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Chapter 4

The document outlines the key principles of art design including harmony, rhythm, balance, proportion, and emphasis. It defines each principle and provides examples to illustrate how artists can apply these principles when composing artwork. The principles guide artists in combining different elements, such as lines, shapes, colors and textures, to create unified and visually pleasing designs. Mastering the principles allows artists to produce works with order, consistency and aesthetic appeal.

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Jim Boy Bumalin
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161 views4 pages

Chapter 4

The document outlines the key principles of art design including harmony, rhythm, balance, proportion, and emphasis. It defines each principle and provides examples to illustrate how artists can apply these principles when composing artwork. The principles guide artists in combining different elements, such as lines, shapes, colors and textures, to create unified and visually pleasing designs. Mastering the principles allows artists to produce works with order, consistency and aesthetic appeal.

Uploaded by

Jim Boy Bumalin
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER IV.

The Principles of Art Design

Learning Outcomes:
a. To acquire the ability to perceive harmonious combination of lines, forms,
sizes, texture, ideas, and colors.
b. To acquire the ability to perceive, recognize, and make balanced
compositions.
c. To acquire the ability to make rhythm arrangement
d. To acquire the ability to make pleasing proportions in margins, space
divisions, and the selection and arrangement of objects
e. To acquire the ability to select and arrange objects for emphasis
f. To appreciate beautiful compositions or designs

The Principles of Art Design


The proper arrangement of the different art elements in order to produce
something beautiful is called Design. The design things make objects differ from one
perceptions to another. Good design is the result of careful and correct application of
the principles of design. The most important factor for an artist to remember is to
excuse these principles in order to achieve beauty and better perceptions.
Elements of arts parts of whole while perceptions of art design are rules or
guides to help one put these elements together.
Architects, Engineers, painters, sculptors and other artists are not the only
designers in the world; everybody is a designer. All of us designers in our own ways.
Thus , it would be very beneficial for us to be familiar with the principles of art
design- harmony, rhythm, balance, proportion, and emphasis.
Harmony
Is the principles which produces an impression of unity through the selection
and arrangement of consistent objects or ideas. It is the quality which unifies every
part of an arrangement. If there is harmony, there is order. Every orderly
arrangement is harmonious.
Five Aspects of Harmony
1. Harmony of lines and shapes. Lines are made harmonious by either repeating
the shape of the lines or by connecting transitional lines to contrasting lines. A
transitional line merely transition is usually a curved, graceful line which
connects two opposing or contrasting lines.
2. Harmony of Size. Harmony of size refers to good proportion.
3. Harmony of color. Creating harmony of color means using two or more colors
in decorating an article or objects.
4. Harmony of texture. The character of texture can be determined by feelings
the objects with the fingertips or by looking at it. Coarse textures should not
be combined with fine textures.
5. Harmony of Idea. Combining antique and modern furniture in the same room
does not show harmony of idea. A store windows displaying dresses,
hardware and school supplies would be a very poor display.
Rhythm
In design, rhythm is the regular, uniform, or related visual movements made
through the repetition of a unit of motif. It is the basis of almost all performing arts
because it is the principles which is most quickly felt. It is the most universal,
dynamic, and pleasing art principle. Rhythm can be observed when the units are of
the same. If a unit is repeated in one direction, it produces a border design and in
two directions, a surface or all-over pattern. To avoid monotony in the repetition,
there must be variety in form of arrangement of the units.
Balance
Is a condition or quality which gives a feeling of rest, repose, equilibrium, or
stability. Mathematically, objects are balanced when they have equal physical
weights and are placed equally distant form a common center or axis. In art, we do
not exactly arrange objects of equal physical weights or size to produce balance. It is
the visual weights of lines, forms, values, textures and colors that we really balance.
Visual weights is the quality which gains and holds attention. In other words, it is the
power of attraction of each of the elements of art. Objects should be balanced
horizontally, vertically or diagonally, that is, the attraction should be distributed on
either side of the vertical, horizontal or diagonal axis of any arrangement. Therefore ,
in order to check whether a picture is balanced on a vertical axis or not , cover half of
it and compare the exposed part with the portion being covered. If they have equal
power of attraction, the picture is balanced.
Formal or Symmetrical Balance
Is the balance of equal visual weights placed at equal distances from the axis.
Formal balance may be subdivided into two: bisymmetrical, absolute, or perfect
balance and symmetrical, apparent, or obvious balance. Bisymmetrical balance is
the balance of identical objects (identical in forms, value, size, texture, and color)
placed on each side of the central axis and equally distant form the center.
Symmetrical or obvious balance is the balance of objects with nearly identical
description.
Informal or Asymmetrical
Is the balance of equal visual weights, the heavier one being nearer the axis
and the lighter one farther. It is sometimes referred to as Occult balance and free
balance. Slant or diagonal balance is a form of informal balance in which the objects
are balanced on a diagonal axis. Informal symmetry is more difficult to recognize and
to use than the formal one. Objects can be balanced formally by changing their
distances form the center and by increasing or decreasing the visual weight of one
them. To balance objects on a horizontal axis, the object with the heavier visual
weight must appear nearer the axis than the other.

Proportion
Is the art principle which shows pleasing relationship between a whole and its
part and between the parts themselves. It can be achieved through proper
arrangement of space divisions. Proportions are generally expressed in terms of the
ratios. The standard Greek proportion for two dimensional of flat surfaces is the
Greek oblong or rectangular whose ratio is two to three (2:3). If the dimensions of a
rectangle approach those of a square or extended very long and narrow, it becomes
less attractive.
There are three (3) aspects of proportion: proportion in the grouping of objects;
proportion in space divisions; and scale. Proportion is established when two or more
objects are placed near or adjacent to each other. An arrangement or Grouping
objects may show good or bad proportion. In Arranging objects, it is more pleasing to
group three objects with another three, or two objects with three, than to group two
objects with two or two with four. It is odd numbers are more interesting than even
numbers. Very small objects should not be grouped with very large ones. Otherwise,
they will be out of proportion. Harmony of size is the same as good proportion.
Emphasis
Is the principles of art which tends to carry the eyes from the center on
interest or dominant part of any composition to the less important or subordinate
parts. The most essential factor in emphasis is simplicity. This is guiding principles of
the Greek and Japanese arts. There is no dominance without subordination, and no
subordination without dominance.
Methods of Emphasizing Objects
1. By arrangement or grouping of objects. If objects are grouped together, the
one to be emphasized should be located at the center and should be the
biggest and brightest in color.
2. By decoration. Objects which have decorations are given more emphasis than
those without them.
3. By color contrast. Contrasting color such as the complementary combinations
and triads are more emphatic than analogous or any other related harmonies.
4. By the use of plain background space. Simple decorations which are placed
against sufficient, plain background will be more emphatic than when the
background space is small.
5. By the use of unusual lines, shapes, and sizes of color. Novelty or newness
can also draw attention to a specific elements of the work. It is difficult to keep
the eye away from very extraordinary figures or subjects, as in a man who
has an unusual height.
6. By action or movement. Dynamic illustrations usually attract more attention
than passive ones.
Other Art Principles
The other art principles which are equal importance to the ones previously
discussed are:
1. Novelty or newness. A new style of dress appears more attractive and
interesting than ordinary dress design. Novelty provides the best opportunity
for developing one’s creative ability.
2. Variety or variation. A set of furniture which is arranged in a certain way and
remains as it is for long periods of time appears to be monotonous. Variation
in the arrangement or style of furniture makes the space the furniture
occupies more interesting and attractive.
3. Utility, adaptability, or function. A work of art must not only possess beauty but
also utility.
4. Contrast. This art principle is synonymous to opposition or contradiction. It
has some relationship with balance and emphasis. Two contrasting lines or
colors may balance each other. The center of interest in a composition is in
contrast with subordinating parts in the same composition. Nature provides
many examples of contrasting for instance, the color of flower contrast the
color of leaves.

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