CHAPTER 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is one of the training fund (ITF)

program which was introduced in 1974 due to the inability of the engineering and technology

students in Nigerian universities and polytechnics to meet the practical aspect of their training.

That is to enable students match their theoretical school knowledge with the practical aspect of

their training in industries. One of the principles underlying any industrial work experience

scheme for students in the institution of learning is the desire to many, the practical with the

theoretical learning which characterizes conventional classroom situation with a view to

striking a balance between theory and practice. Also SIWES skill to design to expose and

prepare students of Universities, Polytechnics/Colleges of Technology/Colleges of Agriculture

and Colleges of Education for the Industrial Work situation they are likely to meet after

graduation. SIWES bridge the gap between theoretical work and the actual practice in various

programs we have in Nigerian tertiary institutions such as sciences, medicine, agriculture and

engineering. It also aims at exposing students to acquiring essential techniques and general

experience.

1.1 HISTORY OF SIWES

SIWES was established by ITF in the year 1973 to serve the problem of lack of adequate

practical skills preparatory for employment in industries by Nigeria tertiary institutions

graduates the scheme educates students on industrial based skills essential for a smooth

transition from the classroom to the world of work. Partaking in SIWES industrial training has

become a crucial certificate in specific disciplines in most institutions of higher learning in

Nigeria in line with the government education policies. The operations are the ITF, the

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coordinating agencies (NUC, NCCE, & NBTE) employment of labor and various institutions.

Funding the federal government of Nigeria beneficiaries are undergraduate student of the

following disciplines; Natural sciences,

Engineering and Technology, Education, Agriculture, Medical science, Environmental, pure and
Applied sciences. Duration is four months and One year for polytechnics and colleges of
education respectively, and of course, six months for universities.

1.1.1 VISION AND MISSION OF SIWES

To be the prime skill training development organization in Nigeria and also one of the best

training fund in the world.

1.1.2 AIMS OF SIWES

The effort is aimed at helping/training students in the Nigerian tertiary institutions, the

practical aspect of their fields of study by exposing students to machines and equipment,

professional work methods and ways of safeguarding the work areas and workers in industries

and other organizations. And also to provide an avenue for students in institutions of higher

learning to acquire industrial skills and experience in their course of study, which are restricted

to Engineering and Technology including Environmental studies and other courses that may be

approved. Courses of NCE (Technical), NCE Agriculture, NCE (Business), NCE (Fine and Applied

Arts) and NCE (Home Economics) in Colleges of Education.

1.1.3 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

The industrial training funds policy documents NO 1 of 1973 which established SIWES, outlined

the objectives of the scheme. The objectives are to;

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1. To provide an avenue for students in institutions of higher learning to acquire industrial

skill and experience during their course of study.

2. To expose student to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and

machinery that may not be available in their institutions.

3. To make the transition from school to the world of work easier, and enhance students

contacts for later job placement;

4. Provide students with an opportunity to apply their knowledge in real work situation

thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice.

5. Enlist and strengthen employers, involvement in the entire educational process and

prepare students for employment in Industry and Commerce.

6. The program teaches students how to interact effectively with other workers and

supervisors under various conditions in the organization.

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CHAPTER TWO

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF AMINU KANO TEACHING HOSPITAL

2.0 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
The decision to establish a teaching hospital in Kano State was taken at the national council
meeting NO.15 of 1974immedaitely after the decision, Kano State Government acquired a land
at DUKA-WUYA gate near the Bayero University New Campus on Gwarzo Road for the purpose
in 1975, Bayero University was establish as an autonomous institution and soon after that, the
National University Commission approved the establishment of Faculty of medicine for the
university. This decision implied that a university teaching hospital would be needed for the
training of medical students.

The newly acquired site was therefore earmarked for the hospital. Unfortunately, the
construction of the hospital was delayed for several reasons especially the problem of payment
of compensation for the land acquired.

By the time these problem were resolved, the oil glut had set in and the idea of constructing a
new hospital was virtually decided meanwhile, Bayero University established a faculty of
medicine in 1998/1986 session. Because of this development, it become imperative that several
alternative arrangement had to be made for the training of clinical student starting from
1988/1989 session.

After intensive consultations, kano state government graciously offered Aminu Kano Hospital
along Zaria Road to the Federal Government to serve as a teaching hospital for the training of
the medical students. Legal documentation for the takeover were signed on August 24 th 1988
by Prof. O. Ransome-kuti then the honorable Ministry of Health on behalf the Federal
Government and Hajiya Zahara Nanono then the honorable commissioner of Health, Kano
State Government. Immediately after, the President and commander-in-chief of the arm forces,
General Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida appointed Dr. Sadiq S.Wali, Chief physician as the first
Chief Medical Director to organize and coordinate the activities of the hospital.

In August 1990, the Federal Government instituted a presidential Task Force under the
chairmanship of Maj. Gen. (Dr) Amadi Rimi (Rtd) with a mandate to construct and provide a
teaching hospital facility on the Aminu Kano Hospital site

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The Honorable Federal Minister of Health inaugurated the first Board for the Teaching Hospital
on 11th January 1991 with members as listed hereunder:

 Dr. Abubakar Imam

 Dr. Sadiq S. Wali CMD AKTH
 Alh. Muhammad Adamu Rep. Community Interest
 Mr. M. O. Imana Rep. Community Interest
 Dr. A. A. Ibiama Dr. A. Nasidi Rep. FMOH
 Dr. Moses Ho I ep. Nigerian, Medical Association
 Mrs. M.P.I. Shenjobi Rep. Institute of Health Administrators
 Dr. M. M. Borodo Dean Faculty of Medicine BUK
 Dr. Musa Abdullahi Rep. Senate BUK
 Dr. M. T. Limon Rep. Vice Chancellor BUK
 Dr. Dayyabu Mohammed Rep. Kano Government State
With the inauguration of the Board, the Management commenced the recruitment of clinical,
administrative and other professional staff including Resident Doctors who were seconded to
approve centers for post-graduate training.

2.1 DEPARTMENTS IN THE ORGANISATION

 Internal Medicine
 Pediatrics
 Ophthalmology
 ENT
 Dental
 Radiology
 Hematology and Blood Transfusion
 Medical microbiology and
 Information technology department

2.1.2 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

The IT Department handles all information Technology related issues of the Hospital which
include

 Information Technology Management and Computer Hardware and Software.

 Enables the organization to have the ICT Systems, applications infrastructure and
support services needed to reduce paper work in the Hospital
 Monitor Maintains of other department Computers and other devices

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  Provide support to account staff handling POS
 Provide industrial training to students

2.3 ORGANISATION STRUCTURE

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

CHIEF MEDICAL DIRECTOR

DIRECTOR OF ADMINISTRATION ASSISTANT DIRECTOR OF CHAIRMAN MEDICAL ADVISORY

GEN ADMIN ESTAB. PENSIONS &

WORKS AND DRUG MANUF PHARMAC NURSING

PROC UNIT CATERING SERVICES PHYSIOTHERAP SCHOOLS &

STRATEGIC PLAN/ MEDICAL SOCIAL

ELECT CIVIL BIOMED MECH HEALTH
LAUNDRY AND

INFOR HOTICULTURE & ACADEMIC/CLINICAL

STORES AND SUPPLY

INFOR INFOR INFOR

Figure 1: ORGANISATIONAL CHART

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CHAPTER THREE

ACTIVITIES, SKILLS AND EXPERIENCE ACQUIRED

3.0 ACTIVITIES DONE

During my Six Months of Industrial Training under the Student Industrial Working Experience
Scheme (SIWES) in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano. I have learnt and acquired a lot of
skills, experience and some basic techniques on the following below:

 CONTENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (CMS)

 ROBOTICS
 OPERATING SYSTEM
 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

3.1 INTRODUCTION TO CONTENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (CMS)

Web Content
Web 1.0 is the term used to refer to the first stage of development on the World Wide Web
that was characterized by simple static websites. The history of content management systems
began in 1989 when Tim Berners-Lee proposed an internet-based hypertext system HTML and
wrote the browser and server software in late 1990. HTML came from SGML, which stands for
the Standard Generalized Markup Language, and was created at IBM by Charles F. Goldfarb, Ed
Mosher, and Ray Lorie in the 1970s. The first websites were simple HTML text files. You used an
FTP program to copy the files to a directory under a running web server. In 1993, Mosaic
browsers began supporting images that could appear along with text, and static brochure-like
sites shared company and product information.

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In the early 1990s, the first step to managing content on a web page came with Server Side
Includes (SSI). Server Side

As early as 1990, Tim Berners- Lee said the separation of document structure from the
document's layout had been a goal of HTML. In 1994, Hakon Wium Lie worked at CERN and
using the Web for publishing was growing. However, it wasn't possible to style documents, such
as displaying a newspaper-style multi-column layout in a Web page. Lie saw the need for a style
sheet language for the Web. Later Lie was joined by Bert Bos who was building a customizable
browser with style sheets. By 1995 the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was up and
running, and Lie and Bos worked together at the W3C on the first style sheets
recommendations.
In August 1996, the first commercial browser to support CSS was Microsoft's Internet Explorer
3.0, the next browser to support CSS was Netscape Communicator, version 4.0. Netscape's
initial implementation to support CSS was more of an attempt to stop Microsoft from claiming
to be more standards-compliant than Netscape. Unfortunately, the Netscape browser would
frequently crash when t page included Cascading Style Sheets. Battle for controlling standards
between Netscape and Microsoft came to be known as the browser wars.
In 1996, ColdFusion added a full scripting language called CFML. Processing forms with
ColdFusion or using the Common Gateway Interface and programming languages like Perl and
Python became the norm. From 1995 to 1997, server-side scripting was the rage. During this
same time, Personal Home Page (PHP) and Active Server Pages (ASP) came into play with
server-side scripting for generating content sent from the server to the Web browser.
Similar to ASP and PHP, JavaServer Pages
(JSP) arrived on the scene later in 1999 and was built around the Java programming language
and was also fairly popular.
In 1997, Microsoft introduced frames that let you split the HTML browser window into
segments, with each frame showing a different document that could be used to display content
from other sites, and was popular for presenting ads and banners.
The frame tag brought with it security, navigation, and search engine optimization issues that
eventually were addressed.

3.1.1 WHAT IS CONTENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

A Content Management System (CMS) can be defined as a tool or software program containing
a set of interrelated programs used for creating and managing different digital or online
content. Some famous examples of CMS software are Joomla, Drupal, WordPress,TYPO3, etc.

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3.1.2 USES OF CONTENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
The typical use of Content management system is in two areas

 Enterprise Content Management (ECM) :

This is the process of managing the entire lifecycle of an organization contents, including
document, spreadsheet and contracts and scanning image.

 Web Content Management (WCM)

This is a software content management system specifically for web content. It provide
web authoring, collaboration and admiration tools that help user with little knowledge
of web programming or markup language, create and website content.

3.1.3 COMPONENT OF CONTENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

A content management system is composed of two major components. These are:

 A content management application (CMA): is a graphical user interface that allows users
to create, delete, modify, and publish content without the knowledge of HTML or other
programming languages necessary to create web pages.
 A content delivery application (CDA) is responsible for the back-end services. It manages
as well as delivers content after being framed in the CMA.

3.1.4 Features of Content Management

 User Management: It allows management of users' information, such as the roles of

different users assigned to work together, creating or deleting users, and changing
usernames, passwords, and other related information.

 Theme System: It allows us to modify the site view and functionality using style sheet,
images, and templates.

 Extending Plugins: Different plugins are offered, which give custom functionalities and
features to create the CMS site.

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  Search Engine Optimization: It is embedded with many search engine optimization (SEO)
tools that make content SEO more straightforward.

 Media Management: It manages media files and folders, making it easy to upload media
content.

 Multilingual: Translation of the language, as preferred by the user, is possible through

CMS.

3.1.5 ADVANTAGE OF CONTENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

 Most of the CMS is open source and is available for free.

 Easy and quick uploading of media files can be done.
 Several SEO tools make on-site SEO
 Easy customization is possible as per the need of the user
 Many templates and plugins are available for free. Customization of plugins is also
possible.
 Content editing is also more comfortable as it uses the WYSIWYG editor

3.1.6 DISADVANTAGE OF CONTENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

 CMS software needs a time-to-time update, so the user must look for an updated
version.
 Using different plugins can make your website heavy and challenging to run.
 CMS hosting is quite expansive.
 PHP knowledge is required to modify or change the WordPress website.

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3.2 INTRODUCTION TO ROBOTICS

The history of robots has its origins in the ancient world. During the industrial revolution, where
humans developed the structural engineering capability to control electricity so that the
machine could powered with small motors. The term "robot" was first used in 1920 in a play
called "R.U.R." Or"Rossum's universal robots" by the
Czech writer Karle Capek. The word “Robot “comes from the word "Robota", meaning, in
Czech”, forced labor, drudgery.

3.2.1 ROBOTICS TERMINOLOGY

 Robot - Mechanical device that performs human tasks, either automatically or by

remote control.
 Robotics - Study and application of robot technology.
 Telerobotics - Robot that is operated remotely

3.2.2 WHAT IS A ROBOT

A Robot is a reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts,
tools or specialized devices through various programmed motions for the performance of a
variety of Tasks.

3.2.3 LAWS OF ROBOTS

Asimov proposed his three "Laws of Robotics", and added a "zeroth law"
Zeroth Law: A robot may not injure humanity, or, through inaction, allow humanity to come to
harm
First Law: A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to
come to harm, unless this would violate a higher order law
Second Law: A robot must obey orders given it by human beings, except where such orders
would conflict with a higher order law

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Third Law: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict
with a higher order law

3.2.4 TYPES OF ROBOTS

 Industrial Robots
The flexibility of a robot with the capability of performing large variety of tasks and
applications has made it very useful in today’s industrial area.
Below are some of the task used by an industrial robots:
Industrial Robots –
- Materials handling
- Welding
- Inspection
- Improving productivity
- Laboratory application

Fig 3.1 Industrial Robot

 MOBILE ROBOTS
Robots that move around on legs, tracks or wheels.
Eg-

Fig 3.2 Mobile Robot

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 In 1979 a nuclear accident in the, USA caused a leak of radioactive material which led
To Production of special robot –which can handle the radioactive materials.

 EDUCATION ROBOT
This is a discipline design to introduce student to robotics and programming interactivity
from a very early age, Robotic kits are also used extensively in education.
Eg- Robolab, lego and Robocup Soccer

Fig 3.3 Tester

 DOMISTIC ROBOTS
Robots-2 types-those designed to perform household tasks and modern toys which are
programmed to do things like talking, walking and dancing.

3.2.5 ROBOT COMPONENT

 Manipulator or Rover: Main body of robot (Links, Joints, other structural element of the
robot)
 End Effecter: The part that is connected to the last joint hand) of a manipulator.
 Actuators: Muscles of the manipulators (servomotor, stepper motor, pneumatic and
hydraulic cylinder).
 Sensors: To collect information about the internal state of the robot or to communicate
with the outside environment.

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  Controller: Similar to cerebellum. It controls and coordinates the motion of the
actuators.
 Processor: The brain of the robot. It calculates the motions and the velocity of the
robot's joints, etc.
 Software: Operating system, robotic software and the collection of routines

3.2.6 PURPOSE OF ROBOTS

Robots can be used for the following task

 Dirty Tasks
 Repetitive tasks
 Dangerous tasks
 Impossible tasks
 Robots assisting the handicapped
 Can operate equipment’s at much higher precision than humans.
 Cheaper on a long term basis
3.2.7 ADVANTAGES OF ROBOTS

 Cost effectiveness
 Improved quality assurance
 Increased Productivity
 They can work freely in a hazardous environment unlike human
3.2.8 DISADVANTAGES OF ROBOTS

 Potential job losses

 Initial investment cost
 Hiring skilled staffs

3.3 OPERATING SYSTEM

An Operating System is a software program that enables the computer hardware interact with
the computer software. Thus, an operating system is an interface between the user and the
whole computer system. An O.S is also an environment where software programs are installed.

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The most common used types of operating system are

 Microsoft Windows
 MacOS
 Linux
Operating systems are aimed at:

 Providing ease of use of hardware components for the users.

 Providing assistance to the computer Centre Administrator.
 Providing an efficient use or proper management of the hardware with minimum
Human interventions.
Features of an Operating System

 Provide automatic communication of the computer requirements to the operator or

user through the visual display.
 To provide automatic transmission of information or data onto the CPU.
 A computer system will not be able to function without an operating system. It will
indicate that there is a missing operating system after first boot of the system.
 Installation (or setup) of a computer program is the act of making the program ready for
execution

3.4 COMPUTER HARDWARE

Computer hardware is the collection of physical elements that constitutes a computer
system. Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or components of a computer
such as the monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, and hard drive disk (HDD),
system unit, chips, memory, and motherboard. Etc. all of which are physical objects that can
be seen and touched.
3.4.1 COMPONENT OF COMPUTER HARDWARE
Some of the Computer Hardware components are as follows: -

 Motherboard
 Power Pack

 MOTHERBOARD:
The Motherboard is an integral part of a computer System; it is a place where all other
components of the computer System, such as RAM, CPU and HDD etc are all attached on it, so

15
as to perform a certain function to the computer System. The motherboard is the main logic
part in any computer system. The mother board consists of connectors and circuits. Connectors
such as PS2 and USB connectors for both mouse and keyboard, VGA for display on the monitor
and many others. Circuits such as; Capacitors, Inductors and Integrated Circuits.
3.4.2 COMPONENTS OF THE MOTHERBOARD
The motherboard consists of many components. The major as well as most of its components
are explained below.

Fig.3.4 A MOTHERBOARD
SOME OF THE COMPONENT OF A MOTHERBOARD
Memory Slot: This is used for RAM insertion.
Power Connector: For connecting power which powers the motherboard.
SATA Port: This is used for SATA ribbon cables, it used for SATA hard drives and SATA CD-ROM
drives.
IDE Port: This is used for IDE ribbon cables, it is used IDE CD-ROMs, IDE Hard drives and
Floppy Disk Drives.
Expansion Slots: Expansion Slots are used to install various devices in the computer to expand
its capabilities.
Processor Sockets: This is the place where the processor is inserted. It is also where the
processor connects directly to the motherboard. It is also known as CPU socket.

3.4.3 CONNECTORS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

They are generally called Input/ Output connectors. They are;

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PS2 connector: This is used for both keyboard and mouse
USB I/O: this is used for plug and play devices. USB means Universal Serial Bus III.
Ethernet connector for RJ-45 cables. RJ means Registered Jack.
IV. Video Graphic Array (VGA): this is used for display on the monitor.
3.4 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
This is the unit where all processing take place. At the central processing unit is where the brain
of the computer is located, called PROCESSOR. The higher the speed of the processor, the faster
the computer. The processor which is also known as the CPU (central processing unit) can be
thought of as the brain of the computer that is responsible for processing instructions and
performing all arithmetic and logical operations of the computer
The Processor gets connected to the board through the CPU Socket.

Fig 3.3 The CPU Circuit

 POWER PACK (power supply)

In a personal computer (PC), the power supply is the metal box usually found in a corner of the
case. The power supply is visible from the back of many systems because it contains the power-
cord receptacle and the cooling fan.
3.4.1 RIBBON CABLES:
A ribbon cable is a wide, flat cable consisting of several wires running parallel to each other. It is
used for connecting storage devices to motherboard.
3.4.1 TYPES OF RIBBON CABLES
There are two (2) main types of ribbon cables in a computer. They are;
IDE Ribbon cables
SATA Ribbon cables

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3.5 COMPUTER STORAGE
Computer data storage, often called storage or memory, refers to computer
components, devices, and recording media that retain digital data used for computing for some
interval of time. Computer data storage provides one of the core functions of the modern
computer, that of information retention. It is one of the fundamental components of all
modern computers.
In contemporary usage, memory usually refers to a form of semiconductor storage
known as random access memory (RAM) and sometimes other forms of fast but
temporary storage. Similarly, storage today more commonly refers to mass storage -
optical discs, forms of magnetic storage like hard disks, and other types slower than RAM, but
of a more permanent nature. Historically, memory and storage were respectively called
primary storage and secondary storage.
3.5.1 PRIMARY STORAGE
Primary storage, presently known as memory, is the only one directly accessible to
the CPU. The CPU continuously reads instructions stored there and executes them. Any data
actively operated on is also stored there in uniform manner. Primary storage lose it data when
the device is powered down – it is volatile.
SECONDARY STORAGE
Secondary storage differs from primary storage because it is not directly accessible by the
CPU. The computer usually uses its input/output channels to access secondary storage and
transfers the desired data using intermediate area in primary storage. Secondary storage does
not lose the data when the device is powered down—it is non-volatile.
3.6 COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Software consists of carefully-organized instructions and codes written by programmers in a
computer language (called programming language).
Software is also seen as organized information in the form of operating systems, utilities,
programs and applications that enable computers to work.
3.6.1 TYPES OF SOFTWARE
There are two types of software.

 System support software: These are software which the computer needs for it to work.
A good example is operating system.
 Application software: These are software which are made to perform a certain function.
Example is word processor (MS office) and others

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 CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 CONCLUTION

I want to thank Almighty Allah for seeing me through the period of my industrial training. Also the

importance of SIWES cannot be over emphasized as it is meant to bridge the gap between the theories

taught at school and what is actually done in the industry.

My industrial training with the IT UNIT of AMINU KANO TEACHING HOSPITAL has exposed me to the

practical application of theoretical knowledge that I have acquired so far. I have learn how to work as a

group to perform a task and I have also learn to I can transform my ideas into something tangible.

I have also contributed a many ways but below are some of the contribution:

 I contributed or participate during network connection from file record office to physiotherapy
department

 Scanning of patient folder into a software in other to reduce the use of paper work in the
hospital

4.2 RECOMMENDATION

Siwes program plays a vital role in student academic program/actives by helping them in gaining

Experience which will help them while they are still at school because they will see more practical

application of what they were being taught theoretically, and also in their life after school where ever

they found themselves. Therefore, I will like to recommend that the institution and the Government

should do more in encouraging the students in compensating and providing adequate equipment for

the students and also if the university can come up with a certain syllabus that each student have to go

through in other to complete the program it will be better than the way students undergo their training

as of now and I will like the government to start paying some certain compensation to the teacher who

gave up their time to teach siwes student when undergoing their program

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4.3 REFERENCE
"ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1-2001 Approved: April 12, 2001 ; Commercial Building Telecommunications
Cabling Standard Part 1: General Requirements" (PDF). 090917 nag.ru

"Cable Sharing in Commercial Building Environments: Reducing Cost, Simplifying Cable

Management, and Converging Applications onto Twisted-Pair Media". Siemon. Retrieved

2014-04-28.

"Cat5 Spec, cat6 specs, cat7 spec - Definitions, Comparison, Specifications". TEC Datawire.

Retrieved 2013-01-05"."

"Comparison between CAT 5, CAT 5e, CAT 6, CAT 7 Cables".

"Data Cabling FAQs". Cabling Solutions. Retrieved 2015-11-10.

"Ethernet Cable Identification and Use". Donutey. Archived from the original on 2011-07-
10.

Retrieved 2011-04-01.

"Hack your House: Run Both Ethernet and Phone Over Existing Cat 5 Cable". Retrieved 2016-

08-15.

"LAN and Telephones". zytrax. October 21, 2015. Since 10base-T

"Pigtail". www.atis.org. ATIS Telecom Glossary. Retrieved 3 September 2014.

"Transmitting video over CAT 5 cable". EE Times. 2005-06-08. Retrieved 2013-12-07.

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