Class 10

Lesson -
Light - Reflection and Refraction: Chapter 10

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teach
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Chapter Covered Chapter 10: Light - Reflection and Refraction

Name of the NCERT, Science Textbook for Class X

Book

In this lesson plan, students will learn about fundamental principles of light, phenomena of reflection and refraction and
Learning their application in real life situations.
Objectives They will then use tinkering and AI to create a prototype for predicting the possibilities of skin disease based on exposure
to different light intensities.
To enable learners to:
Stage 1: Conceptualization Scholastic:

● Identify the different types of behaviours of light.

● Understand the concept of Reflection and Refraction.
● Determine the difference between Reflection and Refraction.
● Learn about magnification, spherical mirrors, and lenses.

AI + Tinkering
Stage 2: Apply Design Thinking
● Make a circuit consisting of the sensors and microcontroller
● Program the system to read the data of temperature and UV rays
Stage 3: Hands-on experience to understand reflection and refraction with different types of lights and their safeness
● Use tools to calculate the temperature generated by light
● Use sensors to calculate the UV light amount.
● Explore the use of technology and innovation in understanding if a light is safe or unsafe for the human body.

Stage 4: Introduction to Teachable Machine

● Leverage Artificial Intelligence to distinguish the type of light on the basis of UV content and classify as safe or
unsafe. This will be done by the use of the Teachable Machine.

Time Required 5 periods of 45 minutes each

Classroom/ATL Theory session: 1 period with regular classroom seating

Arrangement Hand-on activity session: 4 periods of group activity, while learners sitting in pair

Material Scholastic:
Required ● Smart Class setup
● Whiteboard and marker
AI and Tinkering:
● UV light sensor
● Lm 35 sensor
● Arduino Uno and USB cable
● Jumper wires
● Breadboard (if necessary)
● Computer/Laptop with internet connection
 Scholastic:
Pre-preparation Students should be made aware of:
Activities ● Basic principles of light
● Difference between refraction and reflection
AI and Tinkering:

Students should be made aware about

● Spreadsheet tools such as Excel, or Google Sheets, or LibreOffice calc
● Use of the UV light and Lm35 sensor to collect data

Link for Temperature Sensor:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Xc2sPhwWEc

Link for UV Sensor:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2kNt1OsJT-Q

Scholastic:
Previous ● Basic knowledge about the different properties of reflection and refraction
Knowledge AI and Tinkering:
● Basic understanding of the components required to make a circuit
● The ability to empathize and think holistically towards a problem statement in hand

Stage 1: Conceptualization Scholastic (Subject Teacher):

Methodology
The teacher will conduct the first session in a regular classroom setup and cover the following:

1. What is the difference between reflection and refraction?

2. What kind of light rays can cause skin cancer?
3. Study the applications of magnification?

Contextualization:
AI and Tinkering:
Stage 2: Apply Design Thinking framework on the given scenario (Subject Teacher & ATL in-charge)

Problem Statement/ Scenario:

After learning the concept of light and the importance of Reflection and Refraction, students will be presented with a
practical problem - Abhishek is studying medicine and is curious about what kind of radiation to the human body can
cause cancer. One day, while he was out getting groceries he noticed his phone warned him of harmful radiation in that
area. So, he decided to investigate.

Empathise: Ask students if they know of certain chemicals and radiation in the environment which can cause cancer.
Teachers can further ask students to reflect on the above scenario and think about how Abhishek will go about showing
how skin cancer can be reduced.

Define: Ask students to identify the various reasons for skin cancer. Show them the various tools that can be used to
measure UV light and temperature. Also discuss the ways in which the exposure to UV light can be reduced. Here are
some of the points that could be covered:

 How does one get exposed to skin cancer?

 How do you measure the UV content in a light?
 How does temperature play a role in all this?
 What are the effects of long exposure to UV light?
 Can exposure to UV light be reduced?

Ideate: The students will now be encouraged to discuss possible solutions using tinkering and AI. Based on already
demonstrated activities of making a UV light sensor, students should be enabled to make their own UV light and
temperature tracking system.

Stage 3: Creating a system to collect and measure UV light and Temperature data by using sensors (Subject teacher
and ATL in-charge)
 3.1 Connect the UV light and Lm35 sensor to the Arduino as per the schematics shown below.
3.2 Once connections are done, we have to code using the logic below and upload it to Arduino
3.3 Install the required libraries for the sensors
Full code is given here https://how2electronics.com/uv-sensor-ml8511-arduino-uv-ray-intensity-meter/

3.4 Define the pins through which we will be collecting data from Arduino UNO

3.5 Detailed instructions to do the setup: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2kNt1OsJT-Q and

https://how2electronics.com/uv-sensor-ml8511-arduino-uv-ray-intensity-meter/
3.6 Take input from the Sensors.
3.7 Display value for the real-time data on the Serial Monitor.

Collecting and storing the data:

3.8 We will need data such as Temperature and UV light intensity.

3.9 Finding the given information for various locations in your locality.
3.10 Since we need to make the predictions, we also will need the data to make labels and use it to make a training
data set which will be used to train the AI model.

3.11 We will store all the sensor values in a “comma-separated values file”(also called a CSV file). In order to know
more about ‘CSV files’ and how to create a CSV file, here is a video link:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X11dtWlrii8.

3.12 Now that we have the values, we are ready to save the values. We want to train AI that will automatically
predict if the light is safe or unsafe just by the sensor values. Follow the ‘CSV file’ creating process as shown in
the link above.
3.13 The temperature is fed in Celsius and the UV scale value ranges from 0-9. If the temperature and UV values
are high enough the light will be labelled as unsafe and otherwise safe. This is how the file should look like:

3.14 We are now ready to go ahead and train our AI model!

Stage 4: Creating an AI model to input the images collected and to deduce whether the given light is safe or unsafe for
humans (Subject teacher and AI faculty)
We will be using Machine learning to automatically tell whether the temperature and UV radiation outside is suitable for
humans or not. In order to do that, we will be using the bigml.com website.

4.1 To begin, go to https://bigml.com/ and sign in to keep all the projects stored in one account. Once done this
is how the page looks like:

4.2 Then click on “Datasets” and drag the “CSV” file that we created:

4.3 Go back to the “Sources”, now you would be able to see the “data.csv” file:

4.4 Click on the uploaded dataset. In this case, it is “data (1).csv”

4.5 Hover the mouse pointer on the “Gear Icon” and then select “Logistic Regression”

4.6 Once done, the training will start. You would see “Processing” written on the screen. Once the training is done,
click on the “Cloud” like button and click on “Predict”.
 4.7 Now, we are at a stage where we have made an AI model, and we are ready to predict if the light is safe or not.

4.8 The “Predict” page would look like this:

4.9 In the two fields, UV and Temperature, input the values which the sensor is providing and change the value
accordingly. Based on the values, the prediction would be reflected, saying safe or unsafe.

This way, we predict if a light is safe or unsafe using AI.

The learner:
Learning
Outcomes ● understands the fundamental principles of light
● plans and conducts investigations or experiments to arrive at facts and apply theoretical principles and phenomena.
● relates processes and phenomena with causes and effects, applying scientific concepts in daily life, and solving
problems.
● communicates the findings and conclusions effectively.
● constructs models using materials from surroundings and explains their working
● applies learning of scientific concepts in day-to-day life
● makes efforts to protect the environment
● exhibits creativity in designing, planning, making use of available resources, etc.
● exhibits values of honesty, objectivity, cooperation, freedom from fear and prejudices

BigML: An educational tool for teaching kids about machine learning, by letting them train a computer to recognize text, pictures,
Glossary numbers, or sounds.

Machine learning: A subfield of artificial intelligence, which is broadly defined as the capability of a machine to imitate intelligent
human behavior. Artificial intelligence systems are used to perform complex tasks in a way that is similar to how humans solve
problems.

Data Acquisition: Data Acquisition refers to acquiring authentic data from reliable and authentic sources/ platforms that are
required for the AI model. There can be various ways to collect data.

Data Exploration: Data Exploration refers to visualizing the data to determine the pattern, relationships between elements, and
trends in the dataset that gives a clear meaning and understanding of the dataset. Data exploration is important as it helps the user
to select an AI model in the next stage of the AI project cycle. To visualize the data, various types of visual representations can be
used such as diagrams, charts, graphs, flows, and so on.

Data Modeling: Data is the fuel of artificial intelligence. A machine is said to be artificially intelligent if it gets trained and can make
decisions/ predictions on its own and learns from its own experience and mistakes. In the Modeling stage, data is split into a training
 set and a testing set. The model is trained on the training set from which it makes its own rules that help the machine to give an
output and the model is then evaluated on the testing set.

Arduino Uno: A microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P (datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins and 6 analog-
input pins which can be used to control a large variety of input and output devices such as displays, sensors, buttons, and motors.

Lm35 sensor: LM35 is an integrated analog temperature sensor whose electrical output is proportional to Degree Centigrade.
LM35 Sensor does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies.

UV light sensor: A photodiode-type UV sensor measures illuminance. When light strikes the photodiode, it energizes the
electrons, which causes an electric current. The electric current will be stronger in response to brighter light. The electrical current
can then be measured and transformed into a digital or analog output.

Reference Links: How to use a UV and Temperature Sensor:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4D9d0umedW8

https://www.electroniclinic.com/arduino-water-pressure-sensor-project-water-level-pressure-sensor/

Tech Skills
Skill outcomes ● Digital learning
● Pattern recognition
● Algorithm thinking

Physical Computing

● Basic Electrical and Electronics

● Mechanics
● Circuit Building

AI Domain

● AI for Data

Design Thinking
● Ideation
● Prototyping and tinkering

Social Skills

● Critical thinking
● Logical reasoning
● Decision Making

Inter and intrapersonal skills

● Empathy
● Collaboration
● Effective communication
Social Impact Solution Building

● Problem Identification
● Problem Scoping
● Problem-Solving