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Chemistry notes

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PDF Gallery - 20240224 - 113000

Chemistry notes

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umarfarooqphysicts
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LPMastin fed me 1935. js organic "of piper unit Adsorption chromatography. A solid stationary phase and a liquid or gascous mobile phase sre used. Solute is adsorbed on the surface of the solid particles. The more strongly a solute Is adsorbed, the slower it travels through the columa, Partition chromatography. A liquid stationary phase is bonded to a solid surface, which is ‘ypically the inside of the silica (SiO,) chromatography column in gas chromatography. Solute equilibrates between the stationary liquid and the mobile phase, which is a flowing ‘3 in gas chromatography. Jon-exchange chromatography. Anions such as —SO; or cations such as —N(CH,)s° are covalently attached to the stationary solid phase, usually a resin, inthis type of chromatog raphy. Solute ions of the opposite charge are attracted to the stationary phase by electr- static force. The mobile phase isa liquid. Molecular exclusion chromatography. Also called gel filtration or gel permeation chro: ‘matography, this technique separates molecules by size, with the larger solutes passing through most quickly. In the ideal case of molecular exclusion, there is no attractive inter action between the stationary phase and the solute. Rather, the liquid or zascous mobile ‘phase passes through a porous gel. The pores are small enough to exclude large solute mol- ‘cules but not small ones. Large molecules stream past without entering the pores. Small _mplecules take longer to pass through the column because they enter the gel and therefore ‘must flow through a larger volume before leaving the column. ‘Affinity chromatography. This most selective kind of chromatography employs specific interactions between one kind of solute molecule and a second molecule that is covalently sttached (immobilized) to the stationary phase. For example, the immobilized molecule ‘might be an antibody to a particular protein, When a mixture containing a thousand proteins is passed through the column, only the one proicin that reacts with the antibody binds to the column, Afterall other solutes have been washed from the column, the desired protein is dislodged by changing the pH or ionic strength. EEE 23-3 A Plumber's View of Chromatography ‘The speed of the mobile phase passing through a chromatography column is expressed either asa volume flow rate or asa lincar flow ratc. Consider a liquid chromatography experiment in which the column has an inner diameter of 0.60 cm (radius ™ r= 0.30 cm) and the imbile phase occupies 20% of the column volume. Each centimeter of column length has a ‘volume of (rr? X length) = 11(0.30 cm)*(1 cm) = 0283 mL, of which 20% (= 0056 5 mL.) is mobile phase (solvent). The volume flow rate, such as 0.30 mL/min, tells how many mil- liters of solvent per minute travel through the column. The linear flow rate tells how many centimeters are traveled in 1 min by the solvent. Because 1 cm of column length contains £0056 $ mL. of mobile phase, 0.30 mL. would occupy (0.30 mL.)/(0.056 $ mLJem) = $.3 em of columa length. The linear flow rate corresponding to 0.30 mL/min is 5.3 em/min, The Chromatogram Solutcs cluted from a chromatography column are observed with various detectors described. in later chapters. A chromatogram is a graph showing the detector response asa function of elution time. Figure 23-7 shows what might be observed when a mixture of octane, nonane, and an unknown is separated by gas chromatography, which is described in Chapter 24. The ! bt

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