Comparative Analysis of 3-phase 3-wire Shunt

Active Power Filters using various Control

Strategies
Raju P. Keshawala Saurabh N. Pandya
Electrical Engineering Department Electrical Engineering Department
Lukhdhirji Engineering College, Morbi Lukhdhirji Engineering College, Morbi
rajukeshwala143@gmail.com saunipandya@gmail.com

Shilpa K. Patel Dhaval P. Suthar

Electrical Engineering Department Electrical Engineering Department
Lukhdhirji Engineering College, Morbi Lukhdhirji Engineering College, Morbi
shilpa5185@gmail.com d.14972.p@gmail.com
Abstract: This paper describes three-phase three-wire Shunt active currents. More filters are required for compensation because
power filter using conventional three leg voltage source converter. one filter can compensate only one particular frequency and this
In this paper three control strategies are compared. These Increases the cost of the filters [2]. The most effective solution
strategies are Constant Instantaneous Power Theory, Generalized
Fryze Current Control Theory and Synchronous Reference Frame
is to use Active Power Filters which are able to compensate not
Method. The performance analysis of Shunt Active Power Filter only harmonics but also improve power factor and voltage
for Different Loads and for Different Supply (Balanced as well as regulation under different loads and unbalanced supply
Unbalanced) condition are simulated using Matlab. condition [2].
The shunt active power filters are suitable to minimize
effect of non-linear loads on power network and compensate
Keyword—Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF), Constant power
asymmetrical current caused by non-linear loads. H. Akagi has
control (CP) theory, Generalized Fryze Current control theory
(FRYZE), Unity Power Factor(UPF), Zero Voltage Regulation developed SAPF control strategies that is based on p-q theory
(ZVR). [3], Constant Instantaneous Power theory, Sinusoidal Current
control strategy, and Generalized Fryze current control strategy.
Synchronous Reference Frame Method, Unit Template Method
in [2].
I. INTRODUCTION1
In this paper SAPF control methods are given and
H ARMONICS pollution is become increasingly due to
extensive use of non-linear loads such as switched mode
power supply(SMPS), ASDs, uninterruptable power
compared under different load and supply conditions.
Performance of SAPF under unbalance conditions have been
evaluated considering possible occurrence of unbalanced
supply(UPS), power converter etc. These equipments use diode
during the unsymmetrical fault condition. Section [II]
or thyristor rectifier for power conversion that will produce a
Describes Shunt Active Power Filter, section [III] describes the
large amount of harmonic current which makes malfunctioning
control strategies, section [IV] shows simulation results and
of equipment and disturbing nearby communication system [1].
section [V] discusses conclusion.
Due to use of non-linear load which causes current harmonics
that may also causes voltage drops across the supply network
impedance as well as resulting in distorted supply voltage. II. SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTER
Hence a reduction in Voltage Quality. Conventional technique A. Configuration of Shunt Active Power Filter:
of mitigation of harmonics is passive filter which can be tuned
Shunt Active power filter is three leg voltage source
to a particular harmonic frequency. The usage of passive L-C
converter with PWM controller. The basic block diagram of
filters have more disadvantages because of their large size, SAPF is shown in fig. 1
impedance of source affects the filtering characteristics. Passive
Filters are overloaded because of high degree harmonic

978-1-5386-1138-8/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE

 D. Capacitor Voltage,
√
PCC = Where, m = Modulation index (1)
Source √
Non Linear Load
Filter The capacitance of capacitor can be calculated from the
Inductor
Source Load DC link
energy storage equation. The amount of energy stored in
Voltage Current Voltage Capacitor is supplied from the source [4].

∗
( − ) = 3VaIt (2)
DC link
Capacitor VSC PWM Controller Where,
VDC = Capacitor Voltage
Fig. 1 Block diagram of SAPF VDCref = Capacitor Refrence Voltage
CDC = Capacitance
The Controller is used to generate reference current for a = Overloading Factor
PWM controller. Hysteresis Band controller is used to generate
E. Filter Reactor:
pulses for voltages source converter. IGBT switches produce
high switching frequency to generate compensating current. DC The current ripple is reduced by series inductor called
Link capacitor is used for switching losses for IGBT switches smoothing inductor that depends on ripple current of
and Filter Inductor is used for elimination of higher order compensating current [4].
harmonics in compensating current [2].
√ VDC = Capacitor Voltage
= where (3)
I Crpp = Ripple current
B. Compensation Principle:
f s = Switching Frequency
The compensation principle of SAPF is shown in fig. a = Overloading Factor
2 the compensating current extract harmonics from load current m = Modulation Index
hence source current become sinusoidal [2].

III. CONTROL STRATEGIES

A. Constant Instantaneous Power Theory:

Hirofumi Akagi developed the instantaneous active and

reactive power theory that is called p–q theory [3]. The Block
Diagram of Constant Power theory is shown in fig. 3.

Fig. 2 Block diagram of compensation principle of SAPF

The SAPF compensates load current to eliminate

current harmonics and improves power factor by making source
current in phase with source voltage [2]. Fig. 3 Block diagram of Constant Power Theory
The main aim of this control strategy is to compensate
C. DC link capacitor: harmonics current from source current which is due to use of
non-linear loads. This theory defines the power in terms of new
The DC link capacitor voltage should be greater than
α-β axis and abc to alpha-beta conversion (Clarke
the peak of the system voltage. It is calculated by following
equation [4]. transformation) as given in following equations. [5-7].
 1 − − This Method decreases the ohmic loss in line. Also it shows
√
the linearity between the supply voltage and current [3, 4]. The
√ √
= 0 − (4) instantaneous conductance (Ge) is measured from 3-phase
instantaneous real power. Moreover RMS aggregate voltage is
√ √ √ derived from the instantaneous values of phase voltages in
equation (9). The equivalent conductance (Ge) pass through
p= ∝ + Butterworth Low Pass Filter (LPF) with cut off frequency 50Hz
q= ∝ − (5) [5, 8]. The desired reference source current is calculated by the
active current after compensation is shown in equation (10).
P= ̅+ + + (6) The Generalized Fryze current control theory shows that SAPF
should draw the inverse of the reactive current of load current.
All power are defined as Sum of the mean value in a time The results show that currents are proportional to the
period and an oscillating term is given by equation (6). The first corresponding phase voltage [3, 4]. Is output of PI
one is related to ‘-’ latter as constant power which is actual controller which provides switching losses for IGBT switches
power for load and the second one with a “∼” symbol is related [8].
to oscillating component due to harmonics component. It has to
be compensated which will be extracted by First-Order Low = (9)
pass filter has frequency used as fundamental frequency
(50Hz). Is calculated from equation (1) and then it is
compared with reference ∗. The output of PI controller = ( + ) = −
component used to provide switching losses for IGBT = ( + ) = −
swiches. The iαβ current related to power can be calculated from = ( + ) (10) = − (11)
equation (7) and conversion of iαβ to iabc is given in equation (8)
as inverse Clarke transformation [5-7].
− + ̅ C. Synchronous Reference Frame Method:
= − (7)
−
The Block Diagram of Synchronous Reference Frame
1 0 Method is shown in fig. 5
√
√
= − (8)
√
√
− −
√

B. Generalized Fryze current control technique:

The Generalized Fryze current control theory takes minimum
RMS value of source current so that same 3-phase average real
power is taken from the source as the original load current. The
block diagram of Generalized Fryze current control strategy as
shown in fig. 4. [3].
Fig. 5 Block diagram of Synchronous Reference Frame Method

A 3-phase Phase Locked Loop (PLL) is chosen for

synchronization of PCC voltages with current signal. 3-phase
load currents are converted into two phase using Park’s
transformation as per equation (12)
cos( ) − sin( ) 0.5
= cos( − 120) −sin( − 120) 0.5
cos( + 120) −sin( + 120) 0.5
(12)

In above equation id–q current components are then passed to

the LPF with fundamental frequency to extract the DC
Fig. 4 Block diagram of Generalized Fryze current control Theory
components of and . The id current and id current consist based voltage source converter is taken. Hysteresis Band
of average and oscillating components that extracts DC controller is used to generate Pulses for IGBT switches. The
quantities by a LPF is given by equation (13). Hence the parameters calculated from above equation are given in table-I
oscillating quantities are separated from the reference signals Table I Parameters Calculation
[2, 5]. This method is classified in two modes 1. Unity power
Source Voltage (L-L) 415 V (RMS)
factor (UPF) and 2. Zero voltage regulation modes as detailed
in the following sections [2, 9]. Line Impedance R= 0.04Ω L=0.02mH
Frequency 50 Hz
= +
= + (13) DC Link Capacitor 3000 µF
Filter Inductor 1 mH
1. Unity Power Factor Mode: VDC Ref. 700 V
This control strategy is used to compensate reactive power in VPCC Ref. 586 V
UPF mode. The source has to supply the (active current)
component of current component. The output of PI
Case A: Balanced Supply Voltage
controller is considered as the current for meeting
switching losses of IGBT. Output obtained from addition In this case three different types of loads are chosen for
of and is shown in equation (14). The reference source performance analysis (i) R=60 Ω (ii) R=100 Ω, L=25mH and
current is obtained by the following reverse Park’s (iii) R=10 Ω, L=1000mH are consider for different control
transformation shown as in Equation (15) and ∗ and ∗ are strategies which are constant power, generalized fryze control,
zero and ∗ ∗ ∗ are reference currents [2, 9]. Unity power factor and ZVR and their Load current,
∗= + (14) compensating current and source current waveform are given in
fig. 6, fig. 7 and fig. 8.respectively.
∗ cos( ) sin( ) 1 ∗ Case B: Unbalanced Supply Voltage
∗ = cos( − 120) sin( − 120) 1 ∗ (15)
∗ cos( + 120) sin( + 120) 1 ∗ Unbalanced supply voltage condition are (I) 10%, 20%, 30%
in magnitude, (II) 10%, 20%, 30% in phase angle and (III) 20%
2. Zero voltage Regulation Mode: in magnitude and 20% in phase angle with resistive load (R=60
The comparison of quadrature-axis current of the load Ω) load current, compensating current and source current can
be obtained and the value of source current is same for balanced
and the different of reference voltage of PCC and actual voltage
supply condition but only change in THD (%) of source current
and it is given to PI controller which is denoted as used for
for different methods. The operating condition of unbalanced
regulating the voltage at PCC for Voltage Regulation. At PCC,
supply voltage with respect to magnitude and phase angle is
the AC terminal voltage ( ) amplitude is controlled to its
reference voltage ( ∗ ) is peak value of PCC voltage (586 given in table-II
Volts). The amplitude of the AC voltage ( ) at PCC is Table II Operating condition for unbalanced supply
calculated by AC voltages ( , ) in equation (16). The
Supply (peak) Phase A Phase B Phase C
reference supply quadrature-axis current in equation (17)
Three-phase reference supply currents are calculated by reverse Mag. 10%
374V 340 V 306 V
Park’s transformation using Equation (15) with ∗ as in unbalanced
Mag. 20%
Equation (14), ∗ as in Equation (17), and ∗as zero [2, 9]. 408 V 340 V 272 V
unbalanced
Mag. 30%
= √( ) ( + + ) (16) 442 V 340 V 238 V
unbalanced
Phase 10%
∗= − (17) 12o -120o 108o
unbalanced
Phase 20%
IV SIMULATION RESULTS 24o -120o 96o
unbalanced
Phase 30%
The performance of 3-phase, 3-wire Shunt Active Power 36o -120o 84o
unbalanced
Filter is simulated using Matlab/SIMULINK. In this simulation
Phase 20%,
3-phase source with line impedance, non-linear load as 3-phase Magnitude 20%
408 V, 340 V, 272 V,
uncontrolled bridge rectifier with R and R-L load and IGBT 24o -120o 96o
unbalance
(I)R=60 Ω
Constant power

FRYZE

UPF

ZVR

Fig. 6 load current, compensating current and source current waveform

(II) R=100 Ω, L=25mH

Constant power

FRYZE

UPF

ZVR

Fig. 7 load current, compensating current and source current waveform

(III) R=10 Ω, L=1000mH
Constant power

FRYZE

FRYZE
UPF

UPF
ZVR

Fig.8 load current, compensating current and source current waveform

 The THD (%) Results obtained with [5] María Isabel Milanés Montero, Member, IEEE, Enrique
Romero Cadaval, Member, IEEE, and Fermín Barrero
different techniques and different operating González, Member, IEEE, “Comparison of Control
condition are summarized as below. Strategies for Shunt Active Power Filters in Three-Phase
Four-Wire Systems” IEEE Transactions On Power
Electronics, VOL. 22, NO. 1, 2017.
Table III THD (%) of Source current for different control [6] Mauricio Aredes, Student Member, IEEE Jürgen H¨afner,
condition and Klemens Heumann, Member, IEEE, “Three-Phase
Four-Wire Shunt Active Filter Control Strategies” in IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, VOL. 12, NO. 2,
% THD
MARCH 1997.
Operating Constant [7] S. Mikkili, A.K. Panda, S. Yellasiri, “Fuzzy Controller
FRYZE UPF ZVR
condition Power Based 3Phase 4Wire Shunt Active Filter for Mitigation of
Current Harmonics with Combined p-q and Id-Iq Control
R=60 Ω 3.98 2.45 3.85 3.88
Strategies” Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
R=100 Ω, February 2011. 3(1) 43-52p.
5.26 2.95 5.19 5.18
L=25 mH [8] Johann F. Petit, Student Member, IEEE, Guillermo Robles,
R=10 Ω, Member, IEEE, and Hortensia Amarís, Member, IEEE,
5.70 5.46 5.43 5.49 “Current Reference Control for Shunt Active Power Filters
L=1000 mH
Mag. 10% Under No sinusoidal Voltage Conditions” in IEEE
8.02 5.64 3.88 3.92 Transactions on Power Delivery, VOL. 22, NO. 4,
unbalanced
OCTOBER 2007.
Mag. 20%
15.08 10.56 3.98 4.23 [9] B. Singh, P. Jayaprakash, and D. Kothari, "A T-connected
unbalanced
transformer and three-leg VSC based DSTATCOM for
Mag. 30%
22.73 15.66 4.21 4.60 power quality improvement," IEEE Transactions on Power
unbalanced Electronics, vol. 23, pp. 2710-2718, 2008.
Phase 10%
15.03 4.87 4.25 4.46
unbalanced
Phase 20%
29.04 6.52 5.39 6.15
unbalanced
Phase 30%
44.82 8.34 7.14 8.36
unbalanced
Phase 20%,
Magnitude
34.89 15.45 5.17 6.30
20%
unbalance

V CONCLUSION
In this paper, various control techniques
used for Shunt Active Power Filter are discussed.
Simulation for Constant Power Technique, Fryze
Current Control technique and SRF Method has
been prepared. Simulation results for balanced
supply conditions show that Fryze Current Control
technique gives better performance compare to
Constant Power technique and SRF Method.
However, for unbalanced supply conditions SRF
Method gives better performance compare to
Constant Power technique and Fryze Current
Control technique. This is due to use of PLL which
continuously tracking positive sequence component
of the phase voltage.

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