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Egh 88-89

The gerund is a verb form ending in "-ing" that can function as a noun. It can take objects or modifiers like a verb. There are two forms: the present gerund (doing) and the perfect gerund (having done). The gerund can serve various syntactic functions including as the subject or object of a sentence. It can refer to actions that occurred prior to the main verb when using the perfect form. The active gerund can sometimes have a passive meaning after verbs like "need" or "deserve."

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95 views2 pages

Egh 88-89

The gerund is a verb form ending in "-ing" that can function as a noun. It can take objects or modifiers like a verb. There are two forms: the present gerund (doing) and the perfect gerund (having done). The gerund can serve various syntactic functions including as the subject or object of a sentence. It can refer to actions that occurred prior to the main verb when using the perfect form. The active gerund can sometimes have a passive meaning after verbs like "need" or "deserve."

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erdakova
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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GRAMMAR

GERUND

The gerund is an -ing form of the verb. It can be used in place of a noun, though it can, like a verb, take an object or
an adverbial modifier.
They went on discussing the project enthusiastically.
 Forms
Active Passive
Present doing being done
Perfect having done having been done

 I. Uses of the Gerund


1. The use of the present form
The present (non-perfect) gerund is the most common form of the gerund.
She enjoyed walking along the Она очень любила гулять / прогулки
beach. вдоль моря.
On seeing Jane he froze. Увидев Джейн, он остановился как
вкопанный.
He remembered being introduced Он помнил, что его представили
to the consul. консулу.

2. The use of the perfect form


The perfect gerund can express an action prior to that of the finite verb (глагол в личной форме).
He now denies that he has ever spoken to the woman.→ He now denies ever having spoken to the woman.
Laura recalled that she had been taken to Disneyland when she was a child. → Laura recalled having been taken
to Disneyland when she was a child.
However, the present form of the gerund is commonly used when you are referring to a past action.
She could not forgive him for saying these nasty things to her.
The old lady thanked me for helping her across the road.
He remembers being taken to the Louvre as a small child.

Ex. 88. Paraphrase the sentences using the gerund. Point out the sentences where the gerund refers to an earlier
action.
Model: He admitted that he had stolen the bicycle. → He admitted stealing / having stolen the bicycle.
They anticipate that they will have several applicants for the job. → They anticipate having several applicants
for the job.
1. Jacobson admitted that he had given false information.
2. Both companies denied that they had discharged any toxic waste.
3. We anticipated that we would meet a certain amount of resistance to our plan.
4. I dislike it when I’m told what to do.
5. I clearly remember that I posted your letters.
6. She admitted that she had married Mr. Philips for his money.
7. I wasn’t entirely honest with him, I admit.
8. The minister denied that he had passed on secret information to a newspaper.
9. A quarter of workers admit that they take time off when they are not ill.

Ex. 89. Open the brackets using a suitable form of the gerund. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Most celebrities have as much interest in (write) about as newspapers have in (fill) their pages.
2. Act so that every one of your actions is capable of (make) into a universal rule.
3. Sophia could not remember ever (see) her mother cry.
4. Julia ought to have guessed that she couldn’t go far in London without (recognize).
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5. It came to her as a shock now to realize that without ever (possess) him, she had lost him.
6. He distracted his mind by (go) to as many parties as he could.
7. She couldn’t hide her disappointment at (leave out) of the team.
8. In the present circumstances they are unlikely to risk (hold) an election.
9. (Understand) the bonds of family in Shakespeare’s plays is important to an understanding of his art as a whole.
10. Her tenderness for Michael and her ever-present sense of (be) for years unjust to him filled her with contrition (рас-
каяние).
11. There is no point in (give) him a false impression.
12. Corbett helped himself liberally despite already (eat).
13. The Duchess is very active in spite of (not be) in particularly good health of late.
14. Charles was annoyed at Patrick Lichfield for (take) a shot of the royal wedding party laughing in a relaxed manner.
15. Success is (get) what you want. Happiness is (like) what you get.

3. Active gerund with a passive meaning


1. The meaning of the active gerund after the verbs need, want; deserve can be compared to that of the passive infini-
tive.
The carpet needs to be cleaned. = The carpet needs / wants cleaning.
The gunmen deserve to be locked up. = The gunmen deserve locking up.
2. You can use the active gerund after the adjective worth to tell that something is useful or helpful.
The book is (well) worth reading. (= if you read it you’ll find the book very useful.)

Ex. 90. Paraphrase the sentences using the gerund.


1. The room needs to be brightened up a bit.
2. The wine is in the fridge – it just needs to be cooled for a couple of minutes.
3. I think these potatoes need to be cooked a little longer.
4. We all agree that the wildlife deserves to be protected.
5. The plants need to be watered.
6. The boy has behaved so badly that he deserves to be punished.
7. The children need to be collected at four o’clock.
8. There are a lot of things that need to be done before they go on holiday.
9. The youngster deserves to be praised.
10. One or two points about this report need to be discussed.
11. Are there any more problems that need to be sorted out?
12. His hair needs to be washed. (want)
13. Don’t sniff like that. If your nose needs to be blown, blow it. (want)

Ex. 91. Open the brackets using the gerund.


1. Niagra Falls is worth (see). It is one of the most spectacular sights in the world.
2. There’s a lot of advice in the book on baby care. Most of it is worth (take).
3. It’s stupid of you not to see that the car is not worth (repair).
4. That tennis racket wasn’t worth (buy). I paid good money for it and it broke the first time I used it.
5. Bob is not worth (help). In less than three years he has squandered the entire family fortune.
6. The exhibition is not worth (visit). Most of the paintings are fairly mediocre.
7. The book is well worth (read) if you’re going to take the English exam.
8. This film is worth (see) for the costumes alone: they’re superb.

 II. Syntactic Functions of the Gerund


Subject 1. Walking is one of the most popular forms of recrea-
tion.
Not being punctual makes him unreliable.
Her (Mary’s) denying everything is disappointing.

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