Exploratory Data Analysis

Visualizing Data

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 plot() Function

x <- 1:10
y <- log(x)
plot(x,y)
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 plot() Options
The shape of the markers: The plot markers are by default small, empty circles. These
are also known as plot characters - denoted by pch. Change the shape of the marker by
varying pch values from 0 to 25 (0 is for a square, 1 is for a circle, 3 is for a triangle, 4 is
for a cross and so on).
Size of the plot markers: This aspect of a graph can be controlled using the cex
parameter. The cex parameter can be set to 0.5 if you want the markers to be 50%
smaller and 1.5 if you want them to be 50% larger.
Color of the plot markers: The symbols can be assigned one or many colors. These colors
can be selected from a list provided by R under the colors() function.
Connecting the points with lines: Many times, it is necessary to connect the displayed
points with different kinds of lines. This can be done using the type attribute of the plot
function. The type attribute set to p refers to only points and l to only a line. Similarly,
values b and o are for lines connecting points and overlaying points respectively. To get a
histogram like display the h option is used and s is used for a step option.
Varying the lines: The line type can be specified by the lty parameter (range 0 to 6) and
line width is set using an lwd parameter.

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 R Plot pch Symbols

ggpubr::show_point_shapes()

Point shapes available in R

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 plot() Options

plot(x,y,pch = c(0,18),cex = 1.5,col = c('red','blue'),type='o',lty = 3,lwd = 2)

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y

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 Adding Labels & Title
The main title is added using the main option in the plot function. The font, color, and
size can be customized using the font.main, col.main and cex.main respectively.
The titles for the axes are provided using xlab and ylab attributes. These can be
customized using font.lab,col.lab and cex.lab like above.
You can also add some extra text inside the plot using the text attribute, specifying the
text to use and the coordinates to display.
The text attribute can also be used to label the data points. The text, in this case, is a
vector of labels instead of a string.
The legend can be added to a graph using the R’s legend() function. Legend takes as
input the coordinates, text and the symbols to be interpreted.

labelset <-c('one','two','three','four','five','six','seven','eight','nine','ten')
plot(x,y,pch = c(0,18),cex = 1.5,col = c('red','blue'),type='o',lty = 3,lwd = 2,
main = "Graph of y = log(x) vs Graph of y = x-1", col.main = "purple",
xlab="X Values",ylab="Y Values")
text(x+1,y,labelset,col='red')
lines(x,x-1,col='green',lty = 4, lwd = 2)
legend('bottomright',inset=0.05, c("Log","minus 1"),
lty=c(2,4),col=c("red","green"))
abline(h=c(4,6),col="orange",lty=2)

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 plot() Options

Graph of y = log(x) vs Graph of y = x−1

ten
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Y Values

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Log(x)
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X Values

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 Other Related Functions
abline(v = 10) draws a straight line at x = 10.
abline(h = 10) draws a straight line at y = 10.
par() function sets the margin by taking option: mar() for margin and oma() for outer margin
area.
For both arguments, you must give four values giving the desired space in the bottom, left, top
and right part of the chart respectively. For instance, par(mar=c(4,0,0,0)) draws a margin of
size 4 only on the bottom of the chart.
par(mfrow = c(2, 2)): Creates a 2 x 2 plotting matrix

dev.off() : closes the specified plot (by default the current device)

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 The Grammar Of Graphics
Grammar: “the fundamental principles or rules of an art or science”
A good grammar will allow us to gain insight into the composition of complicated graphics, and
reveal unexpected connections between seemingly different graphics.
The most important modern work in graphical grammars is “The Grammar of Graphics” by
Wilkinson, Anand, and Grossman (2005). They proposed an alternative parameterization of the
grammar, based around the idea of building up a graphic from multiple layers of data.
The basic idea: independently specify plot building blocks and combine them to create just
about any kind of graphical display you want. Building blocks of a graph include:

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 Components of Layered Grammer
The data that you want to visualise and a set of aesthetic mappings describing how
variables in the data are mapped to aesthetic attributes that you can perceive.
Geometric objects, geoms for short, represent what you actually see on the plot: points,
lines, polygons, etc.
Statistical transformations, stats for short, summarize data in many useful ways. For
example, binning and counting observations to create a histogram, or summarising a 2d
relationship with a linear model. Stats are optional, but very useful.
The scales map values in the data space to values in an aesthetic space, whether it be
colour, or size, or shape. Scales draw a legend or axes, which provide an inverse mapping
to make it possible to read the original data values from the graph.
A coordinate system, coord for short, describes how data coordinates are mapped to the
plane of the graphic. It also provides axes and gridlines to make it possible to read the
graph. We normally use a Cartesian coordinate system, but a number of others are
available, including polar coordinates and map projections.
A faceting specification describes how to break up the data into subsets and how to
display those subsets as small multiples. This is also known as conditioning or
latticing/trellising.

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 Data Layer
library(ggplot2)
df <- read.delim("datasets/marketing_campaign.csv") %>%
drop_na()
ggplot(data = df)

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 Aesthetic Layer (aes)
The aesthetic layer maps variables in our data onto scales in our graphical visualization, such as
the x and y coordinates.

ggplot(data = df, aes(x = Income, y = MntSweetProducts))

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MntSweetProducts

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Income

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 Geometries Layer (geom_)

ggplot(data = df, aes(x = Income, y = MntSweetProducts)) +

geom_point()

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MntSweetProducts

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Income

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 Facets Layer

ggplot(data = df, aes(x = Income, y = MntSweetProducts)) +

geom_point() +
facet_wrap(~Education)

2n Cycle Basic Graduation

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Master PhD

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 Statistics Layer
ggplot(data = df, aes(x = Income, y = MntSweetProducts)) +
geom_point() +
stat_smooth(method = "lm", se = FALSE)

## ‘geom_smooth()‘ using formula = ’y ~ x’

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 Statistics Layer
ggplot(data = df, aes(x = Income, y = MntSweetProducts)) +
geom_point() +
facet_wrap(~Education) +
stat_smooth(method = "lm", se = FALSE)

## ‘geom_smooth()‘ using formula = ’y ~ x’

2n Cycle Basic Graduation

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Master PhD

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Income

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 Coordinates Layer
ggplot(data = df, aes(x = Income, y = MntSweetProducts)) +
geom_point() +
stat_smooth(method = "lm", se = FALSE) +
coord_cartesian(xlim = c(0, 115000), ylim = c(0, 200))

## ‘geom_smooth()‘ using formula = ’y ~ x’

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Income

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 Themes Layer
ggplot(data = df, aes(x = Income, y = MntSweetProducts)) +
geom_point() +
stat_smooth(method = "lm", se = FALSE) +
coord_cartesian(xlim = c(0, 115000), ylim = c(0, 200)) +
theme_classic()

## ‘geom_smooth()‘ using formula = ’y ~ x’

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MntSweetProducts

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 More on Aesthetic Mappings
Adding colour to the chart
While you can do data manipulation in aes(), e.g. aes(log(Income),
log(MntSweetProducts)), best to only do simple calculations.
ggplot(data = df,
aes(x=log(Income), y=MntSweetProducts, col=factor(Teenhome), size = 2)) +
geom_point()

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factor(Teenhome)
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size
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log(Income)

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 More on Aesthetic Mappings
Aesthetic mappings can be supplied in the initial ggplot() call, in individual layers, or in some
combination of both. All of these calls create the same plot specification:

## Specification 1
ggplot(data = df, aes(x = Income,
y = MntSweetProducts,
col=factor(Teenhome),
size = 2)) +
geom_point()
## Specification 2
ggplot(data = df, aes(x = Income, y = MntSweetProducts)) +
geom_point(aes(col=factor(Teenhome), size = 2))
## Specification 3
ggplot(data = df, aes(x = Income)) +
geom_point(aes(y = MntSweetProducts, col=factor(Teenhome), size = 2))
## Specification 4
ggplot(data = df) +
geom_point(aes(x = Income,
y = MntSweetProducts,
col=factor(Teenhome),
size = 2))

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 More on Aesthetic Mappings
## Specification 1
ggplot(data = df, aes(x = Income, y = MntSweetProducts, col=factor(Teenhome))) +
geom_point() +
geom_smooth(method = "lm", se = FALSE) +
coord_cartesian(xlim = c(0, 115000), ylim = c(0, 200))

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MntSweetProducts

factor(Teenhome)
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Income

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 More on Aesthetic Mappings
## Specification 2
ggplot(data = df, aes(x = Income, y = MntSweetProducts)) +
geom_point(aes(col=factor(Teenhome))) +
geom_smooth(method = "lm", se = FALSE) +
coord_cartesian(xlim = c(0, 115000), ylim = c(0, 200))

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factor(Teenhome)
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 More on Aesthetic Mappings
Setting vs. mapping Colours : Instead of mapping an aesthetic property to a variable, you can
set it to a single value by specifying it in the layer parameters. We map an aesthetic to a
variable (e.g., aes(colour = factor(Teenhome))) or set it to a constant (e.g., colour = “red”).
## Specification 2
ggplot(data = df, aes(x = Income, y = MntSweetProducts)) +
geom_point(aes(col= "red")) +
geom_smooth(method = "lm", se = FALSE) +
coord_cartesian(xlim = c(0, 115000), ylim = c(0, 200))

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MntSweetProducts

colour
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red

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Income

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 More on Aesthetic Mappings
## Specification 2
ggplot(data = df, aes(x = Income, y = MntSweetProducts)) +
geom_point() +
geom_smooth(aes(colour = "loess"), method = "loess", se = TRUE) +
geom_smooth(aes(colour = "lm"), method = "lm", se = TRUE) +
coord_cartesian(xlim = c(0, 115000), ylim = c(0, 200)) +
theme_classic()

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MntSweetProducts

colour
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loess

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Income

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 Visualizing Amounts: Bar Plot

df %>%
ggplot(aes(x = Education, y = Income)) +
geom_bar(stat = "identity")

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Income

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0e+00

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 Visualizing Distribution: Histogram

df %>%
filter(Income < 20000) %>%
ggplot(aes(x=Income)) +
geom_histogram(binwidth=2000, fill="red", color="blue", alpha=0.9)

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count

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 Visualizing Distribution: Density Plot

df %>%
filter(Income < 20000) %>%
ggplot(aes(x=Income)) +
geom_density(fill="green", color="#e9ecef", alpha=0.8)

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density

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 Visualizing Distribution: Box Plot

df %>%
filter(Income < 20000) %>%
ggplot(aes(x=Education, y=Income)) +
geom_boxplot() +
geom_jitter(color="black", size=0.4, alpha=0.9)

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 Visualizing Distribution: Cumulative Distribution

df %>%
filter(Income < 20000) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = Income, colour = factor(Teenhome))) +
stat_ecdf()

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 Visualizing Distribution: Quantile-Quantile Plot
df %>%
group_by(Dt_Customer) %>%
summarise(No_Customer = n()) %>%
mutate(Date = dmy(Dt_Customer)) %>%
filter(year(Date) == 2014) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = Date, y = No_Customer)) +
geom_line() +
geom_point()

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No_Customer

Jan Apr Jul

Date

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 More on Facets: facet_grid()

df %>%
filter(Income < 20000) %>%
ggplot(aes(x=Education, y=Income)) +
geom_boxplot() +
geom_jitter(color="black", size=0.4, alpha=0.9) +
facet_grid(factor(Teenhome) ~ factor(Kidhome))

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2n Cycle Basic Graduation Master PhD 2n Cycle Basic Graduation Master PhD 2n Cycle Basic Graduation Master PhD
Education

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 Position Adjustments: Stacked Bar Chart
Each geom also has a default position adjustment which specifies a set of “rules” as to how
different components should be positioned relative to each other.

df %>%
ggplot(aes(x = Education, y = Income, fill = factor(Teenhome))) +
geom_bar(stat = "Identity")

6e+07

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factor(Teenhome)
Income

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2e+07

0e+00

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Education

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 Position Adjustments: Grouped Bar Chart

df %>%
ggplot(aes(x = Education, y = Income, fill = factor(Teenhome))) +
geom_bar(stat = "Identity", position = "dodge")

6e+05

4e+05
factor(Teenhome)
Income

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2

2e+05

0e+00

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Education

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 Position Adjustments: Percentage Chart

df %>%
ggplot(aes(x = Education, y = Income, fill = factor(Teenhome))) +
geom_bar(stat = "Identity", position = "fill")

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factor(Teenhome)
Income

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 More on Coordinates

ggplot(df) +
aes(x=Income, y=MntSweetProducts) +
geom_point(aes(col=factor(Teenhome)), size=2) +
scale_x_continuous(breaks=seq(0, 150000, 25000), labels = seq(0,150,25)) +
xlim(c(0, 115000)) +
ylim(c(0, 200))

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factor(Teenhome)
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 Axis Transformation
Built in functions for axis transformations are :

scale_x_log10(), scale_y_log10() : for log10 transformation

scale_x_sqrt(), scale_y_sqrt() : for sqrt transformation
scale_x_reverse(), scale_y_reverse(): to reverse coordinates
coord_trans(x =“log10”, y=“log10”) : possible values for x and y are log2 , log10 ,
sqrt, . . .
scale_x_continuous(trans=‘log2’),
scale_y_continuous(trans=‘log2’): another allowed value for the
argument trans is log10
coord_flip(): flips coordinates

A continuous scale will handle things like numeric data (where there is a continuous set of
numbers), whereas a discrete scale (scale_x_discrete())will handle things like colors.

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 Labels & Annotations
Textual labels and annotations (on the plot, axes, geometry, and legend) are an important part
of making a plot understandable and communicating information.

ggplot(df) +
aes(x=Income, y=MntSweetProducts) +
geom_point(aes(col=factor(Teenhome)), size=2) +
scale_x_continuous(breaks=seq(0, 150000, 25000), labels = seq(0,150,25)) +
xlim(c(0, 115000)) +
ylim(c(0, 200)) +
labs(title="Income vs Amount of Sweet Products Bought",
subtitle="Customer dataset",
y="Amount of sweet products",
x="Income (in thousand units)",
color = "Teens at home",
caption="Customer Purchase Behaviour")

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 Labels & Annotations
Income vs Amount of Sweet Products Bought
Customer dataset

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Amount of sweet products

Teens at home
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Income (in thousand units)
Customer Purchase Behaviour

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 Dealing with Colours
ggplot2 allows to customize the shape colors thanks to its fill and color arguments. It is
important to understand the diffence between both. Note that color and colour always have
the same effect.
Methods to call a colour

Name: R offers about 657 color names. You can read all of them using colors().
rgb(red, green, blue, alpha): The rgb() function allows to build a color using a
quantity of red, green and blue. An additionnal parameter (alpha) is available to set the
transparency. All parameters ranged from 0 to 1.
Number: Also possible to call a function by its number. For instance, if you need the
color number 143, use colors()[143].
Hex code → All colors can be defined by their hex code. A hex code looks like this:
#69b3a2. To find the hex code of your colour, visit this colour picker.
Colour Libraries: Rcolorbrewer, paletteer etc.

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 Dealing with Colours: Rcolorbrewer Package
There are 3 types of palettes : Sequential palettes, Diverging palettes and Qualitative palettes.

YlOrRd
YlOrBr
YlGnBu
YlGn
Reds
RdPu
Purples
PuRd
PuBuGn
PuBu
OrRd
Oranges
Greys
Greens
GnBu
BuPu
BuGn
Blues
Set3
Set2
Set1
Pastel2
Pastel1
Paired
Dark2
Accent
Spectral
RdYlGn
RdYlBu
RdGy
RdBu
PuOr
PRGn
PiYG
BrBG

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 Dealing with Colours: RColorBrewer Package

library(RColorBrewer)
ggplot(df) +
aes(x=Income, y=MntSweetProducts) +
geom_point(aes(col=factor(Teenhome)), size=2) +
scale_colour_brewer(palette = "Set1") +
scale_x_continuous(breaks=seq(0, 150000, 25000), labels = seq(0,150,25)) +
xlim(c(0, 115000)) +
ylim(c(0, 200)) +
labs(title="Income vs Amount of Sweet Products Bought",
subtitle="Customer dataset",
y="Amount of sweet products",
x="Income (in thousand units)",
color = "Teens at home",
caption="Customer Purchase Behaviour") +
theme_classic()

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 Dealing with Colours: Rcolorbrewer Package
Income vs Amount of Sweet Products Bought
Customer dataset

200

150
Amount of sweet products

Teens at home
0
100
1
2

50

0 30000 60000 90000 120000

Income (in thousand units)
Customer Purchase Behaviour

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 Draw a Verical Line

ggplot(df) +
aes(x=Income, y=MntSweetProducts) +
geom_point(aes(col=factor(Teenhome)), size=2) +
scale_colour_brewer(palette = "Set1") +
scale_x_continuous(breaks=seq(0, 150000, 25000), labels = seq(0,150,25)) +
xlim(c(0, 115000)) +
ylim(c(0, 200)) +
geom_vline(xintercept = c(35000,88000), #geom_hline for horizontal
linetype="dotted",
color = "green",
size=1.5) +
labs(title="Income vs Amount of Sweet Products Bought",
subtitle="Customer dataset",
y="Amount of sweet products",
x="Income (in thousand units)",
color = "Teens at home",
caption="Customer Purchase Behaviour") +
theme_classic()

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Kashipur)
Data Analysis 43 / 47
 Draw a Verical Line
Income vs Amount of Sweet Products Bought
Customer dataset

200

150
Amount of sweet products

Teens at home
0
100
1
2

50

0 30000 60000 90000 120000

Income (in thousand units)
Customer Purchase Behaviour

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Kashipur)
Data Analysis 44 / 47
 Add a text annotation at a particular coordinate

ggplot(df) +
aes(x=Income, y=MntSweetProducts) +
geom_point(aes(col=factor(Teenhome)), size=2) +
scale_colour_brewer(palette = "Set1") +
scale_x_continuous(breaks=seq(0, 150000, 25000), labels = seq(0,150,25)) +
xlim(c(0, 115000)) +
ylim(c(0, 200)) +
geom_vline(xintercept = c(35000,88000), #geom_hline for horizontal
linetype="dotted",
color = "green",
size=1.5) +
geom_text(x=5000, y=175, label="Scatter plot")) +
labs(title="Income vs Amount of Sweet Products Bought",
subtitle="Customer dataset",
y="Amount of sweet products",
x="Income (in thousand units)",
color = "Teens at home",
caption="Customer Purchase Behaviour") +
theme_classic()

s.patra@iimkashipur.ac.in (Indian Institute of Management

Exploratory
Kashipur)
Data Analysis 45 / 47
 Add a text annotation at a particular coordinate
Income vs Amount of Sweet Products Bought
Customer dataset

200

Scatter plot

150
Amount of sweet products

Teens at home
0
100
1
2

50

0 30000 60000 90000 120000

Income (in thousand units)
Customer Purchase Behaviour

s.patra@iimkashipur.ac.in (Indian Institute of Management

Exploratory
Kashipur)
Data Analysis 46 / 47
 Themes Options
There are three types of elements within the Themes Layer; text, line, and rectangle. Together
these three elements can control all the non-data ink in the graph.

Figure 1: Theme Elements

For more details, visit here.

## Themes Options
s.patra@iimkashipur.ac.in (Indian Institute of Management
Exploratory
Kashipur)
Data Analysis 47 / 47