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Chapter 16 & 17 (Informative and Persuasive Speaking)

This document discusses types of informative and persuasive speaking. It provides examples of common informative reports such as monthly personnel or sales reports. It also discusses types of persuasive speaking like convincing an audience on a course of action or supporting a personal position. The document then outlines best practices for structuring persuasive speeches, including writing a clear proposition, tailoring the speech to the audience, using credible evidence and sources, and avoiding logical fallacies. It emphasizes using emotional appeals and credibility to engage the audience. Finally, it presents common organizational patterns for persuasive speeches.

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Asra Khalid
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51 views19 pages

Chapter 16 & 17 (Informative and Persuasive Speaking)

This document discusses types of informative and persuasive speaking. It provides examples of common informative reports such as monthly personnel or sales reports. It also discusses types of persuasive speaking like convincing an audience on a course of action or supporting a personal position. The document then outlines best practices for structuring persuasive speeches, including writing a clear proposition, tailoring the speech to the audience, using credible evidence and sources, and avoiding logical fallacies. It emphasizes using emotional appeals and credibility to engage the audience. Finally, it presents common organizational patterns for persuasive speeches.

Uploaded by

Asra Khalid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Persuasive and Informative

Speaking
Chapter: 16 & 17
Purpose
Kinds of Informative Speaking

• Periodic department reports


• Progress reports on sales or ongoing committee
activities
• Statements on area or division responsibilities
Reports • Reports on manufacturing problems in the plant
• Reports on Competitive Operations
• Reports on problems with vendors
• Monthly personnel reports
• Abstract of contact reports for months

• Companies often arrange public speaking or meetings


Good Will
for good will creation
Briefings • Short problem solving sessions
Instruction • How to do, what to do
Kinds of Persuasive Speaking

• To convince someone on a course of


Policy
action to be taken or not to be taken

• Persuasion is required to support your


Procedure
personal position on how to proceed
• A value judgment needs the
Value definitions, facts to support your idea
of value

Fact • Not everyone agrees on facts


(present or • Extensive research may be required
past) to prove the validity of your facts
Writing persuasive speech goals as propositions

Proposition: is a declarative sentence that


clearly indicates the speaker’s position on
the topic.
Writing persuasive speech goals as propositions
Proposition: is a declarative sentence that clearly indicates the speaker’s position
on the topic.
Tailoring Proposition to Audience

HOSTILE NEUTRAL IN FAVOUR

Uninformed

Impartial

Apathetic
WHY SUPPORT Your speech should give the feeling that you know
your topic, that your are fair, honest and believable

You may use emotions to support your idea like


health, fear, self-esteem, etc

You must use evidence and reasoning

USE ANY NUMBER Examples, Illustrations, Statistics, Quotations


OF SUPPORT (testimony), Comparisons (Analogies), Definitions etc
FORMS THAT MAY
HELP YOUR
PRESENTATION
Is the source reliable?
Does the person whom you are quoting have a reputation for
credibility? For fairness? For careful research
Is your information true? Valid?

What is the recency of your data?

Are your statistics valid?

Have you indicated how you obtained your evidence?

How wide is your scope?

Is your evidence ambiguous?


• Very commonly used, self explanatory
Examples

• Illustrations are elongated examples; they layout in detail


Illustrations a specific situation; in which the solution worked

• Find out which statistical measure to use to prove the


Statistics validity of the data

Quotations, • Quoting credible sources also improves the speaker’s


Testimony credibility

Comparisons • Comparisons demand similarities between two subjects;


(analogies) those similarities should outweigh the dissimilarities

• Definitions not exactly support, yet using them helps


Definitions both speaker and audience to be at the same level of
understanding
The introduction
The The
The porch
Aim Layout

Use a
Make clear This is the
quotation
and precise overview,
that gives Make a Ask thought
Tell a related Greet your statement of roadmap or
background startling provoking
story or joke audience the purpose agenda of
or inspiration statement statements
of your your speech /
to your
speech presentation
speech
The body (Text, Discussion) The Summary
(Conclusion)

Informative
Speaking; the Summaries
body or discussion Persuasive Speaking; this section should reiterate what was
of your topic is contain the clear idea followed by covered;
where your ideas credible supporting material conclusions are
are developed in inferences from
detail data

Problem Solution (For


change); problem- Problem solution (for
solution-benefits. You no change) you use
may also mention the the above approach;
disadvantages if your while mentioning that
recommendation is no problem exists
not accepted
EXAMPLE 1 Informative.
Forth (P) "Here's a game I'd like to play; it's a variation of Trivial Pursuit.
Aim (A) What I'd like to do is use this approach to describe some of the
characteristics of top level executives in the United States.
Layout (L) Our categories for analysis will include career patterns, education,
and personal background."

EXAMPLE 2 Persuasive.
Porch (P) "How many of you know the word Macau? Do any of you even know it's
a country? Have any idea where it is?
Aim (A) I'll tell you. But I'll also make clear that on behalf of the research
committee we recommend establishing a pharmaceutical joint venture with a
company in that region of the world.
Layout (L) Our committee reviewed four criteria; these will serve as the basis for
our recommendation and reasons for requesting your acceptance : positive
government attitude, improved infrastructure, positive investment climate, and a
positive market for our products.
Avoiding Fallacies in Your Reason Argument
• Hasty generalization (either support with weak or not supported)
• False cause (alleged cause fails to be related to or produce effect)
• Ad hominem (parsing a persons character)
• Either or (there are two alternatives)
• Straw position (opposition weakens the position by misleading)
Increasing Audience Involvement by
Emotional Appeal (Pathos)
• People feel and think about the information if it personally appeals to
them.
• Pathos: in which you can increase your audience by giving positive or
negative emotional argument) stake

• Using negative emotions: fear, guilt, shame, anger, and sadness


• Using positive emotions: inspiration, loyalty, patriotism
Cueing the Audience with More Credibility
(Ethos): Good Will
Ethos – appeal to credibility
• Crucial characteristics of involvement is good will

Audience member perception that the speaker:


1. Understand
2. Empathize
3. Be Responsive to them
Appeal to feeling dimension with
concrete, vivid images and
examples.

Appeal to watching dimension with


visual aids that encourage
reflection.

Appeal to thinking dimension with


rhetorical questions, definitions,
explanations, and statistics.

Appeal to doing dimensions by


encouraging listeners to do
something during and after speech.
Organizational Pattern for Persuasive Speeches
1. Statement of reason - I want my audience to believe that passing the proposed school tax levy is
necessary
2. Comparative advantage - I want my audience to believe that passing the school tax levy is better than
not passing it.
3. Criteria satisfaction pattern - I want my audience to believe that passing a school levy is a good way
to fund our schools.
4. Refutative - I want my audience to agree that a school levy is the best way to fund our
schools.
5. Problem Cause Solution - The current fiscal crisis in the school district can be solved through a local
tax levy.
6. Motivated Sequence - I want my audience to vote in favor of the school tax levy on the November
ballot.

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