CONSTRUCTION METHODS

Immediately after all materials to be used in the project have passed the minimum testing
requirements based on the standard specifications for DPWH, the manner of operation in this
particular project shall have the following sequence:

I. MOBILIZATION shall consist of mobilization of equipment and manpower, materials and other
items that shall be of use in the implementation of the project. All cement materials shall be stored
immediately upon delivery at site, in a weather proof building which will protect the cement from
dampness. The floor shall be raised from the ground by 4 inches. All signage and project billboards
shall be placed at designated locations approved by the project engineer.

II. DEMOBILIZATION follows only after the project was finally accepted and the surroundings are
properly cleaned.

III. FACILITIES FOR ENGINEERS shall consists of offices and laboratories for project engineers. The
contractor shall provide and maintain field offices and testing laboratories, including the necessary
electricity, water drainage and telephone services for the use of the engineer and his staff. Their
location and final plan shall require the approval of the project engineer prior to the start of
construction. It is intent that the location site should be in government owned lot so that the use of
the government to these facilities can be maximized.

IV. OTHER GENERAL REQUIREMENTS - shall be provided by the contractor and shall maintain such
offices, stores, workshops latrines and messing accommodations as are necessary. These should be
located in the contractors compound, distinct and separate from engineer's compound. The
dimensions and layout of the buildings and places shall be subject to the approval of the project
engineer. The contractor shall provide and maintain throughout the duration the contract.

V. FOUNDATION FILL - before laying the pipe, the bedding shall provide a firm foundation of
uniform density for the entire length of the culvert. The underlying materials of the pipe culvert
shall 100 mm bedding materials as indicated in the plan and approved by the project engineer.

VI. PIPE CULVERT AND DRAIN EXCAVATION - when excavating pipe culvert trench, the width must
be sufficient to permit the proper jointing of the pipe but not wider than that specified in the plan,
prior to laying of the pipe culvert , a bedding material shall provide to a maximum of 100 mm thick
when tamp.

VII. ROADWAY EXCAVATION-roadway excavation will include excavation and grading for roadways,
parking areas, intersections, approaches, slope rounding, benching, waterways and ditches; removal
of unsuitable material from the roadbed and beneath embankment areas; and excavating selected
material found in the roadway as ordered by the engineer for specific use in the improvement.
Roadway excavation will be classified as “unclassified excavation”, “rock excavation”, “common
excavation”, or “muck excavation” As indicated in the bill of quantities and hereinafter described.

(1) UNCLASSIFIED EXCAVATION. Unclassified excavation shall consist of the excavation and
disposal of all materials regardless of its nature, not classified and included in the bill of
quantities under other pay items.
(2) ROCK EXCAVATION. Rock excavation shall consist of igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic rock which cannot be excavated without blasting or the use of rippers, and all
boulders or other detached stones each having a volume of 1 cubic meter or more as
determined by physical measurements or visually by the engineer.
 (3) COMMON EXCAVATION. Common excavations shall consist of all excavation not included in
the bill of quantities under “rock excavation” Or other pay items.

(4) MUCK EXCAVATION. Muck excavation shall consist of the removal and disposal of deposits
of saturated or unsaturated mixtures of soils and organic matter not suitable for foundation
material regardless of moisture content.

VIII. EMBANKMENT FROM ROADWAY EXCAVATION - where there is evidence of discrepancies on

the actual elevations and that shown on the plans, a pre-construction survey referred to the datum
plane used in the approved plan shall be undertaken by the contractor under the control of the
engineer to serve as basis for the computation of the actual volume of the embankment materials.
When embankment is to be placed and compacted on hillsides, or when new embankment
is to be compacted against existing embankments, or when embankment is built one-half width at a
time, the existing slopes that are steeper than 3:1 when measured at right angles to the roadway
shall be continuously benched over those areas as the work is brought up in layers. Benching will be
subject to the engineer's approval and shall be of sufficient width to permit operation of placement
and compaction equipment. Each horizontal cut shall begin at the intersection of the original ground
and the vertical sides of the previous cuts. Material thus excavated shall be placed and compacted
along with the embankment material in accordance with the procedure described in this section.

IX. AGGREGATE SUBBASE COURSE - this item shall consist of furnishing, placing and compacting an
aggregate subbase course on a prepared subgrade in accordance with this specification and the
lines, grades and cross-sections shown on the plans, or as directed by the engineer.

PLACING

The aggregate subbase material shall be placed at a uniform mixture on a prepared

subgrade in a quantity which will provide the required compacted thickness. When more
than one layer is required, each layer shall be shaped and compacted before the succeeding
layer is placed.

The placing of material shall begin at the point designated by the engineer. Placing shall be
from vehicles especially equipped to distribute the material in a continuous uniform layer or
windrow. The layer or windrow shall be of such size that when spread and compacted the
finished layer be in reasonably close conformity to the nominal thickness shown on the
plans.

When hauling is done over previously placed material, hauling equipment shall be dispersed
uniformly over the entire surface of the previously constructed layer, to minimize rutting or
uneven compaction.

SPREADING AND COMPACTING

When uniformly mixed, the mixture shall be spread to the plan thickness, for compaction.
Where the required thickness is 150 mm or less, the material may be spread and
compacted in one layer. Where the required thickness is more than 150 mm, the aggregate
sub base shall be spread and compacted in two or more layers of approximately equal
thickness, and the maximum compacted thickness of any layer shall not exceed 150 mm. All
subsequent layers shall be spread and compacted in a similar manner.
 The moisture content of subbase material shall, if necessary, be adjusted prior to
compaction by watering with approved sprinklers mounted on trucks or by drying out, as
required in order to obtain the required compaction.

Immediately following final spreading and smoothening, each layer shall be compacted to
the full width by means of approved compaction equipment. Rolling shall progress gradually
from the sides to the center, parallel to the centerline of the road and shall continue until
the whole surface has been rolled. Any irregularities or depressions that develop shall be
corrected by loosening the material at these places and adding or removing material until
surface is smooth and uniform. Along curbs, headers, and walls, and at all places not
accessible to the roller, the subbase material shall be compacted thoroughly with approved
tampers or compactors.

If the layer of subbase material, or part thereof, does not conform to the required finish, the
contractor shall, at his own expense, make the necessary corrections.

Compaction of each layer shall continue until a field density of atleast 100 percent of the
maximum dry density determined in accordance with aashtot 180, method d has been
achieved. In-place density determination shall be made in accordance with aashto t 191.

X.PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT - shall be constructed on a prepared base in

accordance with the specifications and in conformity with lines, grades, thickness and typical cross
section shown on the plans.steel forms of desired height as to thickness of the concrete shall be set
sufficiently in advance of the point where concrete is being placed.

After the forms have been set to correct grade, the grade shall be thoroughly tamped, mechanically
or by hand at both the inside and outside edges of the base of the forms. The forms shall not
deviate from true line by more than 1 cm. At any point.

The alignment and grade elevations of the forms shall be checked and corrections made by the
contractor immediately before placing the concrete. Testing as to crown and elevation, prior to
placing of concrete can be made by means of holding an approved template in a vertical position
and move backward and forward on the forms.

High areas shall be trimmed to proper elevation. Low areas shall be filled and compacted to a
condition similar to that of surrounding grade.

Deformed steel tie bars shall be placed perpendicular the longitudinal joints. The bars shall not be
painted or coated with asphalt or other material.

When shown on the plans and when adjacent lanes of pavement are constructed separately, steel
side forms shall be used which will form a key way along the construction joint. Tie bars may be
bent at right angles against the form of the first lane constructed and straightened into final position
before this concrete of the adjacent lane is placed, or in lieu of bent tie bars, approved two-piece
connectors may be used.

X. PIPE CULVERT - in installation of rcpc, the section of the pipe that will be in contact with the
ground shall be provided with 100 mm thick sand cushion which passes a 9.5 mm sieve and not
more than 10.00% of which passes a 0.75mm sieve.pipe culverts shall be laid starting from the
downstream and progressing upstream while maintaining the slope of not more than 2%. The bell of
groove ends shall be place facing upstream. Original stream flow shall always be followed in laying
pipe culverts. Joins shall provide with the cement mortar in accordance with approved plans.