ARCH 314 : BUILDING UTILITIES 2 – ELECTRIC, ELECTRONICS, AND

MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

WEEK 2 : 1. Introduction to Electrical Systems

1.1 Classes of Electricity
1.2 Types of Electricity
1.3 Units of Electricity
1.4 Basic Sources of electricity
Objectives :
1. To recognize the basic components of electrical system.
2. To distinguish how the classes and types of electricity differ from one another.
3. To identify and state the units of electricity.
4. To classify where do electricity come from.
Learning Content

1. Introduction to Electrical System

Electrical System is the designed assembly of the three fundamental components – the
resistor, capacitor, and inductor. It is used to supply, distribute, transfer, and consume electric power.

Electricity is a form f energy generated by friction, induction or chemical change, having

magnetic, chemical and radiant effect. It is the motion of free electrons through a solid conductor.

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Basic Electrical Terms and Definitions

• Alternating Current (AC) — An electric current that reverses its direction many times a second
at regular intervals.
• Ammeter — An instrument for measuring the flow of electrical current in amperes. Ammeters are
always connected in series with the circuit to be tested.
• Ampacity — The maximum amount of electric current a conductor or device can carry before
sustaining immediate or progressive deterioration.
• Ampere-Hour (Ah) — A unit of measure for battery capacity. It is obtained by multiplying the
current (in amperes) by the time (in hours) during which current flows. For example, a battery
which provides 5 amperes for 20 hours is said to deliver 100 ampere - hours.
• Ampere (A) — A unit of measure for the intensity of an electric current flowing in a circuit. One
ampere is equal to a current flow of one coulomb per second.
• Apparent Power — Measured in volt-ampers (VA). Apparent power is the product of the rms
voltage and the rms current.
• Armature — The movable part of a generator or motor. It is made up of conductors which rotate
through a magnetic field to provide voltage or force by electromagnetic induction. The pivoted
points in generator regulators are also called armatures.
• Capacitance — The ability of a body to store an electrical charge. Measured in farads as the ratio
of the electric charge of the object (Q, measured in coulombs) to the voltage across the object (V,
measured in volts).
• Capacitor — A device used to store an electric charge, consisting of one or more pairs of
conductors separated by an insulator. Commonly used for filtering out voltage spikes.
• Circuit — A closed path in which electrons from a voltage or current source flow. Circuits can be
in series, parallel, or in any combination of the two.
• Circuit Breaker — An automatic device for stopping the flow of current in an electric circuit. To
restore service, the circuit breaker must be reset (closed) after correcting the cause of the overload
or failure. Circuit breakers are used in conjunction with protective relays to protect circuits from
faults.
• Conductor — Any material where electric current can flow freely. Conductive materials, such as
metals, have a relatively low resistance. Copper and aluminum wire are the most common
conductors.
• Corona — A corona discharge is an electrical discharge brought on by the ionization of a fluid
such as air surrounding a conductor that is electrically charged. Spontaneous corona discharges
occur naturally in high-voltage systems unless care is taken to limit the electric field strength.
• Current (I) — The flow of an electric charge through a conductor. An electric current can be
compared to the flow of water in a pipe. Measured in amperes.
• Cycle — The change in an alternating electrical sine wave from zero to a positive peak to zero to
a negative peak and back to zero. See Frequency.
• Demand — The average value of power or related quantity over a specified period of time.
• Dielectric constant — A quantity measuring the ability of a substance to store electrical energy
in an electric field.
• Dielectric strength — The maximum electric field that a pure material can withstand under ideal
conditions without breaking down (i.e., without experiencing failure of its insulating properties).
• Diode — A semiconductor device with two terminals, typically allowing the flow of current in one
direction only. Diodes allow current to flow when the anode is positive in relation to the cathode.
• Direct Current (DC) — An electric current that flows in only one direction.

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• Electrolyte — Any substance which, in solution, is dissociated into ions and is thus made capable
of conducting an electrical current. The sulfuric acid - water solution in a storage battery is an
electrolyte.
• Electromotive Force — (EMF) A difference in potential that tends to give rise to an electric
current. Measured in volts.
• Electron — A tiny particle which rotates around the nucleus of an atom. It has a negative charge
of electricity.
• Electron theory — The theory which explains the nature of electricity and the exchange of "free"
electrons between atoms of a conductor. It is also used as one theory to explain direction of current
flow in a circuit.
• Farad — A unit of measure for capacitance. One farad is equal to one coulomb per volt.
• Frequency — The number of cycles per second. Measured in Hertz. If a current completes one
cycle per second, then the frequency is 1 Hz; 60 cycles per second equals 60 Hz.
• Fuse — A circuit interrupting device consisting of a strip of wire that melts and breaks an electric
circuit if the current exceeds a safe level. To restore service, the fuse must be replaced using a
similar fuse with the same size and rating after correcting the cause of failure.
• Generator — A device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
• Ground — The reference point in an electrical circuit from which voltages are measured, a
common return path for electric current, or a direct physical connection to the Earth.
• Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCI) — A device intended for the protection of personnel
that functions to de-energize a circuit or portion thereof within an established period of time when
a current to ground exceeds some predetermined value that is less than that required to operate
the overcurrent protective device of the supply circuit.
• Henry — A unit of measure for inductance. If the rate of change of current in a circuit is one
ampere per second and the resulting electromotive force is one volt, then the inductance of the
circuit is one henry.
• Hertz — A unit of measure for frequency. Replacing the earlier term of cycle per second (cps).
• Impedance — The measure of the opposition that a circuit presents to a current when a voltage
is applied. Impedance extends the concept of resistance to AC circuits, and possesses both
magnitude and phase, unlike
• Inductance — The property of a conductor by which a change in current flowing through it induces
(creates) a voltage (electromotive force) in both the conductor itself (self-inductance) and in any
nearby conductors (mutual inductance). Measured in henry (H).
• Inductor — A coil of wire wrapped around an iron core. The inductance is directly proportional
to the number of turns in the coil.
• Insulator — Any material where electric current does not flow freely. Insulative materials, such
as glass, rubber, air, and many plastics have a relatively high resistance. Insulators protect
equipment and life from electric shock.
• Inverter — An apparatus that converts direct current into alternating current.
• Kilowatt-hour (kWh) — The product of power in kW and time in hours. Equal to 1000 Watt-hours.
For example, if a 100W light bulb is used for 4 hours, 0.4kWhs of energy will be used (100W x
1kW / 1000 Watts x 4 hours). Electrical energy is sold in units of kWh.
• Ground — The reference point in an electrical circuit from which voltages are measured, a
common return path for electric current, or a direct physical connection to the Earth.
• Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCI) — A device intended for the protection of personnel
that functions to de-energize a circuit or portion thereof within an established period of time when
a current to ground exceeds some predetermined value that is less than that required
to operate the overcurrent protective device of the supply circuit.

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• Henry — A unit of measure for inductance. If the rate of change of current in a circuit is one
ampere per second and the resulting electromotive force is one volt, then the inductance of the
circuit is one henry.
• Hertz — A unit of measure for frequency. Replacing the earlier term of cycle per second (cps).
• Impedance — The measure of the opposition that a circuit presents to a current when a voltage
is applied. Impedance extends the concept of resistance to AC circuits, and possesses both
magnitude and phase, unlike
• Inductance — The property of a conductor by which a change in current flowing through it induces
(creates) a voltage (electromotive force) in both the conductor itself (self-inductance) and in any
nearby conductors (mutual inductance). Measured in henry (H).
• Inductor — A coil of wire wrapped around an iron core. The inductance is directly proportional to
the number of turns in the coil.
• Insulator — Any material where electric current does not flow freely. Insulative materials, such
as glass, rubber, air, and many plastics have a relatively high resistance. Insulators protect
equipment and life from electric shock.
• Inverter — An apparatus that converts direct current into alternating current.
• Kilowatt-hour (kWh) — The product of power in kW and time in hours. Equal to 1000 Watt-hours.
For example, if a 100W light bulb is used for 4 hours, 0.4kWhs of energy will be used (100W x
1kW / 1000 Watts x 4 hours). Electrical energy is sold in units of kWh.
• Kilowatt-hour Meter — A device used to measure electrical energy use.
• Kilowatt (kW) — Equal to 1000 watts.
• Load — Anything which consumes electrical energy, such as lights, transformers, heaters and
electric motors.
• Load Rejection — The condition in which there is a sudden load loss in the system which causes
the generating equipment to be over-frequency. A load rejection test confirms that the system can
withstand a sudden loss of load and return to normal operating conditions using its governor. Load
banks are normally used for these tests as part of the commissioning process for electrical power
systems.
• Mutual Induction — Occurs when changing current in one coil induces voltage in a second coil.
• Ohm — (Ω) A unit of measure of resistance. One ohm is equivalent to the resistance in a circuit
transmitting a current of one ampere when subjected to a potential difference of one volt.
• Ohm's Law — The mathematical equation that explains the relationship between current, voltage,
and resistance (V=IR).
• Ohmmeter — An instrument for measuring the resistance in ohms of an electrical circuit.
• Open Circuit — An open or open circuit occurs when a circuit is broken, such as by a broken wire
or open switch, interrupting the flow of current through the circuit. It is analogous to a closed valve
in a water system.
• Parallel Circuit — A circuit in which there are multiple paths for electricity to flow. Each load
connected in a separate path receives the full circuit voltage, and the total circuit current is equal
to the sum of the individual branch currents.
• Piezoelectricity — Electric polarization in a substance (especially certain crystals) resulting from
the application of mechanical stress (pressure).
• Polarity — A collective term applied to the positive (+) and negative ( - ) ends of a magnet or
electrical mechanism such as a coil or battery.
• Power — The rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit. Measured in
Watts.
• Power Factor — The ratio of the actual electrical power dissipated by an AC circuit to the product
of the r.m.s. values of current and voltage. The difference between the two is caused by reactance
in the circuit and represents power that does no useful work.

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• Protective Relay — A relay device designed to trip a circuit breaker when a fault is detected.
• Reactive Power — The portion of electricity that establishes and sustains the electric and
magnetic fields of AC equipment. Exists in an AC circuit when the current and voltage are not in
phase. Measured in VARS.
• Rectifier — An electrical device that converts an alternating current into a direct one by allowing
a current to flow through it in one direction only.
• Relay — An electrical coil switch that uses a small current to control a much larger current.
• Reluctance — The resistance that a magnetic circuit offers to lines of force in a magnetic field.
• Resistance — The opposition to the passage of an electric current. Electrical resistance can be
compared to the friction experienced by water when flowing through a pipe. Measured in ohms.
• Resistor — A device usually made of wire or carbon which presents a resistance to current flow.
• Rotor — The rotating part of an electrical machine such as a generator, motor, or alternator.
• Self-Induction — Voltage which occurs in a coil when there is a change of current.
• Semiconductor — A solid substance that has a conductivity between that of an insulator and that
of most metals, either due to the addition of an impurity or because of temperature effects. Devices
made of semiconductors, notably silicon, are essential components of most electronic circuits.
• Series-Parallel Circuit — A circuit in which some of the circuit components are connected in
series and others are connected in parallel.
• Series Circuit — A circuit in which there is only one path for electricity to flow. All of the current
in the circuit must flow through all of the loads.
• Service — The conductors and equipment used to deliver energy from the electrical supply
system to the system being served.
• Short Circuit — When one part of an electric circuit comes in contact with another part of the
same circuit, diverting the flow of current from its desired path.
• Solid State Circuit — Electronic (integrated) circuits which utilize semiconductor devices such
as transistors, diodes and silicon-controlled rectifiers.
• Transistor — A semiconductor device with three connections, capable of amplification in addition
to rectification.
• True Power — Measured in Watts. The power manifested in tangible form such as
electromagnetic radiation, acoustic waves, or mechanical phenomena. In a direct current (DC)
circuit, or in an alternating current (AC) circuit whose impedance is a pure resistance, the voltage
and current are in phase.
• VARS — A unit of measure of reactive power. Vars may be considered as either the imaginary
part of apparent power, or the power flowing into a reactive load, where voltage and current are
specified in volts and amperes.
• Variable Resistor — A resistor that can beadjusted to different ranges of value.
• Volt-Ampere (VA) — A unit of measure of apparent power. It is the product of the rms voltage
and the rms current.
• Volt (V) — A unit measure of voltage. One volt is equal to the difference of potential that would
drive one ampere of current against one ohm resistance.
• Voltage — An electromotive force or "pressure" that causes electrons to flow and can be
compared to water pressure which causes water to flow in a pipe. Measured in volts.
• Voltmeter — An instrument for measuring the force in volts of an electrical current. This is the
difference of potential (voltage) between different points in an electrical circuit. Voltmeters have a
high internal resistance are connected across (parallel to) the points where voltage is to be
measured.
• Watt-hour (Wh) — A unit of electrical energy equivalent to a power consumption of one watt for
one hour.

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• Watt (W) — A unit of electrical power. One watt is equivalent to one joule per second,
corresponding to the power in an electric circuit in which the potential difference is one volt and
the current one ampere.
• Wattmeter — The wattmeter is an instrument for measuring the electric power (or the supply rate
of electrical energy) in watts of any given circuit.
• Waveform — A graphical representation of electrical cycles which shows the amount of variation
in amplitude over some period of time.

1.1. Classes of Electricity

• Dynamic Electricity

Is an electricity which flows through a substance in the form of an electric current. Also known as
Electro Dynamic Electricity.

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• Static Electricity

Is an electricity which flows through friction. Also known as Electrostatic Electricity.

1.2 Types of Electricity

• Thermoelectricity - Is the electricity from heat. When two dissimilar metals are joined,
thermoelectric charge is created when joined metals are heated.

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• Electrochemistry - Is the electricity from chemical reaction. A galvanic reaction produces
opposite electrical charges in two dissimilar metals when they are placed in certain chemical
solution.

• Piezoelectricity - Is the electricity from pressure.

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• Photo-electricity - Is the electricity from light.

• Magnetoelectricity – Is the electricity from magnetism.

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1.3 Units of Electricity
UNITS OF QUANTITY
• COULOMB
A coulomb of electricity compromises approximately 6.25 x 1018 electrons. Is a unit of electric
charge in the metre-kilogram-second-ampere system, the basis of the SI system of physical units. It
is abbreviated as C. The coulomb is defined as the quantity of electricity transported in one second by
a current of one ampere. Named for the 18th–19th-century French physicist Charles-Augustin de
Coulomb.

• AMPERE (I or A)

An ampere of current represents a rate of flow in closed electrical system. Ampere is named
after the French Physicist and Mathematician Andre-Marie Ampere. In other words, “an ampere
is the amount of current produced by the force of one volt acting through a resistance of one ohm”.
Ampere is defined as the unit of electric current that is equal to the flow of one Coulomb per
second. The relationship between ampere and coulomb is represented as follows:

o Ampere = 1 Coulomb / Second

At any given point in an area experiencing current, the Ampere value will increase
proportionately if the charge on particles moving through it increases.

UNIT OF ELECTRIC POTENTIAL (E or EMF)

• VOLT (V)
Is the driving force behind the current flow. A boost in voltage increases current flow and a
drop in voltage reduces flow.

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UNIT OF RESISTANCE
• OHM (Ω)
Is the unit of electrical resistance which will allow one ampere of current to flow when one volt
is impressed upon it. An ohm is a unit used in the international system of measurements to
measure resistance, represented by the Greek letter omega (Ω). By definition, it is equal to one
volt creating one ampere in a device, abbreviated as V/A. An ampere, or amp, is a measure of
current equal to a specific amount of force between a theoretical pair of infinite conductors in a
vacuum.
• OHM’S LAW
Ohm’s law states that the voltage across a conductor is directly proportional to the current
flowing through it, provided all physical conditions and temperatures remain constant.

Mathematically, this current-voltage relationship is written as,

In the equation, the constant of proportionality, R, is called Resistance and has units of ohms,
with the symbol Ω.
The same formula can be rewritten in order to calculate the current and resistance respectively as
follows:

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 Ohm’s law only holds true if the provided temperature and the other physical factors remain
constant. In certain components, increasing the current raises the temperature. An example of this is
the filament of a light bulb, in which the temperature rises as the current is increased. In this case,
Ohm’s law cannot be applied. The lightbulb filament violates Ohm’s Law.

Ohm’s Law Statement: Ohm’s law states that the voltage across a conductor is directly proportional to the current
flowing through it, provided all physical conditions and temperature, remain constant.
Ohm’s Law Equation: V = IR, where V is the voltage across the conductor, I is the current flowing through the
conductor and R is the resistance provided by the conductor to the flow of current.

Water Pipe Analogy for Ohm’s Law

Ohm’s Law describes the current flow through a resistance when different electric potentials (voltage)
are applied at each end of the resistance. Since we can’t see electrons, the water-pipe analogy helps
us understand the electric circuits better. Water flowing through pipes is a good mechanical system
that is analogous to an electrical circuit.

Here, the voltage is analogous to water pressure, the current is the amount of water flowing through
the pipe, and the resistance is the size of the pipe. More water will flow through the pipe (current)
when more pressure is applied (voltage) and the bigger the pipe (lower the resistance).

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TYPES OF CURRENT

• DIRECT CURRENT

Is a type of current which flows at a constant time rate and in the same direction in an electrical
circuit. When a DC circuit is closed, the voltage circuit climbs rapidly to a constant voltage, which
produces a steady flow current in one direction.

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• ALTERNATING CURRENT

Is a type of current which is periodically varying in time rate and in direction. When an AC
circuit is closed, current flows and voltage in the circuit climbs and falls rapidly.

IMPEDANCE AND POWER FACTOR

INDUCTOR

An inductor is a coil of wire that creates an electromagnetic field. Inductors much like conductors
and resistors are simple components that are used in electronic devices to carry out specific functions.
Normally, inductors are coil-like structures that are found in electronic circuits. The coil is an insulated
wire that is looped around the central core.
Inductors are mostly used to decrease or control the electric spikes by storing energy temporarily
in an electromagnetic field and then releasing it back into the circuit.
An inductor is a passive component that is used in most power electronic circuits to store energy
in the form of magnetic energy when electricity is applied to it. One of the key properties of an inductor
is that it impedes or opposes any change in the amount of current flowing through it. Whenever the
current across the inductor changes it either acquires charge or loses the charge in order to equalize
the current passing through it. The inductor is also called a choke, reactor or just coil.
An inductor is described by its distinctive nature of inductance, which is defined as the ratio of the
voltage to the rate of change of current. Inductance is a result of the induced magnetic field on the
coil. It is also determined by several factors such as;

• The shape of the coil.

• The number of turns and layers of the wire.
• The space that is given between the turns.

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 • Permeability of the core material.
• The size of the core.
The S.I. unit of inductance is henry (H) and when we measure magnetic circuits it is equivalent to
weber/ampere. It is denoted by the symbol L.

AIR-CORED IRON-CORED

• Iron Core Inductor

As the name suggests the core of this type of inductor is made of iron. These inductors are low space
inductors that have high power and high inductance value. However, they are limited in high-frequency
capacity. These inductors are used in audio equipment.

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• Air Core Inductor
These inductors are used when the amount of inductance required is low. Since there is no core, it
does not have a core loss. But the number of turns the inductor must have is more for this type when
compared to the inductors with the core. This results in a high-Quality factor. Usually, ceramic
inductors are often referred to as air-core inductors.

CAPACITOR

A capacitor is composed of metal plates separated by air or dielectric material such as paper,
ceramic or mica. It is a device designed to store large amounts of electrical energy in an electrostatic
field and release it later.
A capacitor is a passive device with two terminals, capable of storing electrical energy in an
electric field, much like a small rechargeable battery. It usually has two metal plates on which
electrical charges of opposite nature are induced. This generates an electric field in between the
plates and develops a potential difference across the capacitor.
A system of two conductors separated by an insulator is known as a capacitor. The
insulator can be air or any dielectric medium like mica, ceramic or plastic film. The capacitor passes
the alternating current and blocks the direct current. It is an electronic component that stores
electricity and releases it into a circuit when required. An ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy,
although real-life capacitors do dissipate a small amount of energy.

1.4 Basic Sources of electricity

• BATTERY

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 Is a combination of two or more electric cells capable of storing and supplying direct current
by electrochemical means.

• GENERATOR

Generators are useful devices that provide electrical power during a power cut-off
and prevent discontinuity of day and night affairs and activities or disruption in operations in
different conditions and places. All a generator does is to convert the mechanical energy
provided from an external source, to electrical energy to provide enough energy for other
appliances.

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 POWER PRODUCING PLANTS
• GEOTHERMAL PLANT

Geothermal plants use heat from the earth’s core to heat water or another working
fluid. The working fluid is then used to turn a turbine of a generator, thereby producing
electricity.

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• HYDROELECTRIC PLANT

Hydroelectric plants capture the energy of falling water to generate electricity. A

turbine converts the kinetic energy of falling water into mechanical energy. Then a generator
converts the mechanical energy from the turbine to electrical energy.

• NUCLEAR PLANT

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 Nuclear power plants or nuclear power stations are thermal power stations in which the heat
source is a nuclear reactor. Similar with all conventional thermal power stations, the heat is
used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to an electric generator which
produces electricity.

• BIOMASS PLANT

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 Energy from biomass plant is a carbon-neutral electricity from renewable organic waste that would
otherwise be dumped in landfills, openly burned, or left as fodder for forest fire.

• WIND TURBINE FARM / PLANT

Wind turbine farm convert mechanical energy taken from wind into electricity. Components include
generator, batteries, inverters, and rotor systems. These can either be stand-alone and/or grid
connected, horizontal axis type or vertical axis type.

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• SOLAR FARM / PLANT

Solar farm use PV cells, which are power-generating devices that produce direct current when
exposed to light PV cells are constructed of a semiconducting material, usually silicon.

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ARCH 314 : BUILDING UTILITIES 2 – ELECTRIC, ELECTRONICS, AND
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

WEEK 3 : 2. Electrical Materials and Equipment

2.1 Conductors
2.2 Insulators
2.3 Raceways
2.4 Electrical Boxes
2.5 Outlets and wiring devices
Objectives :
1. To appraise the different types of electrical materials and equipment.
2. To distinguish the differences between conductors, insulators, and raceways.
3. To identify the kinds of electrical boxes and wiring devices used in a building.

Learning Content

2. Electrical Materials and Equipment

Electrical materials are used for the electrical installations, in case of house wiring
or building wiring electrical materials are used. We can’t do the electrical installations without
using electrical materials.
The electrical materials have many purposes, they can be used to control the current flow in
an electric circuit. There are certain electrical materials like circuit breaker and fuses which can be
used to protect the electrical appliances and devices and it can prevent fire hazards and damage.
Electrical material such as insulators can prevent users from getting electric shocks while
operating electrical appliances or instruments. Electrical materials such as current-carrying wires or
conductors are used to transfer the current from source to the load.

2.1 Conductors

• Conductors are materials which allow the free flow of electrons through them.
• Substance, body, or device that conducts heat, sound, or electricity.

CONDUCTORS

WIRES CABLES BUS BARS

Types of Conductors

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 WIRES

A wire is a flexible strand of metal. Wire is commonly formed by drawing the metal through a
hole in a die or draw plate. Wire gauges come in various standard sizes, as expressed in terms of a
gauge number. Are single insulated conductors #8 AWG or smaller.

WIRES

• Pliable strand
• Twisted
• Woven

• #8, #10, #12, #14

AWG

SOLID STRANDED
mm mm2

INSULATED BARE

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FORMS OF WIRE

1. SOLID WIRE
Solid wire, also called solid-core or single-strand wire, consists of one piece of metal wire.
Solid wire is useful for wiring breadboards. Solid wire is cheaper to manufacture than stranded wire
and is used where there is little need for flexibility in the wire. Solid wire also provides mechanical
ruggedness; and, because it has relatively less surface area which is exposed to attack by corrosives,
protection against the environment.

AWG mm
#14 1.6 mm
#12 2.0 mm
#11 2.6 mm
#8 3.2 mm

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2. STRANDED WIRE
Stranded wire is composed of a number of small wires bundled or wrapped together to form
a larger conductor. Stranded wire is more flexible than solid wire of the same total cross-sectional
area. Stranded wire is used when higher resistance to metal fatigue is required. Such situations
include connections between circuit boards in multi-printed-circuit-board devices, where the rigidity of
solid wire would produce too much stress as a result of movement during assembly or
servicing; A.C. line cords for appliances; musical instrument cables; computer mouse cables; welding
electrode cables; control cables connecting moving machine parts; mining machine cables; trailing
machine cables; and numerous others.

AWG mm2
#14 2.0 mm2
#12 3.5 mm2
#10 5.5 mm2
#8 8 mm2
#6 14 mm2
#4 22 mm2
#3 -
#2 30 mm2
#1 38 mm2
#0 50 mm2
#00 60 mm2
#000 80 mm2
#0000 100 mm2

Wire has many uses. It forms the raw material of many important manufacturers, such as
the wire netting industry, engineered springs, wire-cloth making and wire rope spinning, in which it
occupies a place analogous to a textile fiber. Wire-cloth of all degrees of strength and fineness of
mesh is used for sifting and screening machinery, for draining paper pulp, for window screens, and for
many other purposes.
Vast quantities of aluminum, copper, nickel and steel wire are employed for telephone
and data cables, and as conductors in electric power transmission, and heating. It is in no less demand
for fencing, and much is consumed in the construction of suspension bridges, and cages, etc. In the
manufacture of stringed musical instruments and scientific instruments, wire is again largely used.

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 Commercial Standards

• PER LINEAR METER

• 150 METER PER BOX - #14, #12, #10
• 100 METER PER BOX - #8
CABLES

• Alternatively referred to as a cord, connector or plug, a cable is one or more wires covered in
plastic that transmit power or data between devices or locations. The picture is an example of
what the power cord may look like for your computer or monitor. The power cord is one
example of thousands of other cables found in and around computers.
• Several conductors of any size assembled into a single unit. Are manufactured in stranded
forms.

CABLES

#6 AWG & above

SOLID STRANDED

INSULATED BARE
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TYPES OF CABLES

1. ARMORED CABLE (TYPE AC)

An armored cable is a fabricated assembly of insulated conductors enclosed in a flexible metal
sheath.

2. METAL CLAD CABLE (MC)

A metal clad cable is a factory-assembled cable of one or more conductors each individually
insulated and enclosed in a metallic sheath of interlocking tape of a smooth or corrugated tube.

3. MINERAL INSULATED CABLE (TYPE MI)

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 A mineral insulated cable is a factory-assembled conductor/s insulated with a highly
compressed refractory mineral insulation enclosed in a liquid and gas tight continuous sheath.

4. NON-METALLIC SHEATHED CABLE (TYPE NM or NMC)

A non-metallic sheathed cable is a factory assembly of two or more insulated conductors

having a moisture resistant, flame retardant, and non-metallic material outer sheath.

5. SHIELDED NON-METALLIC SHEATHED CABLE (TYPE SNM)

Is a factory assembly of two or more insulated conductors in an extruded core of moisture

resistant and flame-retardant material covered within an overlapping spiral metal tape.

6. UNDERGROUND FEEDER AND BRANCH CIRCUIT CABLE (TYPE UF)

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 Are moisture resistant cables used for underground connections including direct burial in the
ground as feeder or branch circuit.

7. SERVICE ENTRANCE CABLE (TYPE SE or USE)

A service entrance cable is a single or multi-conductor assembly provided with or without an

overall covering primarily used for service wire.

8. POWER AND CONTROL TRAY CABLE (TYPE TC)

Is a factory-assembled cable of two or more insulated conductors with or without associated

bare or covered grounding under metallic sheath.

9. FLAT CABLE ASSEMBLIES (TYPE FC)

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 Are assemblies of parallel conductors formed integrally with an insulating material web
designed especially for field installation in square structural channels.

10. FLAT CONDUCTOR CABLE (TYOE FCC)

Consists of 3 or more flat copper conductors placed edge to edge separated and enclosed
within an insulating assembly.

11. MEDIUM VOLTAGE CABLE (MV)

Is a single or multi-conductor solid dielectric insulated cable rated at 2,000 to 35,000 volts.

11. MEDIUM VOLTAGE CABLE (MV)

Is a single or multi-conductor solid dielectric insulated cable rated at 2,000 to 35,000 volts.

12. SUBMARINE CABLE

Refers to any kind of cable (electrical or communication) that is laid on the seabed.

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13. LOW SMOKE HALOGEN-FREE (TYPE LSHF)

Available in wires and in cables. It produces less smoke when burned and releases little or no
halogen gas.

14. THERMOSTAT CABLE

Used in applications with voltages less than 30 such as wiring to doorbells, chimes,
thermostats, and it generally contains AWG 16or AWG 18 conductors that are bundled in a thin plastic
sheath.

15. CORD

Are made of stranded conductors within a flexible insulated sheathing material.

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BUSBARS

Are large conductors which are not circular in cross section and frequently used for large
power distributions.
Busbars are the backbones for most power applications, providing the critical interfaces
between the power module and the outside world. This has remained true even throughout the
continuing design iterations that have occurred over the past few decades, during the evolution of the
power, motor, industrial and automotive industries.
Busbars are sophisticated pieces of technology that make complicated power distribution
easier, less expensive and more flexible. In power-intensive electrical applications, a busbar (often
also spelled bus bar or busbar) is a critical element for conducting significant current levels between
functions within the assembly. Busbars may be used in any number of configurations, ranging from
vertical risers to bars within a distribution panel, or part of an industrial process.

Typically, they are a strip, a bar or sometimes a tube made of copper, brass or aluminum
optimized for the application’s electrical current requirements and performance specifications. While
busbars primarily perform electrical rather than structural functions, designers always need to consider
how busbars mesh within electrical performance and form factor constraints, as well as ensuring that
specified heat dissipation parameters are met.

BUSBARS

SOLID BARE

• Least dimension – 1/8 X ½

• Large dimension – 3/4 X 12

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2.2 Insulators

An electrical insulator is a material in which electric current does not flow freely. The atoms of
the insulator have tightly bound electrons which cannot readily move. Other materials—
semiconductors and conductors—conduct electric current more easily. The property that distinguishes
an insulator is its resistivity; insulators have higher resistivity than semiconductors or conductors.
Are materials which prevent the flow of electrons through them.

COMMON TYPES OF INSULATORS

1. PIN TYPE INSULATORS

Are insulators that are secured to the cross-arm on the pole.

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2. SUSPENSION TYPE INSULATORS

Are insulation that consist of a number of porcelain discs connected in series by metal links
in the form of a string.

3. SHACKLE INSULATORS

Are frequently used for low voltage (<11 kV) distribution lines. Can be used either in a
horizontal or vertical position and can be directly fixed to the pole with a bolt or to the cross arm.

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2.3 Raceways
Is an enclosed channel, such as conduit, tube or gutter designed for holding wires, cables or
busbars. These are either made of metal, plastic or any insulating medium.

RACEWAYS

CONDUITS CABLE TRAY FLOOR RACEWAYS

CEILING
WIREWAY BUSWAY
RACEWAYS

TYPES OF RACEWAYS

1. CONDUITS

Electrical conduit is very essential where the electric wiring is exposed so that it protects the
wires & individuals who may approach near the electric wires. The material used to make this conduit
is plastic or metal and may be bendable or stiff.
A circular raceway for communication and electrical wires and cables.

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 CONDUITS

Tube, pipe, or duct

Per diameter
Per linear meter

Metallic Non- Metallic

2. WIREWAY

A wireway is a sheet metal or flame-resistant plastic trough, designed to enclose and

loosely hold wires and small diameter cables.

3. CABLE TRAY

Is a rigid metal channel which insulated electric conductors run. It is an assembly

consisting of ladder-like metal framework on the bottom and sides to open.

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 4. CABLE BUS

A combination of cable and busbars in a single metal enclosure.

5. BUSWAY / BUS DUCT

Usually, a prefabricated raceway which is used to enclose and protect bus running through it.

6. FLOOR RACEWAYS

Are assemblies of raceways that are found on the floor.

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2.4 Electrical Boxes

Electrical boxes are critical components of a home's electrical system. There are plastic and
metal boxes; "new work" and "old work" boxes; round, square, and octagonal boxes; and boxes with
load ratings for ceiling fans and heavy light fixtures.
All of the most commonly used boxes for home wiring projects are available at home centers
and large hardware stores, and it's important to know the differences in order to buy the correct boxes.
There are a number of options to consider: materials, shape, and size.

TYPES OF ELECTRICAL BOXES

1. UTILITY BOX

An electrical utility box is configured to contain an electrical device. The box includes
a bottom wall, two opposing side walls, two opposing end walls, a mounting boss, and a shield
structure. The mounting boss has a bore configured to receive a fastener that fastens the
electrical device to the box.

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2. JUNCTION BOX

A junction box is not a special type of box but rather a term used to describe any standard
electrical box used to enclose wire splices. The standard box used for junctions is a 4-inch square
box, which offers plenty of space for making wire connections with multiple wires or cables, but other
type of boxes can be also used for this application.
Junction boxes must be installed where they are always accessible; never install a junction
box in a concealed wall or ceiling space where the box cannot be accessed in the future. Junction
boxes also must be covered with solid covers with no holes.

3. PULL BOX

Pull boxes are used along with conduit to simplify wiring installation, hence their name. They
are made of sheet metal, cast metal, or a non-metallic material, and provide a way to pull conductors
long distances without placing excessive strain on the wire or insulation. Pull boxes allow long wiring
runs to be installed in shorter intervals, and can be used for both straight and angled pulls.

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 2.5 Outlets and Wiring Devices

OUTLET
A point in wiring system at which current is taken to supply utilization equipment such
as appliance, piece of equipment, or lighting installations. It refers only to the box.

TYPES:

1. POWER OUTLET / CONVENIENCE OUTLET / ATTACHMENT CAP

2. LIGHTING OUTLET

3. RECEPTACLE OUTLET

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WIRING DEVICES
Include all devices that are normally installed in walls: outlets, boxes, including receptacles
and their matching cap (plug), switches, dimmers, pilot light, attachment plugs and wall plates.

SWITCHES
There
are

mainly two types of switches.

1. Mechanical Switch,
2. Electrical Switch.

Mechanical switches require physical or manual contact with switch for operation. Electrical switches
not require physical or manual contact, it has ability to perform operation. Electrical switches operate
under the action of semiconductors.

Mechanical switches further classify into different types of switches based on number of poles and
throws.
There are five types.
1. Single Pole Single Throw, (SPST).
2. Single Pole Double Throw, (SPDT).
3. Double Pole Single Throw, (DPST).
4. Double Pole Double Throw, (DPDT).
5. Intermediate Switch.
Mechanical Switches can also be categories on the basis of holding the current state.

There are two types:

• Latch Switch
• Momentary Switch.

The latch switch holds its state whether ON or OFF until the new commands initiated this
switch and Momentary switch holds the state only when the specific command is presented only.

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Latch Switch and Momentary Switch are 8 types.
1. Push Button Switch.
2. Limit Switch.
3. Pressure Switch.
. Float Switch.
5. Temperature Switch.
6. Toggle Switch.
7. Rotary Switch.
8. Joystick Switch.

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ARCH 314 : BUILDING UTILITIES 2 – ELECTRIC, ELECTRONICS, AND
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

WEEK 4 : 3. Building Electrical Systems

3.1 Electrical Circuits
3.2 Wiring Systems
3.3 Wiring Symbols and Electrical Plans
Objectives :
1. To state the components in a building electrical system.
2. To classify the wiring systems used and execute the electrical symbols on their
electrical plan outputs.
Learning Content

3. Building Electrical Systems

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 A home’s electrical system includes incoming power lines, an electric meter, a service panel,
subpanels, household wiring, electrical boxes, receptacles (outlets), switches, and, of course, the
appliances, lights, and equipment that put the power to work.
Other electrical systems in a house include wiring for home entertainment, such as cable
television, home theaters, and audio systems, not to mention wiring for home communications such
as telephones, security systems, doorbells, and intercoms.

3.1 Electrical Circuits

What is an electric circuit?

In order for electrons to flow they need a closed circuit. An electric circuit provides a complete,
closed path for electricity. The parts of a circuit consist of a load or resistance; wires; and a switch.
The source of energy can be a battery, thermocouple, photocell or an electric generator. The load is
the part of the circuit that uses the power.
The load of the circuit always offers some resistance to the flow of electrons. As a result,
energy is converted into heat, light or mechanical energy. The switch is an electric circuit is used to
prevent the flow of electrons. This is called an open circuit
There are two types of electric circuits, the series and parallel circuit.

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Series Circuit
A series circuit there is only one path for the electrons to flow (see image of series circuit).
The main disadvantage of a series circuit is that if there is a break in the circuit the entire circuit is
open and no current will flow. An example of a series would the lights on many inexpensive Christmas
trees. If one light goes out all of them will.

Parallel Circuit
In a parallel circuit the different parts of the electric circuit are on several different branches. There are
several different paths that electrons can flow. If there is a break in one branch of the circuit electrons
can still flow in other branches (see image of parallel circuit). Your home is wired in a parallel circuit
so if one light bulb goes out the other will stay on.

Electric Circuits in your Home

In your home you will notice that most outlets have 3 prongs. Connected to the outlet are three
wires. Two of the wires run parallel to each other and have a potential difference of 120 volts in the
US, in Europe the potential difference is 220 volts. The third wire is connected to the ground. A wire
that is connected to the ground provides the shortest path of electrons to Earth.
This third wire carries no current. The wire is simply a safety feature against short circuits. A
short circuit is when an accident occurs that lets electricity take a shorter path within the circuit. These
circuits have less resistance and therefore more current flow. If the high potential wire should touch
the other metal surface of an appliance the entire appliance will draw current and give the person

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touching it a shock. The ground wire having a shorter circuit provides a safety feature, so instead of
current flowing through the appliance it will flow to the ground.

Circuit Safety Features - Fuses and Circuit Breakers

Your home only allows so much electricity usage at a time. Depending on the wiring some
homes may allow as much as 150 amps to enter the whole home at one time. This is divided among
many circuits. The average circuit in a home is 15 or 20 amps. More current flowing through the wire
will cause them to heat and could start a fire. It is therefore necessary to have devices that will stop
the flow of electron when the current gets too high. A fuse is a common device in many homes. Inside
the fuse is a tiny strip of metal. When the current flowing through it is too high it will cause the thin strip
to melt and this will cause the circuit to break.
Fuses have the disadvantage that once the fuse is burnt out, they must be replaced. A better
solution is to use what is called a circuit breaker. A circuit breaker has a switch which opens when the
current is too high. This prevents any flow of current. The switch can manually be closed after the
amount of current being used is decreased. An example is when you turn on too many electron devices
in your home that exceed 15 amps the circuit breaker turns off.

3.2 Wiring Systems

What is Electrical Wiring?

Electrical Wiring is a process of connecting cables and wires to the related devices such as
fuse, switches, sockets, lights, fans etc. to the main distribution board is a specific structure to the
utility pole for continues power supply.

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Methods of Electrical Wiring Systems:

Wiring (a process of connecting various accessories for distribution of electrical energy from
supplier’s meter board to home appliances such as lamps, fans and other domestic appliances is
known as Electrical Wiring) can be done using two methods. These are:
• Joint box system or Tee system
• Loop – in system

Joint Box or Tee or Jointing System

In this method of wiring, connections to appliances are made through joints. These joints are
made in joint boxes by means of suitable connectors or joints cutouts. This method of wiring doesn’t
consume too much cables size.
You might think because this method of wiring doesn’t require too much cable it is therefore
cheaper. It is of course but the money you saved from buying cables will be used in buying joint boxes,
thus equation is balanced. This method is suitable for temporary installations and it is cheap.
Loop-in or Looping System
This method of wiring is universally used in wiring. Lamps and other appliances are connected
in parallel so that each of the appliances can be controlled individually. When a connection is required
at a light or switch, the feed conductor is looped in by bringing it directly to the terminal and then
carrying it forward again to the next point to be fed.
The switch and light feeds are carried round the circuit in a series of loops from one point to
another until the last on the circuit is reached. The phase or line conductors are looped either in
switchboard or box and neutrals are looped either in switchboard or from light or fan. Line or phase
should never be looped from light or fan.
Different Types of Electrical Wiring Systems

• Cleat Wiring
This system of wiring comprises of ordinary VIR or PVC insulated wires (occasionally, sheathed
and weather proof cable) braided and compounded held on walls or ceilings by means of porcelain
cleats, Plastic or wood. Cleat wiring system is a temporary wiring system therefore it is not suitable
for domestic premises. The use of cleat wiring system is over nowadays.

• Casing and Capping wiring

Casing and Capping wiring system was famous wiring system in the past but, it is considered
obsolete these days because of Conduit and sheathed wiring system. The cables used in this kind of
wiring were either VIR or PVC or any other approved insulated cables.
The cables were carried through the wooden casing enclosures. The casing is made up of a
strip of wood with parallel grooves cut length wise so as to accommodate VIR cables. The grooves
were made to separate opposite polarity. the capping (also made of wood) used to cover the wires
and cables installed and fitted in the casing.

• Batten Wiring (CTS or TRS)

Single core or double core or three core TRS cables with a circular oval shape cables are
used in this kind of wiring. Mostly, single core cables are preferred. TRS cables are chemical proof,
water proof, steam proof, but are slightly affected by lubricating oil. The TRS cables are run on well-
seasoned and straight teak wood batten with at least a thickness of 10mm.

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 The cables are held on the wooden batten by means of tinned brass link clips (buckle clip)
already fixed on the batten with brass pins and spaced at an interval of 10cm for horizontal runs and
15cm for vertical runs.

• Lead Sheathed Wiring

The type of wiring employs conductors that are insulated with VIR and covered with an outer
sheath of lead aluminum alloy containing about 95% of lead. The metal sheath given protection to
cables from mechanical damage, moisture and atmospheric corrosion.
The whole lead covering is made electrically continuous and is connected to earth at the point of entry
to protect against electrolytic action due to leaking current and to provide safety in case the sheath
becomes alive. The cables are run on wooden batten and fixed by means of link clips just as in TRS
wiring.
• Surface Conduit Wiring
If conduits installed on roof or wall, It is known as surface conduit wiring. in this wiring method,
they make holes on the surface of wall on equal distances and conduit is installed then with the help
of rawal plugs.

• Concealed Conduit wiring

If the conduit is hidden inside the wall slots with the help of plastering, it is called concealed
conduit wiring. In other words, the electrical wiring system inside wall, roof or floor with the help of
plastic or metallic piping is called concealed conduit wiring. Obliviously, it is the most popular,
beautiful, stronger and common electrical wiring system nowadays.

3.3 Wiring Symbols and Electrical Plans

A plan is drawn at a specific scale, and it is a diagram or listings of several steps. It shows all
the details of resources and timings to accomplish an objective. So, what is an electrical plan?

The electrical plan is sometimes called as electrical drawing or wiring diagram. It is a type of
technical drawing that delivers visual representation and describes circuits and electrical systems. It
consists of electrical symbols and lines that showcase the engineer's electrical design to its clients. In
short, an electrical plan describes the position of all the electrical apparatus.

An electrical drawing may include all of these essential details described below:

• Interconnection of electrical wires and other parts of the system

• Connection of different components and fixtures to the system
• Power lines with details such as size, voltage, rating, and capacity
• Power transformers and also their winding connections
• The main switches, tiebreaker, and fused switches

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 • Other essential equipment such as solar panels, batteries, generators, air conditioning, and
so on.

Image Source: cadpro.com

Purposes of Electrical Plan

Why is there a need to have an electrical plan or drawing? You must be thinking why to splurge on a
precise electrical plan. The purposes of an electrical plan are as follows:

• These drawings are vital for documenting, communicating information, and troubleshooting
your power systems on-site.
• Accurate and updated drawings keep your building in compliance with all the code regulations.
• A plan encompasses all aspects. It focuses on areas such as lighting, electronics, appliances,
etc.
• It also considers the structure of the building. For example, if a building has railings, stairs, or
any other components, modifications will be made accordingly.
• It is a thorough planning tool because it gives an in-depth view of your building's electrical and
wiring system.
• It helps to distribute power to various appliances and equipment through accurate operation
and installation of elements.

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Benefits of Electrical Plan

• A plan highlights all the potential risks to make amendments quickly before the occurrence of
any substantial damage.
• It helps to ensure that your system runs safely, efficiently, and smoothly.
• An electrical plan saves time by avoiding delays and problems. A draft pinpoints everything
to prevent hazardous situations; thereby, it helps professionals to complete their work on time.
• It also saves money because nobody feels like spending more money than they already have.
A draft includes all the details like wire's length, type of cables, and other parts you will need
to complete your project. Thus, you do not have to spend a considerable amount of money
on unnecessary things.
• An electrical plan prevents injury because it pinpoints all the building's anticipated areas that
may harm a technician.

How to Draft an Electrical Plan?

An excellent electric plan significantly adds aesthetics and comfort in a building. Your drawing
must include types of fixtures, locations, cables, switches, and hardwired appliances. However, an
electrical plan may look scary and complicated, but they are not. These are pointers you should
remember while drafting an electric plan.

Step 1: Know Your Layout

Either use a software or a graph paper and make a scale drawing of the different rooms. Make
sure to include features such as cabinets, counters, stoves, beds, and other various symbols.

Step 2: Plan it in Advance

After finalizing your layout, focus on your electrical plan. The wirings go through the ceilings,
walls, and floor before they are plastered, laid out, and fixed.

Step 3: Use Interior Layout as Your Starting Point

Around your exits and entries, place your fan, AC switches, and light. Now, place your
electrical outlets near the counters and tables. Then, decide where to put your big appliances like TV,
computer, washing machine, printer, etc.

When making an electrical plan, ask yourself some questions:

• Do I place switches at a convenient location?

• Is the electrical load on all the circuit alright?
• Do I place enough easy-to-reach receptacles?

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Step 4: Walk Through Your Plan

Once you are finished with your layout, print it out, and walk through your home while holding
it. Since there are no walls and electricity, the arrangement can be easily changed; therefore, imagine
that you are turning on and plugging in appliances. This will enable you to put switches and outlets in
the best places.

Tips for Making Electrical Plans

Here are a few tip-offs you should consider while making an electric plan.

1. Think About Furniture Placement

Planning about how you are going to set your furniture is essential because you will have an idea
where you are going to place your light switches and electrical outlets. Most people make this mistake,
and they end up placing them at awkward places.

2. Plan for Additional Outlets

Renovating can drain a considerable amount of money. Let's say you want to purchase side table
lamps, kitchen ceiling lights, etc. You may not buy this now, but maybe after a few months or a year
later. Having these additional electrical outlets will save you from a lot of mess. Thereby, it is crucial
to plan for other appliances now.

3. Utilize Different Types of Lights

Make sure to utilize different lighting types to illuminate your house adequately, such as accent
lighting, ambient lighting, and task lighting.

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References:
1. George S. Salvan: Architectural Utilities 2 Electrical and Mechanical Equipment
2. Francis D.K. Ching: A Visual Dictionary of Architecture (2nd Edition)

Online References:
1. https://forumautomation.com/t/what-are-electrical-materials-and-what-are-the-electrical-
materials-which-is-used-for-electrical-installations/7386
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire
3. https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/cable.htm#:~:text=Alternatively%20referred%20to
%20as%20a%20cord%2C%20connector%20or,may%20look%20like%20for%20your%20co
mputer%20or%20monitor.
4. https://interplex.com/busbar-guide/
5. https://patents.google.com/patent/US6423897B1/en
6. https://www.edrawmax.com/article/electrical-plan.html
7. https://www.britannica.com/science/coulomb
8. https://byjus.com/physics/ampere/
9. https://byjus.com/physics/ohms-law/
10. https://byjus.com/jee/inductor/

Prepared by:
AR. DIANNE FAE D. PAGADUAN, UAP.
Subject Teacher

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