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INTRODUCTION

1) A matrix is an array of numbers or expressions arranged in rows and columns. It is described by the number of rows and columns. 2) A square matrix has the same number of rows and columns. A zero matrix has all elements equal to zero. An identity matrix is square with ones on the diagonal and zeros elsewhere. 3) Matrix operations include addition, subtraction, and scalar multiplication according to standard rules such as the commutative property for addition. The transpose of a matrix is found by reflecting it over its diagonal.

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36 views10 pages

INTRODUCTION

1) A matrix is an array of numbers or expressions arranged in rows and columns. It is described by the number of rows and columns. 2) A square matrix has the same number of rows and columns. A zero matrix has all elements equal to zero. An identity matrix is square with ones on the diagonal and zeros elsewhere. 3) Matrix operations include addition, subtraction, and scalar multiplication according to standard rules such as the commutative property for addition. The transpose of a matrix is found by reflecting it over its diagonal.

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boumiasarah4
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INTRODUCTION

⇒ A matrix is an array of elements (which are usually numbers) set out in a pair of brackets

⇒ You can describe the size of a matrix using the numbers of rows and columns it contains

⇒ A square matrix is one where the numbers of rows and columns are the same

⇒ A zero matrix is one in which all of the elements are zero. The zero matrix is denoted by
0

⇒ an identity matrix is a square matrix in which the elements of the leading diagonal
(starting top left) are all 1 and the remaining elements are 0. I k denotes identity
matrices where k describes the size. The 3 x 3 identity matrix is
There are 17 rows and 11 columns: the size is 17x11.

Example 2. Building

N° Date of Number F2 F3 Number Address


construction of floors Apartment Apartments of people
s
1 1962 6 8 10 25 Jujkk
2
3
4
5
6
There are m rows and n columns: the size is mxn.

Example 3. Drawing

LINE -2,1 3,4


CIRCLE 2,1 1
RECTANGLE 2;4 8.5
1) What are the Elements of Matrix?
The elements of matrix can be numbers, variables, any mathematical
expressions, or any other characters inside the matrix.

For example, the elements of a matrix A:

2) Number of Elements of Matrix.


For example, the number of elements of a matrix with

 5 rows and 2 columns is 5 × 2 = 10.


 5 rows and 2 columns is 2 × 5 = 10.
 3 rows and 4 columns is 3 × 4 = 12.
 4 rows and 3 columns is 4 × 3 = 12.
 m rows and n columns is m × n = mn.

The size (order) is written as m × n and the number of elements is the product of m
and n (i.e., mn).
3) Positions of Elements of Matrix.
 Every element of a matrix has a unique position and is determined by
its row number followed by column number (separated by a comma).

 The element of a matrix A that is present in ith row and jth column is
represented as aᵢ,ⱼ.

For example, A= 1 4 (5 2 −2
0 )
 5 is the element in the 1st row and 1st column. It is written as a₁,₁.
 2 is the element in the 1st row and 2nd column. It is written as a₁,₂.
 0 is the element in the 2nd row and 3rd column. It is written as a2,3.
1) Particular matrices
 A (1 × 1) matrix is a scalar, which is denoted by an italic letter x = 1.
 The null matrix (O) is a matrix all elements equal to zero, i.e. ai,j = 0 for all i = 1. . . n
and j = 1, . . . , m.

( )
0 0 0
0= 0 0 0
0 0 0

 A quadratic matrix is a matrix with the same number of columns and rows, i.e. n = m.

( )
0 0 4
A = 2 2 −1
1 3 2
m =n = 3 B= (13 42 ) m =n = 2
 A symmetric matrix is a quadratic matrix such that ai,j = aj,i for all i = 1, . . . , n and
j = 1, . . . , m.

( )
0 2 4
S = 2 2 −1
4 −1 2

 A diagonal matrix is a quadratic matrix such that the off-diagonal elements are all
equal to zero, i.e. ai,j = 0 for i ≠ j.

( )
0 0 0
D= 0 2 0
0 0 2
 The identity matrix is a diagonal matrix with all diagonal elements equal to one. The
identity matrix is denoted by I or In.

( )
1 0 0
I3 = 0 1 0
0 0 1
I2= (10 01)
 A square matrix in which all the elements below the diagonal are zero is known as
the upper triangular matrix.

( )
0 0 4
A = 0 2 −1
0 0 2

 A square matrix in which all the elements above the diagonal are zero is known as
the upper triangular matrix.
( )
0 0 0
A= 2 2 0
1 3 2

4) Matrix operation.

A+B= ( 43 87) + (15 02) = ( 4+1


3+5
4 +0
7+ 2 ) = (58 89)
Properties of Matrix Addition: If A, B and C are matrices of the same order, then

(a) Commutative Law: A + B = B + A

(b) Associative Law: (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)

(c) Identity of the Matrix: A + O = O + A = A, where O is a zero matrix which is the


additive identity of the matrix,

(d) Additive Inverse: A + (-A) = 0 = (-A) + A, where (-A) is obtained by changing the
sign of every element of A, which is the additive inverse of the matrix,

(e)

A+B=A+C
B+A=C+A BB = C

(f)

If A + B = 0 = B + A, then B is called the additive inverse of A, and also A is called the


additive inverse of B.
Subtraction of Matrices
If A and B are two matrices of the same order, then we define

A−B=A+(−B).
Consider the two matrices, A and B, of order 2 x 2.

We can subtract the matrices by subtracting each element of one matrix from the
corresponding element of the second matrix, i.e. A – B = [aij – bij]mxn.

A-B= ( 43 87) - (15 02) = ( 4−1


3−5
4−0
7−2 ) = (−23 45)

Scalar Multiplication of Matrices


If A = [aij]m×n is a matrix and k any number, then the matrix which is obtained by
multiplying the elements of A by k is called the scalar multiplication of A by k, and it is
denoted by k A, thus if A = [aij]m×n,

Then

k Amxn = Amxn k = kai,j

A = ( 43 87) 2A = (2.4
2.3
2.8
2.7 ) = (86 1614)
Properties of Scalar Multiplication: If A and B are matrices of the same order and λ
and μ are any two scalars, then,

(a) λ(A + B) = λA + λB

(b) (λ + μ)A = λA + μA

(c) λ(μA) = (λμA) = μ(λA)

(d) (-λA) = -(λA) = λ(-A)


Transpose of a Matrix Definition.
The transpose of a matrix is found by interchanging its rows into columns or columns into rows. The
transpose of the matrix A is denoted by AT.

Properties of Transpose of a Matrix.


 Transpose of the Transpose Matrix.
The transpose of a transposed matrix is itself. i.e., for any matrix B, (BT)T = B.
Example:
 Addition Property of Transpose.

Transpose of an addition of two matrices A and B obtained will be exactly equal to


the sum of the transpose of individual matrices A and B.

This means: (A+B)T = AT +BT

T T

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