Number of Subsets of a Set

OBJECTIVE
To find the number of subsets of a given set and verify that if a set has n number of elements,
then the total number of subsets is 2".

PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE REQUIRED

(i) A set A is called a subset of a set B if every element of A is an
element of B. We write this as Ac B. (Fig. 1)
(ii) A set is called a null set if it does not contain any element. A null
set is also called as empty set orvoid set. A null set is denoted
by .
(iü) Sets are depicted by interior of circles, ellipses etc.
Fig. 1
MATERIALS REQUIRED

Chart paper Pencils of different colours

Geometry box . Pair of scissors
Adhesive

PROCEDURE
() We shall demonstrate that a set containing n elements has 2" subsets.
n=0

(i) Let A, be a set containing 0 element i.e., no element.

A =
(ii) is the only subset of A. because c o.
(iv) A, has only 1subset.
n=1

2
 (v) Let A, be a set containing 1 element. Let A, - ta,}. (Fig. 2)
(vi) The subsets of A, are and (a, }.
(vi) A, has 2 subsets.
n2
Fig. 2
(viin Let A, be aset containing 2 elements. Let A, {a,, a,}. (Fig. 3)
(ix) The subsets of A, are o. (a,). ka,} and (a,. a,}.
(x) A, has 4 subsets.
n=3

(x0) Let A, be a set containing 3 elements. Let A, = {a, a,. a,). (Fig. 4)
Fig. 3
(xÍÎ) The subsets of A, are o. (a,). (a,). ka,). {a,, a,). (a,. a,}. {a,. a,}
and {a, a, 0,.
(xiii) A, has 8 subsets.
(xiv) Attach Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. with the notebook.

OBSERVATIONS
Fig. 4
() A, has no element and it has 1(= 20) subset.
(úf) A, has 1element and it has 2(= 2) subsets. (Fig 2)
(iti) A, has 2 elements and it has 4( 2') subsets. (Fig 3)
(v) A, has 3 elements and it has 8(- 2) subsets. (Fig 4)
() in general if a set has n elements then it would have 2" subsets.
(vi)
Table 1

Ne, of elements in Na. of its subsets

2 2

RESUL T

Lhsa thia sst haa 4" aubaeta

SIMILAR ACTIVITY
If a set hat 4 cleuseut tieu verily that t kas subacka
 ACTIVITy4

Number of Relations

OBJECTIVE
To verify that for two sets A and B, n{A x B) = pq and the total number of relations from A to B
is 2P9, where n{A) =p and n{B) = q.

PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE REQUIRED

() The cartesian product of two non-empty sets A and B is defined as the set
(a. b), where a E A, be B and it is denoted by A x B.
of all ordered pairs
The cartesian product A x B can be shown using an arrow diagram. In the arrow
A x B, we write down all elements of A and B in two disjoint diagram of
discs and draw an arrow from each
ae A and be B.
If at least one of A or B is null set, then A x B is defined to be .
(i) If a set has n elements then it has 2" subsets.
(iüi) If A and Bare non-empty sets then any subset of the cartesian product A x B is called a
from set A to set B.
relation
Thus ifR is relation fromn A to B then R c A X B.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

. Chart paper " Pencils of different colours

" Geometry box " Pair of scissors
" Adhesive

PROCEDURE
We shall denonstrate that nA x B) - pq and the total number of
relations trom A to B is 2,
where n(A) =p and n(B) =
p=1 and q=1
(ii) Let A = (a,) and B = (b, ).

10
 NUMBER OF RELATIONS 11

(ii) Draw the arrow diagram of A x B as shown in Fig. 1.

a. b.

Fig. 1 Arrow diagram

(iv) From Fig. 1, A x B = {(a,, b,)} and n(A X B) = 1 (= 1x 1).
(v) Number of subsets of A x B = 2' = 2
.. Number of relations from A to B = 2.
p=1 and q= 2
(vi) Let A = {a,} and B = {b,, b,}.
(vi) Draw the arrow diagram of A x B as shown in Fig. 2.

b.

Fig. 2 Arrow diagram

(viüi) From Fig. 2, A x B= {(a,, b,), (a,, b,)} and n(A x B) = 2(= 1 x 2).
(ix) Number of subsets of A x B= 22 = 4
:. Number of relations from A to B = 4.

p=2 and q = 1

(x) Let A =(a,, a,} and B = (b,).

(xi) Draw the arrow diagram of A x B as shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3 Arrow diagram

(xii) From Fig. 3, A x B= (la, b,). (a, b,)) and n(A x B) = 2(= 2 x 1).
(xiii) Number of subsets of A x B = 2 = 4
.. Number of relations from A to B = 4.
 ACTIVITIES CLASS-XI
12 MATHEMATICS g = 3
p =2 and

B = {b,, b,. b,.

(xiv) Let A fa,. a,} and of Ax B as shown in Fig. 4.
(v) Draw the
arrow diagram

Fig. 4 Arrow diagram

(xvi) Prom Fig. 4.

b,)}
A xB= ((a, b,). (a,, b,), (a, b,). (a, b,). (a, b,). (a,
and
n[A x B) = 6(= 2 X 3).
(xvi) Number of subsets of A x B = 26 = 64
.. Number of relations from A to B = 64.
(vii) Attach Fig. 1 to Fig. 4 with the notebook.

OBSERVATIONS

() We have n(A) p and n(B) = q.

(i) Consider the following table:
= n(B)) n(A x B) No. of relations from Ato B
1 1 1(= 1x 1)
2 (= 21x1)
2 2 (= 1 x 2)
2
4(= 21×2)
2 (= 2 x 1)
4 (= 22*)
6 (- 2 X 3)
64 (= 22x)
(ui) io general. if n(A) = pand n(B) = q, then
B is 2 n(A x B) =pg and the relationstrom
number ot
RESULT

aA) p and nB) 4then nlA x B)

= pq and the is 2
SIMiLAR ACTIVITY
uumber of relations from Ato B

thel alA) (a y e}
and B- (a, b) relations
then verify that are64
there
 ACTIVITy

Relationship between Degrees and Radians

OBJECTIVE
To verify the relation between the degree measure and the radian measure of an angle.

PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE REQUIRED

() If in acircle of radius r units, an arc of length I units subtends
an angle radians at the centre, then = (Fig. 1)

(ii) We have radians = 180 degrees.

180 0
0 radians = degrees
Fig. 1
For any angle,
180 0
Degree measure
Radian measure

180 180
= 57.27.
22/7

(i) For an angle, we shall use a protractor to measure it in degrees and we use the formula =
to measure it in radian6.

MATERIALS REQUIRED
Chart paper " Pencils of difterent colours
" Geometry box " Pair of scissorS
" Thread (or wire) " Adhesive

15
 MATHEMATICS ACTIVITIES CLASS-XI
16

PROCEDURE
paper.
piece of chart
(i) Take a rectangular paper. (Fig. 2)
four circles on the chart
(i) Draw
B,
B, B,

Ag A
A,
A.

III IV

Fig. 2

(iii) Draw a sector in each circle as shown in Fig. 2.

(iv) Attach Fig. 2 with the notebook.

OBSERVATIONS

() For each circle, measure radii OA,, OA,, OA, and OA,.
(i) Using a thread (or wire), measure the length of arcs A,B,, A,B,, A,B, and A,B, of difterent
(Fig. 2)
(ii) Using a protractor, measure the angles A,OB, A,OB,, A,OB, and A,OB, in
(iv) Complete the following table:
degrees.
Table 1
Circle Radius Length of
arc
Degree measure of Radian measure of Degree meas
angle of sector angle of sector Radian me

1.5 Cn
2.8 CIm
108° 57.85
1.5 Cm 2.0 Cm 1.867 radians
75° 56.26
1] Cm
2.9 C 1.333 radians
150° 56.90
0.9 Cm 2.636 radians
46° 56.23
(v) Fom Table 1. we
observe that tor auy 0.818 radians
Degroe eabuse
Kadiun heabule ib
augle, the ratio:
(Onslait and is approx.
RESULT
equal to 180 i.e., 57.27.
The ratio Degiee measure
Radian heasure lor any
angle is
constant and is equal to i.e., 57.27.
(4)

ACTIVITYÞ

Imaginary Number "

OBJECTIVE

To interpret geometrically the meaning ofi = 1 and its integral powers.

PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE REQUIRED

() The symbol 'T is used for -1, with the property 2 = 1. The symbol ' is called iota.
() If x, ye R, thenx + iy is called a complex number.
(i) Ifx + iy is a complex number, then the point P(x, y) in an argand plane is called the image of
the complex number x + iy. Also, the complex number x + iy is called the affix of the point
P(x, y). (Fig. 1)

Image of x+iy

P(x, y)

y.

Fig. 1Argand plane

MATERIALS REQUIRED
" Chart paper "Pencils of different colours
Geometry box " Pair of scissors
" Adhesive

21
 CLASS-XI
22 MATHEMATICS ACTIVITIES

PROCEDURE
of chart paper. (Pig. 2)
() Take a rectangular piece lines XOX' and YOY on the chart paper.
perpendicular
(i7) Draw two mutuallv with centre at the origin 0.
(Fig. 2)
the chart paper respectively. (Fig. 2)
(ii) Draw a circle on and OY' at the points A, B, C and D
intersect OX, OY, OX'
(i) Let the circle
(v) Let 0A be 1 unit. 0) and D(0, -1).
axes at the points A(1, 0). B(0, 1), C(-1,
the
(vi) The circle intersects
1 + 0i =1.
(vi) Affix of A(1, 0) is
Affix of B(0, 1) is 0+ 1i =i.
-1 + 0i = -1.
Affix of C(-1. 0) is
= -i.
Affix of D(0, -1) is 0 + (-1)i

B(0. 1)

A(1,0)
(-1.0)
1unit

270*
DÊ0. -1)

Argand plane

Fig. 2

(Vii) Attach Fig 2

with the notebook.

OBSERVATIONS
direction.
rotating 0A by 90° ie I right angle in the anticlockwise
ÜOB is obtained by
affix of BÊO, 1) = 0 + 1i = i
Also,

=iX affix of A(1, 0)

rotating 0A by 160 ie 2 right angles in the anticlockwise direction.
wi 0C is obtained by
affix of C 0) t 0
Also,

- dffix of A1, 0)
direction.
by rotating OA tby 270 1e, 3 right angles in the anticlock wise
iD OD is obtained (-) x i
Also, affix of lDÊ0, -) =0+ ( ) =
xi = i' x I= x (1 + 0i)
-xaffix of A(1, 0).
 IMAGINARY NUMBER'" 23

(iv) OA is again obtained by rotating OA by 360° i.e., 4 right angles in the anticlockwise direction.
Also, affix of A(1, 0) = 1 + 0i = 1 =(-1) (-1)
=Px i' = =i x 1 = x(1 + 0i)
= X affix of A(1, 0).
(v) In general, if O0A is rotated n right angles in the anticlockwise direction, then the
affix of the new
position of A is equal to x affix of A(1, 0).
RESULT

If the coordinates of A are (1, 0) and OA is rotated n right angles in the

the affix of the new positions of A(1, 0) is equal to x affix of anticlockwise direction, then
A(1, 0).
SIMILAR ACTIVITY

If the coordinates of a point are (4, 0) and OA is rotated 7 right angles in the
then verify that the affix of the new position of A(4, 0) is equal to i × anticlockwise direction
affix of A(4, 0).
 ACTIVITY 9
Number of Combinations

OBJECTIVE
To find the number of ways in which three cards can be selected from given five cards.

PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE REQUIRED

) Aselection of a number of objects taking some or all at a time is called a combination.

(in In a combination, the order of objects is immaterial. For example, abc, bca, bac represent
same combination of three objects a, b and c.
(iün Total number of combinations of ndistinct objects taking r (1 SrSn) at a time is
denotu
n!
"C, and it is equal to
r!(n- r)!
MATERIALS REQUIRED

Cardboard sheet " Pencils of different colours

Geometry box " Pair of
Adhesive
scissors

PROCEDURE

(i We are to find the number of ways in which 3 cards can

(ii) In other words. We are to
find the value of Cy:
be selected from givven 5cards.
(i) Using forimula, 5!
C, = 5!
3!(5-3)! 3!2!

5x4x3! 5x4
= 10.
3!x2x1 2x1
(iv) Make 5 similar cards of size about 10 cm x 10 cm
from the cardboard sheet.
24
 26 MATHEMATICS ACTIVITIES CLASS-XI
(xii) Table of selections of 3 cards out of 5 cards:
Table 1

S. No. First selection Selections of 2 cards Selections of 3 cards

out of remaining 4 cards out of 5 cards A, B, C, D and E
1 A BC, CD, DE, EB, BD, CE ABC, ACD, ADE, AEB, ABD, ACE

2. B AC, CD, DE, EA, AD, CE BAC, BCD, BDE, BEA, BAD, BCE
3 C AB, BD, DE, EA, AD, BE CAB, CBD, CDE, CEA, CAD, CBE
4. D AB, BC, CE, EA, AC, BE DAB, DBC, DCE, DEA, DAC, DBE
5 E AB, BC, CD, DA, AC, BD EAB, EBC, ECD, EDA, EAC, EBD

OBSERVATIONS
(i From Table 1, we observe that 30 (= 5 X
6) selections are written in the last
(i) In Table 1, each selection is column of Table 1.
repeated three times. For example, ABC, BAC and CAB in
represent same selection. Table 1
(iin . Number of distinct selections of 3 cards out of 5 cards A, B, C, D
and E= 30
= 10.
3
(iv) Also, we have C, = 10.

RESULT

The number of ways in which three cards can be

selected from given five cards ie n
SIMILAR ACTIVITY
To find the number of ways in which three cards can be selected
from given six cards.
(Ans. 20)
 ACTIVITY |1

Sequence and Series

OBJECTIVE
To demonstrate that the
arithmetic mean of two different positive numbers is
their geometric mean. always greater than
Consider different positive numbers 40 and 15.

PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE REQUIRED

(a Tf o and b are two

numbers then their arithmetic mean (A.M.) is definedan a+b
(i) If a and b are two positive numbers then 2
their geometric mean (G.M.) is
MATERIALS REQUIRED defined as Vab.

" Chart paper . Pencils of different colours

Geometry box " Pair of scissors
Adhesive

PROCEDURE

(i) Given different positive numbers are 40 and 15.

(i) Here a = 40 andb = 15.

u+b
(iii) A.M. = and G.M. = Vab.
2

(iv) We shall verify that A.M. > G.M.

(v) Draw four rectangles of sides 40 mm and 15 mm on a chart
to colour these rectangles. (Fig. 1)
paper. Use pencils of
(v) Cut these rectangles along its sides.
(Fig. 1)
different colours
 sMoUENCE AND SERIES 91

Fig. 1
(vii) Paste these four rectangles in Fig. 1on a piece of chart paper as shown in Fig 2

A
D C

A IV
a-b

Fig 2
(viüi) Atach Fig 2 with the notetbook

OBSERVATIONS
) ln Fig 2, ABCID is a square of side a b
() In Fg 2, PQRS is a squale of side a -b
() In Fig 2. rectangle I(or | or lll or V) is of area ab g units
( ) ln Fig 2.
area of bquare ABCD = 4(area of setangle I) area of quare PQRS
(a bj - 4ab (u bj
b} is t ve)
32 MATHEMATICS ACTIVITIES BCLASS-XI

a+b
2
> Vab
A.M. > G.M.

RESULT
It is verified that the A.M. between two different positive
numbers is always greater than their G.M.
SIMILAR ACTIVITY
Verify that the A.M. between 4 and 7 is
greater than their G.M.
(
LAB Activity-15
Topic
Equation of Line
objective : MATERIALS REQUIRED
Toverify practically that equationof line passing through the point
of intersection of two lines a,x + bytc =0and a,x + b,y tc =0 1. Cardboard,
is of the form (ax + byt c;) + (azr t b,y t c,) = 0. 2. Coloured sketch pens
Pre-requisite knowledge : 3. Graph paper
Students must be familiar with the concept of equation of line. 4. Chart paper
5. Fevicol
Procedure : 6. Geometry box.
1. Firstly, take a cardboard of suitable size as shown in afig. 15(a).

Fig. 15 (a)
2. Paste a white chart paper on the cardboard as shown in fig 15(b). Also paste a graph paper on white chart paper
as shown in fig. 15(c).

Fig. 15 (b)
3. Draw two perpendicular lines X'OX and Y'OY on the graph paper as shown in fig 15(c).

Fig. 15 (c)
VINESH Kact Lab Manual in Mathematics-XI 51
 (d).
points on Xand Yaxes as shown in fig. 15
4. Take the same scale for marking

X
1 2 3 4 5 6

Fig. 15 (d)
5. Now, draw the graph of the given two intersecting lines ajx, + bytc =0and
the point of intersection, say (h, k) as shown in fig 15(d). a,x + byt c, =0 and note ó

b,y + c,) = 0
Pae(a.M by tc) + (ayr +

a,x + b,y t c 0

’X

Fig. 15 (e)
Demonstration :
6. Let the equation of line be 3x 2y = 5 and 2y +3x =7,

these lines isas shown fig 15 (e)

7. The point of intersection of
(3x + 2y- 7) =0
8. Equation of line is (3x -2y -5)+2 ...(1
9. When ) = I, equation () becomes
(3x- 2y- 5) + I (3x + 2y - 7) =0
’ 6x- 12 =0

which is satisfied by the point of

intersection r)
0)
12 - 12 =0 >0=
(::6 x 2- 12 = 0 ’
10. When À=-1, cquation (1 ) becomes (3r -2y -5) -1(3r +2y-7) - 0
’-4y + 2 0

which is satisficd by the point of intersection P| 2 . - 42 2

+2= 0 -2+2= 0>0=

47

-2/
2

Fig. 15 ()
Observation : We observe that :

1. For à =3, the equation of the line passing through intersection of the lines is which is

satisfiedIby point
2. For à. =4, the equation of line passing through point of the intersection of lines is which is

satisfied by the point of intersection of the lines.

Application i
This activity can be used in understanding the result relating to the cquation of a lne.

VIVA-VOCE
Q. 1. What is condition for collinearity of three points ?
Ans. Area of triangle formed by three points is zero.
 LABActivity -17
Topic
Parabola
3Objective : MATERIALS REQUIRED
Toconstruct a parabola practically.
1. Hardboard (cardboard)
Pre-requisite knowledge : 2. Coloured paper
Students must be familiar with the concepts of parabola, drawing of 3. Marker or sketch pens
angle, equal divisions of line segments 4. Geometry box
Procedure :
5. Adhesive
1. Firstly, take a cardboard of suitable size.
6. Drawing Pins

Fig. 17 (a)
2. Paste a yellow coloured paper on it as shown in fig. 17(6)

Fig. 17 (b)
3. Draw a line and mark a point 'S' on the yellow coloured paper as shown in fig. 17(c).

Fig. 17 (c)

VINESH Kact Lab Manual in Mathematics-XI /59

 4. Draw another line () which is prependicular to above line at some distance 'd unit to left side of
shown in fig. 17(d).

Fig. 17 ()
5. Take any point, say M, on the line l. Draw a perpendicular to line
lat this point,as shown in fig, 17e)

M,

Fig. 17 (e)
K Ioin M.Sand draw
shown in fig. 17().
perpendicular bisector of Msmeeung the perpendicular through M. at the noint P,

P
M

Fig. 17 (N

I60
VINESH Kact Lab Manual in Mathematics-XI
 1. Take some more points M, M3, M4,
points P2, Py P4 P's ......espectively. M6 on the line > and repeat the above
8. Lastly, draw a free process to obtain
9. Also shade interior hand curve through the points P,, P,, P4, P4, Ps
portion of parabola formed. ...see fig 17 (g))

P
MI
M2
M,
P
M
Ms P,

M6t P,

Observation : We observe that : Fig. 17 g)

1. P,M = P,S
2. P,M, = P,S
3. PM3 = P,S
4. P,M= P,S
5. P,M= PS

6. The distance of the point P, from M, = The distance of point P, from

7. Distanceof the vertex P, and S -

8. Distance of the vertex of parabola from the directrix

Application :
This activity is useful in understanding the terms related to parabola, like directrix, focus, property ofthe point on
the parabola.

VIVA-VOCE
21. What is equation of right hand parabola ?
Ans, y2= 4ax, a>0.
 LABActivity -22
Topic
Limit
Objective : MATERIALSREQUIRED
1. Geometry box
To find analytically lim f(r) 2 2. Chart paper
3. Calculator
Pre-requisite Knowledge :
Students must be familiar with the limit of function.
Procedure:

X-2
1. Consider the function fgiven by f(r) =
-4
Note:

The function is actually undefined at x=2 because the denominator becomes to zero, but the limit as xapproaches
2stillexists.
2. Pick a value that is little bit less than x =2 i.e. start with something like x=1-9.
3. Try a couple of more x-values to stimulate the feeling of getting infinitely close to x =2.
4. Approach r =2 from the right just like we did from the left. We want to do this in away that stimulates the feeling
of getting infinitely close to x = 2.
5. Write the values off(r) in the following tables:

1·9 1-99 1-9999

0-2564 0-2506 025001

2-0001 2-01 2-1

X

0-24999 0-2494 02439

Observation : We observe that:

1. Value of fx) as X +2from the left side as in table Iare coming closer and closer to

2. Value of f (x) as x 2from the right side, as in table 2, are coming closer and closer to
from tables I and 2, we get

2
lim
2 4

Result:
Mx) when Mx) is not defined alx c

vINESH Xact Lab Manual in Mathematics-XI /7

Q. 1. When lim
VIVA-VOCE
Ans, lim exists if both lim
X’a Ax) and f)
lim
exists separately and are equal.
0. 2. Can we Lim f(x)
write Lim f()
g(x) Lim g()
Ans. No, we can write it if
Lim 8 ) 0
*a

Q. 3. What is the condition for Lim

Ans. a>0, ne Q
Q. 4, Is Lim sin0
=1?
Ans. Yes.
Q. 5. Is Lim cos
=1?
Ans. No.
Q. 6. What is the anwer of Lim
e-1 ?
Ans. 1.
0.7. Can we write
im ((c fr)) = C.
Ans. Yes. Limf(x) ?
 LABIActivity-26
Topic Probability
Objective MATERIALS REQUIRED
To write the sample space, when a coin is tossed once, two times,
three times, four times. 1. One rupee coin
2. Paper pencil/pen
Pre-requisite Knowiedge 3. Circular dises marked with
Students must be familiar with the probability (random experiment, Head (H) and tail(T)
event, outcomes, sample space)
Procedure
1. Firstly, take a coin of denomination I rupee

Flg. 26 (a)
2. Toss acoin once. It can have two outcomes Head or Tail.
3. Now., makea tree diagram showing the
two branches of atree with H(Heud) on one
other branch, see figure 26 (b). branch and T(ail) on the

S- (H, T)
Number of clementN in S-2-2'
(H
Pig. 26 (b)
4. Write its sample space.
5. Further toss acoin twice. It can have four outcomes as shown in fiy. 26 (e)

Sample spce, S- ( , T, TH, T)

Number of elements in S-4-2'

(H)
Fig. 26(e)
 Observation : We
Number elements inobserve
of
that
sample space when a
1. Coin is tossed once =
2. Coin is
tossed twice

3. Coin is
tossed thrice

4. Coin is tossed
four times =

Application
Sample space of an experiment is useful in determining the
sample space. probabilities of different events associated wit

Q. 1.
Ans.
What is probability ?
It is a measure of liklihood that an
VIVA-VOCE
event in the future will
Q. 2. What is the range of probability p' of an event ? happen.
Ans. 0<p< 1
0. 3. What is random experiment ?
Ans. f in each trial of an experiment,
experiment is known as randomconducted
experiment.under identical conditions, the
outcome is not unique, then s
Q. 4. Define sample space of random
Ans. The set of all possible experiment.
outcomes in a random experiment is known as
Q. 5. What are equally likely events ? sample snace.
Ans The outcomes of a
0. 6. Are simple eventsrandom experiment are called
of simple space mutually equally likely,
exclusive ?
if all these have equal
preferances
Ans. Yes
Q. 7. What are independent events ?
Ans. Two events E, and E, are saidto be
indepentent if the
probability of the occurrence of the other. occurrence or of one
does not
o. 8. What is probability of impossible event ? non-occurrence
Ans. 0.
Q. 9. What is probability of sure event ?
Ans. 1.
o. 10. What are mutually exclusive events ?
Two events E, and E, are said to be
Ans. mutually exclusive if E o
E, = ¢