CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.

2023) PG 26-57
1. Complete the diagram below to show the structure of a leaf.

2. Label the following diagram shows a cross section of a eudicot leaf lamina.

The function of the leaf and their adaptations.

Structure of leaf Functions Adaptations
Cuticle  Prevent …………… of water from  Cuticle has wax which is
leaves when exposed to light …………………
 Cuticle is ………………. and
allows sunlight to penetrate
Upper epidermis  Protect mesophyll tissues and  Epidermis consists of a layer of
………… entry of microorganisms ……………. arranged cells
 Allow light to penetrate into  Epidermal cells are
……………….. tissues ………………..
Palisade mesophyll  Carry out ……………………  Have many ………………
 Cylinder shape cells which are
arranged vertically and tightly
together to receive maximum
……………..
 CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.2023) PG 26-57
Spongy mesophyll  Carry out photosynthesis  Have chloroplast but ………..
 Form an ………….. system in leaves than palisade mesophyll because
it receives less light
 Irregular-shaped cells which are
……… arraged with lots of air
spaces between them
Guard cell  Control opening and closing of  …………..-shaped
…………., therefore controls rate of  Inner cell wall is ………… than
transpiration outer cell wall
 Carry out photosynthesis  Have chloroplast
Stoma  Allow ………………. exchange  Stomata are ………… pores
between leaf and environment  Stomata open into substomatal
spaces which are continuous with
the intercellular spaces
 Most stomata are found in
…………… epidermis to reduce
transpiration
Leaf vein  Have …………. tissues, xylem and  Xylem vessels are …………..
 Xylem phloem and continuous from end to end
Phloem  Xylem transport water and minerals  Walls of xylem vessels are
salts to mesophyll tissues for thickened by …………..
…………………….
 Xylem provide …………….. and
mechanical strength to plant
 Phloem transport organic materials
and photosynthesis product from
…………. to other parts of the plant

3. How does a thin and flat lamina allow the leaf to carry out photosynthesis effectively?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. What is the function of guard cells?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. State the advantage of the irregular shapes of spongy mesophyll cells.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Draw the structure of the stoma and label the parts

of the stoma.
 CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.2023) PG 26-57
2. Explain the necessity of gaseous exchange in plants.

…………………………………………………………………………………................................

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. What is the function of stomata?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. State the characteristics of guard cell.

…………………………………………………………………………………................................

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. State the difference between gaseous exchange in plants during respiration and photosynthesis.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

6. What can be observed if a leaf is immersed in hot water?

Explain your answer.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

The Mechanism of Stomatal Opening

Uptake of potassium ions by guard cells Sucrose concentration in the guard cell sap
 The potassium ions enter the ………………….  In the presence of light, …………………s
 The solute potential in the guard cells occurs
…………..  The concentration of sucrose in the guard cells
 The water potential in the guard cells becomes …………..
…………..  The water potential in the guard cells ………….
 The water molecules from the epidermal cells  The water molecules from the epidermal cells
diffuse into the guard cells by ……………… …………. into the guard cells by osmosis
 The guard cells become ………… and curve  The guard cells become turgid and curve
outwards. ………….
 The stoma opens.  The stoma opens.
 CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.2023) PG 26-57
7. Explain the opening mechanism of stomata.

 During the day, guard cells carry out ………………… to synthesis sugar at a fast rate.
 ………….. is generated for the active transport of potassium ions (K +) into the guard cells from the
neighbouring epidermal cells.
 At the same time, sucrose is transported from the surrounding mesophyll cells into the
……………….
 Higher solute potential causes the turgor pressure in the guard cells to ……………..
 The water potential to ………….
 The water from the surrounding epidermal cells diffuses into the guard cells through ……………..
 Guard cells become …………… and swell up.
 The guard cells curve outward, and the stoma ……………

The Mechanism of Stomatal Closing

Uptake of potassium ions by guard cells Sucrose concentration in the guard cell sap
 The potassium ions move out from the  In the absence of …………., photosynthesis
……………….. does not occur.
 The solute potential in the guard cells  The concentration of sucrose in the guard cells
…………. becomes ……………
 The water potential in the guard cells ………….  The water potential in the ……………
 The water molecules …………. out from the increases.
guard cells to the epidermal cells by osmosis.  The water molecules diffuses out from the
 The guard cells become ……………. guard cells to the epidermal cells by
 The stoma closes. ……………..
 The guard cells become flaccid.
 The stoma closes.

8. Explain the closing mechanism of stomata.

 In the absence of light or at night, ………………. does not occur.
 Sucrose concentration in the guards cells ………………..
 Potassium ions diffuse ……….. of the guard cells into the neighbouring epidermal cells.
 The solute potential in the guard cells ……………….
 The ………… potential increase.
 The low turgor pressure in the neighbouring epidermal cells.
 Causes water to diffuse out of the guard cells to the surrounding epidermal cells by
………………..
 The guard cells shrink due to the loss in …………..
 The thicker inner cell walls come together to close the ………………

Extra notes
 Stomata distribution on a leaf epidermis depends on the environmental conditions of the plant.
 Terrestrial plants such as hibiscus plant have many stomata on the lower epidermis of their leaves.
 Floating plants have more stomata on the upper epidermis of leaves.
 Submerged plants do not have stoma.
 Dessert plants have stomata embedded in epidermal surfaces.
 CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.2023) PG 26-57

Kesan Kekurangan Air dalam Tumbuhan Terhadap Pebukaan dan Penutupan Stoma
Effect of Lack of Water in Plants to the Opening and Closing of Stomata TP 2

 Apabila tumbuhan mendapat air yang Lukiskan stoma dan labelkan.

mencukupi, sel pengawal menjadi segah. Draw the stoma and labelled.
When the plant obtains enough water, the
guard cells become turgid
 Sel pengawal mempunyai dinding dalam sel
yang tebal dan kurang elastic berbanding
dinding luar sel.
The inner cell wall of the guard cells is thick
and less elastic as compared to the outer cell
wall
 Sifat dinding luar sel yang nipis dan lebih
elastic menyebabkan sel pengawal
melengkung ke luar dan stoma terbuka
The thin and more elastic outer cell wall
causes the guard cells to curve outwards and
the stoma to open
 Tumbuhan akan segar
The plants will fresh

Lukiskan stoma dan labelkan.  Apabila tumbuhan kekurangan air, sel pengawal
Draw the stoma and labelled. menjadi flasid
When the plant lacks water, theguard cells
become flaccid
 Sifat dinding sel luar yang nipis dan lebih
elastic menyebabkan sel pengawal hilang
kesegahan dan stoma tertutup
The thin and more elastic outer cell wall causes
 CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.2023) PG 26-57
the guard cells to lose turgidity and the stoma to
close
 Tumbuhan akan layu
The plants will wilted

Nota tambahan
Extra notes
 Kira kira 90% transpirasi berlaku melalui stomata pada daun. Transpirasi juga berlaku melalui
lentisel pada tumbuhan berkayu.
About 90% of transpiration takes place through the stomata of the leaves. Transpiration also takes
place through the lenticels on woody stems.
 The stomata of monocot plants are tiny pores in the upper and lower epidermis of the leaves, which
are surrounded by a pair of dumb-bell shaped guard cells.
Stomata tumbuhan monocot adalah berliang kecil di epidermis atas dan bawah daun, yang dikelilingi
oleh sepasang sel pengawal berbentuk ‘dumb-bell’.
 The stomata of eudicot plants are tiny pores mainly in the lower epidermis of the leaves, which are
surrounded by a pair of bean-shaped guard cells.
Stomata tumbuhan eudicot adalah berliang kecil terutamanya di bahagian bawah daun epidermis,
yang dikelilingi oleh sepasang sel pengawal berbentuk kacang

9. Apakah kepentingan mempunyai lebih banyak stomata pada epidermis bawah daun?
What is the significance of having more stomata on the lower epidermis of the leaf?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

10. Transpirasi berlaku melalui stomata pada daun. Transpirasi juga berlaku melalui lentisel pada
tumbuhan berkayu.
Transpiration occurs through the stomata on the leaves. Transpiration also occurs through lenticels
on woody plants.

11. Bagaimanakah kesan kelembapan persekitaran mempengaruhi saiz pembukaan stoma?

How does humidity in the surroundings affect the size of the stomatal opening?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

12. Apakah kepentingan penutupan stoma semasa tumbuhan kekurangan air?

What is the importance of stomatal closure when the plant lacks water?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

13. Jelaskan apa yang berlaku pada stoma pada hari yang panas terik.
Explain what happens to stomata on a hot and scorching day.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

14. Huraikan mekanisme pembukaan stoma berdasarkan pengambilan ion kalium.

Explain the opening mechanism of stomata based on intake of potassium ions.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
 CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.2023) PG 26-57

STANDARD KANDUNGAN / CONTENT STANDARDS

2.3 Organ Utama Transpirasi
Main Organ for Transpiration
STANDARD PEMBELAJARAN / LEARNING STANDARDS
2.3.1 Mewajarkan keperluan transpirasi dalam tumbuhan
Justify the necessity of transpiration in plants

Keperluan Transpirasi dalam Tumbuhan TP 1

The Necessity of Transpiration in Plants

1. Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan transpirasi?

What is the meaning of transpiration?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. Nyatakan kaitan anatra transpirasi dengan stoma?

State the relationship between transpiration and stoma?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Terangkan kepentingan transpirasi dalam tumbuhan.
Explain the necessities of transpiration in plants.
a) Menghasilkan daya tarikan untuk menarik air dan garam mineral terlarut dari …………. ke akar,
hingga ke batang dan kemudian ke daun
Generates a suction force to pull water and dissolved mineral salts from the ……….. into the
roots, up to the stem and then to the leaves
b) Menyebabkan pergerakan air dan …………… secara berterusan ke semua bahagian tumbuhan
Causes the movement of water and ………………. continuously to all parts of plant.
c) Memberi kesan …………….. kepada tumbuhan melalui penyejatan daripada sel mesofil
Give ………….. effect to plants through evaporation from mesophyll cells
d) Menyingkirkan air ………… daripada tumbuhan dan membantu mengekalkan tekanan osmosis
sap sel
Removes ………….. water from plant and assists in maintaining the osmotic pressure of cell
sap.
e) Membantu mencegah …………… pada tumbuhan dengan mengekalkan kesegahan sel
Help to prevent ………….. in plants by maintaining cell turgidity

4. Tiga tempat proses transpirasi berlaku pada tumbuhan.

a) Stoma - Kira-kira 90% transpirasi berlaku melalui liang seni pada permukaan daun yang dikenali
sebagai …………
Stoma – About 90% of transpiration occur through tiny pores known as …………… which are
found on surface of leaves.
b) Kutikel - Kira-kira 10% transpirasi berlaku melalui kutikel. Jumlah air yang hilang adalah
berbeza berdasarkan ………….. kutikel berlilin.
Cuticle – About 10% of transpiration occurs through cuticle. The amount of water loss depends
on the …………… of the cuticle.
c) Lentisel - Lentisel ialah liang yang terdapat pada batang yang membenarkan pertukaran
…………. Sedikit sahaja air yang hilang melalui lentisel.
Lenticels – Lenticels are pores found on surfaces of stem that allow ……….. exchange. Only a
little water is lost through lenticels.

TP 3
Proses Transpirasi
Transpiration Process
4. Penyejatan air dari sel mesofil menghilangkan …………….
Daripada daun. Ini memberi kesan …………… kepada tumbuhan.
The evaporation of water from the mesophyll cells removes ………
from the leaves. This produces a ……………… effect to plants.
 CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.2023) PG 26-57

STANDARD PEMBELAJARAN / LEARNING STANDARDS

2.3.2 Memerihalkan factor persekitaran yang mempengaruhi kadar transpirasi : keamatan cahaya,
suhu, pergerakan udara dan kelembapan relative udara
Describe environmental factors that affects the rate of transpiration : light intensity,
temperature, air movement and relative humidity of air

Factor Persekitaran yang Memepengaruhi Kadar Transpirasi

The Environmental Factors that Effect Rate of Transpiration TP 4

Keamatan cahaya
Light intensity

Kadar transpirasi meningkat Pada keamatan cahaya yang tinggi, kadar

dengan peningkatan transpirasi akan ………………
……………………… At high light intensity, the rate of transpiration
The rate of transpiration is …………………..
…………………. with the
increase in ……………………

Apabila keamatan cahaya

meningkat, stoma ………….
dan lebih ………….. wap air
meresap keluar ke
persekitaran
When light intensity
Pada keamatan cahaya yang rendah, kadar transpirasi adalah ………………
increase, stomata …………
At low light intensity, the rate of transpiration is ………………
and …………. water vapour
diffuse out to environment.
 CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.2023) PG 26-57

Suhu Dalam keadaan gelap, stoma ………….

Temperature In darkness, the stomata are ……………

Kadar transpirasi ……………….. dengan peningkatan suhu

The rate of transpiration ………………… when temperature
increase

Apabila suhu meningkat, kadar …………….. air daripada

permukaan sel mesofil meningkat.
As temperature increase, the rate of ……………… of water from the
surfaces of mesophyll cells increase

Lebih banyak wap air meresap keluar melalui stoma daun

More water vapour diffuses out of the leaf through the stomata

Pergerakan udara
Air movement Semakin tinggi kelajuan angin, semakin
…………… kadar transpirasi
The higher the wind speed, the …………….. the
Keadaan udara tidak bergerak, kadar rate of transpiration
transpirasi ………………..
In still air, the rate of transpiration Angin bertiup menyingkirkan wap air berdekatan
…………………… stoma. Ini menambahkkan ………………………
wap air di antara ruang udara dan persekitaran.
Wap air yang meresap keluar daripada Kadar resapan bertambah
daun akan ……………. di sekitar Wind carries away water vapour around the
stoma stomata. This will increase the ……………….. of
The water vapour that diffuses out of water vapour between the air space and the
the leaf will …………………… around surrounding air. The rate of diffusion increase
the stoma

………………... kecerunan kepekatan

wap air di antara ruangan udara daun
dan udara persekitaran
………………. the concentration
gradient of water vapour between the
air spaces of the leaf and the
surrounding air

Kelembapan relative udara

Relative air humidity

Kelembapan relative udara persekitaran

rendah, kadar transpirasi adalah
…………..
Kadar transpirasi …………………
At low relative air humidity in the
apabila kelembapan relative udara
surrounding, the rate of transpiration
persekitaran meningkat.
………………….
The rate of transpiration ………………….
When the relative humidity in the
Kelembapan relative udara yang tinggi
surrounding air increase
……………. Kecerunan kepekatan wap
air di antara ruang udara dalam daun dan
persekitaran. Kurang wap air meresap
keluar melalui stomata.
 CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.2023) PG 26-57

STANDARD PEMBELAJARAN / LEARNING STANDARDS

2.3.3 Mengeksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan factor persekitaran terhadap kadar transpirasi dengan
menggunakan photometer
Experimenting to study the effects of environmental factors on the rate of transpiration by
using a photometer.

Eksperimen 2.2 Kesan Faktor Persekitaran Terhadap Kadar Transpirasi dengan Menggunakan TP 4
Experiment 2.2 Potometer
The Effects of Environmental Factors on Rate of Transpiration Using a Potometer
Pernyataan Apakah kesan factor persekitaran terhadap kadar transpirasi?
masalah What are the effects of environmental factors on the rate of transpiration?
Problem
statement
Tujuan Mengkaji kesan factor persekitaran terhadap kadar transpirasi dengan mengunakan
Aim photometer
To study the effects of environmental factors on the rate of transpiration using a
potometer
Hipotesis a) Semakin tinggi pergerakan udara, semakin tinggi kadar transpirasi.
Hypothesis The higher the presence of wind, the higher the rate of transpiration.
b) Semakin tinggi keamatan cahaya, semakin tinggi kadar transpirasi.
The higher the light intensity, the higher the rate of transpiration.
c) Semakin tinggi suhu, semakin tinggi kadar transpirasi.
The higher the temperature, the higher the rate of transpiration.
d) Semakin tinggi kelembapan relative udara, semakin rendah kadar transpirasi.
The higher the relative air humidity, the lower the rate of transpiration.
Pemboleh ubah Dimanipulasikan :
Variables Manipulative
Bergerak balas :
Responding
Dimalarkan :
Constant
Bahan Ranting berdaun, air, jeli petroleum, kertas tisu, beg plastik
Materials Leafy twigs, water, petroleum jelly, tissue paper, plastic bag
Radas Gabus, bikar, jam randik, pembaris, kipas meja elektrik, meontol 100 W, photometer
 CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.2023) PG 26-57
Apparatus (tiub kapilari, klip skru)
Cork, beaker, stopwatch, ruler, electrical table fan, 100 W bulb, photometer (capillary
tube, screw clip)

Prosedur 1. Sediakan photometer dan pastikan semua sambungan disapu dengan jeli
Procedure petroleum agar kedap udara.
Prepare a photometer and ensure the connections are applied with petroleum
jelly so that they are airtight.
2. Potong ranting tumbuhan yang berdaun di dalam air. Pastikan saiz batangnya
dengan gabus penutup photometer sepadan.
Cut a leafy twig of a plant in water. Ensure the size of the stem is compatible
with the cork covering the photometer.
3. Letakkan ranting berdaun pada photometer dan sapukan jeli petroleum agar
kedap udara.
Set the leafy twig to the photometer and make sure it is airtight.
4. Lap semua daun sehingga kering menggunakan kertas tisu.
Wipe all the leaves until they are dry using tissue papers.
5. Isikan air ke dalam photometer sehingga penuh.
Fill the photometer with water until it is full.
6. Perangkapkan gelembung udara kecil pada pangkal photometer untuk
digunakan sebagai penanda.
Trap a small air bubble at the base of the photometer to be used as an indicator.
7. Tandakan kedudukan awal gelembung udara dalam photometer sebagai P.
Mark the initial position of the air bubble in the photometer as P.
8. Dedahkan photometer di dalam bilik tanpa kipas berpusing.
Place the photometer in a room without fan circulation.
9. Selepas 10 minit, ukur jarak gelembung udara dalam photometer dengan
menggunakan pembaris atau skala yang ada pada tiub kapilari photometer.
After 10 minutes, measure the distance of the air bubble in the photometer
using a ruler or a scale on the capillary tube of the photometer.
10. Selepas itu, dedahkannya di hadapan kipas meja dengan kelajuan 2.
After that, placing it in front of fan with speed 2.
11. Selepas 10 minit, ukur jarak gelembung udara dalam photometer dengan
menggunakan pembaris atau skala yang ada pada tiub kapilari photometer.
After 10 minutes, measure the distance of the air bubble in the photometer
using a ruler or a scale on the capillary tube of the photometer.
12. Ulangi langkah 1 hingga 11 dengan mendedahkan set photometer di bawah
persekitaran yang berikut:
Repeat steps 1 to 11 by exposing the photometer set under the following
surroundings:
a) Keamatan cahaya yang tinggi dan rendah
High and low light intensities
(Di dalam bilik gelap dan di bawah mentol 100 W)
(In a dark room and under a 100 W bulb)
b) Suhu yang tinggi dan rendah
High and low temperatures
(Di dalam bilik dengan penyaman udara dan di dalam bilik tanpa
penyaman udara)
 CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.2023) PG 26-57
(In a room with an air conditioner and in a room without air conditioner)
c) Kelembapan relative udara yang tinggi dan rendah
High and low relative air humudities
(pokok ditutup dengan beg plastic lembap dan pokok yang tidak ditutup)
Plant that is covered with a humid plastic bag and plant that not covered)
13. Kira kadar transpirasi menggunakan formula berikut:
Calculate the rate of transpiration using the following formula:

jarak pergerakan gelembung udara ( cm )

distance travelled by air bubble
masa ( min )
time
Keputusan
Result Jarak pergerakan
gelembung udara dalam Kadar transpirasi
Factor persekitaran masa 10 minit (cm) (cm/min)
Surrounding factor Distance travelled by air Transpiration rate
bubble in 10 minutes (cm/min)
(cm)
Laju
Pergerakan
Fast
udara
Perlahan
Air movement
Slow
Tinggi
Kematan
High
cahaya
Rendah
Light intensity
Low
Tinggi
Suhu High
Temperature Rendah
Low
Kelembapan Tinggi
relative udara High
Relative air Rendah
humidity Low

Perbincangan 1. Ranting berdaun mesti dipotong di dalam air bagi mencegah ………. daripada
Discussion memasuki salur xylem untuk memastikan pengaloiran air di dalam xylem tidak
terputus.
Leafy branch must be cut in water to prevent ………. from entering its xylem
vessels to ensure that water flowed in the xylem was continuous.
2. Ranting berdaun ………… air untuk menggantikan air yang hilang melalui
transpirasi. Kadar penyerapan air adalah sama dengan kadar transpirasi.
The leafy branch …………. water to replace the water loss during
transpiration. The rate of water absorption is the same as the rate of
transpiration.
3. Apabila pergerakan udara laju, kadar transpirasi ………….. Pergerakan udara
yang laju akan menyingkirkan wap air yang terkumpul berdekatan dengan
permukaan daun. Kecerunan kepekatan wap air di dalam dan luar daun
bertambah.
When air movement increased, the rate of transpiration ……………. The rapid
air movement removes water vapour at the leaf surfaces. This increases the
gradient between the concentration of water vapour inside the leaves and the
concentration of water vapour outsidse the leaves.
4. Apabila keamatan cahaya ……………., kadar transpirasi bertambah. Cahaya
merangdsang pembukaan stoma menyebabkan lebih banyak air tersejat melalui
 CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.2023) PG 26-57
stoma.
When the light intensity …………….., the rate of transpiration increase. Light
stimulates the opening of stomata and causes more water to evaporate through
the stomata.
5. Apabila suhu bertambah, kadar transpirasi bertambah. Tenaga kinetic molekul
air meningkat. Kadar resapan air melalui stoma ……………….
When the temperature increase, the rate of transpiration increase. Kineteic
energy of water molecules increase. Diffusion rate of water through stomata
……………….
6. Apabila kelembapan relative udara bertambah, kadar transpirasi berkurangan.
Kelembapan udara yang …………… di persekitaran daun menyebabkan
kurang air tersejat melalui stoma.
When the relative air humidity increases, the rate of transpiration is decreases.
…………… air humidity in the environment reduces evaporation rate through
the stomata.
Kesimpulan 1. Semakin laju pergerakan udara, semakin tinggi kadar transpirasi.
Conclusion The higher the air movement, the higher the rate of transpiration.
2. Semakin tinggi keamatan cahaya, semakin tinggi kadar transpirasi.
The higher the light intensity, the higher the rate of transpiration.
3. Semakin tinggi suhu persekitaran, semakin tinggi kadar transpirasi.
The higher the temperature, the higher the rate of transpiration.
4. Semakin tinggi kelembapan relative udara, semakin rendah kadar transpirasi.
The higher the relative air humidity, the lower the rate of transpiration.
STANDARD KANDUNGAN / CONTENT STANDARDS
2.4 Organ Utama Fotosintesis
Main Organ for Photosynthesis
STANDARD PEMBELAJARAN / LEARNING STANDARDS
2.4.1 Mewajarkan keperluan fotosintesis dalam tumbuhan
Justify the necessity of photosynthesis in plants
2.4.2 Menghubung kait penyesuaian struktur dalaman daun dengan forosintesis
Correlate the adaptation of internal structure of leaf with photosynthesis

Keperluan Fotosintesis dalam Tumbuhan TP 3

The necessity of Photosynthesis in Plants

1. Tumbuhan adalah autotroph yang boleh menghasilkan makanan sendiri melalui ………………….
Plants are autotrophs that are able to make their own food through ………………….
2. Tumbuhan hijau menggunakan karbon dioksida dan air untuk mensintesis …………….. dan
membebaskan oksigen sebagai produk sampingan.
Green plants use carbon dioxide and water to synthesise ………….. and release oxygen as a by-
product.
3. Fotosintesis merupakan satu proses tumbuhan hijau mensintesis sebatian organic daripada karbon
dioksida dan air dengan kehadiran ………………..
Photosynthesis is a proses in which green plant synthesizes organic compounds from carbon dioxide
and water in the presence of ……………………
4. Melalui proses fotosntesis, tenaga cahaya matahari ……………. kepada tenaga kimia yang
tersimpan dalam molekul organic yang disintesiskan. Molekul organic dikenali sebagai glukosa ini
merupakan sumber tenaga kepada organisma lain.
Photosynthesis ………… light energy from the sun to chemical energy which is stored on organic
molecules that is synthesized. The organic molecules that are known as glucose are sources of
energy for other organisms.
5. Glukosa ini digunakan oleh organisma hidup yang lain untuk menjalankan …………… sel.
Glucose is used by other living organisms to carry out cellular …………………..
6. Semasa proses fotosintesis, tumbuhan hijau menggunakan karbon dioksida daripada udara dan
menghasilkan ……………. Gas oksigen ini kemudiannya digunakan oleh organisma lain untuk
proses respirasi sel.
 CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.2023) PG 26-57
During photosynthesis, green plants use atmospheric carbon dioxide and produce.……………. The
oxygen gas is then used by other organisms for cellular respiration.

Penyesuaian Struktur Dalaman Daun dengan Fotosintesis TP 4

The adaptations of Internal Structure of a Leaf for Photosynthesis

1. Daun merupakan ………….. fotosintesis utama dalam tumbuhan.

Leaves are the main …………… of photosynthesis in plants.
2. Untuk menjalankan fotosintesis, tumbuhan perlu mempunyai:
To carry out photosynthesis, plants need to have:
a) Klorofil untuk menyerap tenaga …………… daripada matahari
Chlorophyll to absorb ………… energy from the sun
b) Karbon dioksida daripada …………… dan air daripada tanah
Carbon dioxide from the …………….. and water from the soil
3. Daun dibentangkan dengan orientasi mengufuk untuk mendapat jumlah cahaya yang ……………….
Leaves are displayed in horinzontal orientation to ……………….. light absorption.
4. Bentuk lamina daun yang leper dan nipis menyediakan luas permukaan yang …………. untuk
menyerap cahaya dan membenarkan cahaya menembusinya, serta memudahkan resapan gas karbon
dioksida ke dalam daun.
The flat and thin lamina provides leaf with a …………. surfaces area to absorb light and allows light
to penetrate it, as well as to facilitate diffusion of carbon dioxide into the leaf.

Lukis dan labelkan keratan rentas daun.

Draw and label a cross section of a leaf.

Kutikel  Kutikel adalah lapisan ……….. yang merangkumi epidermis atas dan bawah.
Cuticle The cuticle is a ……….. layer which covers the upper and lower epidermis.
 Ia adalah penghalang kalis air untuk mengelakkan ……………… air yang
berlebihan melalui penyejatan.
It is a waterproof barrier to prevent excessive water ……. through evaporation.
 Ia adalah lutsinar untuk membiarkan cahaya meresap ke bahagian dalam daun.
It is transparent to allow light to penetrate to the interior of the leaf.
Epidermis atas  Epidermis atas daun terdiri daripada satu lapisan sel epidermis yang …………...
Upper epidermis The upper epidermis of a leaf consists of a single layer of epidermal cells which
are …………..
 Sel-sel epidermis atas tidak mengandungi ………….. sehingga cahaya
menembusi jauh ke dalam lamina dan mencapai kloroplas dengan mudah.
The cells of the upper epidermis do not contain …………….. so light penetrates
deep into the lamina and reaches the chloroplasts easily.
 Epidermis atas menutup dan melindungi permukaan atas daun dari kecederaan
fizikal, jangkitan dari mikroorganisma, dan mencegah kehilangan air yang
berlebihan.
The upper epidermis covers and protects the upper surface of leaves from
 CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.2023) PG 26-57
physical injuries, infections from microorganisms, and prevents excessive water
loss.
Berkas vascular  Xylem mengalirkan air dan garam mineral dari ………. ke daun untuk
Vascular bundle fotosintesis.
Xylem conducts water and mineral salts from the …………s to the leaves for
photosynthesis.
 Salur Xylem adalah saluran ……….. yang membantu laluan air.
Xylem vessels are ……….. channels that aid water passage.
 Dinding salur xilem ditebalkan dengan lignin untuk memberi ………….. pada
daun dengan membiarkan daun tetap mendatar agar dapat menerima jumlah
cahaya matahari yang maksimum.
The walls of xylem vessels are thickened with lignin to provide ………….. to
the leaves by allowing the leaves to remain horizontal in order to receive the
maximum amount of sunlight.
 Phloem mengangkut bahan hasil fotosintesis dari ……….. ke bahagian lain
tumbuhan. Ia membentuk tiub berterusan dari daun ke akar.
Phloem transports photosynthetic products from the …………. to other parts of
the plant. It forms a continuous tube from the leaves to the roots.
Mesofil palisad  Sel mesofil palisade berbentuk silinder, rapat dalam susunan ……… tepat di
Palisade mesophyll bawah epidermis atas.
Palisade mesophyll cells are cylindrical, tightly packed in an ……………
arrangement directly beneath the upper epidermis.
 Susunan sedemikian membolehkan sel-sel menerima jumlah cahaya matahari
yang ……………..
Such an arrangement allows the cells to receive the …………. amount of
sunlight.
 Sel-sel ini mempunyai bilangan kloroplas yang …………. dan merupakan sel
fotosintesis yang paling aktif. 80% fotosintesis berlaku di sini.
These cells have a ……….. density of chloroplasts and are the most active
photosynthetic cells. 80% of photosynthesis takes place here.
 Kloroplas dalam sel-sel ini dapat bergerak dan mengatur diri mereka untuk
melakukan penyerapan cahaya matahari maksimum.
The chloroplasts in these cells are able to move about and arrange themselves to
carry out the maximum absorption of sunlight.
 …………… yang terkandung dalam kloroplas menyerap tenaga cahaya untuk
fotosintesis.
……………. contained in the chloroplasts absorbs light energy for
photosynthesis.
 Dinding sel palisade dilapisi dengan lapisan air sehingga karbon dioksida dapat
larut dengan mudah dalam lapisan air sebelum meresap ke dalam sel.
The cell walls of palisades are coated with a film of water so that carbon dioxide
can dissolve easily in the film of water before diffusing into the cells.
 Sel mesofil palisade mengandungi lebih banyak kloroplas daripada sel mesofil
spongy, dan oleh itu fungsi utamanya adalah fotosintesis.
Palisade mesophyll cells contain more chloroplasts than spongy mesophyll cells,
and therefore their main function is photosynthesis.
Mesofil berspan  Sel mesofil berspan berbentuk tidak teratur dan disusun ……………. untuk
Spongy mesophyll meningkatkan luas permukaan dalaman untuk pertukaran gas di dalam daun.
Spongy mesophyll cells are irregularly shaped and …………. arranged to
increase the internal surface area for gaseous exchange within the leaf.
 Sel mesofil berspan juga mengandungi kloroplas untuk melakukan fotosintesis.
Spongy mesophyll cells also contain chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis.
 Di antara sel-sel ini terdapat ruang …………. yang dihubungkan ke atmosfera
di luar daun melalui stomata.
Between these cells are ……… spaces which are linked to the atmosphere
outside the leaf through the stomata.
 CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.2023) PG 26-57

 Ruang udara yang besar mengurangkan jarak karbon dioksida yang meresap
melalui bahagian dalam daun untuk mencapai sel mesofil dan wap air untuk
meresap melalui stomata.
The large air spaces reduce the distance carbon dioxide has to diffuse through
the interior of the leaf to reach the mesophyll cells and water vapour to diffuse
through the stomata.
 Dinding sel nipis yang dilapisi dengan lapisan air menyediakan permukaan
lembap agar karbon dioksida mudah larut dan mempercepat pertukaran gas
antara ruang udara dan mesofil berspan.
The thin cell walls which are coated with a film of water provide moist surfaces
for carbon dioxide to dissolve easily and to speed up gaseous exchange between
the air spaces and the spongy mesophyll.
Epidermis bawah  Epidermis bawah mempunyai lebih banyak ……… berbanding epidermis atas.
Lower epidermis The lower epidermis has more ………….. compared to the upper epidermis.
 Sel epidermis tidak mengandungi ………….. kecuali sel pengawal yang
merupakan sel epidermis khusus.
Epidermal cells do not contain …………. except for guard cells which are
specialised epidermal cells.
 Setiap stoma diapit oleh dua sel pengawal, yang mengawal atur saiz stomata.
Each stoma is flanked by two guard cells, which regulate the size of the stomata
pore.
 Stomata dan ruang udara antara sel membentuk sistem pengudaraan. Stomata
memainkan peranan penting dalam fotosintesis dengan membenarkan
pertukaran ………….. antara bahagian dalam daun dan persekitaran luaran.
Stomata and intercellular air spaces form an aeration system. Stomata play an
essential role in photosynthesis by allowing the exchange of ………… between
the interior of the leaf and the external environment.
 Karbon dioksida dari atmosfera meresap ke dalam daun melalui stomata ketika
mereka terbuka sementara oksigen (hasil sampingan fotosintesis) meresap
keluar dari daun melalui jalan yang sama (stoma).
Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere diffuses into the leaf through the stomata
when they are open while oxygen (a by-product of photosynthesis) diffuses out
of the leaf through the same route.
 Air tersejat keluar dari stomata melalui transpirasi.
Water evaporates out of the stomata through transpiration.

1. Berikan dua ciri daun yang membolehkannya disesuaikan untuk menjalankan fotosintesis.
Give two characteristics of a leaf that enable it to adapt for photosynthesis.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. Bahagian daun yang manakah membantu tumbuhan mengurangkan kehilangan air dalam keadaan
normal?
Which parts of the leaf help the plant to reduce water loss under normal conditions?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3. Mengapakah fotosintesis penting kepada tumbuhan?

Why is photosynthesis important for plants?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

4. Bagaimana ruang udara membantu dalam fotosintesis?

How does air spaces assist in photosynthesis?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
 CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.2023) PG 26-57

5. Bagaimanakah transpirasi pada tumbuhan terjejas jika bahagian bawah permukaan daun disapukan
dengan jeli petroleum?
How transpiration in plants affected if the bottom of the leaf surfaces is smeared with petroleum
jelly?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

6. Untuk meningkatkan kecekapan fotosintesis, daun memerlukan

To increase the efficiency of photosynthesis, the leaves need
a) Penyerapan tenaga …………….. yang cekap.
An efficient in absorbing …………… energy.
b) Proses pertukaran …………….. di antara daun dan persekitaran.
Exchange process of ………………. between the leaf and its surrounding.
c) Proses pengangkutan …………… ke daun.
The transport process of ………………….. to the leaf.
d) Proses pengangkutan ……………….. dari daun ke bahagian tumbuhan yang lain.
The transport process of ………………… from leaf to other parts of the plant.

7. Nyatakan perbezaan struktur antara sel mesofil palisade dan sel mesofil berspan.
State the differences in the structure between palisade mesophyll cells and spongy mesophyll cells.
Sel mesofil palisad Sel mesofil berspan
Palisade mesophyll cells Spongy mesophyll cells

STANDARD PEMBELAJARAN / LEARNING STANDARDS

2.4.3 Mengenal pasti struktur kloroplas: granum, tilakoid dan stroma.
Identify the structure of chloroplast: granum, thylakoid and stroma

Struktur kloroplas
Structure of a chloroplast TP 1

1. Kloroplas adalah tapak …………………….

Chloroplast is a site of ………………………..

2. Lukis dan labelkan struktur kloroplas.

Draw and labelled the structure of chloroplast.
 CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.2023) PG 26-57

Tilakoid
Thylakoid
 Kantung berbentuk ………….
………… shape.
 Mengandungi pigmen klorofil yang berfungsi untuk menyerap …………. di dalam membrannya.
Has chlorophyll pigments that absorb ……….. in its membrane.
 Mengandungi system pengangkutan electron.
Has a system of electron transport.
 Tapak untuk tindak balas bersandarkan cahaya.
Site for reactions that are dependent of light.
Stroma Granum
Stroma Granum
 Bendalir tidak berwarna yang mengandungi  Terbenam dalam …………
pelbagai enzim dan butiran …………... Embedded in ………..
Colourless fluid that contains different  Struktur yang terdiri daripada beberapa
types of enzymes and …………. particles. tilakoid yang diatur membentuk lapisan
 Tapak untuk tindak balas tidak It is made up a few thylakoids that are
bersandarkan cahaya. arranged in layers.
Location for reactions that are independent  Mengandungi pigmen …………. dan
of light. enzim fotosintesis.
Has ………….. pigments and
photosynthetic enzymes.
 Susunan lapisan ini menjadikan kawasan
permukaan adalah optimum untuk
fotosintesis.
Its stacking arrangement optimizes the
surface area for photosynthesis
Membrane luar Membrane dalam
Outer membrane Inner membrane
 Memisahkan kloroplas daripada bahagian  Mengawal keluar masuk bahan ke dalam
sel yang lain. kloroplas.
Separate chloroplast from other parts of the Control movement of materials in and out
cell. of chloroplast.

Kromatografi TP 2
Chromatography

1. Membrane tilakoid mengandungi beberapa jenis ……………… fotosintesis.

Thylakoid membranes contain several kinds of photosynthetic ………………….
2. Pigmen fotosintesis dapat diasingkan dengan menggunakan ……………….kertas.
The photosynthetic pigments can be separated by using paper ……………………..
3. Kaedah yang digunakan untuk memisahkan pigmen-pigmen fotosintesis dalam daun ialah
………………………………….
The method used to separate the photosynthetic pigments in the leaves is……………………
4. Kaedah kromatografi merupakan suatu teknik memisahkan komponen-komponen sesuatu campuran
berdasarkan perbezaan keterlarutan komponen-komponen suatu campuran itu di dalam pelarut
tertentu.
Chromatographic method is a technique of separating the components of a mixture based on the
difference in solubility of the components of a mixture in a particular solvent.
5. Pigmen tumbuhan dapat ditentukan dengan mengira nilai Rf.
Plant pigments can be determined by calculating the value of R f.
 CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.2023) PG 26-57
Rf = Jarak yang dilalui oleh pigmen
Distance travelled by pigment
Jarak yang dilalui oleh pelarut
Distance travelled by solvent

Pigmen tumbuhan Nilai Rf Warna

Plant pigment Rf value Colour
Klorofil a 0.60 Biru/ kehijauan
Chlorophyll a Blue/ greenish
Klorofil b 0.50 Hijau
Chlorophyll b Green
Karotenoid 0.95 Oren
Carotenoid Orange
Xantofil 0.35 Kuning
Zantophyll Yellow
Feofitin 0.70 Kelabu
Pheophytin Grey

Aktiviti 2.3
Activity 2.3
Tujuan Menjalankan penyiasatan untuk mengasingkan pigmen-pigmen fotosintesis di dalam
Aim daun dengan menggunakan kromatografi kertas
To carry out an investigation to separate photosynthetic pigments in a leaf using paper
chromatography
Bahan Daun pokok ati-ati/ daun pokok pandan/ daun bayam merah, pasir halus, aseton 80%,
Material pelarut (satu bahagian aseton dan Sembilan bahagian eter petroleum), lidi, kertas turas,
pensel
Coleus plant leaves/ pandan leaves/ red spinach leaves, fine sand, 80% acetone, solvent
(one part of aceton and nine parts of petroleum ether), skewer, filter paper, pencil
Radas Bekas kaca, pembaris, lesung dan alu
Apparatus Glass container, ruler, mortar and pestle

Prosedur 1. Tumbuk dua helai daun pokok ati-ati/ daun pandan/ daun bayam merah
Procedure bersama-sama aseton 80% dan sedikit pasir menggunakan lesung serta alu
sehingga ekstrak daun menjadi agak pekat.
Pound two leaves of coleus plant/ pandan leaves/ red spinach leaves with 80%
acetone and a little bit of fine sand using a mortar and pestle until a thick leaf
extract is obtained.
2. Sediakan sekeping kertas turas berukuran 3cm x 15cm.
Prepare a filter paper of size 3 cm × 15 cm.
3. Buat satu garisan dengan jarak 1.5cm dari hujung kertas turas se4cara
mendatar menggunakan pensel.
Draw a line of 1.5 cm from the end of the filter paper horizontally using a
 CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.2023) PG 26-57
pencil.
4. Pindahkan titisan ekstrak daun ke tengah garisan pensel dan keringkan.
Transfer the leaf extract in the middle of the pencil line and let it dry.
5. Ulangi langkah 4 sebanyak sepuluh kali unutk mendapatkan titik ekstrak yng
pekat pada kertas turas.
Repeat step 4 ten times to get a thick extract on the filter paper.
6. Celupkan hujung kertas turas ke dalam bekas kaca yang mengandungi pelarut
pada ketinggian 1cm.
Dip the end of filter paper in a glass container containing solvent at a height of
1 cm
7. Biarkan kertas turas kering seketika dan perhatikan perubahan.
Let the filter paper dry for a while and observe the changes.
8. Tandakan kedudukan setiap pigmen yang kelihatan pada kromatogram.
Mark the points of each pigment that can be seen on the chromatogram.
.
Perbincangan 1. Fungsi pelarut adalah untuk melarutkan …………...
The fuction of solvent are to dissolve ………………..
2. Pasir halus digunakan semasa menyediakan ekstrak daun untuk …………….
sel-sel daun untuk mengektrak klorofil dengan mudah.
Fine sand is used while preparing the leaf extract to ……………… the leaf
cells to extract chlorophyll easily
3. Pigmen-pigmen fotosintesis di dalam daun dapat diasingkan menggunakan
kaedah kromatografi berdasarkan nilai Rf iaitu nisabah jarah yang dilalui oleh
pigmen kepada jarak yang dilalui oleh pelarut sepanjang kromatogram.
The photosynthetic pigments in the leaves can be separated using
chromatographic method based on the value of Rf which is the ratio of the
distance traveled by the pigment to the distance traveled by the solvent along
the chromatogram.

STANDARD PEMBELAJARAN / LEARNING STANDARDS

2.4.4 Menghubung kait tindak balas bersandarkan cahaya dan tindak balas tidak bersandarkan
cahaya dalam fotosintesis.
Correlate light dependent reactions and light independent reactions of photosynthesis
2.4.5 Menulis persamaan kimia bagi mewakili proses fotosintesis
Write chemical equation to represent photosynthesis.

Tindak balas bersandarkan cahaya dan Tindak balas tidak bersandarkan Cahaya
Light-Dependent and Light-Independent Reactions TP 1

1. Fotosintesis berlaku di dalam …………………

Photosynthesis takes place in ……………………….
2. Fotosintesis boleh dibahagikan kepada dua peringkat:
Photosynthesis can be divided into two stages:
a) Tindak balas bersandarkan cahaya yang berlaku di dalam ……………….
Light-dependent reaction that takes place in the ………………..
b) Tidak balas tidak bersandarkan cahaya yang berlaku di dalam ………………..
Light-independent reaction that takes place in the …………………
TP 4
Tindak balas bersandarkan cahaya Tindak balas tidak bersandarkan cahaya
Light-dependent reaction Light-independent reaction
Tindak balas bersandarkan cahaya berlaku pada Berlaku dalam …………
membran ………….. untuk menukar tenaga cahaya Occurs in …………..
menjadi tenaga kimia
Light-dependent reaction takes place in …………..
tmembranes to convert light energy to chemical
energy
 CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.2023) PG 26-57
Tenaga cahaya yang terperangkap oleh klorofil Pada peringkat ini tindak balas juga dikenali
akan ………….. molekul klorofil ke tahap tenaga sebagai Kitar Calvin
yang lebih tinggi This stage of the reaction is also known as the
Light energy trapped by chlorophyll ……………. Calvin cycle.
the chrolophyll molecules to a higher energy level
Dalam keadaan ini, elektron dari klorofil melalui Karbon dioksida yang ………….. dari atmosfera ke
rangkaian pembawa elektron akan diterima oleh dalam stroma diikat kepada gula lima karbon dan
NADP+. penurunan oleh NADPH dan ATP menjadi
In this excites state, electrons from the chlorophyll monomer glukosa
go through a series of electron carriers and are Carbon dioxide that ………… from the atmosphere
eventually accepted by NADP+. into the stroma is fixed by a five-carbon sugar and
reduced by NADPH and ATP into glucose
monomers
Pada masa yang sama, molekul ………… Setiap langkah di dalam tindak balas ini di
dipisahkan menjadi ion hidrogen (H+) dan ion katalisiskan oleh enzim yang spesifik.
hidroksida (OH-) melalui fotolisis air Each step in the reaction is catalyzed by specific
At the same time, …………. molecules split into enzymes
hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-)
through photolysis of water
Ion hydrogen (H+) bergabung dengan NADP+ untuk Monomer glukosa kemudian akan mengalami
membentuk NADPH yang merupakan suatu agen kondensasi untuk membentuk molekul kanji.
penurunan Glucose monomers then undergo condensation to
Hydrogen ions (H+)combine with NADP+ to form form starch molecules
NADPH which is a reducing agent
Tenaga yang dibebaskan semasa aliran elektron
digunakan untuk membentuk molekul adenosin
trifosfat (ATP) yang mengandungi ikatan kimia
bertenaga tinggi
The energy released during the flow of electrons is
used to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
molecules that contain high-energy chemical bonds
Oksigen akan dibebaskan ke atmosfera dan
digunakan untuk …………. sel.
Oxygen is released into the atmosphere and used
for cellular ………………..
Molekul ATP akan membekalkan tenaga manakala
NADPH memberikan sumber penurunan (sumber
elektron) untuk tindak balas tidak bersandarkan
cahaya yang berlaku di stroma
The ATP molecules provide energy while the
NADPH provides reducing power (a source of
electrons) for the light-independent reaction which
takes place in the stroma
 CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.2023) PG 26-57

Tindak balas keseluruhan fotosintesis boleh diwakili oleh persamaan kimia berikut:
The overall reaction of photosynthesis can be represented by the following chemical reaction:

Tenaga cahaya TP 2
Light energy
12H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
Klorofil
Chlorophyll
air karbon dioksida glukosa oksigen air
water carbon dioxide glucose oxygen water

STANDARD PEMBELAJARAN / LEARNING STANDARDS

2.4.6 Membanding dan membezakan antara tindak balas bersandarkan cahaya dengan tindak balas
tidak bersandarkan cahaya dalam fotosintesis.
Copmpare and contrast between light dependent reactions and the light independent reactions
of photosynthesis

Persamaan dan perbezaan antara tindak balas bersandarkan cahaya dengan tindak balas tidak bersandarkan
cahaya
Similarities dan differences between the light-dependent and light-independent reactions TP 4

Tindak balas bersandarkan cahaya Tidak balas tidak bersandarkan cahaya

Light-dependent reactions Light-independent reactions
Persamaan
Similarities
 Kedua-duanya berlaku di ……………….
Both are occurs in ……………..
 Kedua-duanya melibatkan tindak balas kimia berkaitan dengan ………………….
Both involve chemical reactions related to …………….
 Kedua-duanya dimangkinkan oleh …………..
Both are catalyzed by …………….
 Kedua-duanya berlaku pada siang hari
Both are occur during the day
Perbezaan
Differences
Berlaku di ………………… Berlaku di …………………
Occurs in the ………….. Occurs in the ……………
Memerlukan cahaya matahari Tidak memerlukan ……………. Matahari
Requires sunlight Does not require sunlight
Berlaku pada ………….. hari Berlaku pada siang hari dan waktu malam
Occurs during the …………….. Occurs during the day and at night
 CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.2023) PG 26-57
……………. ATP Menggunakan ATP
Bahan tindak balas ialah ………… Bahan tidak balas ialah gas …………….
Reaction substance is …………… Reaction substance is ……………gases
Hasil tindak balas ialah gas ………….. dan Hasil tindak balas ialah …………….
molekul air Reaction product is ……………
Reaction products is ……………… gases and
water molecule
Melibatkan …………. air Melibatkan …………. gas karbon dioksida
Involves ………….. of water Involves ………….. of carbon dioxide
Bahan yang diperlukan ialah air, ADP Bahan yang diperlukan ialah karbon dioksida, ATP,
Materials required is water, ADP hydrogen (NADPH)
Materials required is carbon dioxide, ATP,
hydrogen (NADPH)
Oksigen ………….. …………. tidak dibebaskan
…………… oxygen Does not release …………..
………….. tidak terbentuk Glukosa terbentuk
……………. did not formed Glucose formed

STANDARD PEMBELAJARAN / LEARNING STANDARDS

2.4.7 Menerangkan factor persekitaran yang mempengaruhi kadar fotosintesis: keamatan cahaya,
suhu dan kepekatan karbon dioksida.
Explain the environmental factors that affects the rate of photosynthesis: light intensity,
temperature and concentration of carbon dioxide.
2.4.9 Menganalisis kesan perubahan keamatan cahaya dan warna cahaya terhadap kadar fotosintesis.
Analyse the effect of light intensity change and colour of light on the rate of photosynthesis.

Factor persekitaran yang mempengaruhi kadar fotosintesis

Environmental factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis TP 2

1. Terdapat tiga factor pengehad yang utama dalam fotosintesis:

There are three main limiting factors in photosynthesis:
a) Keamatan ……………….
……………….intensity
b) Suhu
Temperature
c) Kepekatan ……………………..
Concentration of ……………………..

Keamatan cahaya
Light intensity
 CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.2023) PG 26-57

 Pada keamatan cahaya

yang tinggi, kadar
………......... menjadi
malar.
At high light intensity,
there is no change in
the rate of ………………
 Factor selain keamatan
cahaya menjadi factor
…………..
The rate is now
…………… by a factor
other than light
intensity
Tanpa ………, fotosintesis tidak berlaku
Without ……..., there is no photosynthesis

Suhu
Temperature
Pada suhu yang lebih ………… daripada suhu
optimum, kadar fotosintesis menurun.
At temperatures ……….. than the optimum
temperature, the rate of photosynthesis decreases

Pada suhu yang …….., enzim ternyahasli dan

fotosintesis berhenti
At ……… temperatures, enzymes are denatured
and photosynthesis stops.

Kadar fotosintesis …….. dengan peningkatan suhu

The rate of photosynthesis ………… with an increase in
temperature
 CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.2023) PG 26-57

Kepekatan karbon dioksida

Concentration of carbon dioxide

 Peningkatan kepekatan CO2 seterusnya

akan menyebabkan kadar …………….
menjadi malar.
As the CO2 concentration increases,
there is no change in the rate of
Pada permulaan, kadar ………………..
fotosintesis …………..  Factor lain menjadi factor ………….
dengan peningkatan The other factors becomes ……………
kepekatan karbon factor
dioksida.
Initially, the rate of
photosynthesis
……………. with
inseasing carbon
dioxide concentration.

STANDARD PEMBELAJARAN / LEARNING STANDARDS

2.4.8 Mengeksperiman untuk mengkaji kesan factor persekitaran terhadap kadar fotosintesis.
Experimenting to study the effect of environmental factors on the rate of photosynthesis.

Eksperimen 2.3 Kesan factor persekitaran terhadap kadar fotosintesis TP 4

Experiment 2.3 The effects of environmental factors on the rate of photosynthesis
Pernyataan Apakah kesan keamatan cahaya, suhu dan kepekatan karbon dioksida terhadap kadar
masalah fotosintesis?
Problem What are the effects of light intensity, temperature and concentration of carbon dioxide
statement towards the rate of photosynthesis?
A – Keamatan cahaya
Light intensity
Tujuan Mengkaji kesan keamatan cahaya terhadap kadar fotosintesis
Aim To investigate the effects of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis
Hipotesis Semakin tinggi keamatan cahaya, semakin tinggi kadar fotosintesis
Hypothesis The higher the light intensity, the higher the rate of photosynthesis.
Pemboleh ubah Dimanipulasikan :
Variables Manipulative
Bergerak balas :
Responding
Dimalarkan :
Constant
Bahan Hydrilla sp., 50ml air suling, larutan natrium hydrogen karbonat 0.2%
 CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.2023) PG 26-57
Materials Hydrilla sp., 50 ml of distilled water, 0.2% of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution
Radas Gunting, mentol 60 W, pembaris meter, jam randik, klip kertas, tabung didih, silinder
Apparatus penyukat, kaki retort dengan pemegang, thermometer, bikar
Scissors, 60 W bulb, metre ruler, stopwatch, paper clips, boiling tube, measuring
cylinder, retort stand and clamp, thermometer, beaker
Prosedur 1. Lekatkan klip kertas pada bahagian bawah batang Hydrilla sp. dan letakkannya
Procedure ke dalam tabung didih berisi larutan natrium hidrogen karbonat 0.2%.
Attach a paper clip under the stem cutting of Hydrilla sp. and put them in the
boiling tube containing 0.2% of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution
2. Apitkan tabung didih dalam keadaan menegak pada pemegang kaki retort.
Clamp the boiling tube vertically to the retort stand
3. Nyalakan mentol 60 W dengan jarak 20 cm dari Hydrilla sp.
Light the 60 W bulb with a distance of 20 cm from the Hydrilla sp.
4. Kira dan rekodkan bilangan gelembung udara yang dibebaskan dalam masa 5
minit. Ambil tiga bacaan untuk mendapatkan purata.
Count and record the number of air bubbles released in 5 minutes. Take three
readings to obtain an average.
5. Tukarkan larutan natrium hidrogen karbonat 0.2% di dalam tabung didih
dengan larutan natrium hidrogen karbonat 0.2% yang baharu.
Replace the 0.2% of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution in the boiling tube
with a new one.
6. Ulangi langkah 3 hingga 5 untuk jarak mentol dari Hydrilla sp. yang berbeza,
iaitu 30 cm, 40 cm, 50 cm dan 60 cm.
Repeat steps 3 to 5 at different distances between the bulb and the Hydrilla sp.
at 30 cm, 40 cm, 50 cm and 60 cm.
7. Rekodkan keputusan dalam jadual.
Record the results in a table.
Keputusan
Result

Jarak sumber Bilangan gelembung udara yang dibebaskan

cahaya dalam masa 5 minit
Distance of Number of bubbles released in 5 minutes Purata
the light Average
source 1 2 3
(cm)
20

30

40

50

60

Perbincangan 1. Larutan natrium hydrogen karbonat 0.2% membekalkan ……………………

Discussion kepada Hydrilla sp.
The 0.2% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution supplies ………………. to the
Hydrilla sp.
2. Berdasarkan keputusan yang.diperolehi, semakin jauh jarak antara mentol dan
bikar, semakin ………….. bilangan gelembung gas yang dibebaskan dalam
masa 5 minit.
Based on the results, the further distance between the bulb and the beaker, the
…………… the number of air bubbles released in 5 minutes.
3. Semakin jauh jarak anatara mentol dengan bikar, semakin …………. keamatan
 CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.2023) PG 26-57
cahaya. Ini menyebabkan kadar fotosintesis menjadi semakin rendah
The further the distance between the bulb and the beaker, the …………the
light intensity. This cause the rate of photosynthesis decreases.
Kesimpulan Kadar fotosintesis bertambah apabila keamatan cahaya bertambah.
Conclusion The rate of photosynthesis increases when the light intensity increases.
B – Suhu
Temperature
Tujuan Mengkaji kesan suhu terhadap kadar fotosintesis
Aim To investigate the effects of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis
Hipotesis Semakin tinggi suhu, semakin tinggi kadar fotosintesis
Hypothesis The higher the temperature, the higher the rate of photosynthesis.
Pemboleh ubah Dimanipulasikan :
Variables Manipulative
Bergerak balas :
Responding
Dimalarkan :
Constant
Bahan Hydrilla sp., air suling, kiub ais, larutan natrium hydrogen karbonat 0.2%
Materials Hydrilla sp., distilled water, ice cubes, 0.2% of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution
Radas Gunting, mentol 60 W, pembaris meter, jam randik, klip kertas, tabung didih, silinder
Apparatus penyukat, kaki retort dengan pemegang, thermometer, bikar
Scissors, 60 W bulb, meter ruler, stopwatch, paper clip, boiling tube, measuring
cyclinder, retort stand and clamp, thermometer, beaker
Prosedur 1. Ulangi langkah 1 hingga 2 seperti dalam Eksperimen A
Procedure Repeat steps 1 to 2 as in Experiment A
2. Nyalakan mentol 60 W dengan jarak 10cm dar Hydrilla sp.
Light the 60 W bulb with a distance of 10 cm from the Hydrilla sp
3. Tambahkan air berais bersuhu 5°C ke dalam bikar.
Prepare iced water with a temperature of 5 oC in the beaker.
4. Kira dan rekodkan bilangan gelembung gas yang dibebaskan dalam masa 5
minit. Ambil tiga bacaan untuk mendapatkan purata.
Count and record the number of air bubbles released in 5 minutes. Take three
readings to obtain an average.
5. Tukarkan larutan natrium hydrogen karbonat 0.2% di dalam tabung didih
dengan larutan yang baharu.
Change the 0.2% of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution in the boiling tube
with a new one.
6. Ulangi langkah 3 hingga 5 untuk suhu air yang berbeza, iaitu 15°C, 25°C,
35°C, 45°C, 55°C, 65°C dan 75°C.
Repeat steps 3 to 5 for different water temperatures which are 15 °C, 25 °C, 35
°C, 45 °C, 55 °C, 65 °C and 75 °C.
7. Rekodkan keputusan dalam jadual.
Record the results in a table.
Keputusan
Result

Bilangan gelembung udara yang dibebaskan

Suhu
dalam masa 5 minit Purata
Temperature
Number of bubbles released in 5 minutes Average
(°C)
1 2 3
5

15

25
35
 CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.2023) PG 26-57

45

55

65

75

Perbincangan 1. Larutan natrium hydrogen karbonat 0.2% membekalkan karbon dioksida

Discussion kepada Hydrilla sp.
The 0.2% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution supplies carbon dioxide to the
Hydrilla sp.
2. Semakin …………. suhu (10°C sehingga 35°C), semakin bertambah bilangan
gelembung gas yang dibebaskan dalam masa 5 minit.
As the temperature ………….. (from 10°C until 35°C), the number of air
bubbles released in 5 minutes is increases.
3. Kadar fotosintesis ……………. selepas mencapai suhu optimum sehingga
menjadi sifar. Enzim-enzim yang terlibat dalam fotosintesis telah ternyahasli
akibat suhu yang tinggi.
When the temperatures are further increased from tne optimum temperature,
the photosynthesis rate …………… until it reaches zero. The enzyme that
involves in photosynthesis are denatured due to the higher temperature.
Kesimpulan Kadar fotosintesis bertambah apabila suhu bertambah sehingga mencapai suhu
Conclusion optimum.
The rate of photosynthesis increases when the temperatures increases until optimum
temperature.
C – Kepekatan karbon dioksida
Carbon dioxide concentration
Tujuan Mengkaji kesan kepekatan karbon dioksida terhadap kadar fotosintesis
Aim To investigate the effects of carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis
Hipotesis Semakin tinggi kepekatan karbon dioksida, semakin tinggi kadar fotosintesis
Hypothesis The higher the carbon dioxide concentration, the higher the rate of photosynthesis.
Pemboleh ubah Dimanipulasikan :
Variables Manipulative
Bergerak balas :
Responding
Dimalarkan :
Constant
Bahan Hydrilla sp., air suling, larutan natrium hydrogen karbonat (0.01 M, 0.02 M, 0.03 M,
Materials 0.04 M, 0.05 M, 0.06 M, 0.07 M, 0.08 M, 0.09 M, 0.10 M)
Hydrilla sp., distilled water, sodium hydrogen carbonate solutions (0.01 M, 0.02 M,
0.03 M, 0.04 M, 0.05 M, 0.06 M, 0.07 M, 0.08 M, 0.09 M, 0.10 M)
Radas Gunting, mentol 60 W, pembaris meter, jam randik, klip kertas, tabung didih, silinder
Apparatus penyukat, kaki retort dengan pemegang, thermometer, bikar
Scissors, 60 W bulb, metre ruler, stopwatch, paper clips, boiling tube, measuring
cylinder, retort stand and clamp, thermometer, beaker
Prosedur 1. Lekatkan klip kertas pada bahagian bawah batang Hydrilla sp. dan letakkanya
Procedure ke dalam tabung didih.
Attach a paper clip under the stem cutting of Hydrilla sp. and put them in the
boiling tube
2. Tuangkan 5 ml larutan natrium hydrogen karbonat 0.01 M dengan
menggunakan silinder penyukat ke dalam tabung didih.
Pour 5 ml of 0.01 M sodium hydrogen carbonate solution using a measuring
cylinder into the boiling tube.
3. Apitkan tabung didih dalam keadaan menegak pada pemegang kaki retort.
 CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.2023) PG 26-57
Clamp the boiling tube vertically to the retort stand.
4. Nyalakan mentol 60 W dengan jarak 10 cm dari Hydrilla sp.
Light the 60 W bulb at a distance of 10 cm from the Hydrilla sp.
5. Kira dan rekodkan bilangan gelembung udara yang dibebaskan dalam masa 5
minit. Ambil tiga bacaan untuk mendapatkan purata.
Count and record the number of air bubbles released in 5 minutes. Take three
readings to obtain an average
6. Ulangi langkah 2 hingga 4 untuk kepekatan larutan natrium hydrogen karbonat
yang lain.
Repeat steps 2 to 5 for the other concentrations of sodium hydrogen carbonate
solution.
7. Rekodkan keputusan dalam jadual.
Record the results in a table.
Keputusan
Result

Kepekatan larutan Bilangan gelembung udara yang dibebaskan

hydrogen karbonat dalam masa 5 minit
Concentration of sodium Number of air bubbles released in 5 minutes Purata
hydrogen carbonate Average
solution 1 2 3
(M)
0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.10

Perbincangan 1. Larutan natrium hydrogen karbonat membekalkan karbon dioksida kepada

Discussion Hydrilla sp.
Sodium hydrogen carbonate solution supplies carbon dioxide to the Hydrilla
sp.
2. Semakin bertambah kepekatan larutan natrium hydrogen karbonat, semakin
…………… bilangan gelembung gas yang dibebaskan dalam masa 5 minit.
As the concentration of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution increases, the
number of gas bubbles released in 5 minutes ……………...
3. Apabila kepekatan larutan natrium bertambah, kadar fotosintesis ……………..
As the concentration of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution increases, the rate
of photosynthesis ……………..
Kesimpulan Kadar fotosintesis bertambah apabila kepekatan karbon dioksida bertambah.
Conclusion The rate of photosynthesis increases when the concentration of carbon dioxide
increases.
 CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.2023) PG 26-57

Kesan perubahan keamatan cahaya dan warna cahaya terhadap kadar fotosintesis
TP 2
Effect of change in light intensity and light colours on rate of photosynthesis

1. Nyatakan 7 warna spectrum cahaya.

State 7 colours of light spectrum.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. Apakah warna cahaya yang paling sesuai untuk memaksimumkan kadar fotosintesis?
What colour of the light is most suitable for maximizing the rate of photosynthesis?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. Mengapakah daun berklorofil kelihatan berwarna hijau?

Why do chlorophyll leaves look green?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. Apakah warna cahaya yang terbaik untuk tumbuhan akuatik?

What is the best colour of light for aquatic plants?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

STANDARD PEMBELAJARAN / LEARNING STANDARDS

2.4.9 Menganalisis kesan perubahan keamatan cahaya dan warna cahaya terhadap kadar fotosintesis.
Analyse the effect of light intensity change and colour of light on the rate of photosynthesis.

Peningkatan hasil pertanian dalam Negara empat musim TP 4

Increasing agricultural products in temperate (four seasons) countries

1. Bagaimanakah negara yang mengalami perubahan empat musim dapat memperoleh dan
mengekalkan hasil pertanian?
How can a country undergoing a four -season change be able to obtain and maintain agricultural
produce?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. Apakah masalah-masalah yang dihadapi oleh Negara yang mengalami empat musim ini?
What are the problems faced by the Country experiencing these four seasons?
a) Keamatan cahaya dan ………. persekitaran yang tidak sekata sepanjang tahun.
Uneven light intensity and ambient …………… throughout the year.
b) Pada musim luruh, kebanyakan pokok menggugurkan ………….. dan ini menyebabkan kadar
fotosintesis menjadi rendah.
In autumn, most trees drop their …………. and this causes the rate of photosynthesis to be low.
c) Pada musism sejuk, tempoh waktu siang adalah singkat, keamatan cahaya ………….. dan suhu
persekitaran sangat rendah. Oleh itu, kadar fotosintesis menjadi sangat rendah.
In cold weather, the daylight hours are short, the light density is …………… and the ambient
temperature is very low. Therefore, the rate of photosynthesis becomes very low.

3. Kadar fotosintesis yang berubah mempengaruhi pengeluaran hasil pertanian.

 CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.2023) PG 26-57
Changing rates of photosynthesis affect the production of agricultural products.

4. Bagaimanakah cara untuk mengatasi masalah ini?

How to solve this problem?
a) Penanaman dalam ………………….. membolehkan factor-faktor seperti keamatan cahaya,
suhu, kepekatan karbon dioksida serta kelembapan udara dapat dikawal.
Growing in a ………………. allows factors such as light intensity, temperature, carbon dioxide
concentration and air humidity to be controlled
b) Ia dikekalkan pada tahap optimum sepanjang tahun.
It is maintained at optimum levels throughout the year.
c) Oleh itu, kadar fotosintesis dapat ……………. pada tahap maksimum sepanjang tahun.
Therefore, the rate of photosynthesis can be …………… at a maximum level throughout the
year.
d) Hasil pertanian dapat ditingkatkan pada setiap musim.
Agricultural yields can be increased in every season.

STANDARD KANDUNGAN / CONTENT STANDARDS

2.5 Titik Pampasan
Compensation Point
STANDARD PEMBELAJARAN / LEARNING STANDARDS
2.5.1 Memerihalkan titik pampasan
Describe compensation point

1. Titik pampasan ialah aras keamatan cahaya apabila kadar respirasi adalah ……….. dengan kadar TP 1
fotosintesis.
The compensation point is the level of light intensity when the rate of respiration is …………. to the
rate of photosynthesis.
2. Pada titik pampasan, kadar fotosintesis adalah sama dengan kadar respirasi.
At the point of compensation, the rate of photosynthesis is equal to the rate of respiration.
3. ………….. yang dihasilkan dalam fotosintesis digunakan dalam respirasi tumbuhan.
…………….. produced in photosynthesis is used in plant respiration.
 CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.2023) PG 26-57

Pada keamatan cahaya rendah Apabila keamatan cahaya Pada keamatan cahaya tinggi
At low light intensity meningkat At high light intensity
When the light intensity
increases

Kadar respirasi ………….. kadar Pada keamatan cahaya tertentu, Kadar fotosintesis ………….
fotosintesis. kadar respirasi dan fotosintesis kadar respirasi.
The rate of respiration …………. adalah …………. The rate of photosynthesis
the rate of photosynthesis At a particular light intensity, ……………. the rate of
therates of respiration and respiration
 CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.2023) PG 26-57
photosynthesis are the
…………...
 Pengambilan bersih  Jumlah ……………… yang  Pengambilan bersih karbon
………….. dan pembebasan dibebaskan oleh respirasi dioksida dan pembebasan
bersih karbon dioksida adalah sama dengan jumlah bersih …………….
A net uptake of …………. karbon dioksida yang A net uptake of carbon
and a net release of carbon digunakan dalam fotosintesis. dioxide and a net release of
dioxide The amount of …………..
……………….. produced by
respiration is equal to the
amount of carbon dioxide used
in photosynthesis
 Tiada pengambilan atau
pembebasan bersih karbon
dioksida atau oksigen oleh
tumbuhan.
There is no net uptake or
release of carbon dioxide or
oxygen by the plant.
 Ini dikenali sebagai titik
pampasan, dimana kadar
…………. karbon dioksida
adalah sama dengan kadar
pengambilan karbon dioksida.
This is called the
compensation point, where the
rate of carbon dioxide ………..
is equal to the rate of carbon
dioxide uptake.

STANDARD PEMBELAJARAN / LEARNING STANDARDS

2.5.2 Membanding dan membezakan antara fotosintesis dengan respirasi sel dalam tumbuhan
Compare and contrast between photosynthesis and cellular respiration in plants

Perbandingan antara fotosintesis demgam respirasi dalam tumbuhan

Comparison between photosynthesis and cellular respiration in plants TP 4

Fotosintesis Respirasi
Photosynthesis Respiration
Persamaan
Similarities
 Kedua-dua proses berlaku dalam organisma hidup
Both processes take place in living organisms
 Kedua-dua proses melibatkan pengambilan dan pembebasan …………..
Both processes involve the uptake and release of …………..
 CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.2023) PG 26-57
Perbezaan
Differences
Organisma yang terlibat ialah tumbuhan ………. Organisma yang terlibat ialah semua organisma
dan bakteria fotosintetik ……………
Organisms involved is ………… plants and Organisms involved is all …………… organisms
photosynthetic bacteria
Berlaku dalam sel yang mengandungi ………….. Berlaku dalam semua sel
Occurs in the cells containing ………….. Occiurs in all cells
Berlaku proses ………….., iaitu mensisntesis Berlaku proses …………., iaitu penguraian glukosa
glukosa menggunakan gas karbon dioksida dan air untuk menghasilkan tenaga
…………… process happens, which is the …………… process happens, which is the
synthesis of glucose using carbon dioxide and water breakdown of glucose to produce energy
Berlaku dalam ………… Berlaku dalam …………………
Occurs in ………….. Occurs in ………………..
Bahan tindak balas ialah gas ……………… dan air Bahan tindak balas ialah gas ………… dan glukosa
Reaction substances is ……………. and water Reaction substances is ………… and glucose
Hasil tindak balas ialag ……………. Hasil tindak balas ialah ………………..
Reaction products is ……………. Reaction product is ………………
Hasil sampingan ialah gas oksigen dan air Hasil sampingan ialah gas karbon dioksida dan air
By-products is oxygen and water By-products is carbon dioxide and water
Tenaga cahaya diserap dan ditukarkan kepada Tenaga kimia ditukarkan kepada ATP dan tenaga
tenaga kimia haba dibebaskan
Light energy is absorbed and converted into Chemical energy is converted to ATP and heat
chemical energy energy is released
Memerlukan ……………… Tidak memerlukan cahaya
Needs ……………. Does not need light

STANDARD PEMBELAJARAN / LEARNING STANDARDS

2.5.3 Menganalisis keamatan cahaya dan pencapaian titik pampasan dengan menggunakan graf
Analyse light intensity and the achievement of compensation point by using graph

Menganalisis keamatan cahaya dan pencapaian titik pampasan dengan menggunakan graf
Analyse light intensity and attainment of compensation point using a graph TP 4
 CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.2023) PG 26-57

1. Dalam gelap 2. Keamatan cahaya semakin bertambah pada

In darkness waktu …………
 Tumbuhan hijau tidak melakukan As light intensity increase in the …………….
……………. tetapi respirasi berterusan  Kadar fotosintesis semakin bertambah
A green plant cannot ………….. but The rate of photosynthesis increases
respiration continues
 Kepekatan karbon dioksida ……………
Carbon dioxide concentration …………

Pada titik pampasan

At compensation point
 Kadar respirasi dan kadar fotosintesis adalah …………..
Rate of respiration and rate of photosynthesis …………….
 Semua karbon dioksida yang dibebaskan semasa respirasi tumbuhan digunakan semula dalam
…………………
All the carbon dioxide produced in respiration by the plant is reused in …………………..
 Tiada pertukaran bersih gas
There is no net exchange of gases
 CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.2023) PG 26-57
3. Keamatan cahaya bertambah 4. Keamatan cahaya semakin bertambah
Light intensity increases Light intensity continues to increases
 Kadar fotosintesis lebih ……………  Pengambilan bersih karbon dioksida tidak
berbanding respirasi ……………..
Photosynthesis rate is ………. than Net uptake of carbon dioxide does not
respiration ……………..
 Factor lain (contoh: kepekatan karbon
 …………….. bersih karbon dioksida dan
dioksida) menghadkan kadar fotosintesis
pembebasan bersih oksigen
Another factor (e.g: carbon dioxide
Net …….. of carbon dioxide and net concentration) limits the rate of
release of oksigen photosynthesis

STANDARD PEMBELAJARAN / LEARNING STANDARDS

2.5.4 Meramalkan kesan kadar fotosintesis dan kadar respirasi sel yang kekal pada titik pampasan
terhadap pertumbuhan dalam tumbuhan
Predict the effect of rate of photosynthesis and rate of cellular respiration remain at the
compensation point on the growth of plants

Kesan kadar fotosintesis dan kadar respirasi sel yang kekal pada titik pampasan terhadap pertumbuhan dalam
tumbuhan
The effect on plant growth if the rate of photosynthesis and the rate of cellular respiration remain at its
compensation point

1. Pada titik pampasan:

At the compensation point:
a) Semua ……………….. yang dilepaskan semasa respirasi sel digunakan dalam fotosintesis
sementara semua oksigen yang dilepaskan semasa fotosintesis digunakan untuk pernafasan
All the …………….. released during cellular respiration is used in photosynthesis while all
oxygen released during photosynthesis is used for respiration
b) Kadar fotosintesis sama dengan kadar respirasi
The rate of photosynthesis is equal to the rate of respiration
c) Tidak ada keuntungan atau kehilangan karbon dioksida dan …………… yang dihasilkan
There is no gain or loss of carbon dioxide and …………… produced
d) Glukosa yang dihasilkan semasa fotosintesis menggantikan glukosa yang teroksidasi semasa
pernafasan
The glucose produced during photosynthesis replaces the glucose oxidized during respiration
2. Setiap hari, kadar pengeluaran glukosa mesti …………. penggunaan glukosa untuk mencapai
pertumbuhan. Ini hanya boleh berlaku apabila kadar fotosintesis melebihi kadar pernafasan
Every day, the rate of glucose production must …………… the consumption of glucose in order to
achieve growth. This can only happen when the rate of photosynthesis exceeds the rate of respiration
3. Lebihan glukosa digunakan untuk memastikan ………………, pengeluaran bunga, biji dan buah,
dan proses fisiologi lain dapat berlanjutan
The excess glucose is used to ensure that …………….., production of flower, seed and fruit, and
other physiological processes can continue.
4. Pada masa yang sama, oksigen …………. dari fotosintesis dilepaskan ke atmosfera untuk
menyokong organisma hidup yang lain
At the same time, …………… oxygen from photosynthesis is released to the atmosphere to support
other living organisms.
5. Sekiranya kadar pernafasan dan fotosintesis kekal pada titik pampasan, pertumbuhan tidak dapat
berlaku.
If the rates of respiration and photosynthesis remains at the compensation point, growth cannot
occur.
CHAPTER 2: LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12.5.2023) PG 26-57