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Candidate Elimination

The candidate elimination algorithm is used to learn a hypothesis from a training data set. It initializes with a specific and general hypothesis. For each positive training example, it generalizes the specific hypothesis. For each negative example, it makes the general hypothesis more specific. After processing all examples, the final specific and general hypotheses represent the concept learned from the data.

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120 views

Candidate Elimination

The candidate elimination algorithm is used to learn a hypothesis from a training data set. It initializes with a specific and general hypothesis. For each positive training example, it generalizes the specific hypothesis. For each negative example, it makes the general hypothesis more specific. After processing all examples, the final specific and general hypotheses represent the concept learned from the data.

Uploaded by

Tec 21 Cse c
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Experiment-2

For a given set of training data examples stored in a .CSV file,


implement and demonstrate the Candidate- Elimination algorithm
to output a description of the set of all hypotheses consistent with
the training examples

Candidate elimination

Algorithm:
Step1: Load Data set
Step2: Initialize General Hypothesis and Specific Hypothesis.
Step3: For each training example
Step4: If example is positive example
if attribute_value == hypothesis_value:
Do nothing
else:
replace attribute value with '?' (Basically generalizing it)
Step5: If example is Negative example
Make generalize hypothesis more specific.

Example
Algorithmic steps:
Initially : G = [[?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?], [?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?], [?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?],
[?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?], [?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?], [?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?]]
S = [Null, Null, Null, Null, Null, Null]
For instance 1 : <'sunny','warm','normal','strong','warm ','same'> and
positive output.
G1 = G
S1 = ['sunny','warm','normal','strong','warm ','same']

For instance 2 : <'sunny','warm','high','strong','warm ','same'> and


positive output.
G2 = G
S2 = ['sunny','warm',?,'strong','warm ','same']

For instance 3 : <'rainy','cold','high','strong','warm ','change'> and


negative output.
G3 = [['sunny', ?, ?, ?, ?, ?], [?, 'warm', ?, ?, ?, ?], [?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?],
[?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?], [?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?], [?, ?, ?, ?, ?, 'same']]

S3 = S2
For instance 4 : <'sunny','warm','high','strong','cool','change'> and
positive output.
G4 = G3
S4 = ['sunny','warm',?,'strong', ?, ?]
At last, by synchronizing the G4 and S4 algorithm produce the output.
Output :
G = [['sunny', ?, ?, ?, ?, ?], [?, 'warm', ?, ?, ?, ?]]
S = ['sunny','warm',?,'strong', ?, ?]
PROGRAM
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

data = pd.read_csv(“E:\sport.csv”)
data

output
sky airtemp humidity wind water forecast enjoysport
0 sunny warm normal strong warm same yes
1 sunny warm high strong warm same yes
2 rainy cold high strong warm change no
3 sunny warm high strong cool change yes

concepts = np.array(data)[:,:-1])
concepts

output
array([['sunny', 'warm', 'normal', 'strong', 'warm', 'same'],
['sunny', 'warm', 'high', 'strong', 'warm', 'same'],
['rainy', 'cold', 'high', 'strong', 'warm', 'change'],
['sunny', 'warm', 'high', 'strong', 'cool', 'change']],
dtype=object)
target=np.array(data)[:,-1]
print(target) output
['yes' 'yes' 'no' 'yes']
OR
def learn(concepts, target):
specific_h = concepts[0].copy()
print("\nInitialization of specific_h and genearal_h")
print("\nSpecific Boundary: ", specific_h)
general_h = [["?" for i in range(len(specific_h))] for i in
range(len(specific_h))]
print("\nGeneric Boundary: ",general_h)

for i, h in enumerate(concepts):
print("\nInstance", i+1 , "is ", h)
if target[i] == "yes":
print("Instance is Positive ")
for x in range(len(specific_h)):
if h[x]!= specific_h[x]:
specific_h[x] ='?'
general_h[x][x] ='?'

if target[i] == "no":
print("Instance is Negative ")
for x in range(len(specific_h)):
if h[x]!= specific_h[x]:
general_h[x][x] = specific_h[x]
else:
general_h[x][x] = '?'

print("Specific Bundary after ", i+1, "Instance is ", specific_h)


print("Generic Boundary after ", i+1, "Instance is ", general_h)
print("\n")

indices = [i for i, val in enumerate(general_h) if val == ['?', '?', '?', '?',


'?', '?']]
for i in indices:
general_h.remove(['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'])
return specific_h, general_h

s_final, g_final = learn(concepts, target)

print("Final Specific_h: ", s_final, sep="\n")


print("Final General_h: ", g_final, sep="\n")

output
Initialization of specific_h and genearal_h

Specific Boundary: ['Sunny' 'Warm' 'Normal' 'Strong' 'Warm' 'Same']

Generic Boundary: [['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?',
'?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?']]

Instance 1 is ['Sunny' 'Warm' 'Normal' 'Strong' 'Warm' 'Same']


Instance is Positive
Specific Bundary after 1 Instance is ['Sunny' 'Warm' 'Normal' 'Strong' 'Warm'
'Same']
Generic Boundary after 1 Instance is [['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'],
['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?',
'?']]

Instance 2 is ['Sunny' 'Warm' 'High' 'Strong' 'Warm' 'Same']


Instance is Positive
Specific Bundary after 2 Instance is ['Sunny' 'Warm' '?' 'Strong' 'Warm' 'Same']
Generic Boundary after 2 Instance is [['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'],
['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?',
'?']]
Instance 3 is ['Rainy' 'Cold' 'High' 'Strong' 'Warm' 'Change']
Instance is Negative
Specific Bundary after 3 Instance is ['Sunny' 'Warm' '?' 'Strong' 'Warm' 'Same']
Generic Boundary after 3 Instance is [['Sunny', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', 'Warm', '?',
'?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?',
'?', '?', '?', 'Same']]

Instance 4 is ['Sunny' 'Warm' 'High' 'Strong' 'Cool' 'Change']


Instance is Positive
Specific Bundary after 4 Instance is ['Sunny' 'Warm' '?' 'Strong' '?' '?']
Generic Boundary after 4 Instance is [['Sunny', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', 'Warm', '?',
'?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?',
'?', '?', '?', '?']]

Final Specific_h:
['Sunny' 'Warm' '?' 'Strong' '?' '?']

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