Graphs Graphs: A graph represents the relation between two variable quantities in pictorials form. A graph is plotted between dat our two variable quantities. The quantity that is v choice is called independent variable. The other quantity, which varies as a result of this change, is called the dependent variable, The independent variable is represented along x ~ axis and the dependent variable is represented along y axis. For example: in distance - time graph, time is independent variable and distance is dependent variable.Graphs Displacement Time Graph: ‘The displacement-time graph is along the x - axis, The displacement is zero for any amount of time. Thus this type of graph indicates that the body is at rest, with no displacement.Graphs The displacement-time graphs is parallel to x - axis. The displacement is constant and does not change with respect to time. Thus the body has some initial displacement and is at rest.Graphs The displacement-time graph is a straight line passing through origin and making an angle with the x - axis. The body has equal placement in equal intervals of time. Thus the body is moving with uniform velocity. The initial displacement of the body is zero.Graphs The displacementtime graphs is a straight line making a positive angle with the horizontal and has a_ positive intercept on the y-axis. Thus the body has uniform velocity with some initial displacement. YGraphs The displacement-time graph of two bodies P and Qare shown in figure by lines OP and 0Q respectively. Since they are straight lines madding positive angle with x-axis and passing through the origin, their initial displacement is zero and they have uniform velocity.Graphs But from the figure it is clear that the displacement of Q is more than that of P in a given time. Thus the velocity of Q is more than that of P. The magnitude of uniform velocity can be obtained by measur 12 the slantness (slope) of the ones fiom the horizontal, Displacement of P and Q are given by OA and OB respectively. Thus numgitode ofthe wlonity of Pin piven Wy Yq 2% This the slope of OP. Snel inagnitue ofthe velocity of Q is given by Vq =22. Tis isthe slope of OQ. As OB >OA, Vg>Vo. the time considered (OC) being constant.Graphs In the given figure, the displacement-time graphs of two bodies R and T are shown by thick and thin lines respectively. It is clear from the figure that the bodies are moving with uniform velocity. Even though the initial displacement of T is less than that of R. (As the length of intercept on Y-axis for T is less than that of R), the slope of T is greater than that of R. Thus, the magnitude of uniform velocity of T is higher than that of R. YGraphs The displacement - time graph of a body is shown in figure. It is not a straight line, but is a curve. It is obvious from the figure that the displacement of the body is not equal in equal intervals of time. Thus the body has variable velocity. From the figure, it is clear that OA @ > 90° ss ) 1Graphs The displacement-time graph of a body is shown in figure. It is a curve and thus the velocity of the body is non-uniform. The velocity of the body at two different instants of time t, and t, is given by the slope of the tangents at the points P and Q as v, and v, respectively as shown in the figure. It is obvious from the figure that the slope at Q is more than that at P indicating that v,>v;. Also, it is obvious from the figure that as time increases, Displacement of the body decreases. Thus, the body is moving in opposite direction to the direction of displacement with acceleration. Y viGraphs The displacement-time graph of a body as shown in the figure is a curve. The body has initial displacement and as time increases, the displacement decreases. Thus the body is moving in opposite direction to the direction of displacement with non-uniform velocity. The velocity of the body at two instants t, and t, is given by the slopes of, the tangents drawn to the cure at points A and Bas v, and v, respectively. Itis obvious from the figure that the slope of the tangent at ‘Ais greater than the slope of the tangent at B. Thus v,>v;. This implies that the body is moving with retardation in the opposite direction to the direction of displacement.Graphs The position of the body at any intermediate time can be found out. Slope of the tangent to the curve gives instantaneous velocity at that moment. Average velocity is the slope of the line passing through the initial and final position on the curve. Nature of motion can be determined. The curve is a parabola for uniformly accelerated motion.Graphs Velocity — Time GraphGraphs The graph is a straight line along the x-axis, This implies the body is at rest. <Graphs The graph is a straight line parallel to the x- axis. This implies that the velocity does not change with respect to time. Thus the graph indicates the uniform velocity.Graphs ‘The graph is a straight line making an acute angle with the positive x-axis and passing through the origin. Thus the initial velocity of the body is zero and has equal increase in velocity in equal interval of time. Thus the body moves with uniform acceleration. The magnitude of the acceleration is given by the slope on the line. YThe velocity-time graph of a body is shown in figure. The graph is a straight line making an acute angle with the positive x-axis and having an intercept on the positive y-axis. Thus the body has some initial velocity and moves with uniform acceleration.Graphs The velocity-time graph of two bodies P and Q is as shown in figure. ‘The graphs are straight lines making acute angle with the positive x- axis and having intercepts on the positive y-axis. Thus both the bodies have initial velocities and move with uniform acceleration. The y-intercept of P is less than that of Q. This indicates that the velocit of Pis less than that of Q. But the slope of P is greater than that of Q This indicates that the mag de of uniform acceleration of P is greater than that of Q = P <Graphs The velocity time graph of a body is shown in figure. The graph is a curve starting from the origin. This implies that the body has zero initial velocity and moves with non-uniform or variable velocity. The acceleration of the body at instants t, and t, is given by the slopes of the tangents drawn to the curve at the point C and D and a, and a, respectively. From the figure it is obvious that a,>a,, Thus, the body moves with increasing acceleration. As the curve begins at the origin, the initial velocity of the body is zero. YGraphs. The velocity-time graph of a body is as shown in the figure. The graph is a curve which implies that the body is moving with variable velocity. The acceleration of the body at instants t, and t, is given by the slope of the tangents drawn to the curve at points E and F as a, and a, respectively. From the figure, it is obvious that a,>a,. Thus the body moves with decreasing acceleration. But it is not retardation as the velocity of the body is not decreasing with time. As the curve begins at the origin the initial velocity of the body is zero.Graphs The velocity time graph of a body is shown in figure. It is a straight line making an obtuse angle with the positive x-axis, There is some initial velocity of the body and has an equal decrease in velocity in equal intervals of time. Thus the body moves with uniform retardation, the magnitude of which is given by the slope of the line. 180° > @ > 90°Graphs The velocity time graph of a body is shown in figure. The graph is not a straight line and is a curve with the velocity of the body decreasing with time. This indicates that the body moves with non- uniform retardation. The slopes of the tangents drawn to the curve at the points G and H gives the retardation of the body at the instants t, and t, respectively. As the slope at G is greater than the slope at H, the body moves with decreasing retardationGraphs ‘The velocity time graph of a body is shown in figure. It is a curve indicating decrease in velocity with time. Thus the body has variable retardation. The retardation of the body at t, and t, instants of time are given by the slopes of the tangents drawn to the curve at points I and J respectively. It is obvious from the figure that retardation increases with time. Thus the body moves with increase in retardation having some initial velocity and the final velocity being zero.Graphs Uses: Nature of motion can be determined. Velocity at any instant can be found out. Area under the curve gives the displacement of the body. Slope of the tangent to the curve gives the instantaneous acceleration. Average acceleration is given by the slope of the line segment joi 1g initial velocity and final velocity. Equations of motions along straight line can be determined.Graphs Acceleration — Time graph:Graphs * Body moving with constant velocity and acceleration is zero.Graphs * Body moving with uniform acceleration. Acceleration is constant. at