A RATIONAL NUMBER We have studied in Class-VI that absolute value of an integer is its numerical value without taking the sign into account, e.g. |-3|=3,|3|=3,|0|=0 hwhen| The absolute value of a rational number is written in the following ways. )=-2 ; number: Absolute value of == 5 haa Absolute value of aeAbsolute value of Absolute value of —4 Ae 4 solute valu — is |—=|==> -5 | -5| 5 Remember ® Absolute value of every rational number other than zero Is positive, | '» The absolute value of zero is zero itself. ‘Absolute value of a rational number is greater than or equal to the number SH 1. Find the absolute value of the following rational numbers. i 7 ; w) 5 Rag = 2. Compare the absolute values of the rational numbers in the following pairs. -3 5 4 EA = =, = —*,-3 Wo tpg © Sm i) 3. Find all the rational numbers whose absolute value is— 3 0 (i) (i) 5 (i) ain REPRESENTATION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS ON A NUMBER LINE You have dealt with the definition and properties of rational numbers. Now, you will learn hi to plot rational numbers on a number line. 5 Let us mark the rational numbers on the number line Step 1. Mark integers on the number line. << ttt ~3) So tee) 8 Step 2. Divide each unit segment into two equal parts (equal to denominator) <<} _ +2 +0 + 0+} 0+ -3 1 Cy) 1 2 3Step 3. i 3, 3 are represented by first, third and fifth mark respectively lying to the right of zero First mark Third mark Fifth mark L =a eno ap aed Sallig 1 2 B -1 ae a = are represented by first, third and fifth mark respectively lying to the left of zero. <) Example 10: Represent >, Nia Solution: Step 1. Mark integers on number line Step 2. Divide each unit segment into seven equal parts. 2 Step 3. Third and fifth mark on right side of zero represent > and >. Eighth and second mark on left side of zero represent respectively. Eighth mark Second mark — Third mark Fifth mark torr eter Be RN et, Cen er vot YE 0377 | f 4 a = s 7 learn how! 4 State whether the following statements are true. If not, justify your answer. () On a number line, all the numbers to the right of zero are positive. oe (i) Rational number — lies to the left of zero on the number line (ii) On a number line, numbers become progressively larger as we move away from zero. 2 -2 (iv) Rational numbers 5 and = are at equal distance from zero. (v) On a number line, number lying left to a given number is greater.2. Mark the following rational numbers on a number line. w é (ii) 3 (v) = COMPARING RATIONAL NUMBERS Rational numbers can be compared in two different ways. I, BY REPRESENTING ON A NUMBER LINE Rational numbers can be compared easily when they are represented on a number line. 518-43 2/313 1/3 2134/3. 5/3 LLL REDLERISRE EE Cee Eee ee ieee eee -2 -1 ° 1 Z Any number on a number line is greater Any number on a number line is less than than any other number lying to the left of it. any other number lying to the right of it Therefore, from the above number line, it is clear that - A ala A a etc. io : ela and v ela win els ole v ; zg ete. Il. WITHOUT REPRESENTING ON A NUMBER LINE Without representing the rational numbers on a number line, we can compare them by the method similar to the one used for fractional numbers. If two rational numbers have the same positive denominator, the number with the larger numerator will be greater than the one with smaller numerator. Example 11: Compare, () 2 and & ies and:= "2: TNT 7 7‘ 2 5 Solution: _(j) The rational numbers > and > have same denominator, therefore, smaller the numerator, smaller will be the rational number. Since 2 < 5, therefore BE Og 7 a = (ii) S and 2 have the same denominator. Therefore, we shall compare the numerators— -6>-13 Ke ee 7 A? Therefore, If two rational numbers have different denominators, then first make denominators equal and then compare. 7 Example 12: Compare = and 8 5 Solution: First, convert the rational numbers to have the same positive denominator. Tea TeeT (40 Gas Goer 55 7 (Denominators are same) Spa 8x06 |, 40 Tenazxa . 35 Now, compare 22 ana 42 Pe aant 2.438 49 As 49> 40, therefore, 22 > 42 ihe 35° 35 Hence, Example 13: Compare the rational numbers —> 5 Solution: First write — in standard form, i.e, Now, convert them to have the same denominator. 4 9 2 pad 2Now, compare -8 | -15 9 ator — 8 > — 15, th Or ear Since, numerator — 8 > — 15, therefore, 18 18 Hence, There is yet another method to compare two rational numbers a and 2 with unequal denominators. It is assumed that q and s are both positive integers. pete To compare e and » we may compare ps and qr (<4) Find products ps and qr. v If ps>qr then If ps{ 7 The products are 5x 7=35 and 3x2=6 Since, 35 > 6, therefore, 2 > 2 3 Example 15: Compare First write Solution:5 . find the product Now, find the products — . 75. —4>? 5 =5 aa (he (ii) (iv) cannot be compared -17 (e) Which of the following rational numbers is the smallest? - o |Z @ ) | ls B. Answer the following questions. (a) Find the average of the rational numbers 12 (b) How will you write — in the standard form? (c) How many rational numbers are there between any two rational numbers? =5 (d) On the number line, the rational number — lies on which side of zero? =7 7 (e) Express — as a rational number with denominator 40 -8 2. State whether the following statements are true. If not, then give an example in support of your answer. pir | fe>— > i) 5 then | q ie q r s (i) If |x| =Ly| then x= y q will also be in standard form. | (ii) © is anon-zero rational number in standard form. It is necessary that rational number ;3. Represent 5s and 2 on a number line. 4. Arrange the following rational numbers in descending order. glee aa 10’ -5’ -15' 30 5. On a number line, what is the length of the line-segment joining, (i) 3and-3? (ii) ; and — 1 = (ii) 5 an 247 (iv) : and -2le 6. Find the values of x in each of the following: 23 in 19 15, = w5=5 (i) 7. Compare the numbers in each of following pairs of numbers. -5 9 -3 12 The points P, Q, R, S, T, U, A and B are on the number line representing integers such that— TR=RS=SU and AP=PQ=QB Locate and write the rational numbers represented by points P, Q, R, and S.1 10. YOU MUST KNOW A number of the form A is called a fraction, if p and q are natural numbers. If p and q are integers and q # 0, then it is said to be a rational number. Every integer and fraction is a rational number but the converse may not be true. A rational number is said to be positive if both numerator and denominator are of same sign. If numerator and denominator are of opposite signs, then rational number is said to be negative. it © bea rational number and m be any integer different from zero, then 2 = 2™™, q q qxm P p _p+m IE be a rational number and m be a common divisor of p and q, then & = b> A rational number if is said to be in standard form if q is positive and HCF of p and qis 1 r Two rational numbers 5 and 1 are said to be equivalent (equal) it p xs = q xr Every rational number can be represented on the number line. It e and 4 are two rational numbers with q and s positive integers then : > _ ifpxs>axr, pit pee vel itpxs and > © Addition of numerators Nie o Nia " Solution: +6 7 © Common denominator q Nie Add numerators of the rational numbers and then divide by the common denominator. 3-7 Example 2: Find the sum of (i) =>, (ii) Solution: (i) 2 +(e 10 TOM ReatOga 10) 55. (standard form) 9 8 948 17 _-17 (i) s+ = Sat ar aaa ar (andar form) When the rational numbers have different denominators. Example 3: Add + and 2 oe fg: fl ea Solution: = -+= olution: a3 LCM of denominators 4 and 3 is 12.pues pe eos Dy 45 4xqyt 2 > denominators are same. RS Soper 3 8x4 12 Rode haere rng ge gn mato 12° 12 ration, - - Bes in Take the LCM of denominators and then add the rational pubes. | -3 Example 4: Find the sum of (i) —, Ate Solution: () —2+ 2) 1 7 LCM of denominators 11 and 7 is 77 =3 _ -3x7_-21 deen Abe ze 777 canes 7 7 Now add t2alereieery eg NCES) 7 77 7 _ 221-22 43 7 Wan attr 7: SNARE Se -16 ~ -16x(-1) 16 (standard form) -7 Now, we have to add, —— and 16 4 LCM of denominators 16 and 4 is 16. 7 7, -3x4 7 = oe 16 16 x4 -7 (+12) oo 16° «(16From above examples, it is clear that the sum of any two rational numbers is also a rational number. PROPERTIES OF ADDITION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS Like other numbers (natural numbers, whole numbers, fractions and integers), addition d rational numbers also satisfy the following properties. 1. Verify that the sum of two rational numbers, order of addends is changed. First, find the sum (LCM of 7 and 4 is 28) ia ae tit 28°28 28 28 Now, change the order and find the sum, 1,22 _ 1x7 ,-24_ 7 (8) _ 74-8) _-1 4 4x 28 28 «28 What do you observe? Property 1: The sum remains the same even if we change the order of addends, i. for two rational numbers x and y, x+y =y +x. This is commutative law of addition. 12 2. Verity that the sum of three rational numbers >, = and 3 remains the same evel after changing the grouping. G 2}+8 ee Go add u and 2 4 = 3) 2 La = Bae) ¢ + ) € (Groupingis changed) (23 2x4 a3) 2x3 3x4" 4x3lion of ifthe even pes) oat 1212 _ 14415 _ 6+23 =|, £12) pre te: alee == =| 42 vale ————} | L — ‘Same Property 2: Sum of three rational numbers remains same even after changing the grouping of the addends, i.e. if x, y and z are three rational numbers, then (x+y) +z=x+(y+2) This is known as associative law of addition. 3. Find the sum of 2 and 0. _-27 23° 28° «232388 Similarly, Property 3: When zero is added to any rational number, the sum is the rational number itself, i.e. if x is a rational number, then 0 + Zero Is called the identity element of addition. =x+0=x. 4. Find the sum of 3 and Zero is the identity element of addition Similarly,Property 4: Every rational number has an additive inverse such that their sum is equal to zero. If x is a rational number, then — x is a rational number such that x + (- x) = 0. —x Is called additive inverse of x. It is also called the negative of x. Following are a few examples to illustrate these properties. 3,5,-3,-5 Example 5: +24 xampl Simply, 5+ 5+ +> Solution: To find the sum of three or more rational numbers, we may arrange them in at order we like. The arrangement does not alter the sum. First method | Second method G3} 8 = 0+0=0 =F ‘Sum of a number and its 8, (-8)_5 additive inverse is zero. poi al Observe that the first method is simpler than the second. 3,5, -7,-3 Example 6: Find the value of = +> +—— +—— rp ind the value of = ++ e+ Solution: = (This grouping simplifies the calculatiot 2x8 {7x15 _ 16 , 105 _ 16+105 _ 121 15x8 8x15 120° 120 120. 120um is Psuch fulation.) pin any Now, if we change the grouping. (: ) Gs 2,8),(-7 5.4 15 3) 3x4 5x5) (=7x8 | -3x15 5x4 4x5 [Recs 8x15 2) =z -45) 20 2) (a0 7a) : 2423) Me 56 + (— 45) 3 120 2, (ci), ical) 120 1209) "slag 120 = S7x6 , se (101) ~ 20x6 ay 120 120 1. Add the following: ) 222-101 _ 121 ~ 120 (This grouping makes the calculations longer d slightly difficult than the first grouping.) 8, -11 18 3 u 4 Sti Be Tesyrene 64 -16 3. Verify x + y = y + x for following values of x and y. 3 oe i) x=8y=5 9 iv) x=-8y=2 (iv) x y=5. Verity x + (y +2) = (x+y) +2 for following values of x, y and z. (i) x (ii) x 5. Simplify. -3 12 14 50 *=40*t0 “ ase + rer (toy: Si, ) 0 *7* 20* ta 36° 8 6. Forx= 2 andy = 3 3 verify that - (x+y) =(-x) +(-y). 7. Write True or False for the following statements. = 2 () ca is the additive inverse of = + als | is a rational number. | ein Seal += is equal to zero. 1 is the identity element of addition. ) = +0=0. (vi) Additive inverse of (vii) Negative of a negative rational number is negative. SUBTRACTION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS eae al ape y from x is same as adding the additive inverse of y to x, pa Cea y) ee SRCSE a ed I)Let us explain it with the help of some illustrations. 7 Example 7: Subtract = from 2 3 Solution: &-2 3°05 -8-(2) Adding © and adit 12 =atls jing and additive inverse of = _ 6x5, (-7)x3 "3x5 5x3 — 30, (21 _ 90+(-21) 9 155 geil 15 2221. 9.8 jiaie2f Tee ESE fandard form Example 8: Solution: From above examples, it is clear that difference of two rational numbers is a rational number. PROPERTIES OF SUBTRACTION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS Zi rT 1. Verify that the difference of two rational numbers, 5 and — does not remain same if the order of numbers is changed. 2G Tad 3 6 6 3 | Baxaras beget 5) SX 20a ~ 6 3x22 6 | Not Same. Property 1: For rational numbers x and y, x - y # y- x in general. In fact, x - Le. commutative property does not hold true for subtraction. 2. Let us now observe the following cases. (Grouping is changes Not Same Property 2: For rational numbers x, y, z, in general, (x - y) - z # x - (y - 2), ie. the associative property does not hold true for subtraction. 3. For all rational numbers x, we have x-0 =xbut O-x =-x Therefore, Property 3: Identity element for subtraction does not exist. Property 4: Since the identity element for subtraction does not exist, the question for finding inverse for subtraction does not arise. Following are a few examples to illustrate these properties. i-*), =8. a Example 9: What number should be added to =~ so as to get >? Solution: The required number will be obtained by subtracting 2 from : ged) Therefore, required number shall be = ore _ 3x5, 3x7 _ 15 21 7x5 5X7 tpasunesi _ 15421 36 miko S5% 3 35: 2 has come by dividing 12 by 6 Shas come by 4 4has come by aang 12094) <— > dividing 12 by 3 iding y | 9 yy 5x3 - 7x2 - (-2)x4 a en ere (LCM of 4, 6 and 3 is 12) 12 1448 the =,ah 5) =a in standard form. Standard form of a5 is —. Now, we have 1. Find the value of— -5 , a i) 35 - 2. Subtract. ” 8 trom 9 (ii) a from =15 9 -8 23 2 The sum of two rational numbers is — 5. If one of the number is 3’ find the other, What number should be added to 5 What number should be subtracted from - 1 so as to get (3) First check whether alll rational numbers are in standard form. Here Zig 0 7 )-Ge) ) x 6 = (- 4) x 2- (7) x3 10 30 (LCM of 5, 10, 15 is 30) ~18-(-8)-(-21) 30 =18+8+21 -10+21 11 30 £2580; 5 7 (0 ad * i EB) ) 20 (i) > from o iv) 2 tromZ ig 6 so as to get 1?M15 is 30) je other. 6. Simplify. SJnee wes “) 73-26 ~ =52 (ay eae 3015 6 5 Ye 3 Are they equal? ein 7. Find the values of x - y and y - x for x = , ~ find the values of the expressions (x - y) - z and x - (y-z) 1 8. For x=— 5 5 Are they equal? MULTIPLICATION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS You have leamt in Class-V how to multiply two fractions. Let us recall n of numera 2.4 2x4 8 < Multipli ors x 3x5 15 < Multiplication of denomi Inthe same manner, we multiply the rational numbers. For example, tion of numerators ation of denominators i Remember f and-¢ are two rational numbers, then their product is given by, cela euro) | bd" bxd | Product of nume Product of denominators poss game a pct ites ofp i ouena a, 4 1 : Multiply = by —— Example 11: Multiply = by = 4-10 4x(-10) (Divide (10) and 5 by 5 to get Solution: = igre eg 5x3 rational number in standard form)Example 12: Find the product of 2 and a 7 _ (-6)x(-7) s = Notin 9 11x9 Solution: ~ 2)*x(-7) ~ 11x3 the standard form © Dividing ~ 6 and 9 by their common factor 3 number. Itis clear from above examples that the product of two rational numbers is a rational PROPERTIES OF MULTIPLICATION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS Multiplication of rational numbers has properties similar to those of multiplication of fractions (-4) 1. Verify that the product of two rational numbers 3 and “remains the same e if the order is changed. 5 aay Cae Spe 7a 5: 3x(-4) (4x3 ipa, | © 7x5 Ballz ele es “050 |__fproductis same} — Property 1: Product of two rational numbers remains the same even if we chan: their order, i.e. if x and y are rational numbers, then xxy=yx 2. Verify that the product of rational numbers changing the groupings. ae This is commutative law of multiplication. Seo) =e Ber x. > remains the same even Ge)ictions. ine even bhange yen after Property 2: 3. Find the Now, Similarly, Property 3: 4. Find the Now, Similarly, Property 4: x 4 -3,-10 4°77 (3) x(=10) jest terms) = aa (=3)x(-5) 2x77 15 154 | | t terms) Product is same|—— Product remains the same even when we change the grouping of the rational numbers, i.e. if x, y and z are rational numbers, then (x xy) x z= xx (y x2) This is associative law of multiplication. product of — and 0. Product of a rational number and zero is zero, i.e. if x is any rational number, then xx0=0=0xx -15 Product of [> and 1. -15 =x1= = 37 37 1x-15_-15 1x = 37 37 One multiplied by any rational number is the rational number itself, i.e. if x is a rational number, then Xx1=1xx=Xx Le. 1 is the identity element under multiplication.2 (5 and — fir = 7y¥s w@ yz ys Ws Fo bY -14 23-25 . =15 (iv) = by (v) 5 by aa (vi) 7 by 63 2. For the following values of x and y, verify x x y=y x x. 3. For the following values of x, y and z, find the products (x x y) x z and x x (y x z) and observe the result (x x y) x z = x x (y x z). -77. Simplify and express the result in standard form. w 2(2 (vi) (vii) For any rational number x, xx 5 = x+x+. viii 3x(3-3)-2 z (x) = 7 3°76 on RECIPROCAL OF A RATIONAL NUMBER 9 Let us consider a rational number 7. We try to find a rational number which when multipli You must fill in the blank by é so that 36 6 4 == 9 1 The product of = and = is 1. BIO AIO 3 4 9 9 é is called the reciprocal (multiplicative inverse) of ainultiplied latement Verify whether (i) F 3 is reciprocal of >. (i) Find the product. (= 4) x(-3) 12 3x4 12 3 -4 Hence, —° is the reciprocal of —~ (li) Observe the product. Since we are getting — 1, therefore, — 3 is not the reciprocal of =. b Two non-zero numbers * and 2 afe reciprocals of each other. To get the reciprocal of a given rational number, simply interchange the integers in the numerator and the denominator. (ii) Zero has no reciprocal (iii) Reciprocal of 1 is 1. (iv) If x .s any non-zero rational number, then its reciprocal is denoted by x-! which 1 is equal to — eq z Example 14: Find the reciprocals of the following rational numbers. oF os (ii) = Solution: By simply interchanging the numerator and denominator, we can find reciprocal =3,, 7 R 1 of iso. () Reciprocal of >is 3 q as (ii) Reciprocal of > ip=e 33ee7 oie (i) Reciprocal of — is = Example 15: Solution: Example 16: Solution: Hence, (x +y)* 1. Find the reciprocals of: (ii) 4 nu 5 @) 2. Check, if the reciprocal of. Check if the reciprocal of ~ 4 4, Verify that (x-y)* #xc'-y~" by taking x= : z [Hint: Proceed as in Example 16.] 5. Verify that (x+y)? # oc +y~ by taking x= 3 and y = 6. Verify that (x xy)" = 1 xy" by taking x= 7 and y 7. Fill in the blanks. has no reciprocal. (i) The number (i) _____ and___are their own reciprocals. (ii) If ais the reciprocal of b, then b is the reciprocal of oir (iv) (14 x 5) = (14) x_ » >*x = - () aE (-53) DIVISION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS aie = ae Remember Dividing one rational number by another except by zero, is the same as the multiplication of the first by the reciprocal of the second, he. x+y=xx We illustrate this with the help of examples. 7 5 Example 17: Divide < by = P Divide 5 by 5 Solution:Example 18: Divide 2 by-4. Solution: z ay (Standard form) Example 19: The product of two rational numbers is a Ifone of the numbers is the other. -25 Solution: Product of two numbers = == One number other We can write it as nignbee =25_-5 th “oS See or other number = = PROPERTIES OF DIVISION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS 1. Divide two rational numbers and find the result. 5-4 03 6 (ii) —_ Rational Numbers Simitarly, (ji) 0+ = 0 Property 1: Division of a rational number by another rational number except zero, Is a rational number.rero, is 2. Find the quotient, if rational number — is divided by the same rational number. Property 2: When a rational number (non-zero) is divided by the same rational number, the quotient is one. 3. Find the quotient when a rational number — is divided by 1. Property 3: When a rational number is divided by 1, the quotient is the same rational number. aitx=3y 7 , prove that x+y #y +x. @Iy wle Not the same } Therefore, x +y #y +x. Property 4: If x and y are non-zero rational numbers, then in general, x + y + y = x ie. commutative property does not hold true for division. 1 In fact x+y = —— yrx» prove that (x+y) +z#x+(y +z). | x+(y*z) (S-9 WIM @IN IY BI [Not the same Hence, (x+y)+z#x+(y+2) Property 5: If'x, y and z are noh-zero rational numbers, then, in general (x+y)+z#x+(y+2) ie. associative property does not hold true for division. 6. Take x Syed =" and prove that (x +y)+z=x+z+y+z (k-y)+z=x+z-yez (i) First case (x+y) +z (+2) +(y+2z) eee 6 9 6 Thus, we have verified that (x + y) ++ z and) (il) Second case -y)+z -(2 5) 69 -2 Bung, | o wBs8). aah FQ euiece Spi eee ee Sieen(a _ 11x2_ 22 | _ 12410 _ 22 ashe 3 ye 19620/3 Here again, we have verified that (x —y) + ~yez Property 6: If x, y and z are rational numbers, then (x+y) +z=x+z+y+z and {_______{Not the same (-y)+z +Z-y+z , prove x= (y +z) #x+y4x+z 12 Hence, x+(y+z)#x+y+X+Z Similarly, Property 7: we may verify that x + (y-z)#x+y-x+z. For three non-zero rational numbers x, y and z, x + i.e. distributive property does not hold true for division.1. Divide. 2 1 1 1 eb =10 by = bys Ogyy fi (ii) ae (wy) Gg by -2 2. By taking x= 3 and y = i 5 ! 3. The product of two rational numbers is —-. If one of the number is =, find the other, 7 4. With what number should we multiply =. so that the product be 1 ay verity that () xe (ytzZ)exeytxez (ii) x+(y-z) #xsy-x4z (ii) (+ y)+z=x4z+y4z 6. From a rope of the length 40 metres, a man cuts some equal sized pieces. How many pieces can be cut if each piece is of : metres length? RATIONALS BETWEEN TWO RATIONAL NUMBERS ‘ 1 3 Let us find a rational number between 7 and 7. 1 3 For getting one rational number between 7 and 7, we add the two given rational numbers and then divide the sum by 2. That is, a 2 1 3 which is a rational number lying between 7 and 7fe other. w many pers and ta is a rational number between It and y are two rational numbers, then ~ xand y. 1 Example 20: Find three rational numbers between > and 1 Solution: Step 1: Find a rational number between = and : E+) 2* aE i [+0 Alan 2|2 2°24 fist 1 Hence, 0, 7, | are three rational numbers lying between > and Between any two rational numbers, there are infinitely many rational numbers. 1. Correct the following statements. (i) Between two rational numbers, we can find only one rational number. (ii) Between two rational numbers, we can find as many integers as we like. (iii) Between two integers, we can find as many integers as we like.. Find a rational number between: (i) 2and4 (i) -2and -6 (ii) t and (w) 4 3. Insert three rational numbers between: 4 1 -7 ak and ow and 0 73 ig Fy and 45 1. -15 = and => (wy gand= ii) ana Paiuc easep question a F Rohit donated 3 of his monthly income to an Non-Government Organisation (NGO) working for the education of the girl child, spent ; of his salary on food, 3 on rent and 1 7g on other expenses. He is left with ¢ 9,000. | (a) Find Rohit's monthly salary. | (b) What values of Rohit are depicted here? (c) Why is the education, specially for girls, important? BRAIN TEASERS 1. A. Tick (V) the correct option.GO) jand (b) If x, y and z are rational numbers, then the property (x + y) + z =x + (y +2) is known as- (i) commutative property (ii) associative property (ii) distributive property (iv) closure property Om (i) 7 (iii) -4 (v) -7 (d) Identity element for subtraction of rational numbers is (1 (ii) 0 (i) <1 (iv) does not exist (e) The multiplicative inverse of 64 is- | : oe oz w 3 wm? B. Answer the following questions. (a) Write all rational numbers whose absolute value is 2 (b) Find the reciprocal of : 4 (3} =5 26 foe. a (c) What should be added to = to get 2- 2 a (d) Subtract 65 from the sum of ~ and 2 (@) Find the value of 1+. 1+ 6 2. State whether the following statements are true or false. If false, justify your answer with an example. () If |x| =0, then x has no reciprocal (i) ix y, then x—y is always a positive rational number. w 3. Forx= 3 and y = 2 insert a rational number between: () (+yptand xt +7 (i) (=) and x — 4. Verify that- | (x+y) = 9c + y™ by taking x 5. Verify that |x+y|<|x|+]y | by taking x= 6. Find the reciprocals of: 0 3x2 “ | 7. Simplify. | a i 5.2 3.5 5 13,3 0 |p-3 Ta OG iste mola ae hers -7 , (50)" (ii) 52730 (iv) 2-(2) 8. Divide. 4 () The sum of z and > by their difference, 12 - (i) The difference of =, : by their product 2 9. Find reciprocal of + x Hors a 1. Adrum of kerosene oil is 3 full. When 15 litres of oil is drawn from it, it is 3 full. Find x Sia No ela gi 9 the total capacity of the drum.2. Find the product of: ENRICHMENT QUESTION — Complete the following magic square of multiplication. neice YOU MUST KNOW a e 1. If 5 and 5 are non-zero rational numbers, then— y 242 -axdebxe (y 2-2 2axdabxe bod bxd baedmenb xd (yy B+ 2n8xd Berdiby ic 2, Ix, y and z are rational numbers, then— (i) x+y/is a rational number. (i) x+y=y+x (ii) O+x=x+0=x (iv) x+(+2)=(+y) +z 3. Ix, y, and z are rational numbers, then () x-yis a rational number. (i) x-y zy-x (il) x-0=x 40- (iv) (x-y)-z # x-(y-2)Ifx, y, and z are rational numbers, () xx yis a rational number. (i) xxy=yxx xx (ii) xx 0=0=0xx (iv) xx1= () & xy) xZ=xx(y xz) (vi) xx (y #2) =x xy tXXZ (vil) x x (y 2) =x xy —XxZ ena 5. Two non-zero rational numbers ¢ and = are reciprocals of each other. 6. If x, y and z are rational numbers, then— () x +yis also a rational number, y#0 (il) x (ii) x+y #y + xin general (iv) &+y)+z4#x+(¥ +2) () x+y tz) exetytxez (vi) x+(y-z)exey-K4z (vil) (+ y)+Z=xX4Z4y +z (vill) (-y)+z=x+z-y +z x+ 7. si is a rational number between two rational numbers x and y. (ji) Between any two rational numbers, there are infinitely many rational numbers.