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WTS NUMBER PATTERNS

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WHERE TO START MATHS & SCIENCE IS FOR THE NATION

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NUMBER PATTERNS 25±3 marks

 A number relation shows a relationship between two variables, usually x and y.

 In other words, we can describe a particular number pattern by means of a

mathematical formula.

 KEY WORDS:

 Sum : the result of addition

 Difference : the result of subtraction
 Product : the result of multiplication
 Natural numbers : whole numbers greater than or equal to 1
 Integer : a positive or negative whole number or zero.
 Even numbers : any integer that can be divided exactly by 2
 Odd numbers : any integer that cannot be divided exactly by 2
 Factor : a number that divides exactly into a whole number with no
remainder
 Divisible by : a number is divisible if, after diving, there is no remainder.
 Prime number : numbers that have only two factors, the number itself and 1.
 Multiple : the product of two natural numbers
 Perfect squares; are rational numbers which can example end with 1;4;16 ;….but

never end in a 3 or an 8 etc

 Non-Perfect squares; are irrational numbers which can example end with 3 or 8 but

never end in a 4 or an 16 etc

 Which term: that is a number of terms

 nth term: that is general term

 determine the 10 th term; same as

 existence of the sequence or series; the common ratio is between -1 and 1 or

 greater than; the first term to be greater then : a if a is the given nth term

 less than; the first term to be less then : a if a is the given nth term

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  never contain a positive or negative term; calculate the maximum value of the nth

term ( y value of turning point)

 converging series; if and only if

 ARTHMETIC SEQUENCE

 An arithmetic sequence or series is a linear number pattern in which the first

difference is constant.

 The general term formula allows you to determine any specific term of an

arithmetic sequence.

 And the sum of formula determines the sum of a specific number of terms of an

arithmetic series.

 The formulae are as follows:

 GENERAL / N-TERM/ LAST TERM ( )

 First common difference : (more useful if

variables are given / and if the unknown must be calculated)

 General term: ( )

 Given the last term: implies that is given and u can calculate the first term or

number of terms

 If other terms are not given use the following: , ,

NB: hence solving simaltenouesly

 : the value of the specific term

 : number of the term in a sequence and is a counting number ( the position of n-th

term in the sequence)

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  SERIES

 When we add the terms of a sequence together, we form a series.

 We use the symbol to show the sum of the first n terms of a series.

 So

PROOF:

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FORMULA :

FORMULA:

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  GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE

 A geometric sequence or series is an exponential number pattern in which the ratio is

constant.

 The general term formula allows you to determine any specific term of a geometric

sequence.

 You have also learnt formulae to determine the sum of a specific number of terms of a

geometric series.

 The formulae are as follows:

 GENERAL / N-TERM/ LAST TERM ( )

 Common ratio: (more useful if variables are given / and if the unknown must be

calculated, hence applying orlando pirates sign : kwv rule)

 General term:

 Given the last term :implies that is given and u can calculate the first term or

number of terms

 If few terms are given: , , NB: solving simaltenouesly

 Take notes of exponential and logarithms laws

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  SERIES

 When we add the terms of a sequence together, we form a series.

 We use the symbol to show the sum of the first n terms of a series.

 So

PROOF:

The sum of the terms in a geometric series

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  Take note there is no different between two formulae

 CONVERGES SERIES

 The sum of a convergent geometric series tends towards a particular value as the

number of terms in the series increases.

 However, sum will never actually reach that value. We express this mathematically by

using the concept of a limit.

 This is a very useful concept, because it enables us to define a second concept,

namely the sum to infinity of the series, which we define as:

 Is for geometric pattern

 Note: { r is a common ratio }

 Always work with inequalities

 Sum to infinity:

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  WHAT ABOUT GEOMETRIC SEQUENCES WITH R < −1 OR R > 1?

 In sequences in which r < −1 or r > 1

 We find that n S does not approach a definite limit as n increases.

 In such a case, the sequence diverges (or the sequence is divergent).

KUTHI HUUUUUU!

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  QUADRATIC PATTERNS

 It is a sequence whereby there is a constant second difference (d).

 GENERAL TERM

 Second common difference :

 If the unknown given workout the second difference using given variable and hence

equate the second difference in order to solve the unknown.

 General term: ( NB: substitute the values at the end)

KEY:

o Given the implies that you can calculate the number of terms

o If few terms are given substitute into: and

o hence solve simaltenouesly

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  DETERMINE BETWEEN TWO CONSECUTIVE

TERMS

 To calculate the first difference between given terms

 Using linear nth term

 The term will always lies in the lowest number

 Firstly calculate the n term and substitute with :

 Using quadratic nth term

 Simple substitute into the nth term by calculating the difference starting with lower

number.

 To calculate two terms between

 Firstly calculate the number of terms and substitute into nth term and take note to

increase the number for the difference.

NB:

 COMBINATION OF AP & GP

 Separate the sequence into two

 Divide the number of terms in a counting number form and consider the odd and even

position.

 The constant sequence will be given by :

 The number of terms :

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  GIVEN SUM FORMULA

 Take note of the formula of calculating the term :

 Be in position to calculate the first three terms from the given sum formula, hence
general term

 INTERPRETATIONS

KEY:

 Given the last term: implies that is given and you can calculate the first term or
number of terms
 If other terms are omitted use the following key : , ,
and or : , ,
NB: hence solving simaltenouesly

 SIGMA NOTATION

 Sigma notation offers a useful shorthand method to indicate the sum of a number of

terms in a series.

 The symbol ∑ is the Greek capital letter S, and indicates sum.

 We use the symbol as follows

 Means the sum of n-th terms

 : stand for last value after substituting in the n-th terms

 : stand for the first value after substituting in the n-th terms

 : stand for the general term

 NB: always determine the first 3 terms in order to know the type of the pattern e.g. d-

arithmetic or r-geometric

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  Number of terms :

 Given the sum: you can calculate the number of terms

 If the question says evaluate or calculate it means determine the sum of n-th terms

 For the sum: First three terms-hence the pattern-no. of terms –the formula

 Writing in sigma notation: First three terms-hence the pattern-no. of terms –and lastly

for the first value

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 KWV: 01

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 MEMO: 01

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 KWV: 02

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 MEMO: 02

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 KWV: 03

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 MEMO: 03

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 KWV: 04

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 MEMO: 03

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 KWV: 05

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 MEMO: 05

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