Mahavir Education Trust’s

Shah & Anchor Kutchhi Engineering College,

Chembur, Mumbai-400088
UG Program in Computer Engineering

Internet Programming

Ms. Karuna Borhade

Asst. Professor
 Module 5. Web Extension: PHP and XML (6
Hours)
• Contents:
• 5.1 XML
• XML - DTD (Document Type Definition)
• XML Schema
• Document Object Model
• Presenting XML
• Using XML Parsers:DOM and SAX
• XSL- eXtensible Stylesheet Language
 Module 5. Web Extension: PHP and XML (6
Hours)
• Contents:
• 5.2 Introduction to PHP
• Data types
• Control structures
• Built in functions
• Building web applications using PHP- tracking users
• PHP and MySQL database connectivity with example
 Introduction to PHP
• PHP is a server-side scripting language
• PHP is also a powerful tool for making dynamic and interactive Web pages.
• PHP is created by Danish-Canadian programmer Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994.
• PHP originally stood for ‘Personal Home Page’, but now stands for ‘PHP:
Hypertext Preprocessor’
Introduction to PHP
 Introduction to PHP
• Server-side scripting is a technique used in web development which involves
running scripts on a web server which produce a response customized for each
user’s request to the website.
• Examples of server-side scripting languages are ASP, ASP.NET, JSP, Perl, Python,
Ruby, PHP etc.
• PHP files can contain text, HTML, CSS, JavaScript and PHP code.
• PHP code is executed on the server, and the result is returned to the browser as
plain HTML.
 Introduction to PHP
• What PHP can do?
• PHP file is saved with extension .php
• PHP can generate dynamic page content
• PHP can create, open, read, write, delete and close files on the server
• PHP can collect form data
• PHP can send and receive cookies
• PHP can add, delete, modify data in your database
• Why PHP?
• PHP runs on various platforms (Windows, Linux, Unix , Mac OS X, etc.)
• PHP is compatible with almost all servers used today (Apache, IIS etc.)
• PHP supports a wide range of databases such as MySQL, PostGreSQL, SYBASE,
DB2, Oracle etc.
• PHP is easy to learn and runs efficiently on the server side
 Introduction to PHP
• PHP setup requirement
• If a server doesn’t support PHP, then we need to
• Install a web server
• Install PHP
• Install a database, such as MySQL
• If a server supports PHP (For eg. XAMPP), then we need not do anything…we can
• Create some .php files
• Place them in web directory
• Server will automatically parse them
 XAMPP
• XAMPP stands for Cross-Platform (X), Apache (A), MySQL (M), PHP (P) and Perl
(P).
• It is a simple, lightweight Apache distribution used for creating a local web server
for testing purposes.
• XAMPP works cross-platform. It works on Linux, Mac and Windows.
 XAMPP
• Components of XAMPP
• Apache: It’s a free and open, cross-platform web server that processes and
delivers web content to a computer. Official name is Apache HTTP Server.
• MySQL: Every web application requires a database for storing collected data.
XAMPP includes MySQL which is a open source and a popular database
management system.
• PHP: PHP stands for Hypertext Preprocessor. It is a server-side scripting language
that powers website. It is open source and works well with MySQL.
• Perl: Perl is a high-level, dynamic programming language used in network
programming, system administration and others.
 XAMPP Server Installation

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 XAMPP Server Installation
• Check httpd.conf file for
• DocumentRoot – The directory in which client requests are placed, to
be processed on Apache web server.
• DocumentRoot “C:/xampp/htdocs"

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 PHP
•PHP Syntax
<?php
//php code
?>

• PHP echo and print statements

• Both are used to output data on the screen.
• echo has no return value while print has a return value of 1.
• echo can take multiple parameters while print can take one argument.
• echo is faster then print.
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 PHP
• PHP echo example
<?php
echo "PHP is a server-side scripting language<br>";
echo "Several different server-side scripting languages are ASP, ",
"ASP.NET, ", "JSP, ", "Perl, ", "Python, ", "Ruby, ", "PHP etc.";
?>
• PHP print example
<?php
print "PHP is a server-side scripting language<br>";
print "Several different server-side scripting languages are ASP";
?>
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 PHP
• Comments in PHP
<?php
echo "comments in php";
// This is a single-line comment
# This is also a single-line comment
/*
This is a multiple-lines comment block
that spans over multiple
lines
*/
?>
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 PHP
• PHP: Embedded in HTML
<html>
<head>
<title>Hello World</title>
<body>
<?php echo "Hello, World!"?>
</body>
</html>

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 PHP
• PHP: Embedded in HTML
<html>
<head>
<title>Listing 1</title>
<body> Today’s date is <?php echo ("d/m/Y");?>
</body>
</html>

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 PHP: Variables
•Variables are containers for storing data.
•Rules for PHP variables:
• A variable starts with a $ sign , followed by the name of the
variable
• A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore
character
• A variable name cannot start with a number
• A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and
underscores
• Variable names are case-sensitive

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 PHP: Datatypes
• PHP includes the following 8 data types:
• Integer- Represent a whole number wth no fractional component.
• Floating point numbers - Repesent real numbers that include decimal place.
• String- Represent text literals of arbitrary length.
• Boolean- Represent a true or false value.
• Array- Represents a variable that stores a collection of related data elements.
• Object- Allows you to store data as well as information for its processing.
• Resource- Refers to a special data type that is used to store references to external
functions and resources of PHP.
• Null- Refers to a special data type that holds a single value, i.e. null.

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 PHP: Variables and Data types example
<?php
$a=5;
$b=4.5;
$c="PHP tutorial";
$d=true;
$e=null;
echo(gettype($a))."<br>";
echo(gettype($b))."<br>";
echo(gettype($c))."<br>";
echo(gettype($d))."<br>";
echo(gettype($e))."<br>";
unset($a); //destroy variable
echo gettype($a);
?>
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 PHP: List of specialized functions
Functions Purpose
is_bool() Tests if a variable holds a boolean value.
is_numeric() Tests if a variable holds a numeric value.
is_int() Tests if a variable holds an integer.
is_float() Tests if a variable holds a folating-point value.
is_string() Tests if a variable holds a string value.
is_null() Tests if a variable holds a NULL value.
is_array() Tests if a variable is an array.
is_object() Tests if a variable is an object.

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 PHP: Datatypes and Typecasting
<?php
$a=5;
$b=4.5;
$c="PHP tutorial";
$d=true;
$e=null;
echo(is_int($a))."<br>";
echo(is_float($b))."<br>";
echo(is_string($c))."<br>";
echo(is_bool($d))."<br>";
echo(is_null($e))."<br>";
$a=(float)$a;
echo(gettype($a))."<br>";
settype($b,"int");and
echo(gettype($b));
?>
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 PHP: Operators
<?php
$txt="Learning PHP"
$x=5;
$y=2;
echo $x+$y."<br>";
echo $x-$y."<br>";
echo $x*$y."<br>";
echo $x/$y."<br>";
echo $x**$y."<br>";
echo $x."%".$y."=".($x%$y)."<br>";
$x++;
echo $x."<br>";
$y--;
echo $y;
?>
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 Control Structures
• Conditional Statements
• The if Statement
• The if-else Statement
• The if-else-if Statement
• The switch Statement
• The Nested if-else Statements
• Looping Statements
• The while loop
• The do-while loop
• The for loop
• The foreach loop
• Break, Continue and Exit statements
• Break
• Continue
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 Conditional Statement: if
<?php
$x=1;
if($x==1)
print ‘$x is equal to $1’;
?>

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 Conditional Statement:if-else
<?php
$a=34;
$b=45;
if($a > $b)
{
echo “a is greater than b”;
}
else
{
echo “a is not greater than b”;
}
?>
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 Conditional Statement:if-elseif-else
<?php
$a=7;
$b=9;
$c=5;
if($a > $b && $a > $c)
{ echo "largest number is ".$a;}
elseif ($b > $a && $b > $c)
{ echo "largest number is ".$b;}
else
{echo "largest number is ".$c;}
?>
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 Conditional Statement:if - elseif-else example 2
<?php
echo date("Y/m/d")."<br>";
$d = date("D");
echo $d."<br>";
if($d == "Fri")
{echo "Have a nice weekend!";}
elseif($d == "Sun")
{echo "Have a nice Sunday!";}
else
{echo "Have a nice day!";}
?>
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 Conditional Statement:Switch..case
input.html file Your Choice :
<!DOCTYPE html> <input type="radio"
<html> name="choice" value="1" />Largest Digit
<body> <input type="radio"
name="choice" value="2" />Sum of Digits
<h1>Three services are available</h1>
<input type="radio"
<fieldset> name="choice" value="3" />Reverse of a
<legend>Give number and choose number
service</legend> <br/> <br/>
<input type="submit"
<form action="output.php" value="Submit">
method="post"> </form>
Give an integer > 0 : </fieldset>
<input type="text" </body>
name="num"><br/><br/>
</html>

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 Conditional Statement:Switch..case
output.php file
<html>
<body>
<?php
$n=$_REQUEST['num'];
$ch=$_REQUEST['choice'];
switch($ch)
{
case 1:$max=0;
do{
$last_digit=$n%10;
if($last_digit > $max)
$max=$last_digit;
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$n=floor($n/10);
 Conditional Statement:Switch..case
while($n>0);
print("<h1>Largest digit is:".$max."</h1>");
break;

case 2:$sum=0;
do{
$last_digit=$n%10;
$sum+=$last_digit;
$n=(integer)($n/10);
}
while($n>0);
print("<h1>Sum of digits is:".$sum."</h1>");
break;
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 Conditional Statement:Switch..case
case 3:$n_rev=0;
do{
$last_digit=$n%10;
$n_rev=$n_rev*10+$last_digit;
$n=(integer)($n/10);
}
while($n>0);
print("<h1>Reverse number is:".$n_rev."</h1>");
break;
default:print("<h1>Error</h1>");
break;
}
?>
</body>
</html>
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 Conditional Statement:Nested if-else stattement
<?php
$num=15;
if($num<=0)
{
if($num===0)
{ echo “You have entered zero”; }
else
{ echo $num. “ is a negative number”; }
}
else
echo $num. “ is a positive number”;
?>

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 PHP
• PHP: Function
<?php
function sum($x, $y)
{
$z = $x + $y;
return $z;
}
echo "5 + 10 = " . sum(5, 10) . "<br>";
echo "7 + 13 = " . sum(7, 13) . "<br>";
echo "2 + 4 = " . sum(2, 4);
?>

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 PHP
• PHP: Arrays
<?php
$a = array("text", "HTML", "CSS", "JavaScript", "PHP");
echo "PHP files can contain " . $a[0] . ", " . $a[1] . ", " . $a[2] . ", " .$a[3] . " and " . $a[4];
?>

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 Looping statement: for
factorial_1.html file </script>
<!DOCTYPE html> </head>
<html> <body>
<head> <form name="form1"
<title> Calculate factorial of a number</title> action="factorial_2.php" onsubmit="return
<script> validateForm()" method="get">
function validateForm() { Name: <input type="text" name="num">
var x = <input type="submit" value="Submit">
document.forms["form1"]["num"].value; </form>
if (x == "") {
alert("Enter a number");
return false;
}
}
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 Looping statement: for
• factorial_2.php file
<?php
$f_num=$_GET['num'];
$factorial=1;
for($x=$f_num; $x>=1; $x--)
{
$factorial=$factorial * $x;
}
echo "Factorial of $f_num is $factorial";
?>

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 Looping statement: foreach
<?php
$email=array(‘Saurabh Gupta’,’Sulabh Dixit’);
foreach ($email as $value)
{
echo “Processing “.$value.”<br />”;
}
?>

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 Looping statement: while
fact_1.html file </script>
<!DOCTYPE html> </head>
<html> <body>
<head> <form name="form1" action="fact_2.php"
<title> Calculate factorial of a onsubmit="return validateForm()"
number</title> method="get">
<script> Name: <input type="text" name="num">
function validateForm() { <input type="submit" value="Submit">
var x =
document.forms["form1"]["num"].value; </form>
if (x == "") { </body>
alert("Enter a number"); </html>
return false;
}
}
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 Looping statement: while
• fact_2.php file
<?php
$f_num=$_GET['num'];
$factorial=1;
$x=$f_num;
while($x>=1)
{
$factorial=$factorial * $x;
$x--;
}
echo "Factorial of $f_num is $factorial";
?>

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 Looping statement: do..while
fact_1.html file </script>
<!DOCTYPE html> </head>
<html> <body>
<head> <form name="form1" action="fact_2.php"
<title> Calculate factorial of a onsubmit="return validateForm()"
number</title> method="get">
<script> Name: <input type="text" name="num">
function validateForm() { <input type="submit" value="Submit">
var x = </form>
document.forms["form1"]["num"].value; </body>
if (x == "") { </html>
alert("Enter a number");
return false;
}
}
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 Looping statement: do..while
• fact_2.php file
<?php
$f_num=$_GET['num'];
$factorial=1;
$x=$f_num;
do
{
$factorial=$factorial * $x;
$x--;
}while($x>=1);
echo "Factorial of $f_num is $factorial";
?>

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 Break statement
• The break statement when enters in a loop skips the remaining statements in the loop
body and breaks the loop.
<?php
for($i=0;$i<=10;$i++)
{
if($i==3)
{
break;
}
echo “The number is”.$i;
echo “<br/>”;
}
echo “This is a break statement”;
?>

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 Continue statement
•The continue statement passes the control to the current iteration, skipping all remaining
statements in the loop. It returns to the top of the loop and allows it to continue running.
<?php
for($i=0;$i<5;++$i)
{
if($i==2)
{
continue;
}
echo “The number is”.$i;
echo “<br/>”;
}
?>

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 Exit statement
•The exit statement is used when you want to stop a program from running. It can block
infinite looping statements in the program.
<?php
for($i=0;$i<5;++$i)
{
if($i==2)
{
exit;
}
echo “The number is”.$i;
echo “<br/>”;
}
echo “This is exit statement”;
?>

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 Built-in Functions in PHP
• String Manipulation Functions
• Date and Time Functions
• Mathematical Functions

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 String Manipulation Functions
• The strlen() function returns the length of a string.
•Syntax : strlen(string $string)
<?php
$string="Internet Programming";
echo "The length of a string is:".strlen($string);?> // Output : 20

• The strpos() function is used to find the position of the first occurance of a string
in another string (case-sensitive). It returns the position of the string in integer
format.
•Syntax: int strpos($string, find, start)
<?php
$string="Welcome to PHP Tutorial";
echo "The position of PHP is:".strpos($string,"PHP"); ?> //Output : 11
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 String Manipulation Functions
• The str_repeat() function is used to repeat a string for a specific number of times.
•Syntax : string str_repeat(string $string, repeat)
<?php
$string="PHP";
echo "The repeated string is:".str_repeat($string, 3);?>

• The strrev() function reverses a string. The return value of the function is the
reversed string.
•Syntax: int strrev(string $string)
<?php
$string=”Programming”;
echo “The reversed string is:”.strrev($string); ?>

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 Date and Time Functions
• The date() function is used to format the local time and date. It returns the
formatted date and time values.
•Syntax: date(format, timestamp)
•Some of the characters that can be used with the date format are as follows:

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 Date and Time Functions
Character Purpose
d Specifies the day of the month (from 01 to 31)
D Specifies a textual representation of a day (three letters)
F Specifies a full textual representation of a month(January through December)
t Specifies the number of days in the given month
g Specifies 12-hour format of an hour(1 to 12)
L Specifies whether it’s a leap year (1 if it is a leap year, 0 otherwise)
l Specifies the full textual representation of a day
h Specifies 12-hour format of an hour (01 to 12)
i Specifies minutes with leading zeros (00 to 59)
s Specifies seconds with leading zeros (00 to 59)
Y Specifies a four-digit representation of a year
a Specifies a lowercase am or pm
S Specifies the English ordinal suffix for the day of the month(st, nd, rd, or th)
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 Date and Time Functions
<?php
echo date("l")."<br/>";
echo (date("l dS \of F Y h: i: s a")."");
?>
Output:
Saturday
Saturday 21st of August 2021 07: 04: 17 pm

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 Mathematical Functions
• The rand() function is used to generate a random integer.
• Syntax: int rand (void)
• Syntax: int rand (int $min, int $max)

<?php
echo(rand()."<br/>");
echo(rand()."<br/>");
echo(rand(40,80));
?>
• The log() function returns the natural logarithm.
• Syntax: log(number, base)
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 Mathematical Functions
<?php
echo(log(2.575)."<br/>");
echo(log(2)."<br/>");
echo(log(1)."<br/>");
echo(log(0)."<br/>");
?>

• The round() function rounds a float number.

• Syntax: round(float $val, int $precision)
• The ceil() function rounds up the value to the next highest integer.
• Syntax: float ceil(float $value)
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 Mathematical Functions
<?php Output:
echo round(3.4)."<br/>"; 3
echo round(3.5)."<br/>"; 4
echo round(3.6)."<br/>"; 4
echo round(3.6,0)."<br/>"; 4
echo round(1.95583,2)."<br/>"; 1.96
echo round(1142677,-3)."<br/>"; 1143000
echo round(3.045,2)."<br/>"; 3.05
echo ceil(3.2)."<br/>"; 4
echo ceil(9.999)."<br/>"; 10
echo ceil(-3.14)."<br/>"; -3
?>
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 Building web applications using PHP- tracking users
• PHP provides two methods using which we can track users’ data, namely
Cookies and Session.
• Tracking users - When users visit a website, their activities have to be
tracked to analyze their behavior. Tracking is done to know the interest of
user such as shopping baskets or the part of a site they visit the most.

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 Tracking users - Cookie
• Cookies are the small files that contain information about the user’s
computer that are embedded by the server.
• Each time the same computer requests a webpage from a browser, it sends
the cookie with the requested web page.
• In PHP, you can create and retrieve cookie values.
• The size of the cookie should not exceed 1K (1024 bytes).
• One common use of cookies is that it stores your username and password
on your computer so that you do not need to enter your credentials each
time you visit a website.
• Attributes of a cookie
• Name value - Represents the variable name and corresponding value to be
stored in the cookie.
• Expiration date - Determines the time when to delete a cookie.
• Valid domain - Represents a domain name (partial or complete) to which
the cookie is sent.
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 Tracking users - Cookie
• Valid Path - Identifies sites within various paths in the same domain.
• Security Flag - Constrains a browser from transferring cookie data over
unsecured connections. It allows the cookie to be sent over any type of HTTP
connection.
•Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<?php
$cookie_name = "user";
$cookie_value = "PHP developer's Team";
setcookie($cookie_name, $cookie_value, time() + (86400 * 30), "/"); // 86400 = 1 day
?>
<html>
<body>

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 Tracking users - Cookie
<?php
if(!isset($_COOKIE[$cookie_name])) {
echo "Cookie named '" . $cookie_name . "' is not set!";
} else {
echo "Cookie '" . $cookie_name . "' is set!<br>";
echo "Value is: " . $_COOKIE[$cookie_name];
}
?>
<p><strong>Note:</strong> You might have to reload the page to see the value of the
cookie.</p>
</body>
</html>

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 Tracking users - Session
• A session is used to store information that is used across multiple web pages.
• It stores different information for each user accessing a website.
• A session includes server-side and client-side cookies, where the client-side cookie
contains a reference to the requested data on the server.
• When a user visits a website, the Web browser sends the reference code to the
server, which loads the requested data.
• A file is created by the session within a temporary directory on the server.
• In this file, the registered session variables and their values are stored.
• The session information is lost when the user exits the website.
• Starting a session - In PHP, Sessions are called using the session_start() function.
• An associative array, namely $_SESSION[] stores the session variable.

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 Tracking users - Session
• Creating a session <html>
<?php <head>
session_start(); <title>Setting up a PHP session</title>
if(isset($_SESSION['counter'])) </head>
{ $_SESSION['counter']+=1; } <body>
else <?php
{ $_SESSION['counter']=1; } echo($msg);
$msg="You have visited this page ". ?>
$_SESSION['counter']." times in this </body>
session.";
</html>
?>

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 Tracking users - Session
• Adding and Reading session data
<?php
session_start();
$_SESSION['firstname']="Advait";
$_SESSION['lastname']="Jain";
$name="My name is ". $_SESSION['firstname']." ".$_SESSION['lastname'].".";
?>
<html> <body>
<?php
echo($name);
?>
</body> </html>

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 Tracking users - Session
• Removing session data
<?php
session_start();
$_SESSION['firstname']="Advait";
$_SESSION['lastname']="Jain";
unset($_SESSION['lastname']);// Removing session data.
$name="My name is ". $_SESSION['firstname']." ".$_SESSION['lastname'].".";
?>
<html> <body>
<?php
echo($name);
?>
</body> </html>
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 Tracking users - Session
• Ending a session
<html> <body>
<?php
session_start();
if(isset($_SESSION['username']))
{ echo "User :".$_SESSION['username'];
session_destroy(); }
else { echo "set the username :".$_SESSION['username']="Advait"; }
?>
</body> </html>

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 PHP Global variables: Supergobals
• Variables which are always accessible , regardless of scope.
• Can be accessible from any function, class or file.
Variable Name Description
$GLOBALS Allows access to global variables from anywhere in PHP script

$_SERVER Holds information about headers, paths and script’s location

$_REQUEST Collects data after submitting an HTML form

$_POST Collects data after submitting an HTML form with method=“POST”

$_GET Collects data after submitting an HTML form with method=“GET”

$_FILES HTTP file upload variables

$_ENV Environmental variables
$_COOKIE Identifies a user
$_SESSION Stores information in variables to be used across multiple pages
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 PHP and MySQL database connectivity with example
• MySQL is a relational Database Management System (RDBMS).
• Oracle owned, developed and supported the MySQL database.
• The most widely used database in PHP is MySQL.

• Connecting to Database -
• In PHP, you can use database by establishing a connection to the MySQL database
server.
• PHP requires the following information to connect to the database:
• Hostname
• Database username
• Password

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 PHP and MySQL database connectivity with example
• Creating a connection with the MySQL Database
<?php
$con=@mysqli_connect("localhost","root","") or die(mysql_error());
echo "connection to the server was successful!";
?>
• Above script displays the text connection to the server was successful! if the
connection with MySQL is established succesfully; else it displays the corresponding
error.
•The mysql_error() function is used to display the MySQL errors.

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 PHP and MySQL database connectivity with example
• Creating a Database
<?php
$hostname="localhost";
$user="root";
$password="";
$con=mysqli_connect($hostname,$user,$password) or die(mysql_error());
echo "Connection to the server is successful<br>";
$query="create database employee";
mysqli_query($con,$query) or die(mysql_error($con));
echo "Database created<br>";
?>
• Above script displays the text connection to the server was successful! if the connection
with MySQL is established succesfully; else it displays the corresponding error.
•The mysql_error() function is used to display the MySQL errors.

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 PHP and MySQL database connectivity with example
Note: For remaining database operations, please refer shared scripts.

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 Thank you

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