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Data in GIS

The document discusses spatial and non-spatial data in GIS. It defines data as unorganized facts without meaning, while information is processed data that carries logical meaning. Raster data uses a grid of cells to represent information, like satellite imagery, while vector data represents geographic features precisely with points, lines, and polygons that have spatial locations and attributes. Both data types have advantages for different uses in GIS.

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ASHISH UPADHYAY
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29 views10 pages

Data in GIS

The document discusses spatial and non-spatial data in GIS. It defines data as unorganized facts without meaning, while information is processed data that carries logical meaning. Raster data uses a grid of cells to represent information, like satellite imagery, while vector data represents geographic features precisely with points, lines, and polygons that have spatial locations and attributes. Both data types have advantages for different uses in GIS.

Uploaded by

ASHISH UPADHYAY
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DATA IN GIS

Spatial and Non Spatial


Raster and Vector
Data and Information
Data Information

▪ Data is unorganized and unrefined facts ▪ Information comprises processed, organized


▪ Data is an individual unit that contains data presented in a meaningful context
raw materials which do not carry any ▪ Information is a group of data that collectively
specific meaning. carries a logical meaning.
▪ Data doesn’t depend on information. ▪ Information depends on data.
▪ Raw data alone is insufficient for decision ▪ Information is sufficient for decision making
making ▪ Example : Land Use Categories, Social Profile
▪ Example: Census Data, Satellite Data
Spatial & Attribute Data
Spatial Entities
• Maps have used symbols to represent real-world features. 'Entities' are things in the real world.
'Objects' are things in the digital world.
• Examination of a map will reveal three basic symbol types: points, lines and areas (Monmonier,
1996). These and are the basic spatial entities.
• Digital objects and associated attributes and values represent geographical entities.
• Map Features are holding the spatial information of the geographic feature entities, such as, the
spatial location like latitude, longitude, x, y, z, shape of points like churches and tram stops, lines
like roads and creeks, and polygons like blocks of land and parks.
Raster Data
• In its simplest form, a raster consists of
a matrix of cells (or pixels) organized
into rows and columns (or a grid) where
each cell contains a value representing
information, such as temperature. (ESRI)
• Rasters are digital aerial photographs,
imagery from satellites, digital pictures,
or even scanned maps. (ESRI)
• Raster Data is generally derived from
Satellite Sources(Basemaps, Images,
Drones etc) and Aerial Photographs.
General Characteristics
• In raster datasets, each cell (which is also known as
a pixel) has a value.
• The cell values represent the phenomenon
portrayed by the raster dataset such as a category,
magnitude, height, or spectral value.
• Spectral values are used in satellite imagery and
aerial photography to represent light reflectance
and color.
• Cell values can be either positive or negative,
integer, or floating point. Integer values are best
used to represent categorical (discrete) data and
floating-point values to represent continuous
surfaces.

Source : ESRI
Vector Data
• Vector representation of data allows us to give
specific spatial locations explicitly.
• A vector feature has its shape represented
using geometry. The geometry is made up of one
or more interconnected vertices. A vertex
describes a position in space using an X, Y and
optionally Z axis
• Vector data is comprised of lines or arcs,
defined by beginning and end points, which
meet at nodes.
• Vector features have attributes, which consist of
text or numerical information that describe the
features.
• When a feature’s geometry consists of only a single vertex, it is referred to as
a point feature.
• Where the geometry consists of two or more vertices and the first and last vertex are
not equal, a polyline feature is formed.
• Where three or more vertices are present, and the last vertex is equal to the first, an
enclosed polygon feature is formed

Source : https://docs.qgis.org/3.28/en/docs/gentle_gis_introduction/vector_data.html
Source : An Introduction To Geographical Information Systems By Ian Heywood , Sarah
Cornelius and Steve Carver
Advantages & Disadvantages

Source : NCERT

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