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Modern Indian History Appendices

• Governor-Generals and Viceroys

a. Warren Hastings (1773-85)
i. First governor of Bengal
ii. Ended dual system of administration (started by Robert Clive)
iii. Regulating Act, 1773
iv. Pitt's India Act, 1784
v. 1774 - Supreme Court of Calcutta estd
vi. Act of 1781 => jurisdiction powers btw gov-gen and SC at Calcutta
demarcated
vii. Ijaradari System - right to collecting revenue auctioned to highest bidder
(originated under Shah Jahan)
viii. Introduced the office of Collector
ix. Diwani & Faujdari Adalat system
1. Sadar - for appeal in each
x. Policy of ring-fence - creating buffer zones to defend Company's
frontiers=> fortifying Awadh (as a buffer zone) to protect Bengal from
Afghan and Marathas
xi. Bengal Gazette by Hickey, 1780
xii. Estd Calcutta Madrasa, 1781 - to understand local laws & customs
xiii. Foundation of Asiatic Society of Bengal (1784) by William Jones - centre
for Asian studies (scientific and literary activities)
1. Charles Wilkins - translated Bhagwat Gita in 1794

xiv.

b. Lord Cornwallis (1786-93)

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i. Cornwallis Code, 1793 - sovereignty of law, judicial reforms, revenue

admin separated from civil jurisdiction => "Father of Civil Services in
India"
ii. Permanent Settlement of Bengal, 1793
1. Developed from times of Warren Hastings. Also assisted by John
Shore
2. In Bengal and Bihar
3. Zamindars recognised as owners of land "Decennial
Settlement"=> for 10 years
4. 10/11th portion of revenue to Govt => paid as cash or agri
produce
5. Zamindar had to give tenant a patta which described the area of
land given to tenant and rent that tenant paid
6. Hereditary and transferrable
iii. Europeanisation of admin machinery and introduction of civil services
iv. 1791 - Sanskrit College at Benaras by Jonathan Duncan - to study Hindu
law & philosophy

v.

c. Sir John Shore (1793-98)

i. Policy of Non-intervention
d. Lord Wellesley (1798-1805)
i. Subsidiary Alliance System (1798) - first alliance with Hyderabad
• Features-
a. Permanent stationing of British troops in Kingdom
b. Pay subsidy for its maintenance
c. British resident in court
d. Cannot employ any other European without prior
consultation of British
e. Cannot negotiate with other state or go to war without
consulting Gov-Gen
f. British would protect the state and not interfere in internal
affairs

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• Annexed -
a. Hyderabad (1798)
b. Mysore (1799)
c. Awadh (1801)
d. Peshwa (1802) - Treaty of Bassein
ii. 1800 - Fort William College in Calcutta - training new ICS recruits

iii.

e. Lord Hastings (1813-23)

i. Policy of Non-intervention ends - Declared war on Gurkhas of Nepal
ended with Treaty of Sugauli 1816
ii. Ryotwari System by Alexander Reed (experimented in Barahamal in
1801) and Thomas Munro (governor of Madras) in 1820 in Madras
1. Madras, Bombay + Sind, Coorg, Assam
2. Detailed land survey
3. Land rights with peasant, rather than Zamindar
4. Peasant responsible for direct payment to state
5. Peasant could sub-let, sell, mortgage his land
iii. Mahalwari System by Holt Mackenzie in 1822 in NW provinces
1. Holt Mackenzie, 1822 => collected the revenue by village
headman
iv. Policy Of Paramountcy
v. 1817 - Hindu College, Calcutta by David Hare & RRMR
vi. 3rd Anglo-Maratha War

vii.

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f. Lord Amherst (1823-28)

g. Lord William Bentinck (1828-1835)

i. FIRST GOV-GEN OF INDIA
ii. Abolition of Sati (1829)
iii. Supression of Thugee, infanticide and child sacrifices
iv. Charter Act, 1833
v. 1833 - First Law Commission in India under Macaulay
1. CPC - 1859
2. IPC - 1860
3. CrPC - 1861
vi. Use of Vernacular languages in courts
vii. Resolution of 1835 - introduction of English as official language
viii. Treaty of Perpetual Friendship with Ranjeet Singh

ix.

h. Lord Metcalfe (1835-36)

New press law removing restrictions on press => "Liberator of Indian Press"

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i. Lord Auckland (1836-42)

i. Introduced Forward Policy in Afghanistan => led to First Anglo-Afghan war
(1838-42)
j. Lord Hardinge I (1844-48)
i. First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46) and Treaty of Lahore (1846)
ii. Social reforms including Abolition of female infanticide and human sacrifice
k. Lord Dalhousie (1848-56)=> expansionist policies
i. 2nd Anglo-Sikh War - Annexation of Punjab (1849)
ii. Doctrine of Lapse (adopted son can be owner of pvt property of foster father,
but not the state. It is upto the "Paramount Power" whether he be given state or
it be annexed)
1. Satara - 1848
2. Jaitpur and Sambhalpur - 1849
3. Udaipur - 1852
4. Jhansi - 1853
5. Nagpur - 1854
• AWADH - annexed on grounds of misgovernance & refusing reforms in
1856 - NOT Doctrine of Lapse

iii. Bethune College, 1849 (Calcutta Female School)

iv. Wood's Education Despatch of 1854 => opening of Anglo-vernacular schools and govt
colleges - aka Magna Carta of English Education in India
1. Against oriental education => Pro European education
a. Primary Schools - vernacular education
b. High Schools - Anglo vernacular
c. College - English
2. European learning will-
a. Improve moral character of India
b. Create demand for British goods
3. Affiliating universities in presidency towns of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras
4. Promoted Women Education
5. Secular education
6. Teacher's training
7. Advocated for govt's responsibility of educating the masses => refuting the
downward filtration theory
v. Summer Capital at Shimla
vi. Charter Act, 1853 - open competition recruitment
vii. Railway Minute of 1853 => first railway line btw Bombay and Thane
viii. Telegraph and Postal reform Post Office Act, 1854 => telegraph line from Calcutta to
Agra
ix. Estd Public Works Dept (PWD), 1854
x. Widow Remarriage Act, 1856
xi. Aka "maker of modern India"

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xii. Firsts -
1. Telegraph Line - 1851 btw Calcutta & Diamond Harbour (WB)
2. Railway - 1853
3. Cotton mill - 1854 @ Bombay (1818 - mill at Fort Glouster near Calcutta was a
failure)
4. Jute Mill - 1855 @ Rishra

xiii.

l. Lord Canning 1856-62

i. Estd 3 universities in 1857 - Bombay, Calcutta, Madras
ii. First Viceroy
iii. Transfer of control from EIC to Crown - GoI Act, 1858
iv. 'White Mutiny' by European troops in 1859 => differences btw Queen's Army
and European Army (army of EIC)
v. India Councils Act, 1861
vi. Estd Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) in 1861

vii.

m. Lord Lawrence (1864-69)

i. Policy of Masterly Inactivity - wrt Afghanistan, no need to interfere in its internal
affairs & no need to keep British agent in court

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ii.

n. Lord Mayo (1869-72)

i. Mayo College Ajmer, Rajkot College Kathiawar
ii. Only Governor Gen to be assasinated in office
iii. IPC Amendment - Sedition Act, 1870 => to tackle Wahabi Movt
iv. Estd Statistical Survey of India
v. Intro of State Railways
vi. Introduced financial decentralisation in India
vii. Female Infanticide Prevention Act, 1870
viii. First Census held in 1871

ix.

o. Lord Lytton (1876-1880)

i. Famine in 1876-78 => Strachey Commission (1878)
ii. Royal Titles Act (1876) => Queen became 'Kaiser-i-Hind'
iii. 1st Delhi Durbar (of total 3)
iv. Vernacular Press Act, 1878
v. Arms Act, 1878 - mandatory for Indians to get license
vi. Second Afghan War (1878-80)
vii. Policy of Proud Reserve => Scientific frontiers and protecting Spheres of
influence -> led to 2nd Afghan War (1878-80)
viii. Introduced Statutory Civil Services, 1878 -> abolished 8 years later
ix. Lowered max age limit from 21 to 18 yrs
p. Lord Ripon (1880-84)
i. Repealed Vernacular Press Act (1882)
ii. 1st Factory Act => to improve labour conditions - regulate child labour & working
hours
iii. Financial decentralization continued
iv. Local Self Govt resolution (1882)
v. Hunter Commission on education (1882)

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1. Encouraged girl education and training school of female teachers

vi. Ilbert Bill Controversy (1883-84) => indian judges could try Europeans -
withdrawn later
q. Lord Dufferin
i. Aithchison Committee on Public Services, 1886
1. Recc moving away from covenated and non-covenated system
2. 3 tier system - Central, Provincial, Local => indians not allowed in Central
3. Recc raising age limit to 23 yrs
ii. INC formed (1885)
r. Lord Lansdowne (1888-94)
i. Factory Act, 1891 - min child age increased to 9yo + female & child working
hours
ii. Indian Council Act, 1892 (introduced elections which were indirect)
iii. Durand Commission, 1893
iv. Age of Consent Act, 1891
1. Advocated by Behramji Malabari
2. Opposed by Tilak - anti Hindu traditions
3. Supported by Gokhale
s. Lord Elgin II (1894-99)
i. Munda Uprising, 1899
ii. Great Famine, 1896-97
iii. Lyall Commission, 1897 - for famine
iv. Assasination of Bristish Plague officials - Rand and Amherst by Chaperkar
Brothers, 1897
t. Lord Curzon (1899-1905)
i. Police Commission (1902) => Under Andrew Frazer - to review police admin
ii. Famine Commision => under McDonnell
iii. Education Commission => Raleigh Commission
iv. Indian Universities Act (1904)
1. Universities and colleges completely under govt control
2. Grant of ₹5L per year for 5 years => for better education and research
v. Ancient Monuments Preservation Act (1904)
vi. Created NWFP and restored post of Director General of ASI
vii. Bengal Partition (1905)
viii. Official Secrets Act, 1904
ix. Younghusband's expedition to Tibet (1904)
1. Treaty of Lhasa, 1904 - Tibet became British protectorate
x. 2nd Delhi Durbar
xi. Risely Papers -> official explanation given by Curzon for partition of Bengal

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xii.

u. Lord Minto II (1905-10)

i. Swadeshi Movt (1905-08)
ii. Newspaper (Incitement to Offences) Act, 1908 => magistrates could confiscate
press property which published objectionable material likely to cause incitement
or violence
iii. Morley-Minto reforms, 1909
v. Lord Hardinge II (1910-16)
i. Annulment of Bengal partition, 1911
ii. Transfer of capital from Calcutta to Delhi, 1911
iii. 3rd Delhi Durbar and coronation of King George V and Queen Mary, 1911
iv. Establishment of Hindu Mahasabha, 1915
v. MacMahon Line btw India-China (1914)

vi.

w. Lord Chelmsford (1916-21)

i. Saddler Commission, 1917 - Calcutta University commission
x. Lord Reading (1921-26)
i. Violent Moplah rebellion in Kerala, 1921
ii. Foundation of CPI, 1921
iii. Foundation of RSS, 1925
iv. Kakori Train Dacoity, 1925

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y. Lord Irwin (1926-31)

i. Simon Commission, 1927
ii. Butler Commission, 1927 - relations with princely states
iii. Nehru Report, 1928
iv. 14 Points of Jinnah, 1929
v. Diwali Declaration, 1929 - British aim to give dominion status - No time limit
given tho
vi. Lahore Session of congress and Poorna Swaraj declaration (1929)
vii. Civil Disobedience, 1930
viii. 1st Round Table Conference (1930)
ix. Gandhi-Irwin Pact, 1931 => Gandhi agreed to attend 2nd RTC

x.

z. Lord Willingdon (1931-36)

i. 2nd RTC, 1931
ii. Ramsay McDonald's Communal Award, 1932
iii. Poona Pact, 1932
iv. 3rd RTC, 1932
v. CSP, 1934
vi. Burma Separated from India, 1935
vii. All India Kisan Sabha, 1936

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viii.

aa. Lord Linlithgow (1936-43)

i. First general election (1936-37)
ii. Day of Deliverance by muslim league, 1939
iii. Forward Bloc by Bose, 1939
iv. Lahore Resolution (1940) by ML- muslim majority areas in NW and East should
be independent states
v. August Offer (1940)
vi. Cripps Mission (1942)
vii. Quit India Movt (1942)
bb. Lord Wavell (1943-47)
i. Rajaji Formula, 1944
ii. Wavell Plan and Shimla Conference, 1945
iii. INA Trials, 1945
iv. Royal navy mutiny, 1946
v. Direct Action Day by ML, 1946 - Calcutta Killings (ML believed Congress was
insincere wrt Cabinet Mission and ML had fear of Hindu domination in
constituent assembly) -> because Cabinet Mission disapproved ML demand for
Pakistan
vi. First meeting of CA, 1946
cc. Lord Mountbatten (1947-48)
i. 3 June, 1947 Plan aka Mountbatten Plan
ii. India Independence Bill, 1947 - passed on 4 July, 1947
iii. 2 Boundary commissions under Sir Cyril Radcliffe

• HISTORICAL ACTS

a. Regulating Act, 1773

a. Governor of Bengal => Governor General of Bengal (Warren Hastings) - had
some powers over Bombay Madras
b. System of hierarchy in politico-military affairs regarding provinces created

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c. Executive Council of gov gen was estd (No separate legislative council)
1. i.e. Gov Gen + Council of 4 in Bengal => Decision by Majority
d. Supreme Court @ Fort William Kolkata, 1774 => original and appellate
jurisdiction & Writ Jurisdiction
e. Court of Directors (governing body of company) => should report its revenue
f. Prohibited company servants from engaging in any pvt trade or accepting
bribes from natives

b. Pitt's India Act, 1784 : Separated commercial and political functions of company
a. Dual system of Control - (British govt was given supreme control over Company
affairs and its administration in India)
i. Court of directors (strength = 60) => commercial affairs
ii. Board of Control => Political affairs (civil, military, revenue)
b. Reduced strength of Gov Gen council to 3 members
c. Placed Indian affairs under direct control of British govt
d. Company's territories in India were called "British possession in India"
e. Governor's councils estd in Bombay and Madras => Bombay and Madras made
"clearly subordinate" to Governor General of Bengal
c. Charter Act, 1793
a. Continued Company's trade monopoly over India for another 20 yrs
b. Need royal approval for appointments
d. Charter Act, 1813 (context – Napolean continental system in Europe => British
merchants needed market + Adam Smith Free Trade Theory )
a. Company monopoly over British trade terminated => trade with India open to
all British subjects
b. Monopoly in trade with China & trade in tea with India was kept intact => for 20
yrs
c. Local govt could impose taxes on persons subject to jurisdiction to SC
d. Permission to Christian missionaries
e. Allowed Britishers to settle in India
f. Provided finances for promotion of knowledge of sciences in India - 1 Lakh for
Education
g. Undoubted Soveriegnty of the crown over possessions of EIC => by defining the
constitutional provision of British in India
h. 10% dividend to shareholders
e. Charter Act, 1833
a. Gov General Bengal => Gov General Of India (Lord William Bentick)
b. First step towards centralization
c. Beginning of Centralisation => act took away legislative powers of Bombay and
Madras provinces
d. Ended activities of East India Company as a commercial body => purely
administrative body i.e. monopoly ended even in China & Tea
e. Debts of company taken over by GoI

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f. Recc abolition of slavery

g. Recc no indians were to be denied employment under company (later rejected
by BoD)
f. Charter Act, 1853 : Separation of Legislative and Executive
a. Estd. Indian Legislative Council (6 members) => functioned as mini-parliament
b. Local representation {not Indians tho} in LC (2 members) & 4 members
appointed by govt of Madras, Bengal, Bombay and Agra
c. Open examination for selection of civil servants
g. Act for Better Governmenet of India, 1858
a. Crown took over from East India Co. => crown would appoint Gov gen and Gov
of Presidencies
b. 15 member Council Of India=> headed by Secretary Of State => Viceroy as his
agent in India (lord Canning)
i. No representation of Indian's in Viceroy's council tho (happened in 1909)
c. Board of Control & Court of Directors => ABOLISHED
h. India Council Act, 1861
a. 3 Indians in Legislative council => first time Indian representation (non-official
members)
i. Advisory Council
ii. Nominated members
b. Portfolio system introduced => Viceroy could issue ordinances
c. Initiated the process of decentralizing => restoring legislative powers of
Bombay and Madras presidency
d. CANNOT ask questions on the budget
i. India Council Act, 1892
a. Introduced indirect elections (nomination)
b. Increase size of legislative council
c. Enlarged functions of legislative council => power of discussing Budget and
addressing questions to executive => still can't vote
d. No supplementary questions, and can't discuss answers
j. India Council Act, 1909 (Morley-Minto Reforms)
a. Separate electorates on basis of religion (for Muslims) - courtesy Shimla
Deputation (Muslim league)
b. Increase in number of membership of center and provincial legislative council =>
from 16 to 60
c. Direct Elected members => were elected by landlords, organisations and
industrialists
d. Indians for the first time in Viceroy's executive council (satyendra prasad sinha
as Law Member)
k. GoI Act, 1919 (Montague-Chelmsford Reforms)
a. Central subjects demarcated from provincial subjects
b. Provincial DYARCHY => dual governance in provincial subjects
i. Transferred subjects - elected legislative council (70% elected members)

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ii. Reserved subjects – directly under Governor and executive council => no
responsiblilty of legislative council
• Responsible govt (Legislative council) -> Direct elections at provincial
level
• Legislative Council can introduce bill & reject budget => But governor can
veto
c. Center BICAMERALISM
i. Legislative Assembly – 140 members
ii. Legislative Council – 60 members
• Majority members chosen by Direct elections
• Can vote on some parts of Budget
d. Separate electorates for – sikhs, indian-christians, anglo-indians, europeans
e. Some women could vote for first time => Provinces were given option whether
to allow women or not
f. Salary of Secretary of India => from India
g. 3 of 6 members of viceroy's executive council => Indians
h. Estd (Central) Public Service Commission for the first time
i. Provided for 120 member Chamber of Princes -> to advise Raj on all matters
relating to states and their relationship with Paramount power
j. ICS exam to be held in India & England separately
k. Office of speaker & deputy speaker estd
l. Communal Award, 1932 (Ramsay McDonald)
a. Separate electorates for =>
i. Forward caste
ii. Depressed Classes
iii. Muslims
iv. Buddhists
v. Sikhs
vi. Indian-Christians
vii. Anglo-Indians
m. GoI Act, 1935
a. Estd All-India Federation – British Provinces + Princely States - failed
b. 3 lists -
i. Federal list
ii. Provincial list
iii. Concurrent list
c. Residuary powers with => Viceroy
d. Introduced PROVINCIAL AUTONOMY
i. Bicameralism – in 6 of 11 provinces
e. Introduced Dyarchy at center
i. Reserved list - discretion of gov gen
ii. Transferred list - by gov gen advice by Council of ministers
f. Bicameralism at Center also

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i. Direct Election to Council of States (unlike RS of today)

ii. Indirect Election to Federal Assembly (unlike direct election of LS today)
g. Estd. FEDERAL COURT
h. Gave power to Gov Gen to appoint and remove governors of RBI (RBI estd by
RBI Act, 1934 => not by GoI Act 1935)
i. Estd of Public Service Commission, both -
i. Provincial
ii. Federal
j. Abolished Council of India (estd by GoI Act, 1858)
i. Secretary of State for India was now provided with a team of advisors
k. Proposed separation of Burma from British India
l. Joint sitting of both chambers in certain cases
m. Extended separate electorates to => Women (at federal level also) & Labour
n. Wavell Plan, 1945
a. To sort out deadlock btw INC (united India) and Muslim league (separate state)
b. Failed. No settlement
o. Indian Independence Act, 1947
a. Declared India as an independent sovereign state
b. Abolished the office of Secretary of State of India (estd by GoI Act, 1858) and
transferred his functions to Secretary of state for Commonwealth Affairs
c. Gov General of India can assent to any law made by legislature of dominion of
India in name of British majesty
d. Governor General and Provincial Governors => designated constitutional heads
e. Sovereignty of dominion legislature

• GOVERNANCE
o Civil Services
i. Cornwallis - Father of Civil Services
i. Introduced Covenated & Uncovenated civil services
ii. Raising salary
iii. Enforcement of rules
iv. Promotions through seniority
ii. Wellesley
i. Opened Fort William College, 1800 - to train recruits
iii. Charter Act, 1853
i. Open Competition
iv. Indian Civil Services, 1861
i. Greek and latin
ii. Age lowered
v. Satyendranath tagore - 1863
vi. Statutory Civil Services, 1878
i. Lytton

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ii. Failed - repealed 8 years later

vii. Aitchison Committee, 1886
i. To look into claims of Indians to higher and more public service
employment
ii. Recc moving away from covenated and non-covenated system
iii. 3 tier system - Central, Provincial, Local => Indians not allowed in
Central
iv. Recc raising age limit to 23 yrs
viii. Montford Comm, 1919
i. Recc holding exam in India & England simultaneously
ii. 1/3rd to be Indian - raised annually by 1.5%
ix. Lee Commission, 1924
i. Estd PSC
x. GoI Act, 1935
i. Recc Estd Federal PSC & Provincial PSC also

o Police
i. Faujdari Thanas, 1775
ii. 1791 - Cornwallis : -
i. Relieved Zamindars of police duties
ii. Organised regular police force
iii. Mayo, 1808
i. Spies for Police
iv. Bentinck
i. Abolished office of SP
ii. Collector made head of police
v. Indian Police Act, 1861
vi. Fraser Commission, 1902
i. CID - provinces
ii. CBI - center

o Military
i. Peel Commission, 1857
ii. Eden Commission, 1879
iii. Chatfield Commission, 1939

o Judiciary
i. Warren Hastings, 1772-85
i. Distt Diwani Adalats
• Sadar Diwani Adalat - appeals
ii. Distt Faujdari Adalats
• Assisted by mufti/qazi
• Sadar Nizamat Adalat

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ii. Regulating Act, 1773

i. SC at Calcutta
iii. Cornwallis, 1786-93
i. District Fauzdari Adalat - Abolished
ii. 4 Circuit Courts estd
• Calcutta, Dacca, Murshidabad, Patna
• Appeal from both civil and criminal courts
iii. Sadar Nizamat Adalat
• Shifted to Calcutta
• Under Gov Gen & SC
iv. Distt Diwani Adalat-
• Only revenue functions
• No magisterial functions
v. European subjects into jurisdiction
iv. Bentinck, 1828-33
i. 4 Circuit Courts - Abolished
• Power transferred to Collectors - for revenue cases
ii. Sadar Diwani & Nizamat adalats in Allahabad
iii. English replaces persian (option given to use persian or vernacular lang)
v. Law Commission, 1833 => Macaulay
i. CPC, 1859
ii. IPC, 1860
iii. CrPC, 1861
vi. No European can be tried by Indian origin judge, 1860 => later Ilbert Bill under
Lord Ripon tried to reverse it but failed
vii. GoI Act, 1935
i. Federal Court, 1937

o Local Bodies
i. Mayo Resolution, 1870
i. Local taxation
ii. Ripon Resolution, 1882
i. Father of Local Self Govt
iii. Royal Commission on Decentralisation, 1908
i. Judicial jurisdiction to panchayat
ii. Sub distt board
iii. Liberal in spirit
iv. Resolution of May, 1918
i. Transferred some power to local bodies/people

o Labour
i. Indian Factories Act, 1881
i. Child labour defined (7-12yo) => 9 hrs per day

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ii. Hazardous machinery fenced

iii. 4 holidays per month to children
ii. Indian Factories Act, 1891
i. Min age of children raised -> Children (9-14yo) => 7 hrs per day (no work
at night)
ii. Women => 11 hrs per day
iii. 1 day rest per week for all (men also)
▪ DID NOT apply to british owned plantations
iii. Trade Union Act, 1926
i. Trade unions legal status
ii. Conditions for Registration and regulations
iii. Secured immunity (both criminal + civil) for trade unions from
prosecution for legitimate activities => But put some restrictions on their
political activities
iv. Trade Disputes Act, 1929
i. Compulsory appointment of court of inquiry for industrial disputes
ii. Strikes in utility services -> ILLEGAL
iii. Forbade political/coercive trade union activity
v. Meerut Conspiracy Case, 1929

o Press
i. James Hickey - Bengal Gazette, 1780
ii. Censorship Press Act, 1799
i. Wellesly
ii. Wartime press restriction
iii. Relaxed later
iii. Licensing Regulations, 1823
i. John Adams
ii. RRMR - Mirat Ul Akbar
iv. Press Act 1835
i. Metcalfe - Liberator of Indian Press
ii. Repealed 1823 regulations
v. Licensing Act, 1857 => emergency during revolt
vi. Registration Act, 1867
i. Repealed Metcalfe Act
ii. Details of printer and publisher
iii. Copy of paper to be submitted to govt
vii. Vernacular Press Act, 1878
i. Lytton
ii. Repress seditious writing
iii. Gagging act
iv. Surendranath Bannerjee - first victim
viii. Newspaper Act, 1908

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i. Lord Minto II
ii. Confiscate press property
ix. Indian Press Act, 1910
x. Press Committee
i. Tej Bahadur Sapru
ii. 1908 & 1910 Acts repealed
xi. Indian press Act, 1931
i. Sweeping powers during civil disobedience

• Reforms/Acts

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• Commissions
o EDUCA TION
▪ Charter Act, 1813 -> ₹1L annually for promotion of modern science +
Calcutta College
o Charles Wood Despatch, 1854 - Magna Carta of Modern EnglishEducation
▪ Systematic education from primary to university level
▪ Education dept in every province
▪ Univs in Bombay, Calcutta, Madras
▪ Primary - Vernacular, High school - AngloVernacular, Univ - English
▪ Secular education
▪ Grants-in-aid to encourage pvt enterprise
o Hunter Commission, 1882 - Education
▪ To review effect of Wood's Despatch
▪ Primary and Secondary Education
▪ Female education
▪ Vocational
o Raleigh Commission (University Commission), 1904
▪ Govt was to have powers to legislate/regulate
▪ Strict monitoring of affiliated institutions
▪ More attention to study/research in Univ
▪ Grant of ₹5L annual
o Sadler Commission (Calcutta Univ Commission), 1917
▪ To separate secondary education from university education
▪ School course should cover 12 years
o Indian Disbandment Comm, 1923 (Lord Itchcap)
o Hartog Commission, 1929
▪ Focus on primary education
▪ Only deserving students should go in for high school
▪ Average students to be diverted to vocational courses after class VIII
▪ Admission in university to be restricted => to improve standards of
university education
o Sapru Commission, 1935 - Educated Unemployed
o Sargent Plan, 1944 - raise the standard of education like Britain

o FAMINE
a. Campbell Commission, 1866
b. Stratchy Commission, 1880 => give relief to famine stricken
c. Lyall Commission, 1897
d. Mac Donnell Commission, 1901 => investigate Bengal famines
e. John Woodhood, 1943-44

o CURRENCY
a. Mansfield Commission, 1886

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b. Harshell Committee, 1893

c. Welby Commission, 1895 - to inquire into expenditure of British Gov in India => when
moderates exposed drain of wealth - Dadabhai Naraoji was member
d. Fowler Commission, 1898
e. Hilton Young Commission, 1926 - recc RBI establishment => RBI Act, 1934 was passed

o Misc
a. Peel Commission, 1857 - to look into military affairs of India
i. Recommended native army should be composed of diff caste, and mixed
through each regiment
b. Eden Commission, 1879 - military affairs
c. Aitchison Commission (Public Service Commission), 1886 - under Lord Dufferin
i. To look into claims of Indians to higher and more public service employment
ii. Recc moving away from covenated and non-covenated system
iii. 3 tier system - Central, Provincial, Local => Indians not allowed in Central
iv. Recc raising age limit to 23 yrs
d. Scott-Moncrieff Commission, 1901 - Irrigation
e. Fraser Commission, 1902 - Police Reforms
f. Hunter Commission, 1919 - Punjab disturbances
g. Muddiman Committee, 1924 - working of Diarchy under GoI Act 1919
h. Butler Commission, 1927 - Princely States relation with British crown
i. Simon Commission - to review governance and suggest reforms
j. Whitley Commission, 1929 - Labour
k. Sapru Commission, 1935 - Educated Unemployed
l. Chatfield Commission, 1939 - Army
m. Floud Commision, 1940 - Tenancy in Bengal - recc tebhaga thingy

• Pre Congress Associations

o BENGAL
a. Bangabhasha Prakashika Sabha, 1836
i. RRMR
b. British India Association, 1851
i. Merged -
a. Landholder's Society, 1839
b. Bengal British India Society, 1843
ii. Petitions to British Parl
c. East India Association, 1866
i. Dadabhai Naroji
ii. London
d. India League, 1875
i. Shishir Kumar Ghosh
e. Indian Assocation of Calcutta/Indian National Assocaition, 1876

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i. Surendranath bannerjee, Anandamohan bose

o BOMBAY
a. Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, 1867
1. MG Ranade
b. Bombay Presidency Association, 1885
1. Badruddin Tyabji, Pherozeshah Mehta, KT Telang

o MADRAS
a. Madras Native Association, 1852
1. CY Mudailar
b. Madras Mahajan Sabha, 1884
1. Viraghavichiar, G Subramaniya Iyer,
• Important Congress Sessions
a.
1885 Bombay WC Banerjee first session of INC
b.
1886 Calcutta Dadabhai Naoroji
c.
1887 Madras Badruddin Tyabji First Muslim prez
d.
1888 Allahabad George Yule first european prez
e.
1896 Calcutta Vande Mataram sung for first time
f.
1905 Benaras GK Gokhale Swadeshi Movt
g.
1906 Calcutta Dadabhai Naoroji • Swaraj mentioned
for first time
• Resolutions on -
1. Swaraj
2. Swadeshi
3. Boycott
4. National
education
h.
1907 Surat Rash Behari Party split into extremists and moderates,
Ghosh because -

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• Spread Swadeshi rev all over india vs

only bengal and boycott foreign goods
only
• Tilak or Lala as prez vs Rash Behari
Ghosh
• Inclusion of masses vs middle class
intelligentsia only
i.
1911 Calcutta Jana Gana Mana sung for first time
j.
1916 Lucknow Ambica Charan • Merger of Congress +
Mazumdar Lucknow Pact => joint
session with Muslim
League
• Congress accepted
separate electorate for
Muslims
k.
1917 Calcutta Annie • First woman prez
Besant • Adoption of Anti-untouchability
Resolution for the first time
l.
1920 Nagpur Vijayraghavachariar Congress Adopted Swaraj as its goal -
change in its constitution
m.
1924 Belgaum Gandhi • Only session where gandhi was prez
• Gandhi ended strife btw
prochangers and nochangers =>
Swaraj Party will act as part of
Congress
n.
1925 Kanpur Sarojini Naidu First woman Indian prez
o.
1928 Calcutta Motilal Nehru All India Youth Congress formed
p.
1929 Lahore JL Nehru Poorna Swaraj Resolution
26 Jan - independence day declared

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1931 Karachi Sardar • Resolution on FR (abolition of

Patel untouchability was NOT one of the
FR) and National Economic progress
• Gandhi-Irwin pact endorsed
• Socio-economic provisions =>
influenced DPSPs
q.
1936 Lucknow JL Nehru Socialism as goal
r.
1937 Faizpur JL Nehru • Agrarian programme for
(MH) upliftment of peasantry
• First session in village
s.
1938 Haripura SC • National Planning Committee setup
Bose under JL Nehru
• Haripura Resolution - demanded
Poorna Swaraj for princely states as
well
t.
1939 Tripuri SC • SC Bose won against Pittabhi
Bose Sitaramayya
• Resigned later due to differences with
other top leaders - Gandhi, Patel =>
Rajendra Prasad took over
• Bose wanted immediate mass
satyagraha => Gandhi believed
Congress & masses not ready
u.
1940-45 Ramgarh Abul Kalam Azad Longest serving Prez under British
rule
v.
1947 Meerut JB Kriplani Last session before Indian independence
• Socio-Religious Reform Movement
a. Brahmo Samaj
▪ Founded by Rajaram Mohun Roy (also founded Atmiya Sabha in 1814;
wrote "Gift to Monotheists"); later -
• Adi Brahmo Samaj - Debendranath Tagore => formed
"Tattvabodhini Sabha" to propagate RRMH ideas; (Tattvabodhini
Patrika edited by Akshay Kumar Dutta); Landholders Society

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• Brahmo Samaj Of India - Keshub Chandra Sen (The Tabernacle of

New Dispensation; Indian Reform Association, 1870) => later
originated Veda Samaj, 1864 by V Rajagopalacharyulu in Madras
• Sadharan Brahmo Samaj, 1878 => secessionists from this
group - Ananda Mohan Bose
▪ Bang Bhasha Prashiksha Sabha, 1836 - by RRMH
▪ RRMH - considered Vedas infallible
▪ Propogated purification of Hinduism on twin pillars of reason -> Vedas
and Upanishad
▪ Propagated -
1. Monotheism
• No stand on Karma & transmigration of soul => left upto
individual
▪ Opposed -
1. Priests, sacrifices, meditation
2. Idolatory
3. Superstition
4. Caste system
5. Avatars
▪ Journals -
1. Sambad Kaumudi - RRMR
2. Mirat-Ul-Akbar - RRMR
b. Young Bengal Movement (1826-31)
▪ Henry Derozio
▪ Opposed vices in society
▪ Believed in truth, freedom and reason => inspired by French Revolution
▪ Journal - Jnanavesan
▪ Estd. Society for Acquisition of General Knowledge
c. Dharma Sabha (1830)
i. Radhakant Deb
ii. To counter Brahmo samaj
iii. Protection of orthodoxy
iv. Condemned liberal and radical thought
v. Helped in spread of western education
b. Dev Samaj (1887)
i. Founded in Lahore by Shiv Narayan Agnihotri
ii. Branched off from Brahmo Samaj => Social reform society (not orthodox
like Dharma Samaj)
c. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
i. Indian + Western thought
ii. Deep humanist
iii. Joined Tattvabodhini Sabha
iv. Founded Sanskriti College

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v. Resulted in legalisation of Widow Remarriage

vi. Against child marriage, polygamy and was pro women education
vii. Borno Parichay - "introduction to the letter"
viii. Byakaran Koumudi - written by him to interpret complex notions of
Sanskrit grammar in Bengali language
d. Paramhansa Mandli (1849), MH
i. By Dadoba Pandurang & Balshastri Jambhedkar
ii. Jambhedkar book - "Digdarshan"
iii. Dadoba book - "Dharma Vivechan"
iv. Against polytheism, casteism, Brahmanical monopoly of knowledge
e. Prarthana Samaj (1867)
i. Atmaram Pandurang, MG Ranade
ii. Emphasis on monotheism
iii. Upliftment of women
iv. Abolition of caste discri and religious orthodoxy
v. In Bombay
f. Satyasodhak Samaj (1873)
i. Jyotiba Phule
1. Sarvajanik Satyadharma
2. Gulamgiri
ii. Rejected caste system & 4-fold division of society
iii. To liberate shudras & ati-shudras
iv. Members had to take oath of allegience to British
g. Arya Samaj (1875)
i. Dayanand Saraswati in Bombay
1. Satyarth Prakash - his work
ii. Features
1. Hindu faith > others
2. Revivalist framework - revival of vedic purity of religion, not vedic
times
3. Classless and caste discrimination less society => believed in
chaturvarna though
4. "Back to the Vedas"
5. Against idolatory, superstitions, polytheism ,sacrifices etc
6. DAV schools
h. Theosophical Society
i. Founded in NY but HQ shifted to Adyar (Madras)
ii. By Blavatsky, HS Olcot
iii. Inspiration from Upanishads, philosophy of Vedanta => religious revival
and social reform

k. Aligarh Movement
i. Syed Ahmed Khan -

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1. Founded Translation Society / Aligarh Scientific Society=> published

Urdu translations of English books on science
ii. Religious reform through principle of enquiry of religion
iii. Scientific and rational outlook
iv. Recognised western education
v. Journal - Tahzeeb-e-Akhlaq (by Syed Ahmed Khan)
l. Ahmaddiya Movement, 1889
i. Mirza Ghulam Ahmed
ii. NOT Orthodox
iii. Defended Islam from attacks by Christian missionaries. Hindu revivalists
iv. Belief in Universal religion => he called himself as Messiah and incarnation of
Krishna
v. Against Jihad

o Ahmaddiya & Aligarh Movt (of Syed Ahmed Khan) => Reformist
unorthodox Muslim movements
o Deoband & Wahabi => Orthodox

m. Deoband School, 1867

i. Founded in 1867 by Muhummad Qasim Nanatavi, Rashid Ahmed Gangohi
ii. Reaction to british colonialism
iii. Welcomed formation of INC
iv. Released fatwa against Syed Ahmed Khan (who propounded Western
education)
v. Orthodox school for revival -
1. Pure teachings of Quran
2. Jihad against foreign rulers
n. Wahabi movement (1820-70)
i. Orthodox
ii. Began in Rohilikhand => spread in Kabul, NWFP, Bengal, Central provinces etc
iii. Started by Shah Waliullah => later Syed Ahmed of Rai Bareilly, Vilayat Ali
iv. Popularized teachings of Waliulah => preached pure Islam
v. To establish Dar-Ul-islam in India
vi. Opposed British and fought against the sikhs
vii. Role of individual conscience in religion
viii. 1870 - British added term "Sedition" in IPC, 1870 (after Wahabi Movt)

o. Rahnumai Mazdayasan Sabha (Parsis), 1851

i. By Dadabhai Naoroji
ii. Newspaper - Rast Goftar
iii. Uplift Parsi women, removal of purdah system, raise age of marriage and
education
p. Kuka Revolt (1871)

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i. Aka Namdharis => sect within Sikhism

ii. Baba Ram Singh
iii. Started as a group of religious purification in Sikhism
1. Abolition of caste discrimination among Sikhs
2. Discouraging meat/liquor
3. Intermarriage, widow remarriage, women empowerment
iv. Later when Punjab was annexed by British, became political and aimed at
"restoring Sikh rule in Punjab and ousting foreign powers"
v. Boycotted English products, laws and education
q. Singh Sabha Movement, 1873
i. To counter proselytizing Christian missionaries, Muslim movts (Ahmaddiya,
Aligarh) and Hindu revivalists
• Akali movt (for Gurdwara reforms) offshoot of this
ii. Interreligious tolerance btw Sikhs and Hindus
iii. To revive past Sikh glory
iv. Favoured Western education for Sikhs
r. Madras Hindu Association
i. Veersalingam Pantulu => "society for social reform" => also formed by him to
support widow remarriage in Madras
ii. Social purity, against Devadasi system and oppression of widows
s. Ramakrishna Mission, 1897
i. Vivekananda
ii. Founded in Bengal. Centers at - Betur and Mayavati
iii. Revive Hinduism based on India's religious texts and concepts (of Vedanta)
iv. Against Casteism, oppression and superstition
v. Women upliftment
t. Servants Of India Society, Bombay (1905)
i. Gopal Krishna Gokhale
1. "Hitavada"
ii. To train national missionaries for service of India
iii. Famine relief and improve tribals' condition
iv. They were not allowed to be part of Home Rule League
u. Poona Seva Sadan (1909)
i. GK Devadhar, Pandita Ramabai Ranade (established Arya Mahila Samaj)
ii. Economic uplift, women employment
v. Social Service League, 1911
i. By NM Joshi
1. Founded AITUC, 1920
w. Seva Sadan
i. Women education, caste, welfare, medical services
ii. By Behramji Malabari and Diwan Dayaram Gidumal
• Malabari - parsi reformer
• Passed Age of Consent Act, 1894 (child marriage)

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x. Nishkama Karma Math (Monastery of Distinterested Work), Pune, 1910

i. DK Karve
ii. Women education
y. Indian Women's Association (1917)
i. Annie Besant
ii. All India Women Conferences were held

• Caste Movements
a. Satyashodhak Samaj 1873
i. Jyotiba Phule
ii. Against Brahmanical domination => emancipation of low caste and
widows - complete abolition of caste system
iii. Phule's works - Gulamgiri, Sarvajanik Satyadharma
b. Aravippuram Movement/Shri Narayan Guru Paripalana (SNDP) Movement 1888,
in Kerala
i. Shri Narayan guru - "One religion, One Caste and One God for mankind"
ii. Rights of depressed classes (Ezhavas and Iravas of Kerala)
iii. Condemned animal sacrifice
iv. Criticized intoxication

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c. Justice Party 1916, Madras

i. CN Mudaliar, Tyagaraja
ii. Against Brahmin domination in govt service, education and politics
iii. South Indian Liberation Federation (SILF) founded
d. Nair Movement 1891, Kerala
i. By Pillai
ii. Against brahmin domination
e. Self Respect Movement , 1925 in TN
i. EV Ramaswamy Naicker "periyar"
ii. Against caste bias of brahmins => Burning of Manusmriti and forced
temple entry
iii. Kudi Arasu => journal started by Periyar in 1910
f. Nadar Movement, TN
i. Untouchable Shanan caste who imitated Kshatriya customs to emerge as
Nadars
g. Depressed Classes (Mahar) Movement 1924,Maharashtra
▪ BR Ambedkar
i. Bahishkrit Bharat => Marathi fortnightly
ii. Samaj Samta Sangh => 1927
iii. All India Scheduled Class Federation, 1942
h. Congress' Harijan Movement (1917)
i. All India Anti-Untouchability League in 1932
ii. Harijan Sevak sangh, 1932 by Gandhi
iii. Harijan => weekly by Gandhi in 1933
i. Kaivartas' Movement (mahishyas later), 1897 in Midnapore, Bengal
i. Jati Nirdharani Sabha (1897)
ii. Mahishya Samiti (1901)
o

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• Peasant Movements
a. Moamarias Revolt (1769-74)
i. Moamarias were low caste peasants
ii. Revolt against the Ahom Kings => weakened Ahom empire => later
attacked by Burmese and finally by British
b. Titu Mir's Narkelberia Movement -(Bengal, 1780-1830)
i. Against Hindu landlords who imposed beard tax
ii. Promoted Wahabi movt
c. Paika Rebellion (1817)
i. Paikas were traditional landed militia of Orissa (services in return for
rent free land)
ii. British reduced their power and prestige => extortionist land revenue
policy of Company, currency changed from cowree to rupee
iii. Successful
iv. Bakshi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar (highest ranking military general of local
king Mukund Dev II) led the uprising
d. Chittur Singh's Ramosi Uprising (1822-26)
i. Around Satara in MH
ii. Because of policy of annexation of British
e. Kittur Rising (1824-29)
i. Near Kittur in Karnataka
ii. Lead by Channamma and Rayappa
iii. Due to death of Kittur chief without leaving a male heir => British did not
recognise the adopted son and took over administration - like doctrine of
lapse
f. Pagal Panthis Movement (1825-1835)
i. Hajong and Garo tribes
ii. Religious harmony and non-violent sect
iii. Against oppressive tax regime of British on peasants
g. Satara Uprising (1840-41)
i. By Dhar Rao Pawar and Narsing Dattareya Pettkar
ii. Due to deposal of Pratap Singh, ruler of Satara by British
h. Moplah Uprisings (1840s, 1922: Moplah Rebellion)
i. By Muslim labourers in Malabar
ii. British gave landowners (Jenmi landlords) right to evict the tenants at
will
iii. Against British + Hindu Landlords
iv. Against rise in revenue demand
i. Indigo revolt (1859)
i. Bengal - Nij System (European planter forced local peasants to grow
indigo) - NOT tinkathia (that was Champaran)
ii. Against terms imposed by European indigo planters
iii. Inspired Neel Darpan play of Din Bandhu Mitra

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iv. Indigo Commission

j. Pabna Uprising (1873-76), Bengal
i. Against zamindars in Bengal
ii. Bengal Tenancy Act, 1885 => was passed as a response to enhance
occupancy rights
iii. Led by Ishan Chandra Roy
k. Deccan Peasants Uprising, 1875
i. Peasasnts of Pune, Satara etc revolted due to increasing agrarian distress
=> against Gujarati & Marwari moneylenders and British - heavy taxation
under Ryotwari system
ii. Conditions worsened with American Civil War, 1864 => govt raised land
revenue by 50% + Bad harvest
iii. Deccan Agriculture Relief Act, 1879 passed to provide conciliation
l. Phadke's Ramosi Uprisings (1877-1887)
i. Maharashtra
ii. Against british failure to take anti-famine measures => social banditry
on significant scale
m. Champaran Satyagraha (1917, Bihar)
i. Against tinkathia system (forced to plant indigo on 3/20th of land)
imposed by European planters
ii. By Gandhi, Rajendra Prasad, Narhari Parikh and JB Kriplani
iii. Resolved when 25% of money illegal taken from peasants was returned
by planters
n. Kheda Satyagraha (1918, Gujarat)
i. Against ignored appeals for remission of land revenue in case of crop
failures => demands finally fulfilled
o. Bardoli Satyagraha (1928, Surat)
i. By Kunbi-Patidar land owning peasants and untouchables
ii. Supported by Vallabbhai Patel
iii. Against oppression by upper caste and hike in land revenue by 22% by
Bombay Govt => Maxwell-Broomfield Commisison later reduced it to only
6% hike
iv. Strong women participation
p. Eka Movement (1921-22), Awadh
i. By Pasi and Ahir caste
ii. Against hike in rents => tenants as well as small Zamindars
iii. Not in contact with NCM movt
q. All India Kisan Congress , 1936 Lucknow
i. Presided over by Swami Shajanand, and Gen Secy NG Ranga
ii. Against moneylenders, Zamindars, traders and govt
iii. JL Nehru, Indulal Yagnik and JP Narayan also associated
iv. Kisan Manifesto adopted in Bombay session in 1937 (inspired by Agrarian
programme of Faizpur Session of 1936)

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v. Peasant arm of CPI

r. Bakasht Movement (1936, Bihar)
i. Against Zamindar policies regarding occupancy rights
s. Tebagha (1946, Bengal)
i. By sharecroppers demanding 2/3rd share of produce
ii. Floud Commission - had made this recc
t. Telangana Movt (1946)
i. Guirella war

• Political/Religious Uprisings
a. Sanyasi Rebellion (1763-1800)
i. Eastern India
ii. Hindu Naga and Giri armed Sanyasis against British, as the British
considered them looters and gypsies and restricted their pilgrimage
iii. Majnu Shah, Chirag Ali
iv. Attacked British factories and govt treasuries
v. Small zamindars, urban poors, disbanded soldier participated
vi. Equal participation of muslims & hindu
vii. Anandmath (1882) & Devi Chaudharani - both by Bankim chandra
Chatterjee based on this
b. Fakir Uprising (1776-77)
i. Wandering Muslim mendicants defied British authority and looted
English factories
ii. Supported by Rajputs, Afghans, disbanded Indian soldiers
c. Pagal Panthis Movement (1825-1835)
i. Founded by Karam Shah and his son Tipu Shah

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ii. Hajong and Garo tribes => Against oppressive tax regime of British on
peasants :- refused to pay rent above a limit
iii. Religious harmony and non-violent sect
d. Faraizi Revolt (1840-57)
i. Followers of Muslim sect founded by Haji Shariatullah => radical
religious, social and political changes
ii. In Bengal
iii. Supported cause of tenants against landlords and British govt
e. Kuka Revolt (1871)
i. Aka Namdharis => sect within Sikhism
ii. Baba Ram Singh
iii. Started as a group of religious purification in Sikhism
1. Abolition of caste discrimination among Sikhs
2. Discouraging meat/liquor
3. Intermarriage, widow remarriage, women empowerment
iv. Later when Punjab was annexed by British, became political and aimed
at "restoring Sikh rule in Punjab and ousting foreign powers"
v. Boycotted English products, laws and education
f. Wahabi movement
i. Syed Ahmed of Rai Bareilly => condemned influence on Islam and
advocated return to pure Islam

• Tribal Uprisings
a. Chuar Uprising (1768 - 1816)
i. Midnapore, WB
ii. Durjan Singh
iii. Enhanced land revenue, losing land estates etc.
b. Bhils Uprising (1824-29)
i. By Sewaram in Khandesh area of WG
ii. Due to occupation of Khandesh by British
c. Khasi Rebellion (1830)
i. To drive away foreigners from plains
d. Kol Uprising (1831)
i. Inhabiting CNP
ii. Buddho Bhagat
iii. Against British and moneylenders => land transferred to outsiders (Suds)
iv. Violent - plunder & arson
v. Brutally supressed by British
e. Khond Uprising (1840-56)
i. Khonds lived in hilltracts from TN to Bengal and in virtual independence
due to inaccessible mountainous terrain
ii. Against British who suppressed human sacrifice, introduced new taxes,
influx of Zamindars and money-lenders

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f. Ahom revolt (assam, 1820s)

g. Singphos Rebellion (1850s, NE)
h. Santhal Rebellion (1855-57)
i. Rajmahal Hills => Paharia People - settled agriculturists of hills =>
exploited by British in 1770s
ii. 1780s => Policy of Pacification by British
iii. Santhals were promised wages and rent-free lands with Permanent
Settlement of 1793 in bengal
iv. Were charged exorbitant rates of interest (500%) => lost their land
v. 2 leaders brothers - Siddhu and Khanu
vi. Against Zamindars and British both
vii. Were helped by non-tribals also (milkmen, blacksmiths etc.)
i. Munda (Ulgulan) Uprising (1899)
i. Inhabited CNP
ii. Khuntkatti system => joint holding of land prevailed among Mundas =>
outside Zamindars replaced this system with Zamindari system => caused
indebtness and forced labour
iii. Aim of expelling "dikhus" (foreigners, landlords, moneylenders)
iv. Given new life by Birsa Munda in 1899 => declared himself "God" =>
urged people to stop paying taxes
v. Armed struggle against govt in Dec 1899 => torched police stations,
houses of landlords, churches and British property
j. Rampa Rebellion (Andhra Pradesh, 1922)
i. Alluri Sita Rama Raju
ii. Against 1882 Madras Forest Act

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• Newspapers and Journals

a. Bengal Gazette - James Augustus Hickey (Irishman) - 1780, Calcutta
b. India Gazette - Henry Derozio - 1787, Calcutta
c. Digdarshana - Balshastri Jambedkar - 1818, Calcutta - First vernacular
newspaper (Bengali)
d. Sambad Kaumudi - RRMR - 1821
e. Mirat-ul-Akbar - RRMR - 1822 - first journal in Persian
f. Banga-Duta - RRMR, Dwarkanath Tagore - weekly in 4 languages (English,
Bengali, Persian, Hindi) - 1822
g. Rast Goftar - Dadabhai Naoroji - 1851 - Gujarati Fortnightly
h. Voice of India - Dadabhai Naoroji
i. Somaprakash - Dwarkanath Vidyabhushan - 1858, Calcutta
j. Indian Mirror - Devendranath Tagore - 1862, Calcutta - first Indian daily paper in
english
k. Amrita Bazaar Patrika - Sisirkumar Ghosh, Motilal Ghosh - first Vernacular paper;
Bengali in beginning, later in English - 1878
l. Swades Mitran and The Hindu - G. Subramaniya Iyer
m. Sudharak - Gopal Ganesh Agarkar
n. Bangadarshana - Bankim Chandra Chatterjee - 1873
o. Kesari (Marathi daily) and Maharatta (English weekly) - Tilak, Chiplunkar,
Agarkar - 1881, Bombay
p. Paridarsak - Bipin Chandra Pal - 1886
q. Yugantar - Barindra Kumar Ghosh and Bhupendranath Dutta - 1906
r. Sandhya - Brahmabandhab Upadhyay - 1906

s. Indian Sociologist - Shyamji Krishnavarma - London

t. Bande Mataram - Madam Bhikaji Cama - Paris
u. Talvar - Virendranath Chattopadhyay - Berlin
v. Free Hindustan - Taraknath Das - Vancouver
w. Swadesh Sewak - GD Kumar - Vancouver
x. Hitavada - Gopal Krishna Gokhale - 1911 - english weekly
y. Al-Hilal - Maulana Abul Kalam Azad - 1912
z. Bombay Chronicle - Pherozeshah Mehta - 1913
aa. New India & Commonweal - Annie Besant - 1915 - demand for Home Rule on lines of
white colonies

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bb. The Independent - Motilal Nehru - 1919

cc. Left wing socialist papers-
i. The Socialist - SA Dange - Bombay
ii. Navayug - Muzaffar Ahmed - Bengal
iii. Inquilab - Ghulam Hussain - Punjab
iv. Labour-Kisan Gazette - M. Singravelu - Madras
dd. Bahishkrit Bharat - Ambedkar
ee. Kudi Arasu - Periyar - Tamil
ff. National Herald - Nehru - 1938
gg. Dawn - Jinnah - 1942 - to propagate views of Muslim league

o Indian Opinion (1903 - SA), Hind Swaraj (1909 - originally written in parts in Indian
Opinion), Navjivan (1919) , Young India (1919), Harijan (1933) => Gandhi

• Literary Works
a. Amar Sonar Bangla - Tagore
b. Thakurmar Jhuli (Grandmother's Tales) - Daksinaranjan Mitra Majumdar
c. Sudesa Geethangal, 1908 - Subramaniya Bharatiya
d. Pather Dabi - Saratchandra Chatterjee - on a secret society to free India from
British
e. High Caste Hindu Woman, 1886 - Pandita Ramabai
f. Stri-Purush Tulna - Tarabai Shinde
g. A Nation in making - Surendranath Banerjee
h. Gulamgiri - Jyotiba Phule
i. Sarvajanik Satyadharma - Jyotiba Phule
j. Bandi Jivan - Sachindranath Sanyal
k. Bahuvivah - Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
l. Amar Jiban - Rassundari Devi - first published autobiography in Bengali

• ORGANISATIONS
a. Abhinav Bharat - VD Savarkar
b. AITUC - NM Joshi
c. All India Depressed Classes League - Jagjivan Ram
d. Asiatic Society - William Jones
e. Atmiya Sabha - RRMR
f. Vedanta College - RRMR
g. Azad Hind Fauj/ INA - Mohan Singh
h. Azad Hind Sarkar - SC Bose
i. East India Association - Dadabhai Naoroji
j. Gadar Party - Lala Hardyal, Kahi Ram
k. Indian National Association - Sam Bannerjee, Ananda Mohan Bose, 1876
l. Indian League - Shishir Kumar Ghosh

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m. Indian Social conference - MG Ranade & Raghunath Rao

n. Khilafat Movt - Ali Brothers
o. Mohammadan Anglo Literary Society - Abdul Latif
p. Bombay Presidency Association - Pherozeshah Mehta, Badruddin Tyabji, Telang
q. Muslim League - Agha Khan, Salimullah at Shimla Deputation, 1906
r. Prarthana Sabha - Atmaram Pandurang, Devendranath Tagore
s. Poona Sarvajanik Sabha - MG Ranade, 1870
t. Scientific Society - Sir Syyed Ahmed Khan
u. Servants of India Society - Gokhale
v. Theosophical Society - Helena Blavatsky, HS Ocott
w. Women India Association - Lady Sadashiva Ayyar
x. Mahila Rashtriya Sangh - Latika Ghosh, 1928 => women's wing within INC. Bose
asked her to make

• WOMEN
▪ Bethune School, 1849 - 1st women college - by Lady Bethune (President of
Council of Education in Calcutta)
▪ Indian Women's University, 1916 - by DK Karve
▪ Tarabai Shinde -
i. Stripurush Tulna (1882 in Marathi) => first modern Indian feminist text
ii. Founding member of Satyasodhak Samaj (by Jyotiba Phule)
▪ Pandita Ramabai -
i. Book - The High-Caste Hindu Woman
ii. opened Sharna Sadan (education for young Hindu widows)
iii. awarded Kaiser-i-hind for community service in 1919
iv. Estd Arya Mahila Samaj
▪ Ramabai Ranade
i. Worked in famine of 1913
ii. Wife of MG Ranade
iii. Ladies Social Conference, 1904
▪ Usha Mehta - Gandhian - organized Secret Congress Radio during Quit India
Movement in 1942
▪ Shanti Ghose
i. Joined revolutionary Jugantar Party
ii. Along with Suniti Chowdhury => shot Comilla DM Stevens to death in
1931
iii. Later joined Congress
iv. Communist
▪ Pritilata Waddedar
i. Revolutionary along with Surya Sen
▪ Sarla Devi Chaudrani
i. Formed Bharat Stree Mahamandal, 1910
▪ Annie Besant

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i. Women's India Association (along with Margaret Cousins, Dorothy

Jinarajadasa, Sarojini Naidu)
ii. President of Calcutta Session, 1917
▪ Margaret Cousins
i. All India Women's Conference, 1927 along with Rajkumari Amrit Kaur
▪ Mehribai Tata
i. National Council of Women, 1925
▪ Rajkumari Amrit Kaur
i. Mentioned in TIME magazine's list of 100 most powerful women who
defined last century
ii. Eradicaiton of purdah system, child marriage, child illiteracy and devadasi
system
iii. Helped founding All India Women's Conference, 1927 with Margaret
Cousins
iv. Active part in Dandi March
v. Secretary of Gandhi for 16 years
vi. One of the 15 women constituent assembly members
vii. Only woman in Independent India's cabinet - First Health Minister
▪ Kamini Roy
i. First woman to graduate with honours - from Bethune College in 1886
ii. Speaker in Congress session
iii. Bangiya Nari Samaj

• Prominent Peeps
▪ AMBEDKAR
i. Amityaja Sangh
ii. Samta Samaj Sangh (1927)
iii. Depressed Clases Institute, 1924
iv. Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha, 1924
v. All India Depressed Class Congress, 1930
vi. Independent Labour Party, 1936 - to contest elections

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vii. Swatantrata Shramik Party

viii. All India Scheduled Class Federation, 1942
ix. Peoples Education Society - network of colleges
x. Mook Naik Weekly Patrika and Bhahishkrit Bharat newspaper
xi. Magazine - Janata (renamed to Prabuddha Bharat in 1956)
xii. 1956 => Republican Party
xiii. Mahad Satyagraha, 1927
▪ GANDHI
i. Newspaper - Indian Opinion (1903), Young India (1919), Navjivan (1919),
Harijan (1933)
ii. Dakshin Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha, 1918
iii. Harijan Sevak Sangha, 1932
iv. All India Anti-Untouchability League
v. Natal Indian Congress, 1894
vi. Passive Resistance Association, 1906
▪ BAL GANGADHAR TILAK
i. "Father of Indian unrest", "Maker of modern India"
ii. Swaraj is my Birthright, & I shall have it
iii. Ganesh Chaturthi & Shivaji Jayanti celebrations, 1892
iv. Estd Deccan Education Society in 1884
v. Jailed for 6 years in Mandalay prison from 1908-14 => for writing articles
defending Khudiram Bose & Prafula Chaki
vi. Founding member of All India Home Rule League
vii. Opposed Age of Consent Bill, 1891-91
viii. Mahratta (English), Kesari (Marathi)
ix. Books -
1. Gita Rahasya or The Science of Karmayog
2. Arctic Home of the Vedas
▪ GOPAL KRISHNA GOKHALE
i. Servants of Indian Society, 1905 - train people to work as national
missionaries
ii. Secy of Deccan Education Society
iii. Estd Deccan Sabha, 1896 with his guru MG Ranade
iv. Involved in preparation of Morley-Minto reforms
v. Political guru of Gandhi & Jinnah
vi. Newspaper - Jnanaprakash
vii. Supported Age of Consent Bill
▪ ANNIE BESANT
i. Theosophical Society in India
ii. Central Hindu School and College at Banaras
iii. Newspapers => New India, Commonweal
▪ BHAGAT SINGH
i. HSRA

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ii. Militant Naujawan Bharat Sabha

▪ RAJENDRA PRASAD
i. National College at Patna
ii. Newspaper - Desh
▪ DK Karve - social reformer and educationist => upliftment of women
i. Vidhva Vivahottejak Mandali / Vidhwa Vivah Pratibandh Nivarak
Mandali, 1895
ii. Mahisasuramardini (home for widows)
iii. Mahila Vidyalaya
iv. Nishkama Karma Matha (Monastery of Disinterested Work)
v. Indian Women's University, 1916
vi. Samata Sangh, 1944
▪ JAMNALAL BAJAJ
i. Gandhi Seva Sangh
ii. Gau Seva Sangh
iii. Sasta Sahitya Mandal
• Gave seagon village to Gandhi => renamed Sevagram
• Aka Rai Bahadur
▪ MADAM BHIKAJI CAMA
i. Free India Society
ii. Bande Mataram
▪ MADAN MOHAN MALVIYA
i. Nationalist Party, 1926
ii. Participated in 2nd RTC, 1931
iii. Congress Nationalist Party, 1934 - Madan Mohan Malviya + Madhav
Shrihari Aney => reaction to Communal Award, 1932
iv. BHU in 1916
v. Started Ganga Mahasabha - oppose dam construction on Ganga
vi. President of INC - 4 times
vii. Awarded Bharat Ratna in 2014
viii. Magazines - Abhyudaya, Leader, Maryada
ix. Role in ending Indian indenture system in Caribbean
x. Opposed separate Muslim electoratesin 1916
xi. Opposed to politics of appeasement and Congress involvement in Khilafat
movt
▪ SC BOSE
i. Kisan Sabha
ii. Forward Bloc
▪ VD SAVARKAR
i. Mitra Mela => Abhinav Bharat, 1904
ii. New India Society
iii. Free India Society in London, 1906
▪ Dadabhai Naraoji

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i. East India Association

ii. Gyan Prasarak Mandli (society for promotion of knowledge)
iii. Rahnumai Mazdayasan Sabha (Parsis), 1851
▪ C. Rajagopalachari
i. Last gov-gen of India
ii. Founded Swatantra Party, 1951

1.

iii. Led "No-changers"

iv. Involved in Vaikom Satyagrah
v. Broke salt laws in Vedaranyam (TN)
vi. 1958 - estd Bharatiya Vidya Bhawan
vii. Edited Gandhi's Young India while Gandhi was in prison in early 1920s
▪ CR Das
i. Aka Deenbandhu
ii. Defended Aurobindo Ghosh from Alipore Bomb case, 1909
iii. Newspaper - Forward - later changed name to Liberty
iv. Literary magazines - Narayan, Mala, Sagar Sangit, Kishore-Kishoree and
Antaryami
v. Formed Swaraj Party alongwith Motilal Nehru, Ajmal Khan, VJ Patel, NC
Kelkar
vi. Presided 1922- Gaya Session
vii. Presided sessions of AITUC
viii. Political guru of SC Bose
ix. Died - 1925
▪ Vasudev Balwant Phadke
i. Aka 'father of armed struggle' of India's independence
ii. Formed revolutionary group of Ramosi people
iii. Founded 'Aikya Vardhini Sabha'
▪ Sachindra Nath Sanyal
i. Founder of HRA,1924
ii. Active member of Gadar Party
iii. Imprisoned in cellular jail => wrote "Bandi Jeevan"

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iv. Alongwith RashBehari Bose - attempted to assassinate Lord Hardinge,

1912
▪ Syed Ahmed Khan
i. Book -
1. Asbab Baghawat-e-Hind (The cause of the Indian Mutiny)
2. Asaar-us-sanadeed (Great Monuments)
3. Magazine - Tehzibul Akhlaq
ii. Established -
i. Gulshan School at Muradabad
ii. Victoria School at Ghazipur, 1863
iii. Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College
iii. Scientific Society
iv. 1878 - Joined Imperial Legislative Council
v. 1888 - knighthood
▪ G. Subramaniam Iyer
i. Founded The Hindu - english newspaper
ii. Founded Swadesh Mitran - tamil newspaper
▪ MG Ranade
i. Founding member of INC
ii. Founded/helped found -
i. Poona Sarvajanik Sabha
ii. Prarthana Sabha
iii. Vaktruttvottejak Sabha
iv. Widow Remarriage Association, 1861
▪ Jyotiba Phule (1827-1890)
i. Belonged to Mali community
ii. Founded Satyashodhak Samaj, 1873 with main aims of
i. Social service
ii. Spread of education among women and lower caste people
iii. Works - Sarvajanik Satyadharma, Gulamgiri
iv. Aimed at complete abolition of caste system and socio-economic
inequalities
v. Awarded title of Mahatma by Rao Bahadur Vithalrao Krishnaji Vandekar
▪ Lala Lajpat Rai
i. Founded Indian Home Rule League of America in NY in 1917
ii. Presided over 1920 Congress session
iii. Died in 1928 due to serious injusries => Martyr's Day in Orissa
iv. Proposal for clear partition of India into Muslim India and Non-Muslim
india in
▪ MA Ansari
i. President of both Congress & Muslim League - only person
ii. Founded Jamia Milia Univ
▪ Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

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i. Founding member of All India Khilafat Committee, 1919 (along with

Hakim Ajmal Khan)
ii. President of 1923 congress session - youngest Prez
i. Longest serving prez (1940-46)
iii. Became first Minister of Education
iv. Weekly-
i. Al Hilal, 1912
ii. Al Balagh, 1915
▪ Others
i. Balshastri Jambhekar
i. Newspaper - Darpan (1832), Digdarshan
ii. Father of Marathi Journalism
ii. Gopalhari Deshmukh
i. Judge under british raj
ii. Weekly - Prabhakar, Hitecchu, Lokahitawadi
iii. Gopal Ganesh Agarkar
i. Cofounder of Deccan Education Society along with Tilak
ii. Editor of Kesari (started by Tilak)
iii. Weekly - Sudharak - against untouchability & caste system

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