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SINGAPORE STANDARD SS 580 : 2012 (ICS 91.080.99) CODE OF PRACTICE FOR Formwork (Formerly OP 23) Published by ‘SPRING Singapore 4 Fuslonopots Walk 201-82 South Tower, Soles SPRING ‘Singnpore 130628 ‘SPRING Singapore Website: www spring.gov-ss singapore Standards Website: wow standards.or89, ang Etro§.$80:2012 ‘Tie Singapore Standard wes epofoved by the Suldng and Construction Standards Commitee on ‘eho ofthe Singapore Sandarde Covel on 6 November 2012, Fest published, 82 Frstrevson, 2000 ‘Secon! revaion and re-nuniered as SS 590, 2012 “The Buléng and Construction Standarde Commitee apparied by the Standards Counc const of thaelloving meribers: Nome capacity ‘chairman eGo Peng Thens ember, Stondards Counc 4" DyChairman + MrLee Chvan Seng ember, Standards Counc 2% y Chairman > MeTan Tian Chora amber, Standards Counc ‘Secretary Ms Lee Hk Hoong ‘SPRING Singapore Members Mr Boo Gook Kwara Singanore Ch Defence Force Er. Chan Ewen Inston of Enginars, Singapore ‘Me Cran Kok Way (raat capecty Er Chae Khang Chye Housing & Development Board [Mr Chng Chee Beow Real Estate Developer’ Assocation of ‘Singapore ‘Me Paul Fok Land Transpert uthosy Ne Araoim Gonsahies Notonal Envkonmont Agerey Me Desmend Hi ‘Singapore Conractrs Association Lid INrtemedi Mord Misty of Manpower NeBenedctLee Khe Cnong Singapore instute of rchitcts IMs Arcs Leon Baiting end Consiucton Autrey ‘stocProf Leong Eng Cheon Nanyang Technol University DrLin Lan Yuan “Assocation of Properly and Footy ‘Managers Er Lim Pang Hong Associaton of Conslng Enainers, ‘Sngspore Nr Lamy Nae Hock tan Redevelooment Authority ‘Assoc Pra Gary Ona Kin hye Natal University of Singapore Ne Davis Ong Wee Craon Singapore Manufacturers’ Federation (Or Tam Chet Tim leaiviual Capecty x, Tang Pei tuen ITE Cexporation He Tach Woo! sin Slagaoor initio of Surveyors and Valvers Covopted Momber Prof Choo Yoo Sang Nationa Univerty of Singapore35,580: 2012 ‘The Technics! Commitee on Constusion Mnagement appohntd bythe Bung and Consicton ‘Standards Commitee and rsporsibl fe he preparation othe sandaré consists epresetaives ‘rom the following orgensstons: Name capacity chairman ‘MeDesmend Hl ember, Burg Constucton Secretary Ms Lee Hlok Hoong SPRING Singapore Members MeDomine Chay ‘Singapore Contactors Associaton Ltd rDev Chua Kim Hust Nationa Univers of Singapore Er Lim Chong Sit ‘Assocation of Consuting Engiea, ‘Shgapore x Low Kam Fook Inston of Enginors, Singapore Er Ne Say Cheong Housing & Development Boars Me Seah muah Lock ‘uldng and Constucton Avtoity Tan doo Coven ‘Surbana Corporaton Pte Ltt Me Teo Kin Han Singapore Pa)tactnie DrTing Sorg Klong aat Capecty Er. Yep Boon Leong Land Transprt Authority Er, Yeang Hoong Goon (€PG Carperaton Pe Lis MeWinton You Mistry of Manpowor ‘Te Working Group appointed by the Techical Comite o assist nth preparation ofthe standard comprises te flowing experts wn corribulein the insiios capac Nome Convenor Dring Seng King Members Et Chong Chin Hin Mr Keubakaren Ms Koh Chin Chin FN shamurty Ms Lee Guok Hoon served ut 28 June 2017) Er.Lim Chong St r-Tan Chong un ‘The ergarisatone in whic he exper fhe Wereng Group ae noted are ‘Buiting and Construction Authety Lim 08 Precast 4 Cl Constante Mins of Hanpower ‘IPM Conattonis Pl id88.500 2012 (lank p92)2012 Contents Page Forever 7 CLAUSES 1 Scope 8 2 Nermatve references 8 3 Defintons a j 4 ‘Motels and frmucr systems " | 44 Mateals and aocessories " 42 Femur systems 2 43 Metalfemwork 8 44 Precastiomwork 8 5 Design 2 5.4 Appleton of seeton 13 5.2 Design considerations 4 53 Loads 6 5.4 Anahsis 2nd dosion methods w 6 Dranings 2 24 Genera! a 22 eformation on drawings 2 7 recon and use 20 7A Tolerances 2 17.2 Canons of feemwork and bring 2 73 Shoring 2” 74 Bracing of sores 3 | 75 Adustmentoffomnwork 2 78 Ging 2 7-1 repectn end superision 38 8 Olsmanting 3 84 General 2 82 Fouuerk removal pros for cast inst corerete 3 83. Removal pare fer special conions 3 84 Cractingeontoh 8 Safety —______ 9.4 Rlskaseesement 35 i ‘coPrRicoT38.580: 2012 $8502 8:2 Safty work procedures 92 84 Pemttowerk 9s 9.6 Modular endeysten fomwork 9.7 Safe formverk construction practice relates fo design 9.8 Special safayaiatad concen In fomwore aces ABLES. Work athaleht iting Page gees a Tague; 2 Lata ersana ekg ou 3 4 Toleranges for at-ae enforced caret sutures 5 Siking and proplrg paid for former FIGURES. Bucking curves applable te varous sections in compression poles to various sections Sess reduction aos for permissible comarossive and bending esses 2 2 Py 30 38 Bures + Chart for determination of parmissiie compressive stress 2 Chart for determination of permisse bancing sess redusion factor tography 0 3°39 500 : 2012 Foreword “This Singapore Standard Code of Practice wat propaced bythe Working Grou for review of CP 23 Under the directo cf the Techrical Cemmitea an Consbucton Management ‘The Technigal ‘Commitee is under the purview of th Bung and Conewucton Standards Commitee “hie standard ie a rviion of CP 29: 2000 Cade of practic for formwork hh the edooton ofthe Eurocodes 3 well as the intoduction of Werkplace Safty end Heath ‘Regulators, ts important to 39 this Code wih the cient eguctons and ids pectces. One ‘major outcome of Bis igrment fs to crease Inte oa Safely foc to 20, whch eha iso be (sed fora tatg. ‘Same ofthe dasign options were spied, suc 35 te atralprossures on formwerk due to fash ‘concrete, ‘Loatngs due to coneweing were standacsed.- Charts and tales for ea6yread-O of permissible comprescivesroseos and itera trsanal bien aresses wore incuces In keeping with te move tonards being less preserve ard more perfomance ofenied, spec ‘otas of bracing and eter prota! ceals dependent ons eonaltons have been generaeed ot bites: Temincogy hasbeen baught more inne with local nd itenatnal ueape The importance of slay, pertain regard 0 working al height and rk assessment design 4nd cansacton of formar ls omphaeizd bythe eueen of recommended sf wore paces the apprepite sectors othe Code In preparing tis Code, reference was made fo the folowing puliestons 1. SSEN 1000-2008 Exrcendes — Bass of ruta design 2. SS EN 1902-1-1:2008 Design of concrete structures Pat 1-1; General ries and rules for * balling 3. SSEN 1000-1-:2010 Eurecode 3 — Design of steel stucures, Past 11 : General nies and ful for bulge 4. BS.EN 12612:2008 Falsowork Performance requirements and general sign 5. Workplace Solety and Heath (Constustion) ReaUtions 2007 art 1X Forma Stuctres Ackromledgement is made fr ho ue of iermaton rom the sbove pubestons. -Atetion js dawn fo the possibly that seme of me element of hs Singapore Standard may be the Subject of pee rigs. SPRING Sigapore shal Pet bo hel responsi for antsying ony ox al oF uh patent ge. NOTE: 1. Sgapre Stans a sublet Lo parte rove to knep aires ofthe change as new ‘eceal ovslopnent The anges in Singapur Sarasras as eocasnig Waugh he ee eh Ssrondnente orton. 2 Camptnce wih a Sipipoe Stands does nt exam usr tn gal obo.38.580 :2012 Code of practice for formwork 1 Scope “The recommendations ofthis Code apply tothe design, erection, us, aration and cismanting of formwork suture for any relnored conereta works. 2 Normative references 2.1. _The loving references documents are insspensable fr he apoication of this document. For ‘ites reerenes, ony the eston ced spales. Fox undead references, the test edlion of De ‘eferoncod document (heirg ary amendments) apps. sepia Coe of eactie fr seafflds SSEN‘990 _Eurocodes ~ Bass of structural sion 'SSEN‘1992-1-1 Design of conrete structures - Pat 11: General ules and res for buss SSENTON4 —Euacode3-Desin of sal ruts Pa 1: Gea en andes for ings 22 in Singapore, local Acts and Reguatons are applicable, The fst of relovant Acts and Regulation nthe biography should rot be cnsiered as exnaustve, Latest verson af the ets ‘and Regulation shall apy. 3 Definitions: For the purpose of this Code, te folowing étnitons shall apy. “3.4 Approved ‘Acorang to the context, approved either bythe Engineschitoct ortho relevant Stator Aubory. 32 Architect ‘A person who is registered with the Board of Actes in Singapore, 33° Back shoring ‘Same as secondary shoing 34 Base plate [Armeal components the botiom of vercal member used to vansfer the loads tothe base, wh 3 ‘sere jack or ober deve for adjusting the height of te member. 35 Bracing ‘Secontary stutural members which normaly donot suppor grail loa but are required to provide Intra’ eiabty to cher shears members ar trenter hrs cada fo support 36 Contractor A parson, whaher oc rot he is also a main contractor or sub-conractr, who has entered into & CGonect or the purpose of carying aut any ulin operation or wars of engineering constcln, 8ss 590 : 2012 3.7 Designer Person) orotansaton respersble forthe design a the forme 8.8 Diagonal bracing ‘Supplementary formwork member designed to est trons. 3.9. Engineer [A parson whois registred withthe Professional Engineers Board Sngepore and hols a practising coral 3.10 Factor of eafoty ato of el tess lo alowable sess 3.11 Fall prevention plan (FPP) | sto-spacte san prepared fr the purpose of red the rik of fale when wordng on formwerc Stucke 2412 Falsowork ‘Te sytem of supports that locaas and cosins th formwork inthe desired poston ina stable an ‘ae manner unl such tine a he frrmorksrequred stayin plse, 3.13. Form lining (als called Yorm tners’) "Non-sructural material placed on, opr ofthe form face to achleve a desired surface ish, 3.14 Form tie (also called ie rod) ‘Ard or bar which panerates@ form, extend trough orf the permanent structure and retains the faim aganet movemen duet eanrate pressure 2.15 Formwork ‘Collection of consiners that recives the corre (oe mortar) mi and serves at a mould for wat Concrete, enabling to harden to the Jesied sze and shage of the fished Fareed concrete Stare ore component 346 Formwork structure Integrated asta of formar and alent, noucing eonnecone, races, and shores. [NOTE - mo wor! Yom may be usd rarchangealy wih Yom acta’ unless special Sind 347 Formwork supervisor {A parson who, through tring and work experince, possssess theortcal and practical knowedge of fermior suctures and has rceved adequate safety end nest train ofl Himsa wth ‘anand sesocatod wih formu setures, 3.18 Load factor Rat faire lod o applied tod. °88.500: 2012 3.49 Load safety factor (LSF) ‘Tne number, generally taken a8 20 inthis Code, by which fal serve load is muta to dateine the design tsa inaloch the wl povige a factor of aefety ef tha spooted sunber gaint flrs Inti Cove, actor of safety. load factor and “iad factor of safety’ ae al taken tobe equlaent at 2a 3:20. Permissible stress ‘The avess tat can be sustained and val provide the recommended load safely fate of 2.0 by the ‘tela eompenent unr the paraular cordon of serve loading 3.21. Primary shoving ‘Sharing placed to fiat conerete casting and expected to sty In poston wnt the formwork can be satay removed 322 Prop. [A compression member, vertical oF ofernise, used a8 @ temporary support and neorporting @ ‘een for vryieg and ltng Bs length 3.23. Proprietary item |Atranded em manufactured fr general ue in formwork sssembles and whose lod eapociy has bean cried tveugh analysis orate 324 Reshoring Partl or total moval of shores during the curing period and insertion of the same or eirnatve ‘Shot forresupporing (1 Yerepeing) the crhg element a spate ocalons 3.25 Secondary shoring ‘Sharing added ding the cxng period, or even afer fl cing, fo pron extraneous fads or provart sess reversal. 3.26 Shoring Vertes er inne! sunpars forthe former that convey th loa othe pound er other base 3.27 Soffit formwork Foxmwerk fr the undrsesof lbs, beoms and sla structural components 3.28 Sole plate ‘Atibee, conerete cr tel eprader pte used to debut he loo om babe pla othe ground or olber supporting suc 3.29 Stacked materials Corsrution mata suc as formwork components, ics, reinforcement, which temporary loads thar he frmworkassemby er pavously paved concrete 3.30 Stripping (also called ‘stking) ‘Theremovaloffrms rm he sta ofthe hardened concrete, 1088.560 : 2012 a1 Strut ‘Amember in compresslon 32 Te [Amember in tension. 3.33, Tolerance /Acceplati iis fer deviation rom intended positon er itonded mension, anaes, | 4 Materials and formwork systems les peat he responsibly ofthe conto osc atria fr former an shoring which wt 1 ‘eet the efey and spect fish ofthe coneeta. In adon o sing maternal specications, ‘prov of any mater shalbe baced upon consderatons of safety ans qualy ofthe ished werk For proprtary formwork the oontracor chal obtain the manufachrers documentary evidence to ‘substantiate the design strength ofthe formwork materi. 441 Materials and accessories 444 General Al ators used shall comply wi eleva standards Materls which cannot be vsuaby graded or oltre Meiifod and whose propates are nether flosumened nr teenbi shal not be sed Inthe constuction formers [At components and Sings shill conform to event sandards or osrtfeaon by the manufacturer. ‘The tinge shat bo fee fom fs and dof hat woud mpacteatacony use No Figs shal be ‘moda whet he menuictsars agreement 442 Form coatings “The ctotce of frm costings to acleve th species qulty ffs concrete surface sha be the responsibly of he contractor and approved by the ErgneeriArchaect i “Tho purposes offor costings indus: (2) Totecitate ean seperation ofthe cont euta between the form and the concrete dng sirpping (8) Totacitate production ofa specie texture of concrete surtce; (6) Toimprove he duratity ofthe contact eurtace ofthe frm: and (8) Toseal orm surfaces against moisture intusion. (Gar shall be taken to ensure compatiity of coatings with form surfaces and plastic concrete, ‘neti admires inthe coneet, ane we friened satacsraquremante otha hardened conerts {beng ecco ie spplesion iter mea noch ae pant nde these oe cones Form costings on frm surfaces shal be maintained so tht they retain the necessary propertios uo 0 the ime of stipsing of fons. When coatings are applied to forme in tne el, care shel be exerased {o prevent contact othe cating matenal win concnicon fant suaces 0” rénforeieg sea38.580: 2012 ‘form coatings shall have ately dats shoes and persons 2oaing the costings shal be avised on ‘ha hea zardasscitoo wih the usa, any ‘The recommendations of Ineependont eration of anufacrers of form costing matsial should be folowed but an fr prormance fe recomandod Sefer us 44.9. Material deterioration and White no reduction of used metal famivorc i eesaged, itis expected thst Inspection ond supsrviion [sluice oe onibedded i Saf Werk Proceduras ensure the folowing (a) There ae no vise signs of rusting, chs cr otter darnage which coud rede te eros {oetoral and longusial proper fhe formwork stutural component and thereby reduce isload carving canon. (0) If end when tere ae visible sins of doteoratin, the dimensions! and materia! roperty Changes thal be checked and quartied uo atthe "eductln ncapacty may be computed. ‘Gn ermor ft folowing maybe adopted fr contnued se of the component ©) Tre rediced lad eapecty should sl prove a loa safly factr of 20 in the worst (i) The apled oud shal be reduced to mons the loud eset factor of 20 {uy Adon supports and bearing memtersshalbe nseredto ineesse the load safety fectrto atleast 20- 42 Formwork systems 424 Information from supplior “The folowng craton shal be made avalabie a projec si: (6) Materia properties: (esis (eo) Erection and iemanting methcloay, (©) Tranaer metho, eopiabie (e) Use offermuort cytes: (Storage and maintenance of cmponenis (9) Provision for fl prevention / protection; (6) Anycthe specte requirments, 1422 Ingpecton requirements “Tne propitry formwork shat be prove wih inpocton procedures 2 follows (2) Acchecklst shal be joint prepare byte contactor and orminork supp to ensure that al ‘egurements at at (©) Althe fat instalaton of ery asta, te checklist shal be joiny endorse bythe contactor nd femur sup Subeogeert uses th checkls shal be endorsed by the convactor. 2$560 :2012 (c) Care shat ba taken to ansure tht mstarias and ings are not erchanged cr suplementad byober mattis or tings. 43° Mota formwork ‘The proposed metal formwork sytem shall comply with tis standard and sal in every aspect b= ‘ly constructed tue to te shapes and dimensons spectid by be manufacture. ‘The metal fomwrsk sytem shal be costed wih an proved form ol which is compatbie wih he ‘eguras frish and shal be imac in water inlees ie water based. The fr shat be now ‘Stang, neal to canes sraoss an anal nt some fy or removed by sor washing. 44 Procast formwork Procast corcsta components forming part of a fasovcrk syston shoud be manufactured in accordance wih he recommenéaton ofthe appicable codes, Inte caso of eymmetical sections Raving te pereipl relnercamenton ony one Taco, the compenents should be cary marked fo ideale he way they sheld bo usec ‘Speci! stanton sould be pl to peeeaet concrete components used a2 permanent frmork and Sibsequenty used n comosteconstucton. They eels be deslgred to provide emporay support forthe wot concrete aed constuction fads and then tesore pat of the permanent work contributing tothe soanga ef te complotod lament. Consideration should be given to stresses and defections so thatthe cast nity conerete may ac Integra win th precast concrete component before compost ecton I assure, fn some instances temporary supperingfalsewrk may be requred during the pacing of he sky 5 Design 5.4 Application of section 5:14 Design shall be based on the loads avon ln 5.3, a6 approptiss, except fr the fallowing uations where the requrerens of tis eocon may no suffe.n such cases, he loadin. desig, Sand erecion rocetures shouts bs based on tho Bost avalaie nfomaton and sulabiealrrave tatneds of ai (a) where the formar suture eof uneual eniguraton, matarile or gsametry, (b) where the formwork structure is subjec to speck loads; or (6) there he former strlie to be use under contons of loading that are more averse {han those gion ins ection, 53.2 Where bis 8S doos not apply, atonatvedesira and syiams frmwerk shal be prosad to ony the min ea salty factor of 20 5:3 Special etenion shall be paid tothe desion end erection of formwork components by an Engine ne along cases: (6) Helghis exceeding 8m: (0) Cantor spans: (©) Slabs thicker than 900 mm or as pr Reguaton whichever s more stringent:38.580: 2012 (6) Beams exoesding crese-sectonal area af 05 m* or as per Regulation whichever is more stingent (e) Cohamne orwalsexceeeing 2 m inn () Ferro stuctura nwo o more tes (@) Layer casing of concrete, for which, unless the sharing of subsequent layer lads by Supporting cdurie pstied by easton, the ent layer lo shal bo borne bythe footer Wher this Code doesnot spay, cher relevant SS Eurooodes and Singspore National Annexes oF ‘other approved standards wt epi. ‘tf eosentil that matters relating fo the fabcaton erection, and stration as presented 9 to Cravings Uetaled Clause 6) and formvork removal tes (eee Table 5) be Known prior t2 Commoncorent of the formwork cwlly 2nd, whore applicable, be Inches In the formwork ‘Sooumentston. 52 Design considerations 524 General Foro crate
12, ys «0 2[ota lw Ui) Roles witb > 12, nd a0-100 ralecnecels [halls win Mb 12, snd 100 [Roles wit ib 21.2 and > 100, ope pete [welded wih i-< 40 ope |» |e [welded wit > 40 ee pe [a [Helow, ht fished as a ()Hotow, cold oma li) Waleed box wenveicieg> v2,a<20,nte<20| ¢ | ¢ | ¢ |e i) Channel, "or 2 Walded box, excep e ni) sbave orange oe ‘= Ovaral width = Flange theknese, = Web teknaas = Over Soph seegapng att fo0,[teaa, 028] F, nd, ale an mparection fate =0.13, 012,034,049, and 0.76, frsacons a,b, ¢, and 20$8 580 : 2012 {543.4 Bending member design by code 843.441 Bonding member considaratons Bending bohaveur is complcsod by possible bucking ofthe hn elements of tel femursl members Such as onanais and’ Beams, sea thar oronal wisn, Betwoen pons of taneverse and tesioal support Most ofthe loca! bucklng problems may be ailded by choosing a closed secon Ie coular or rectangular poo, or by ptonsng nffentsfenors In channels hd T Seams Angles Sod her Uinsymmetcal sectors should be avedod 54342 Bonding stress charts and tables from code Cares cand do the chat for aia compressive srs in Figur 1 wil lo coy 'o beams of welded Seclone, (They have been reproduced ae curves e.and din Pgue 2 leo) However, te sendemess Fao fac for bending shal be computed a ows A= WOM) where, 1%, = Elat secton modus, and, My = CuI EUL ni + (Conte ELT where for no end moments on abeam wa symmettc cross-section, (6, = 1.18 fer unfrm ad an teem, and 1.35 for encenrate ead a cane of beam: Younes modus (210000 Ninn ‘Shear mods (20000 Ninn) = Overal depth of eros eecton: | = Tossion constant, abused as J = (6.3) for open sections suchas andangies, uti Boang ie lergth ana (a tuckness ofthe element of the section: = Moment of ints of ection aout he waak ais: = Beamtengtn semen pots of ater estat = Flange hiekness, Fer non-welded beam sections, parameter dierent rom compressive sets apply and hence the permissible bonding svoss curves wil be aferen. Figure 2 shews the permis (ultmeta) crass ues fer bath wel and nor neleed sectons. Inthe chat, ys tho fatr by whic he ulimate design sesso he steel shat be mutpled to obsin the peissbe bending sexe nds te timate design os, ‘Aterratvetyo te preceding equation, sendemess rai factor maybe conserva taken da = Volley 1440 were, a= Unbraced ent beven itera torsiona restraints f beam;38.500: 2012. a = Radius of gyration of equivalent compression section, consisting ofthe compeession flange and ones of the compression porion of te web, about the woak exis, taken a sucetnass-2mior4tr2)eroHe2t 408) The type of cross-section refered to inte cures b, 6; oe and eoraspond o secon ted in Tate’ 5.43.43 Bending member selection ‘Tha bending capacity ofthe member seven by permissible benlng sess reduction factor (akon ‘tom Figue 2 forthe slendemess rato factor A, calculated by the expression given above forthe ‘hosen member). mulled by he ulimaie Csign stress of the material and the eastc secon modulus (2, othe menbar. ‘ay repestd tals a section shal be eslaced wheee Bending capocty Isnt ess than the tate design bending moment 5.43.5 Tabulated values for permissible stress ratios ‘Asan aerate tthe chars of Figues 1 and 2, Table 3 os permissible compressive ard bending sires ras for valves of slnderness rao factors oF Ay 38 appropiate, ranging rom 0. t0 3.0 In sneromente of 04 ‘The ttle apples to columns and welded beams for which dy = 02 and = 1.0, 28 wal as to non- welded (red) beams for whic Ay 0.4 and B= 0.75, 28 per Tables 1 ant 2 Pemissibl aves rao fr slandemess rao factors between the Heed valuse may be interpolated linearly betwen ested vues with suticint accuracy ‘Thus, i pormissie sess rats for Ay and Azare x and x, we may estimate the value of x for 2 Detwoan iy ad as lad AN Ae), 543.6 Combined axial fores, bonding and shear ln most formwork the stutua behaviours snp and determinate, an combination of ax Frc, bending moments and shear forces are infrequent and not ra Whore such conbinatons predominate, as in cetsin siuatios deserbed in 834, the various ‘onttoutons shal be combined and check by an iteration equation of he or: (Wold Pol * Hla) Mol 21 where, boop cb ands stan fr compression, bending, and shear, subocpt x andy ae the inplane axes ofthe eose-secton ‘isthe acta stess: piste design sess. Such stuators clea fll into the domain of special designs to be cared cut according to SS Eurocode ncucng Singapore Natonal Ax) andor othr rover codes‘88 500 : 2012 Buckling Curves for Bi Permissible Bending c i ‘Slenderness Ratio Factor, 2y Figure 2= Char for determination of permssibe ‘Table 2-Lateral torsional bucking curves applicable to various sections Seclion bucking aboutsvOnG= | ings | cue ‘andlor weak ss meas | (0) Robed douny symmetic tand'h ase mipsaa| et (6) Roetnshed hotow sections osniosai| iibe2 [= [cota rxmes tow sectons et (Raga, for moments major opal plana a [Aloe otoled sctons 7 west |e Wekod doubly symmetric sections Zosnbs3a] a De Oral with A= Over dep tnt x, et wher: #0. te alt — an)» ] «ris an importoctin factor = 0.34, 049, and 0.76, fe sections b, ean CCoutient A the A vale up o which y= 1: Rolled = 0.4, Weed = 02; and CCouisent corr fale: Role! = 0.75, Welded « 1. 288 500: 2012 ‘Toble$~ Stree reduction ratios for permicsble compreselv and bonding stresses “hor & |_2shize forces and welded beams | fornoncvalded beans were Te Te |e] oe) pe | @ 30 [4.00 [4.00400 [3.00 [1.09 | 3.00 [00 | 09 ‘a1—| 100 | 100-100” [190 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 a2 [100 | +00 [400 | 2.00 [1.00 1.00” | 1.00 | 100 ‘23[ 099 | 098 | 096 | 095 |ase| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 os | oor | oss | oss | 090 | ass | 095 | 096 | ose ‘05 | 095 | -os2 | oas [oss | 078 |om | oe | 086 06 | 09s} ozs | oss | ove | on | oss | oss | or ‘07 | 090 [08s |o7e | 072 | oes [076 | o73 | ose ‘03 | oss | aso | ove | 066 | 05s | 06 | 6 | 060 ‘09 | og [073 | 086 | ogo | 082 | og | oso | ose x0| 073 | og | 060 | 054 | oar | 055 | 063 | 048 11 | 06s | ogo [ose | o4e | 042 | os | 047 | 042 42] ost | oss | 04s | 043 | 038 | 045 | 042 | 038 a3 | asi | oar | 04s | asa | ose | oo | oss | ose 14_| 04s | 042 [058 |035 |oa1_| 0.95 [028 |_o31 18 | cao | oar | ose | oss | oz8 [033 | os: | 028 16 | 035 |os3_|os1_|_028 | 025 | 029 | 028 | 025 17 | os: | 030 | 028 | o26 | ozs |o27 | ozs | 028 1a | 028 | o2r_| 028 | ozs | o21 | 02 | ozs | o21 19 | 026 | om | 023 | oz | ore | om | om | o19 20[ 02 [-oz2 | 021 [020 | 018 | 020 | 019 | 018 21 | om | oz | ore | 018 | 016 | ots | 018 | 016 22 [019 | 010 | 018 | 47 | 015 | 047 | 016 | 015 23 | o18 | on | 016 | 015 | 014 | 016 | 015 | on4 24016 | 016 | 015 [ose | 013 | 018 [044 | 013 25 [015 | 016 | ore | 043 | 012 | oe | 013 | 012 26 | o1 [or | oss | oar | 01s | ota [012 | 014 27019 [ons | 012 [a2 | 01s | oaz [01s | 014 28 [012 [one | ott [oat | 010 | ont [or | ono 29011 [om | os1 | 040 | 009 | 0.0 | 010 | 000 30 [01+ [ox | 010 010] 009 | 0.10 | 009 | 009 238 580: 2012 544 Goneric analysis nd design fy genetic ants, le meant ene based on eetablhed fundamental theny in long-term use, Supported by research and tag, and encerted by praciea exetence, ftom which averees and Geferatong Inthe stuctara component may be calculated. Conese anayst shal be adopted cnt where tis Code or otr codes approved bythe Authanty do ‘et ofr, sep, the Fora stucture or component use, \Whichover gare ara s adopted, shall norperate a fad sefety factor of 2 against fluro Under the wort serves asang. [Al sapable chee for combined stresses shale aed out inthe genere mato 545. Testapproved design 1545.1 General considerations Only where ao approved codes axis or he parSculr structure or component to be used, and where the stcire or component too compex or practealgonene analyse, shall esting be reserid te {Even in cates where components and substuclures have been designed by cage or genere methods, Se commissioning tests ay be requred, i which ease a valdaloncercwe lsuod by 2 teeing leboretory aczeded by the Singapore Acceoatation Coun (SAC) oF the Mutual Recognition ‘Aaroerent (MRA) Parner shal bo srqUlred before formwork eacion can commence. In any case the roqukement that the suture or component domonsrale aloe sel falar of 2 at shuclra of uncienalfalire shal be mardtary. 6.45.2 Testing of nondesigned components Incase of proctor contacter proposed formwork seu, or components there. thepoloype Sstuotre or component empltsh eannecton, suppor. bach, end al aber respects smfar to he erection, use, an esmarting conditions t ste as possible, shal be tested to no fess then twice the ‘erst combination of sore loads, “The erection, aeration, use, and csmanting shal be done by personnel as similar to those avalale Ine teas possible, “The testing shal be conducted uncer eantaled condos in on azprove eating fly. ‘A certleate and repr shal be Issued with al deals of material, confguratons, support and loating Condons ano sequences, intucng how Dw superimposed loads were simulaied. Relevant sites (tection ard say stores shal be cluded ete opr Test ruts may not be aocepled f some vats thooretcal araiysis shows thal the srvture or component may tel beable take fading as claimed Furor roquromsrts inca dor Clause 7 shal so becomes with 5.46.4 Design for non-stoo! members Formwork sinucure members of wood, saste,skininum or anyother ners! material shall be ‘esigned by apatcable Singapore Standards or other relevant codes and regulators, or shown by (Genare methous or fst too aatistctry ceagnee In any cata, al sch designs shall be cemonstaied to have a lead sally factor of 20 against ‘olapte under wort deg osdng. 2s38.580: 2012 45482 Design for working pltforme fr formwork. Working laterms for formwork shal be designed and erected independently othe formwork ane the rehvorcement on Hower, where working platforms form pat of intagratd frmork syste suchas climbing forms or tale farms, sca regulations in frce wil appl tothe work plato extensions 547. Stability 5474. Rosstance to horlontl actions “Te formwork stuctare shall be designed for safely to ensue stably agalnstovertuing, up ‘icing and sidesray taking ino account the saquance ef consructon under the action of the Most ‘vars lose combination Thi sto onture Ui a sfe and lal formwork eructure can bo erected, -Aminimum ator of sloy of 20 shal be provided against overtuming and siting In the absence of specie or completa information on the horzortal frets deserbed in 6.3.3, tovaorial forest equivalent 2.5% ofthe spied veteal nade consiérod to act atthe points of ‘pplication of he vera loads onthe formwork shall be provided fr. Wren the harzantal deflection due to these horzntal forces excoods 0.18 % of tho height of Taleewor or ther tlrance spect bythe decane, the Px eet arta ores sha otra shale taken into account bya rigorous analysis, ‘These horizrtal ores shal every be transferred to completd part of te pemnent structure {UISS3y constucted show tbe suc tong lo tesist hee frees), oro atomave snchors ‘ahion are efor song 472 Bracing fr stabilly Bracing thal be provided scimarly to wansfr the herzoral foros to the ground. Even where te Freon! forces ara ronsfered fo anchors al be formar leva, bracing tay be nozossary to Sabese te connecions and reduce the untracedlenglh of falsewore supoots and other ‘compression members, “Whe Se faleewor braces shoud in gonaral conform to the selfing requtements 28 alresdy at they shoud e ale foresit a minim of2'5 ho heal ore nthe braced sl Bracing shall be provided as necessary in all hee planes of the formwork structure, namely, Tonga, tansvorso, and horizontal Temporary bracings may have tobe desoned and provided dying erection and dlsmartng to cater for unbalanced feces, and to prevent excessive dipiacement or colpse racings for shoring shal confor to requtements of ato, angle, ec as speci in clause 7 for shoring ar eyter formwork he coeumentaonshalincde bracing etal 15473 Diagonal braces for muipo bays Where brings span more than one bay, the shears inthe bays covered shoulé be colectd ‘umeatvey and Wenstared to end anchors or the ground wih eossing ports beg propery ‘amped, ‘races intended to tablise muple bas shall be incned between 30° and €0* othe heizora, and ‘hal peferaby bein pars, wih each pa being indned Inthe opposte decton to the other, to Prove fr change nthe dracon of epalidferces. 28 comvnicrr$8500 : 2012 ‘Thece shal be one pa of braces approximately or every 2 vertical suppos, where’ ls he height ofthe covered by tho bras, ete, 54. Deflation and movement Vertical deflection under superimposed loads shall nt normaly excoed the fosowing tints under {atred lad coetons! (2) Cohmns ——_Langt60 (Beams Spanzoo Horzontl deflection of vereat supports under superimposed loads shall not normaly exceed (height00) under factored lead conden Deflecton and movernentof he formwork stucure shal ot exceed permite tolerances given In 7.4 for any anda methods of dese including tesing, under servic load sonatns Theee shall be no permanent deformation of a structure under she commissioning test, aor application of via the were sme load ands removal 8 Drawings GA General Farmvork drawings should, 36 & minimum, bo a clear ene complote as drawings fr permanent stucuces. Al nonstandard abbevistions should be clearly expanded in en easly loctable porton on the “rani, Orawngs shoul fetow be narmal eanvenions far iden components, ut eecbons ot. a ‘Suppl olows a dferent convention, i'shoud be cea explained. ‘art frm the conventional orhogranle views. namely, pla, front elevation and sie elevation, ‘Somatic views and even ootogaphs of deals such as connecons and bacings may Bein t> ‘vo te folowing, (2) Omssen of any steal component such as ties and braces: (0) Improper assembiy of intrchangesble components: ()_mprope evspoto connection of components Draings shoul be checked and cried by a Engineer as conforming ta deslgn in elrapect, If any drovirg shows a component o° assembly where erection infeasible, t shouldbe trough ‘na otc ot tha daigne rough the management. No adhoe taktens show be eyplemented ‘win specie approval ofthe enginsr or higher, sonal nermaton on crawls shoul naude notes covering te following (2) Minimum properts of materials forthe formwork suc a imber and steal: (©) tum serie laa on formwere, working platforms, and columns; (©) Boundaries of responsibity such as defing the person espana for foundations; (2) Special ports note in err to confor tothe desir. a88580: 2012 Sh 62 Information on drawings 824 Contract crawings and specifications Contac: drawings and specications for permanent works sal folow standard conventions, and ‘over ll infemation necersary fr formwork colgn and preperation of formwork dais. H shoud ‘rede, but note ito, the allowing (2) Number, locaton and deals ofa design joints tht wal be required for the partzular ob or pvt of, and prearetl the locators an tas of constuction ins (0) Sequence of placement should preferably be indicated, (e) Intermediate supports uncer permanent forms (such a8 matt dak used for forms, arc eranent forms of othe mater), supports requted by te skuctial enpnea’' design fo ‘omposte scion and ay ater speil supper. (©) Location ant order of erecton and removal of shores for composts constuction (@) Amount of camber, if desired for slab softs or stucurl membars, fo compensa or east ‘election. Messuramert of camber ataned shouldbe made ater iis! eat ofthe concrete ‘Sd for sipping of ormior () Tho assumed dead load and superimposed load alow for in deg, (2) Areiectrl deta tobe cast et stuctral cone () —Chamfere requis for beam softs or column corners. Such chamfers should be shown en the contact cramings ()_Detals of any requirements fr inserts, wateclogs,bul-in frames for openings holes through onerte and slr roquremen where wor of cher iades whe sachs io or supported Dyforwarie Specs provisions essential for formwork of spedil stucttes snd special constucton rmateds auch as sets and fleed pate, (8) Specal requirements for posttensoned concceta members. ‘The effect of lod ranstr during tensioning of post-ensiored members may be ete, end the corrector shoul be advsed ot any pecaprovsion() tat shal be made n te formwork fr his condton ()—ermation rogacing avalale foundation meters, where known, and is the person ‘espensbo to ensure proper and safe funsaton, 522 Formwork drawings ‘The formwork ceanings and specications fr the farmwork shal flow standard conventions, an over al ntomason necessary fer fomor ercton. kt shad conform to permanent Wor savings here repeated, and nae, bu ot be Ineo, te folowing (2) Design sssunptions, inuarg vahes of dead end superinoseed less, cat of placement, temperate of corcel, height of drop, weight of moving equpmert which may be operated ‘on fermwor, foundation pressures, design stesces, camber esa, and cher pertinent rman. (0) Sequence of removal of fms and shores where the Is eical fer placing loads on new (©) Design alowances for consructon loads on naw wer. These should be shown when such ‘alonences wl fet the dovslopmet of shorng andor eshorng schemes 23ss.500 012 (@) Anchors, form es, sores, and braces, (©) Provisions fortes adusmen of te foms dung pacing of concrete (Waterson andinses, (2) Working scale and related patorms, (>) Pourstips and chamfer sos. (Access openings fornspecon, leneut, and placing. © Consivoton jin and expansion ints (%) Sequence of coneele placements and minimum elapsed tme between adjacent placements Camber (0m) Soles or eter foundation provisions for shang (©) Specie powsions such a8 protectan om fodwater ane tom debs at water erosings (0) Protection agains fe (0) Satay provisions. (3) Form coatings andretease agents, (0) Means easing spect concrete sutace (3) Localon of bloctouts,boxouts, pipes, dues and miscoleneous inserts in the concrete ‘ached tor pansrating te forms. () Any ter informason relevant to safe and eficint erection, us, atoraton, ana emanting of «mor, euch ae ote! mataral proper, maxanum alowable loads on epectiod regs, founéaton, conditions et 7 Erection and use TA Tolerances Formvork shal be constucted such that the dished conerate Ie within requred tolerances os fpoafed in Table 4 Cumuaive Iolances shal be oosldred 2s wel ae flrances on Sige members. 7.2 Conditions of formwork and bracing “Tne formaork matrils and formwork components chal be inspects, particulary reused items, for Getects ang sutabiy far us. Tho forms shall be nepected by an Enghee (ee 7-7) to ensure hat ‘hey have adequate suppl bracng an te backs Yo poventSulging aod Gapiacerest of nak ‘soments ‘The fre sha be tee rom gape and constructed suey hl o prevent leakage of grout ‘The frms stl betorougy canes and free fam debris,38.580 2012 Table 4~ Tolerances for a-enst reinforced concrete structures Vertcaiy Tolaranee ‘Alowable larence Fam pune eM Batveen each foo" tomm = Forbutiangs uo stores gh 20mm = For baling upto 20 stores igh fomm AMonable reas fr each subsoquet 10 stories above 20" ism ‘tn maximum at 6 mi Variation from fever. =~ Daviaon of mean vel Sp sam _bevaton fom poston of casin pace laments iam ‘Spenings = Version wae FIO am OT Version n ocaton mm Cross-sectional dimension ‘= Varaianin coss-seciensl mane of lamanis (ealunes, | S10, Sie ‘beams slabs and wal) ‘Stare = Dovilon of aacase Wead meen lve is Tarparary Bench oo Marl) 73 7a Sharing shallbeconstucted to slow vere adustmente to be mado Where assembles wih sew jacks ore sled, the sow jacks shoud be secured in positon othe sesemalen 182 Shoring members and connections ‘Al sharing members shal have afm bearing. Vertical shores shal ba erated such that thoy caret TUL ncned shares shal bo braced ae seetrod again siping or slong. The bearing ens of shores shall oo square ang have aight tat epee Connections of hore heads o other taming shal be {uo To upward efecton ote es. 7.33. Types of shoring Shoring support may be one ofthe flowing for Nes depending on whather and when thay ae inserted under or removed am a fornia components aferent stages of conte construction 7.33.4 Primary shoring ‘This primary sharing places to felts concrete castings signed to take the lod of cat concrete (‘any resoreomant ané woting loads) snd expected to stay In postion unt I can be cafe Feoved 19 fait remvel of formork secorsing fo the epecfed time ama (see Table 5 ot ‘Sing periods) fo permit he cone a reach edequsie wrongs lo cary ts oom wolghl and othe™ superimposed loss. ‘Some proprietary systoms ae so designed thal some e allo shores canbe fin place while the {mer desred tbo roeasod can bo ramove, i which case there ll eno Tesborng as sch. ‘sgh event, exrome cae shal be taken fo sty ‘low me vendor stuns,$8 580 012 173.2 Reshoring ‘This refers to partial r toll removal of shores during the curing period such asf release formwork companeris for se sewer oto facktstoaccese, and Ieeion ofthe same or atrnalve shores for resupporing fr re-propping) the ering some” at apace locatena to protect apart (vereadngbayons he capect of he curing slab or boa duo to constucten lads ‘Such removal of slab and bear soft form and rproppng shal nt be done before the time frame Spaotedin Table. As re-propping may be done at itemedate pins between the oie locations, the changed suppor conction on fe element undergong curng shal be checkec to avoid oversresing or sess revere ‘Al prope shal be Insared a be snugsight so a5 to fmiy Hoar on the underside ofthe element to receive the appropiate sippod resston. Extveme cate shal be taken ott et ary Brep push the ‘lament up bayoe = gna evel 2s this wil surety develop reversed sresses in he curing element formic tas nt designed fo 7333 Secondary shoring Secontary shoring (also called "back shosng) 6 added during tho curing period, or evan ater ful Curing, eSupport exrarecus loads or provet sess reversals under te folowing statins: (2) Casting of he higher oer wi vero the eloment ander, (©) Temporary heavy (ponconsructon load shal be received ard supported onthe element “The fst need is very commen. Even when asia or beam fly cred often happens tht the dead load of feah concrte and reinforcement of te next floor besng onthe cent element Figher tants design toad. In suc cases, te floor mmeditely bel, cr even one o wo Hors Temes may be back shored to transfor and tbe tne exces load satay ta more semen, the same cyte times are repeat fr many Moors no lower Noor serng shal be remeved without hacking wheter te higher ors have achieved naoessarynereasedstegth ‘This chat be anicipate and catered onthe former desgn along with the xglnal design. If fesh cireumstences eveop oquing back sheng, an onpnee: shal design and supers is erection. 13.3.4 Complete removal of shoring Once the concete has cured to ts design srongth,exceol for those places where reslcust or ‘dullond Censsueron losce oqure (al formu ahd fasewerk may be removed, loavng the anette to funeon on fs on. During formwork removal, temporary (eacondeny) shores may be inserted to prevent susie load transfer, a8 cantlevers and org’ span slabs and beams, of to prevent reversal of stresses in Contucus slabs and beams. The lacalon and capacty of the insert shores need careful Consors, 7.34 Special shoring considertions When roshorng ft slab constucions, 2 row of reshoes shal be placed along each common boundary Between colsma Stipe and mile Sips in bath dvecons, with addtionl ows of reshores bomng provdod 9 equrec. {no case shal eshores be 20 lecated as to ate significant the pater of stoss determined in the stuetira ais88.580: 2012 74 Bracing of shores Bracing shal be designed by an Engineer under provisions of 647 nd all caleltions made avaltle {erinepocton on st The alowing ae giclnes on Bracing fibular mil shores) (6) Al chores sal be effete oracod to provi adequate catty egoinet atralloade which ‘may ocour ding consructon and backla. (©) -Anffectve bracig syst shal consist of (One horizon tube coupe tthe shore win 180 mm of tha to (i) One horizontal tube coupe tothe shore win 150 mm ofthe Bott (i) ra tbo pacod cagenaly betweon the che top tube jeint on one shore and the shore botlm tubo jit on te ahr covering mute bays. Diaconis shal be ats ‘ope proerbly Sottaen 30" a 60" to tne Reva ‘racing shalbe fixed to shores tal erssings For mers other than meal sir bracing provisions shall be checked and implemented as appropriate 7.5 Adjustment of formwork 754 Before concreting Fxmorkbefora covering shall be checkec for confrmby wth tha design ane ersuings, an shall comply ft te fllonng omarements: (3) Afar nal chook, nyrecessaryadustment shal be made before placement of concrete (6) Forms shall bo socrod fo the shores below so that upward or lateral movement of any pat ot thers wl 82 prevented ding concrete lacameat (©) tfcamber is required in former to compensto for dation, shal be so specified on the Structural ravings. Where camber reuters may become cumave, an eases where [beams frame into otter Beams, the engnoor shall epee tho manor in which he station e ‘oe hand ‘here theres a possoty of movement due fo setlement an tke up of larances, postive means ‘of adusimert wih acs shoul bo provided fo permit realgnment or readjustment of shes. 782 During concreting During conan, the former systems shouldbe chacked fr movement. If durng correting, ery ‘weakness develops and the formwork shows any undue setlement or dtorton, the work shall be ‘Stopped. Prato fe commencement o ary sdusenant stengthaning and renee wars, @ prope sk ‘Sevan shal be done to enaure thatthe worker wil not be expose te Hake (om formar colapse ‘A formwere watcher shal be atsgned to check for leakage, foundation eeament, sway, buckling or ‘ober adverse effects curing conclng. Formwork watchers sheud hate means for proper ‘communication wh placing craws incase of emergency. The walcher shou ensure his/her safety ‘by not being under or inthe close vey of formwork we the pouring of concrete sn progress Proper tsk sesesement sh be done 19 ereure that tne welche wl not be exposed tsk rem femecrk colapse,88.500 : 2012 78 er concreting ‘Aker conertng, tut before inal set of coneeting, the formwork systems shoud continue to be Checked or moverert. Appreprateadustments shal Be promply made where necessary 76 curing CCurng ane protection of cast concrete shal slat immediately aor the compaction of coneete Freshly cast concrete shoule nermaly be cured batenn inva to fe day, wt due consideration bing gon fe ambient cantons. ‘Adapton of any sternatve or specs method of crag dferert om normal weler-based curing shall be leary epectied Under the flowing cecamstanos (3) Mombere se of considerate bak rents (Cement content of eoneet high (©) Siete finshed, (6) —_ecetraod curing methods ae tobe app 7.7 Inspection and supervision ‘watcher stall be apperted to check for and determine te exten of any leakage of grout fom the Teerwork are any say or satlemet ofthe shores, “The Engine ho designed the formwork ttre shall ensure thal etected hs eccardence wth the design end arenings. A ceriote of supervision shal be fsued cating that ff safe for Intended use ‘The exeion, use, alteration and dsmanting of formwork sre shal be closely superised by te sppobted feemwate supardser. The formu supervaor shall onaufe during erecion tat at ‘components of ths formwork suture are propery ereied, eae, connected, braced and ted 8038 fetnaniain is poston ad enepe in accordance wih te arawigs. Inspection sha inde checking ofthe materials nc éauinge belore insation. The former uparor svat chack tha the melarale ae fee from safer and rawings re inerpcetod ane Understood pre to isan. “The formwork supervisor shall ensure during recten that al components ofthe formwork structure ae propel erectes, seated, connected, braved and Ues a0 25 to mana ke poston and shape In ‘ccordaneo wth tho forwer ravings ‘The formwork supervisor sha check for dtectons or settements ster concreting and before int sot Holshe shal arange for adjustments as per craigs. ‘The supervisor shal av check the cube Strength fr strnghh development before siping cclon sonmenoos. The stpprg end reshorg of formwork hat be superveadin aoordanae uh he sequence spect by te Engrs “The resus of nspecton eh be recorded and made avaiable or vetiaton.8.500 :2012 8 Dismantling 84 General Dismanting is ]@ mor crcl opraton than erection. To prevent the wang removal of any eset ‘emedt of formwork welen may Toad to crerstessing or cotapse, tho saquence of eroval of ‘emer components sallbe dese i Safe Werk Procedure (SP) Formwork supervitr shal continously supers he dsmarding operation. 8.2 Formwork removal periods forcast in-situ concrete Formwork components may Be removal ¥ thay need tobe released for use esouhor with proper Scloglards, desis, and erecion procedures, The tine and sequence of such renova shall be ocd by ine Engineer No sore shal be removed unl te structural member has atsined efit sent to suppor ll esign loses. Removal operations shal be ead cu In accordance wih te plansec sequence £0 thet the ect e not subject fo mpactor ecco Ince oer oad fr uhh he stucre Is nt esgned fr Ths notapplcable for accelerated cag methods or whore sing forms ae usec, 8.3 Removal period for special conditions ‘The minimum siping times fsted in Table § may be reduced provided evidence I fumishod 10 the {efaion ofthe anger tht eonreta to be stoped hes Somured suelo tangth 10 sfely Suppor sown weight and any eupermposed loads. Ihmay be posse to se a shorter period before stikng formwork by ether (@) the usefearystrengh conte (©) checking the stength of te ast conse inthe structural element Foemwork supporing eet su coneretan fax may be removed when tho srrgih of corre In the element fe 10 Nimm’ erties the stess to whsh il be subjected I sence, whicrover S fete provided that srking at bis me wl nol result unaccepiable defecion and o loads Beyond te design load wi occu ‘The strength may be assessed by test en cubes cure es far as posstio uder the same condone ‘asthe coneretain the omnt andeste nace laboratory. In the absence of other stipulated requtements, the recommended petlads before sting formwork {iver In Taba § may be uae for conereta made wih OPC (Ordinary Podand Comer) ane SREC (Sulphate Resising Porland Cement
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