to: tả vị trí trên biểu đồ lấy vị trí khác làm mốc

in: tả vị trí trên biểu đồ lấy biểu đồ làm mốc

ở phía trong

as for: considering or speaking about

&ĞĞĚďĂĐŬĨƌŽŵĂŶdžͲĞdžĂŵŝŶĞƌ

KsZ>>E^KZ  ϴ  ϴнϴнϴнϵ
^>KtΘ>Z'Z DK>E^tZ
tZ/d/E'd^<ϭ

zŽƵƐŚŽƵůĚƐƉĞŶĚĂďŽƵƚϮϬŵŝŶƵƚĞƐŽŶƚŚŝƐƚĂƐŬ͘

dŚĞŐƌĂƉŚďĞůŽǁƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐƚŚĞĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚƉĂƚƚĞƌŶƐŝŶƚŚĞh^ďĞƚǁĞĞŶϭϵϯϬĂŶĚϮϬϭϬ͘^ƵŵŵĂƌŝnjĞƚŚĞ
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶďLJƐĞůĞĐƚŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉŽƌƚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞĨĞĂƚƵƌĞƐ͕ĂŶĚŵĂŬĞĐŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶƐǁŚĞƌĞƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚ͘




 

Ϯϭ


4 SEP 2023 18
 zŽƵƌĂŶƐǁĞƌ

dŚĞůŝŶĞŐƌĂƉŚŐŝǀĞƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞƌŝĐĂŶǁŽƌŬĞƌƐŝŶǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƐĞĐƚŽƌƐ
ĨƌŽŵϭϵϯϬƚŽϮϬϭϬ͘

KǀĞƌĂůů͕ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞŐŝǀĞŶƉĞƌŝŽĚ͕ƚŚĞŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů͕ƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů͕ĂŶĚƐĂůĞƐΘŽĨĨŝĐĞƐĞĐƚŽƌƐĞŵĞƌŐĞĚ
ĂƐŵĂũŽƌĞŵƉůŽLJĞƌƐ͘/ŶĐŽŶƚƌĂƐƚ͕ƚŚĞƌĞǁĂƐ ĂƐŚĂƌƉĚŽǁŶǁĂƌĚƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞ
ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐŝŶƚŚĞĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƐĞĐƚŽƌ͕ďĞĐŽŵŝŶŐƚŚĞůĞĂƐƚĐŚŽƐĞŶŽŶĞďLJƚŚĞĞŶĚŽĨƚŚĞƚŝŵĞĨƌĂŵĞ͘

ZĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĞƐƚŚĂƚŐĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƉŽƉƵůĂƌŝƚLJ͕ŝŶϭϵϯϬ͕ǀŝƌƚƵĂůůLJŶŽŵĞƌŝĐĂŶƐǁĞƌĞĞŶŐĂŐĞĚŝŶ
ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ĂŶĚ ƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů ũŽďƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ŽŶůLJ ϭϬй ƉƵƌƐƵĞĚ ƐĂůĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŽĨĨŝĐĞ ŽĐĐƵƉĂƚŝŽŶƐ͘ dŚĞƌĞĂĨƚĞƌ͕
ŚĂǀŝŶŐƌĞŵĂŝŶĞĚĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƵŶƚŝůϭϵϲϬ͕ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůũŽďƐďĞŐĂŶĂƚƚƌĂĐƚŝŶŐŵŽƌĞǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͕ǁŝƚŚŝƚƐ
ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞƐƌŝƐŝŶŐŐƌĂĚƵĂůůLJƚŽĂƉĞĂŬŽĨƌŽƵŐŚůLJϯϱйŝŶďŽƚŚϮϬϬϬĂŶĚϮϬϭϬ͘^ŝŵŝůĂƌƵƉǁĂƌĚ
ƚƌĞŶĚƐǁĞƌĞĂůƐŽǁŝƚŶĞƐƐĞĚŝŶƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂůĂŶĚƐĂůĞƐĂŶĚŽĨĨŝĐĞƉŽƐŝƚŝŽŶƐ͕ĂƐƚŚĞŝƌƉĂƌƚŝĐŝƉĂƚŝŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
ƵŶĚĞƌǁĞŶƚƐƚĞĂĚLJŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐŽǀĞƌĂůů͕ƚŽĂƌŽƵŶĚϯϬйĂŶĚϮϬйƌĞƐƉĞĐƚŝǀĞůLJŝŶƚŚĞĨŝŶĂůLJĞĂƌ͕ŵĂŬŝŶŐ
ƚŚĞŵƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚŝƌĚŵŽƐƚĐŽŵŵŽŶŽĐĐƵƉĂƚŝŽŶƐ͘

KŶƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌŚĂŶĚ͕ĚĞƐƉŝƚĞďĞŝŶŐƚŚĞĚŽŵŝŶĂŶƚŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJŝŶϭϵϯϬ͕ǁŝƚŚĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞůLJϳϱйŽĨƚŚĞ
ůĂďŽƌĨŽƌĐĞĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚŝŶĨĂƌŵŝŶŐ͕ĨŝƐŚŝŶŐĂŶĚĨŽƌĞƐƚŝŶŐ͕ƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƚŽƌƐĂǁĂĚƌĂŵĂƚŝĐĚĞĐůŝŶĞŽǀĞƌ
ƚŚĞLJĞĂƌƐ͕ƌĞĂĐŚŝŶŐĂůŽǁŽĨŽŶůLJϱйŝŶϮϬϭϬ͘&ŝŶĂůůLJ͕ƚŚĞƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞƐŽĨǁŽƌŬĞƌƐŝŶŽƚŚĞƌƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ
ƌŽƐĞƐůŝŐŚƚůLJĨƌŽŵϭϬйƚŽϭϱйŝŶƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚĚĞĐĂĚĞ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞŶĨĞůůƚŽĂƌĞůĂƚŝǀĞůLJƐƚĂďůĞůĞǀĞůŽĨĂƌŽƵŶĚ
ϭϬйĨŽƌƚŚĞƌĞƐƚŽĨƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚ͘


 

ϮϮ


4 SEP 2023 19
KǀĞƌĂůůďĂŶĚƐĐŽƌĞ  ϴ  ϴнϴнϴнϵ

dʹdĂƐŬĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚŶďʹ'ZĂŶĚ>ZĞƌƌŽƌƐŚĂǀĞŶŽƚďĞĞŶĐŽƌƌĞĐƚĞĚ

ĂŶĚƐĐŽƌĞϴ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞƐŽŵĞŵŝŶŽƌŝŶĂĐĐƵƌĂĐŝĞƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐǁŚLJ/ŐĂǀĞLJŽƵϴŝŶƐƚĞĂĚŽĨϵ͘
zŽƵĐŽǀĞƌĞĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐŽĨƚŚĞƚĂƐŬ͘
ůůƚŚĞŬĞLJĨĞĂƚƵƌĞƐĂŶĚĚĞƚĂŝůƐĂƌĞŐŝǀĞŶĐůĞĂƌůLJǁŝƚŚƐƵĨĨŝĐŝĞŶƚĚĞƚĂŝůĂŶĚĂĐĐƵƌĂĐLJ͘



Recommended Layout for Task 1 Answers
Write an introduction paraphrasing the information provided. If possible, change the
structure from a noun phrase to a noun clause (change the chart gives information about
the number of to the chart shows how many […] ).
Write a clear overview of the main trends, differences, and stages. If there are trends
and differences (ie if there are changes over time), give some information about both.
If there are only differences, as in questions with no time scale, provide differences of
more than one type.
Put the overview after the introduction in a separate paragraph. Don’t hide it in the
introduction or at the end, as it’s the first thing the examiner looks for.
Separate your paragraphs with blank lines. It looks better and there can be no doubt
that it is a new paragraph.
Write one or more paragraphs about the information itself and organise it logically.
Use signposting phrases to show your organisation to the examiner. Eg Looking first
at the most popular reasons, […]
It’s not necessary to write a conclusion, because you’ve already given the information
in an overview.

dŚĞůŝŶĞŐƌĂƉŚŐŝǀĞƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞƌŝĐĂŶǁŽƌŬĞƌƐŝŶǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƐĞĐƚŽƌƐ
ĨƌŽŵϭϵϯϬƚŽϮϬϭϬ͘ Đã chú thích [2]: OK introduction, but see C&C & GRA

KǀĞƌĂůů͕ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞŐŝǀĞŶƉĞƌŝŽĚ͕ƚŚĞŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů͕ƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů͕ĂŶĚƐĂůĞƐΘŽĨĨŝĐĞƐĞĐƚŽƌƐĞŵĞƌŐĞĚ
Đã chú thích [3]: I’m not sure fishing counts as
ĂƐŵĂũŽƌĞŵƉůŽLJĞƌƐ͘/ŶĐŽŶƚƌĂƐƚ͕ƚŚĞƌĞǁĂƐĂƐŚĂƌƉĚŽǁŶǁĂƌĚƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞ agricultural
ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐŝŶƚŚĞĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƐĞĐƚŽƌ͕ďĞĐŽŵŝŶŐƚŚĞůĞĂƐƚĐŚŽƐĞŶŽŶĞďLJƚŚĞĞŶĚŽĨƚŚĞƚŝŵĞĨƌĂŵĞ͘ Đã chú thích [4]: Clear overview
I’d also point out that FFF was by far the most popular
at the start

Ϯϯ


4 SEP 2023 20
 
ZĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĞƐƚŚĂƚŐĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƉŽƉƵůĂƌŝƚLJ͕ŝŶϭϵϯϬ͕ǀŝƌƚƵĂůůLJŶŽŵĞƌŝĐĂŶƐǁĞƌĞĞŶŐĂŐĞĚŝŶ
ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ĂŶĚ ƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů ũŽďƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ŽŶůLJ ϭϬй ƉƵƌƐƵĞĚ ƐĂůĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŽĨĨŝĐĞ ŽĐĐƵƉĂƚŝŽŶƐ͘ dŚĞƌĞĂĨƚĞƌ͕
ŚĂǀŝŶŐƌĞŵĂŝŶĞĚĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƵŶƚŝůϭϵϲϬ͕ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůũŽďƐďĞŐĂŶĂƚƚƌĂĐƚŝŶŐŵŽƌĞǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͕ǁŝƚŚŝƚƐ
ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞƐƌŝƐŝŶŐŐƌĂĚƵĂůůLJƚŽĂƉĞĂŬŽĨƌŽƵŐŚůLJϯϱйŝŶďŽƚŚϮϬϬϬĂŶĚϮϬϭϬ͘^ŝŵŝůĂƌƵƉǁĂƌĚ
ƚƌĞŶĚƐǁĞƌĞĂůƐŽǁŝƚŶĞƐƐĞĚŝŶƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂůĂŶĚƐĂůĞƐĂŶĚŽĨĨŝĐĞƉŽƐŝƚŝŽŶƐ͕ĂƐƚŚĞŝƌƉĂƌƚŝĐŝƉĂƚŝŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
ƵŶĚĞƌǁĞŶƚƐƚĞĂĚLJŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐŽǀĞƌĂůů͕ƚŽĂƌŽƵŶĚϯϬйĂŶĚϮϬйƌĞƐƉĞĐƚŝǀĞůLJŝŶƚŚĞĨŝŶĂůLJĞĂƌ͕ŵĂŬŝŶŐ
ƚŚĞŵƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚŝƌĚŵŽƐƚĐŽŵŵŽŶŽĐĐƵƉĂƚŝŽŶƐ͘
KŶƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌŚĂŶĚ͕ĚĞƐƉŝƚĞďĞŝŶŐƚŚĞĚŽŵŝŶĂŶƚŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJŝŶϭϵϯϬ͕ǁŝƚŚĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞůLJϳϱйŽĨƚŚĞ
ůĂďŽƌĨŽƌĐĞĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚŝŶĨĂƌŵŝŶŐ͕ĨŝƐŚŝŶŐĂŶĚĨŽƌĞƐƚŝŶŐ͕ƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƚŽƌƐĂǁĂĚƌĂŵĂƚŝĐĚĞĐůŝŶĞŽǀĞƌ
ƚŚĞLJĞĂƌƐ͕ƌĞĂĐŚŝŶŐĂůŽǁŽĨŽŶůLJϱйŝŶϮϬϭϬ͘&ŝŶĂůůLJ͕ƚŚĞƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞƐŽĨǁŽƌŬĞƌƐŝŶŽƚŚĞƌƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ
ƌŽƐĞƐůŝŐŚƚůLJĨƌŽŵϭϬйƚŽϭϱйŝŶƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚĚĞĐĂĚĞ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞŶĨĞůůƚŽĂƌĞůĂƚŝǀĞůLJƐƚĂďůĞůĞǀĞůŽĨĂƌŽƵŶĚ
ϭϬйĨŽƌƚŚĞƌĞƐƚŽĨƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚ͘ Đã chú thích [5]: Information is summarised accurately
and clearly

 

Ϯϰ


4 SEP 2023 21
ΘͲŽŚĞƐŝŽŶĂŶĚŽŚĞƌĞŶĐĞŶď'ZĂŶĚ>ZĞƌƌŽƌƐŚĂǀĞŶŽƚďĞĞŶĐŽƌƌĞĐƚĞĚ
ĂŶĚƐĐŽƌĞϴ
zŽƵƌŵĞƚŚŽĚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƚŝŽŶŝƐůŽŐŝĐĂůĂŶĚĐůĞĂƌůLJƐŝŐŶƉŽƐƚĞĚ͘
dŚĞƌĞŝƐĐůĞĂƌƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝŽŶƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚ͘


dŚĞƵƐĞŽĨĐŽŚĞƐŝǀĞĚĞǀŝĐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐŝŶŐŝƐĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚ͘



The following are correct signposting phrases for writing Task 1 Academic, not
necessarily of this question.
Phrase Example
Turning first to Turning first to the most popular devices,
Looking first at iPhones […]
As far as […] is concerned, As far as the Northern Network is concerned,
passenger numbers […]
With regard to With regard to single people, they were the
With respect to least likely […]
As for As for beef consumption, a steady decline was
seen […]
Regarding Regarding beef consumption, after starting the
period at […]
In terms of In terms of fish, […]

dŚĞůŝŶĞŐƌĂƉŚŐŝǀĞƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞƌŝĐĂŶǁŽƌŬĞƌƐŝŶǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƐĞĐƚŽƌƐ Đã chú thích [6]: Better: the proportion of American
workers employed
ĨƌŽŵϭϵϯϬƚŽϮϬϭϬ͘
KǀĞƌĂůů͕ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞŐŝǀĞŶƉĞƌŝŽĚ͕ƚŚĞŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů͕ƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů͕ĂŶĚƐĂůĞƐΘŽĨĨŝĐĞƐĞĐƚŽƌƐĞŵĞƌŐĞĚ
ĂƐŵĂũŽƌĞŵƉůŽLJĞƌƐ͘/ŶĐŽŶƚƌĂƐƚ͕ƚŚĞƌĞǁĂƐĂƐŚĂƌƉĚŽǁŶǁĂƌĚƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞ
ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐŝŶƚŚĞĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƐĞĐƚŽƌ͕ďĞĐŽŵŝŶŐƚŚĞůĞĂƐƚĐŚŽƐĞŶŽŶĞďLJƚŚĞĞŶĚŽĨƚŚĞƚŝŵĞĨƌĂŵĞ͘ Đã chú thích [7]: Better: falling from by far the most
popular sector to the least
ZĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĞƐƚŚĂƚŐĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƉŽƉƵůĂƌŝƚLJ͕ŝŶϭϵϯϬ͕ǀŝƌƚƵĂůůLJŶŽŵĞƌŝĐĂŶƐǁĞƌĞĞŶŐĂŐĞĚŝŶ
ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ĂŶĚ ƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů ũŽďƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ŽŶůLJ ϭϬй ƉƵƌƐƵĞĚ ƐĂůĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŽĨĨŝĐĞ ŽĐĐƵƉĂƚŝŽŶƐ͘ dŚĞƌĞĂĨƚĞƌ͕
ŚĂǀŝŶŐƌĞŵĂŝŶĞĚĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƵŶƚŝůϭϵϲϬ͕ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůũŽďƐďĞŐĂŶĂƚƚƌĂĐƚŝŶŐŵŽƌĞǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͕ǁŝƚŚŝƚƐ
ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞƐƌŝƐŝŶŐŐƌĂĚƵĂůůLJƚŽĂƉĞĂŬŽĨƌŽƵŐŚůLJϯϱйŝŶďŽƚŚϮϬϬϬĂŶĚϮϬϭϬ͘^ŝŵŝůĂƌƵƉǁĂƌĚ

Ϯϱ


4 SEP 2023 22
 ƚƌĞŶĚƐǁĞƌĞĂůƐŽǁŝƚŶĞƐƐĞĚŝŶƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂůĂŶĚƐĂůĞƐĂŶĚŽĨĨŝĐĞƉŽƐŝƚŝŽŶƐ͕ĂƐƚŚĞŝƌƉĂƌƚŝĐŝƉĂƚŝŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
ƵŶĚĞƌǁĞŶƚ ƐƚĞĂĚLJ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐ ŽǀĞƌĂůů͕ ƚŽ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ϯϬй ĂŶĚ ϮϬй͕ ƌĞƐƉĞĐƚŝǀĞůLJ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĨŝŶĂů LJĞĂƌ͕
ŵĂŬŝŶŐƚŚĞŵƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚŝƌĚŵŽƐƚĐŽŵŵŽŶŽĐĐƵƉĂƚŝŽŶƐ͘
KŶƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌŚĂŶĚ͕ĚĞƐƉŝƚĞďĞŝŶŐƚŚĞĚŽŵŝŶĂŶƚŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJŝŶϭϵϯϬ͕ǁŝƚŚĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞůLJϳϱйŽĨƚŚĞ
ůĂďŽƌĨŽƌĐĞĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚŝŶĨĂƌŵŝŶŐ͕ĨŝƐŚŝŶŐĂŶĚĨŽƌĞƐƚŝŶŐ͕ƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƚŽƌƐĂǁĂĚƌĂŵĂƚŝĐĚĞĐůŝŶĞŽǀĞƌ
ƚŚĞLJĞĂƌƐ͕ƌĞĂĐŚŝŶŐĂůŽǁŽĨŽŶůLJϱйŝŶϮϬϭϬ͘&ŝŶĂůůLJ͕ƚŚĞƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞƐŽĨǁŽƌŬĞƌƐŝŶŽƚŚĞƌƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ
ƌŽƐĞƐůŝŐŚƚůLJĨƌŽŵϭϬйƚŽϭϱйŝŶƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚĚĞĐĂĚĞ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞŶĨĞůůƚŽĂƌĞůĂƚŝǀĞůLJƐƚĂďůĞůĞǀĞůŽĨĂƌŽƵŶĚ
ϭϬйĨŽƌƚŚĞƌĞƐƚŽĨƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚ͘ Đã chú thích [8]: Good

Ϯϲ


4 SEP 2023 23
>ZͲͲ>ĞdžŝĐĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞŶď^ŽŵĞ'ZĞƌƌŽƌƐŚĂǀĞŶŽƚďĞĞŶĐŽƌƌĞĐƚĞĚ͘
ĂŶĚƐĐŽƌĞϴ
sŽĐĂďƵůĂƌLJŝƐƵƐĞĚĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞůLJǁŝƚŚƐƵĨĨŝĐŝĞŶƚĨůĞdžŝďŝůŝƚLJƚŽƐŚŽǁƉƌĞĐŝƐĞŵĞĂŶŝŶŐ͕ĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŽŶůLJ
ŵŝŶŽƌŝŶĂĐĐƵƌĂĐŝĞƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŐŽŽĚĨŽƌĂďĂŶĚƐĐŽƌĞϴ͘




dŚĞůŝŶĞŐƌĂƉŚŐŝǀĞƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞƌŝĐĂŶǁŽƌŬĞƌƐŝŶǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƐĞĐƚŽƌƐ
ĨƌŽŵϭϵϯϬƚŽϮϬϭϬ͘
KǀĞƌĂůů͕ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞŐŝǀĞŶƉĞƌŝŽĚ͕ƚŚĞŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů͕ƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů͕ĂŶĚƐĂůĞƐΘŽĨĨŝĐĞƐĞĐƚŽƌƐĞŵĞƌŐĞĚ
ĂƐŵĂũŽƌĞŵƉůŽLJĞƌƐ͘/ŶĐŽŶƚƌĂƐƚ͕ƚŚĞƌĞǁĂƐĂƐŚĂƌƉĚŽǁŶǁĂƌĚƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞ
ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐŝŶƚŚĞĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƐĞĐƚŽƌ͕ďĞĐŽŵŝŶŐƚŚĞůĞĂƐƚĐŚŽƐĞŶŽŶĞďLJƚŚĞĞŶĚŽĨƚŚĞƚŝŵĞĨƌĂŵĞ͘ Đã chú thích [9]: Popular
ZĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĞƐƚŚĂƚŐĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƉŽƉƵůĂƌŝƚLJ͕ŝŶϭϵϯϬ͕ǀŝƌƚƵĂůůLJŶŽŵĞƌŝĐĂŶƐǁĞƌĞĞŶŐĂŐĞĚŝŶ
ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ĂŶĚ ƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů ũŽďƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ŽŶůLJ ϭϬй ƉƵƌƐƵĞĚ ƐĂůĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŽĨĨŝĐĞ ŽĐĐƵƉĂƚŝŽŶƐ͘ dŚĞƌĞĂĨƚĞƌ͕
ŚĂǀŝŶŐƌĞŵĂŝŶĞĚĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƵŶƚŝůϭϵϲϬ͕ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůũŽďƐƚŚĞŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƐĞĐƚŽƌďĞŐĂŶĂƚƚƌĂĐƚŝŶŐŵŽƌĞ Đã chú thích [10]: It makes more sense to say this
ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͕ǁŝƚŚŝƚƐƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞƐƌŝƐŝŶŐŐƌĂĚƵĂůůLJƚŽĂƉĞĂŬŽĨƌŽƵŐŚůLJϯϱйŝŶďŽƚŚϮϬϬϬĂŶĚϮϬϭϬ͘ Đã chú thích [11]: It’s not a peak because we don’t
know what happens next – it might continue to rise
^ŝŵŝůĂƌƵƉǁĂƌĚƚƌĞŶĚƐǁĞƌĞĂůƐŽǁŝƚŶĞƐƐĞĚŝŶƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂůĂŶĚƐĂůĞƐĂŶĚŽĨĨŝĐĞƉŽƐŝƚŝŽŶƐ͕ĂƐƚŚĞŝƌ Better to end the sentence with participle phrase — ,
ƉĂƌƚŝĐŝƉĂƚŝŽŶƌĂƚĞƐƵŶĚĞƌǁĞŶƚƐƚĞĂĚLJŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐŽǀĞƌĂůů͕ƚŽĂƌŽƵŶĚϯϬйĂŶĚϮϬйƌĞƐƉĞĐƚŝǀĞůLJŝŶ ending up at its highest level of […]

ƚŚĞĨŝŶĂůLJĞĂƌ͕ŵĂŬŝŶŐƚŚĞŵƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚŝƌĚŵŽƐƚĐŽŵŵŽŶŽĐĐƵƉĂƚŝŽŶƐ͘
KŶƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌŚĂŶĚ͕ĚĞƐƉŝƚĞďĞŝŶŐƚŚĞĚŽŵŝŶĂŶƚŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJŝŶϭϵϯϬ͕ǁŝƚŚĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞůLJϳϱйŽĨƚŚĞ
ůĂďŽƌĨŽƌĐĞĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚŝŶĨĂƌŵŝŶŐ͕ĨŝƐŚŝŶŐĂŶĚĨŽƌĞƐƚŝŶŐ͕ƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƚŽƌƐĂǁĂĚƌĂŵĂƚŝĐĚĞĐůŝŶĞŽǀĞƌ
ƚŚĞLJĞĂƌƐ͕ƌĞĂĐŚŝŶŐĂůŽǁŽĨŽŶůLJϱйŝŶϮϬϭϬ͘&ŝŶĂůůLJ͕ƚŚĞƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞƐƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞŽĨǁŽƌŬĞƌƐŝŶ Đã chú thích [12]: Proportion is better
ŽƚŚĞƌƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƌŽƐĞƐůŝŐŚƚůLJĨƌŽŵϭϬйƚŽϭϱйŝŶƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚĚĞĐĂĚĞ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞŶĨĞůůďĂĐŬƚŽĂƌĞůĂƚŝǀĞůLJ Đã chú thích [13]: A 50% rise is not really slight
ƐƚĂďůĞůĞǀĞůŽĨĂƌŽƵŶĚϭϬйĨŽƌƚŚĞƌĞƐƚŽĨƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚ͘

'ZͲ'ƌĂŵŵĂƚŝĐĂůƌĂŶŐĞĂŶĚĂĐĐƵƌĂĐLJŶď^ŽŵĞ>ZĞƌƌŽƌƐŚĂǀĞŶŽƚďĞĞŶĐŽƌƌĞĐƚĞĚ
ĂŶĚƐĐŽƌĞϵ
'ƌĂŵŵĂƌŝƐƵƐĞĚĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞůLJǁŝƚŚĂǁŝĚĞǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŐŽŽĚĨŽƌĂďĂŶĚ
ƐĐŽƌĞϵ͘
WƵŶĐƚƵĂƚŝŽŶŝƐƵƐĞĚĐŽƌƌĞĐƚůLJƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚ͘

Ϯϳ


4 SEP 2023 24
ƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚ͘



dŚĞůŝŶĞŐƌĂƉŚŐŝǀĞƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞƌŝĐĂŶǁŽƌŬĞƌƐŝŶǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƐĞĐƚŽƌƐ
ĨƌŽŵϭϵϯϬƚŽϮϬϭϬ͘ Đã chú thích [14]: Or how the proportion of workers
changed in various employment sectors in the US from
KǀĞƌĂůů͕ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞŐŝǀĞŶƉĞƌŝŽĚ͕ƚŚĞŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů͕ƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů͕ĂŶĚƐĂůĞƐΘŽĨĨŝĐĞƐĞĐƚŽƌƐĞŵĞƌŐĞĚ […]

ĂƐŵĂũŽƌĞŵƉůŽLJĞƌƐ͘/ŶĐŽŶƚƌĂƐƚ͕ƚŚĞƌĞǁĂƐĂƐŚĂƌƉĚŽǁŶǁĂƌĚƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞ
ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐŝŶƚŚĞĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƐĞĐƚŽƌ͕ďĞĐŽŵŝŶŐƚŚĞůĞĂƐƚĐŚŽƐĞŶŽŶĞďLJƚŚĞĞŶĚŽĨƚŚĞƚŝŵĞĨƌĂŵĞ͘
ZĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĞƐƚŚĂƚŐĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƉŽƉƵůĂƌŝƚLJ͕ŝŶϭϵϯϬ͕ǀŝƌƚƵĂůůLJŶŽŵĞƌŝĐĂŶƐǁĞƌĞĞŶŐĂŐĞĚŝŶ
ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ĂŶĚ ƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů ũŽďƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ŽŶůLJ ϭϬй ƉƵƌƐƵĞĚ ƐĂůĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŽĨĨŝĐĞ ŽĐĐƵƉĂƚŝŽŶƐ͘ dŚĞƌĞĂĨƚĞƌ͕
ŚĂǀŝŶŐƌĞŵĂŝŶĞĚĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƵŶƚŝůϭϵϲϬ͕ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůũŽďƐďĞŐĂŶĂƚƚƌĂĐƚŝŶŐŵŽƌĞǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͕ǁŝƚŚŝƚƐ Đã định dạng: Phông: 12 pt, Màu phông: Đỏ
ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞƐƌŝƐŝŶŐŐƌĂĚƵĂůůLJƚŽĂƉĞĂŬŽĨƌŽƵŐŚůLJϯϱйŝŶďŽƚŚϮϬϬϬĂŶĚϮϬϭϬ͘^ŝŵŝůĂƌƵƉǁĂƌĚ Đã định dạng: Phông: 12 pt, Màu phông: Đỏ
ƚƌĞŶĚƐǁĞƌĞĂůƐŽǁŝƚŶĞƐƐĞĚŝŶƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂůĂŶĚƐĂůĞƐĂŶĚŽĨĨŝĐĞƉŽƐŝƚŝŽŶƐ͕ĂƐƚŚĞŝƌƉĂƌƚŝĐŝƉĂƚŝŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
ƵŶĚĞƌǁĞŶƚƐƚĞĂĚLJŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐŽǀĞƌĂůů͕ƚŽĂƌŽƵŶĚϯϬйĂŶĚϮϬйƌĞƐƉĞĐƚŝǀĞůLJŝŶƚŚĞĨŝŶĂůLJĞĂƌ͕ŵĂŬŝŶŐ
ƚŚĞŵƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚŝƌĚŵŽƐƚĐŽŵŵŽŶŽĐĐƵƉĂƚŝŽŶƐ͘
KŶƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌŚĂŶĚ͕ĚĞƐƉŝƚĞďĞŝŶŐƚŚĞĚŽŵŝŶĂŶƚŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJŝŶϭϵϯϬ͕ǁŝƚŚĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞůLJϳϱйŽĨƚŚĞ
ůĂďŽƌĨŽƌĐĞĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚŝŶĨĂƌŵŝŶŐ͕ĨŝƐŚŝŶŐĂŶĚĨŽƌĞƐƚŝŶŐ͕ƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƚŽƌƐĂǁĂĚƌĂŵĂƚŝĐĚĞĐůŝŶĞŽǀĞƌ
ƚŚĞLJĞĂƌƐ͕ƌĞĂĐŚŝŶŐĂůŽǁŽĨŽŶůLJϱйŝŶϮϬϭϬ͘&ŝŶĂůůLJ͕ƚŚĞƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞƐŽĨǁŽƌŬĞƌƐŝŶŽƚŚĞƌƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ
ƌŽƐĞƐůŝŐŚƚůLJĨƌŽŵϭϬйƚŽϭϱйŝŶƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚĚĞĐĂĚĞ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞŶĨĞůůƚŽĂƌĞůĂƚŝǀĞůLJƐƚĂďůĞůĞǀĞůŽĨĂƌŽƵŶĚ
ϭϬйĨŽƌƚŚĞƌĞƐƚŽĨƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚ͘









KsZ>>E^KZ  ϴ  ϴнϴнϴнϵ
^>KtΘ>Z'ZDK>E^tZ
tZ/d/E'd^<Ϯ

zŽƵƐŚŽƵůĚƐƉĞŶĚĂďŽƵƚϰϬŵŝŶƵƚĞƐŽŶƚŚŝƐƚĂƐŬ͘tƌŝƚĞĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƚŽƉŝĐ͘

Ϯϴ


4 SEP 2023 25
^ŽŵĞĞdžƉĞƌƚƐƐƵƉƉŽƐĞďĞůŝĞǀĞƚŚĂƚǁŚĞŶĂĐŽƵŶƚƌLJŝƐĂůƌĞĂĚLJƌŝĐŚ͕ĂŶLJĂĚĚŝƚŝŽŶĂůŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞŝŶ
ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐǁĞĂůƚŚĚŽĞƐŶŽƚŵĂŬĞŝƚƐĐŝƚŝnjĞŶƐŚĂƉƉŝĞƌ͘
dŽǁŚĂƚĞdžƚĞŶƚĚŽLJŽƵĂŐƌĞĞŽƌĚŝƐĂŐƌĞĞ͍
'ŝǀĞƌĞĂƐŽŶƐĨŽƌLJŽƵƌĂŶƐǁĞƌĂŶĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĂŶLJƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐĨƌŽŵLJŽƵƌŽǁŶŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞŽƌ
ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ͘

tƌŝƚĞĂƚůĞĂƐƚϮϱϬǁŽƌĚƐ͘

KƌŝŐŝŶĂůĂŶƐǁĞƌͲ
KƉŝŶŝŽŶƐ ĂƌĞ ĚŝǀŝĚĞĚ ŽŶ ǁŚĞƚŚĞƌ ĂĚĚŝƚŝŽŶĂů ǁĞĂůƚŚ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĂĐƚŝǀŝƚŝĞƐ ŝŶ
ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚĞƐƚŽŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚŚĂƉƉŝŶĞƐƐĂŵŽŶŐƚŚĞŝƌĐŝƚŝnjĞŶƐ͘tŚŝůĞƐŽŵĞ
ŵŝŐŚƚĚŝƐƉƵƚĞƚŚŝƐŶŽƚŝŽŶ͕/ĨŝƌŵůLJďĞůŝĞǀĞŝƚŚŽůĚƐŵĞƌŝƚ͘
^ŽŵĞĂƌŐƵĞƚŚĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƵĐĐĞƐƐůŽƐĞƐŝƚƐƐŝŐŶŝĨŝĐĂŶĐĞŝŶĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐǁŚĞƌĞǁĞĂůƚŚŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚLJŝƐ
ƐƚŝůůĂŵĂũŽƌŝƐƐƵĞ͘ĐĂƐĞŝŶƉŽŝŶƚŝƐ^ĂƵĚŝƌĂďŝĂ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŚĂƐƚŚĞůĂƌŐĞƐƚŽŝůƌĞƐĞƌǀĞƐŝŶƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͘
,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ƚŚĞ ƌĞǀĞŶƵĞ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚŝƐ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ ƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůLJ ďĞŶĞĨŝƚƐ ŝƚƐ ƌŽLJĂů ĨĂŵŝůLJ͕ ůĞĂǀŝŶŐ
ŵŝůůŝŽŶƐ ŽĨ ŝƚƐ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ ŝŶ ŝŵƉŽǀĞƌŝƐŚĞĚ ĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶƐ͘ &ƵƌƚŚĞƌŵŽƌĞ͕ ŝŶ ŶĂƚŝŽŶƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƉƌŝŽƌŝƚŝnjĞ
ŵŝůŝƚĂƌLJĂĐƚŝǀŝƚŝĞƐŽǀĞƌƐŽĐŝĂůǁĞůĨĂƌĞ͕ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŐƌŽǁƚŚŵŝŐŚƚŶŽƚŶŽƚŝĐĞĂďůLJŝŵƉƌŽǀĞƚŚĞůŝǀŝŶŐ
ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŐĞŶĞƌĂů ƉŽƉƵůĂƚŝŽŶ͘ &Žƌ ŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞ͕ ŶƵŵĞƌŽƵƐ ŵĞƌŝĐĂŶƐ ƐƚƌƵŐŐůĞ ǁŝƚŚ
ŚŽŵĞůĞƐƐŶĞƐƐ͕ƵŶĂďůĞƚŽŵĞĞƚƚŚĞŝƌďĂƐŝĐŶĞĞĚƐ͕ĞǀĞŶƚŚŽƵŐŚƚŚĞŝƌĐŽƵŶƚƌLJŝŶǀĞƐƚƐǀĂƐƚƐƵŵƐŽĨ
ŵŽŶĞLJŝŶŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĨůŝĐƚƐ͘
,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ĚĞƐƉŝƚĞƚŚĞĨĞǁĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŵĞŶƚŝŽŶĞĚĂďŽǀĞ͕/ĐŽŶƚĞŶĚƚŚĂƚƌĞŐĂƌĚůĞƐƐŽĨĂĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ͛Ɛ
ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚĂƚƵƐ͕ĂŐƌŽǁŝŶŐĞĐŽŶŽŵLJŐĞŶĞƌĂůůLJĐŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞƐǁŝƚŚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚƐĂƚŝƐĨĂĐƚŝŽŶǁŝƚŚůŝĨĞ
ĂŵŽŶŐŝƚƐĐŝƚŝnjĞŶƐ͘KŶĞŵĂũŽƌƌĞĂƐŽŶŝƐƚŚĂƚŽƵƌƐĞŶƐĞŽĨĨƵůĨŝůůŵĞŶƚŽĨƚĞŶƐƚĞŵƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂĐƚŽĨ
ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚŝŶŐ ƚŽ ƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐ͕ ƌĂƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ƐŽůĞůLJ ĨƌŽŵ ĨŝŶĂŶĐŝĂů ĐŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƚŝŽŶ͘ dŚĞ
ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĞŶĚĞĂǀŽƵƌƚŽďĞƚƚĞƌŽŶĞƐĞůĨĂƚǁŽƌŬ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞǁŚŽůĞĞĐŽŶŽŵLJĐŽůůĞĐƚŝǀĞůLJ͕ĐĂŶŝŶƐƚŝůůĂ
ƉƌŽĨŽƵŶĚƐĞŶƐĞŽĨƉƵƌƉŽƐĞ͕ƌĞƐƵůƚŝŶŐŝŶĂƚŚƌŝǀŝŶŐĂŶĚŽǀĞƌĂůůŚĂƉƉŝĞƌŶĂƚŝŽŶ͘dŚŝƐĐĂŶďĞƐĞĞŶŝŶ
ĂĨĨůƵĞŶƚ ^ĐĂŶĚŝŶĂǀŝĂŶ ĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵƵĐŚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐƚ ŽĨ ƵƌŽƉĞ͕ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJ ƚŚŽƐĞ ǁŝƚŚ ĨĂŝƌĞƌ
ǁĞĂůƚŚ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚŝŽŶ͘ ǀĞŶ ƚŚŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĞƐ ĐŽŶƚŝŶƵĞ ƚŽ ŐƌĂĚƵĂůůLJ ĞdžƉĂŶĚ͕ ƚŚĞLJ ƌĞŵĂŝŶ
ĂŵŽŶŐƚŚĞŚĂƉƉŝĞƐƚƌĞŐŝŽŶƐŐůŽďĂůůLJ͘
/ŶĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͕ǁŚŝůĞƐŽŵĞŵŝŐŚƚĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƚŚĞŶŽƚŝŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐĐƵŵƵůĂƚŝŶŐŵŽƌĞǁĞĂůƚŚŚĂƐůŝŵŝƚĞĚ
ŝŵƉĂĐƚŽŶƉƌŽŵŽƚŝŶŐŚĂƉƉŝŶĞƐƐŝŶƉƌŽƐƉĞƌŽƵƐŶĂƚŝŽŶƐ͕/ŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶƚŚĂƚ͕ĞdžĐĞƉƚĨŽƌĂĨĞǁŽƵƚůŝĞƌƐ͕
ŝŶŵŽƐƚĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐǁŝƚŚĞĨĨĞĐƚŝǀĞŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ͕ĞĨĨŽƌƚƐƚŽĨŽƐƚĞƌƚŚĞŶĂƚŝŽŶĂůĞĐŽŶŽŵLJĂůƐŽĞŶŚĂŶĐĞ
ĂŶŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůΖƐŽǀĞƌĂůůůŝĨĞƐĂƚŝƐĨĂĐƚŝŽŶ͘ 

Ϯϵ


4 SEP 2023 26
KsZ>>E^KZ  ϴ  ϴнϴнϴнϵ

dZʹdĂƐŬZĞƐƉŽŶƐĞŶďʹ'ZĂŶĚ>ZĞƌƌŽƌƐŚĂǀĞŶŽƚďĞĞŶĐŽƌƌĞĐƚĞĚ


ĂŶĚƐĐŽƌĞϴ

dŚĞĂƌŐƵŵĞŶƚƐŝŶŵĂŝŶďŽĚLJƉĂƌĂŐƌĂƉŚϭŵĂŬĞƐĞŶƐĞ͘

dŚĞĂƌŐƵŵĞŶƚƐŝŶŵĂŝŶďŽĚLJƉĂƌĂŐƌĂƉŚϮĂƌĞůĞƐƐĐŽŶǀŝŶĐŝŶŐ͘/ƚǁŽƵůĚďĞŵƵĐŚĞĂƐŝĞƌƚŽƉŽŝŶƚ
ŽƵƚ ƚŚĂƚ ŶŽƚ ĞǀĞƌLJŽŶĞ ŝŶ ƐŽͲĐĂůůĞĚ ƌŝĐŚ ĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ ŝƐ ĐŽŵĨŽƌƚĂďůĞ ǁŝƚŚ ƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŶĞĞĚƐ͘
^ƉĞŶĚŝŶŐŝŶŚĞĂůƚŚĐĂƌĞ͕ĞĚƵĐĂƚŝŽŶ͕ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞǁŽƵůĚĂůůďĞŶĞĨŝƚƚŚĞƉŽŽƌĞƐƚŝŶƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ͕ǁŚŝĐŚ
ŝƐǁŚLJ/͛ĚǁƌŝƚĞĂďŽƵƚƉƵďůŝĐƐƉĞŶĚŝŶŐƌĂƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶLJŽƵƌŝĚĞĂĂďŽƵƚŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐǁŽƌŬŝŶŐŚĂƌĚĨŽƌ
ƚŚĞ ĐŽůůĞĐƚŝǀĞ ŐŽŽĚ͘  DĂLJďĞ ƚŚĂƚ͛Ɛ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƐĞ ŝŶ sŝĞƚŶĂŵ͕ ďƵƚ ƚŚĞ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐ LJŽƵ ŐĂǀĞ ǁĞƌĞ ŝŶ
ƵƌŽƉĞ͕ǁŚĞƌĞǁĞĂƌĞĚĞĨŝŶŝƚĞůLJŶŽƚĐŽůůĞĐƚŝǀĞͲŵŝŶĚĞĚ͘

ĞƐƉŝƚĞƚŚŝƐ͕ŝƚ͛ƐĂǀĞƌLJŐŽŽĚƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞ͘
zŽƵŚĂǀĞĂĐůĞĂƌƉŽƐŝƚŝŽŶƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚĂŶĚĂůůƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƚŚĞƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶĂƌĞĂĚĚƌĞƐƐĞĚ͘
zŽƵƌƉŽƐŝƚŝŽŶŝƐĐŽŚĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĚǁĞůůͲĂƌŐƵĞĚ͘

dŚĞŝĚĞĂƐĂƌĞƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚ͕ĞdžƚĞŶĚĞĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŶŽĐŽŶƚƌĂĚŝĐƚŝŽŶƐ͘


KƉŝŶŝŽŶƐ ĂƌĞ ĚŝǀŝĚĞĚ ŽŶ ǁŚĞƚŚĞƌ ĂĚĚŝƚŝŽŶĂů ǁĞĂůƚŚ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĂĐƚŝǀŝƚŝĞƐ ŝŶ
ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚĞƐƚŽŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚŚĂƉƉŝŶĞƐƐĂŵŽŶŐƚŚĞŝƌĐŝƚŝnjĞŶƐ͘tŚŝůĞƐŽŵĞ
ŵŝŐŚƚĚŝƐƉƵƚĞƚŚŝƐŶŽƚŝŽŶ͕/ĨŝƌŵůLJďĞůŝĞǀĞŝƚŚŽůĚƐŵĞƌŝƚ͘ Đã chú thích [15]: Good introduction with a clear
position
^ŽŵĞĂƌŐƵĞƚŚĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƵĐĐĞƐƐůŽƐĞƐŝƚƐƐŝŐŶŝĨŝĐĂŶĐĞŝŶĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐǁŚĞƌĞǁĞĂůƚŚŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚLJŝƐ See C&C
ƐƚŝůůĂŵĂũŽƌŝƐƐƵĞ͘ĐĂƐĞŝŶƉŽŝŶƚŝƐ^ĂƵĚŝƌĂďŝĂ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŚĂƐƚŚĞůĂƌŐĞƐƚŽŝůƌĞƐĞƌǀĞƐŝŶƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͘ Đã chú thích [16]: Good main idea
,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ƚŚĞ ƌĞǀĞŶƵĞ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚŝƐ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ ƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůLJ ďĞŶĞĨŝƚƐ ŝƚƐ ƌŽLJĂů ĨĂŵŝůLJ͕ ůĞĂǀŝŶŐ
ŵŝůůŝŽŶƐ ŽĨ ŝƚƐ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ ŝŶ ŝŵƉŽǀĞƌŝƐŚĞĚ ĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶƐ͘ &ƵƌƚŚĞƌŵŽƌĞ͕ ŝŶ ŶĂƚŝŽŶƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƉƌŝŽƌŝƚŝnjĞ
ŵŝůŝƚĂƌLJĂĐƚŝǀŝƚŝĞƐŽǀĞƌƐŽĐŝĂůǁĞůĨĂƌĞ͕ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŐƌŽǁƚŚŵŝŐŚƚŶŽƚŶŽƚŝĐĞĂďůLJŝŵƉƌŽǀĞƚŚĞůŝǀŝŶŐ
ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŐĞŶĞƌĂů ƉŽƉƵůĂƚŝŽŶ͘ &Žƌ ŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞ͕ ŶƵŵĞƌŽƵƐ ŵĞƌŝĐĂŶƐ ƐƚƌƵŐŐůĞ ǁŝƚŚ
ŚŽŵĞůĞƐƐŶĞƐƐ͕ƵŶĂďůĞƚŽŵĞĞƚƚŚĞŝƌďĂƐŝĐŶĞĞĚƐ͕ĞǀĞŶƚŚŽƵŐŚƚŚĞŝƌĐŽƵŶƚƌLJŝŶǀĞƐƚƐǀĂƐƚƐƵŵƐŽĨ
ŵŽŶĞLJŝŶŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĨůŝĐƚƐ͘ Đã chú thích [17]: Including in Vietnam
Đã chú thích [18]: Relevant supporting ideas

ϯϬ


4 SEP 2023 27
,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ĚĞƐƉŝƚĞƚŚĞĨĞǁĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŵĞŶƚŝŽŶĞĚĂďŽǀĞ͕/ĐŽŶƚĞŶĚƚŚĂƚƌĞŐĂƌĚůĞƐƐŽĨĂĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ͛Ɛ
ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚĂƚƵƐ͕ ĂŐƌŽǁŝŶŐĞĐŽŶŽŵLJŐĞŶĞƌĂůůLJĐŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞƐǁŝƚŚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚƐĂƚŝƐĨĂĐƚŝŽŶǁŝƚŚůŝĨĞ Đã chú thích [19]: It would be more consistent to say in
most countries
ĂŵŽŶŐŝƚƐĐŝƚŝnjĞŶƐ͘KŶĞŵĂũŽƌƌĞĂƐŽŶŝƐƚŚĂƚŽƵƌƐĞŶƐĞŽĨĨƵůĨŝůůŵĞŶƚŽĨƚĞŶƐƚĞŵƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂĐƚŽĨ
ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚŝŶŐ ƚŽ ƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐ͕ ƌĂƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ƐŽůĞůLJ ĨƌŽŵ ĨŝŶĂŶĐŝĂů ĐŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƚŝŽŶ͘ dŚĞ Đã chú thích [20]: Good main idea

ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĞŶĚĞĂǀŽƵƌƚŽďĞƚƚĞƌŽŶĞƐĞůĨĂƚǁŽƌŬ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞǁŚŽůĞĞĐŽŶŽŵLJĐŽůůĞĐƚŝǀĞůLJ͕ĐĂŶŝŶƐƚŝůůĂ
ƉƌŽĨŽƵŶĚƐĞŶƐĞŽĨƉƵƌƉŽƐĞ͕ƌĞƐƵůƚŝŶŐŝŶĂƚŚƌŝǀŝŶŐĂŶĚŽǀĞƌĂůůŚĂƉƉŝĞƌŶĂƚŝŽŶ͘dŚŝƐĐĂŶďĞƐĞĞŶŝŶ
ĂĨĨůƵĞŶƚ ^ĐĂŶĚŝŶĂǀŝĂŶ ĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵƵĐŚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐƚ ŽĨ ƵƌŽƉĞ͕ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJ ƚŚŽƐĞ ǁŝƚŚ ĨĂŝƌĞƌ
ǁĞĂůƚŚ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚŝŽŶ͘ ǀĞŶ ƚŚŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĞƐ ĐŽŶƚŝŶƵĞ ƚŽ ŐƌĂĚƵĂůůLJ ĞdžƉĂŶĚ͕ ƚŚĞLJ ƌĞŵĂŝŶ
ĂŵŽŶŐƚŚĞŚĂƉƉŝĞƐƚƌĞŐŝŽŶƐŐůŽďĂůůLJ͘ Đã chú thích [21]: Does this support your argument?
You’d need to say their level of happiness is rising to
/ŶĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͕ǁŚŝůĞƐŽŵĞŵŝŐŚƚĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƚŚĞŶŽƚŝŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐĐƵŵƵůĂƚŝŶŐŵŽƌĞǁĞĂůƚŚŚĂƐůŝŵŝƚĞĚ support your argument.
ŝŵƉĂĐƚŽŶƉƌŽŵŽƚŝŶŐŚĂƉƉŝŶĞƐƐŝŶƉƌŽƐƉĞƌŽƵƐŶĂƚŝŽŶƐ͕/ŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶƚŚĂƚ͕ĞdžĐĞƉƚĨŽƌĂĨĞǁŽƵƚůŝĞƌƐ͕ Đã chú thích [22]: Relevant supporting ideas, but I’m
sceptical about whether people are really striving to
ŝŶŵŽƐƚĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐǁŝƚŚĞĨĨĞĐƚŝǀĞŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ͕ĞĨĨŽƌƚƐƚŽĨŽƐƚĞƌƚŚĞŶĂƚŝŽŶĂůĞĐŽŶŽŵLJĂůƐŽĞŶŚĂŶĐĞ improve the economy collectively. Also, what difference
ĂŶŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůΖƐŽǀĞƌĂůůůŝĨĞƐĂƚŝƐĨĂĐƚŝŽŶ͘ does it make if the economy is growing or not? In
recessions, they have to work even harder, and with
 your argument, that would make them even happier.
Đã chú thích [23]: I think you’re on automatic pilot
 here.
You challenged it yourself and showed it to be true.
 Đã chú thích [24]: I don’t see the point in this, as you
didn’t make this argument. You made the argument
 that in badly governed societies – let’s call them
tyrannies – additional wealth goes to the elites rather
 than to the people. And you covered this in the second
sentence, with the phrase about outiers.
 
Đã chú thích [25]: Ok conclusion, but note my
comments

ϯϭ


4 SEP 2023 28
 ΘͲŽŚĞƐŝŽŶĂŶĚŽŚĞƌĞŶĐĞŶď'ZĂŶĚ>ZĞƌƌŽƌƐŚĂǀĞŶŽƚďĞĞŶĐŽƌƌĞĐƚĞĚ
ĂŶĚƐĐŽƌĞϴ

DLJƐƵŐŐĞƐƚŝŽŶƐĂƚƚŚĞƐƚĂƌƚĂƌĞƉĞŶĂůŝƐĞĚƵŶĚĞƌdZ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐǁŚLJ/ŐĂǀĞLJŽƵϴĨŽƌΘ͘
dŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƚŝŽŶŝƐĞdžĐĞůůĞŶƚĂŶĚĞĂƐLJƚŽĨŽůůŽǁ͘
dŚĞƉĂƌĂŐƌĂƉŚƐŚĂǀĞĂŶĂƚƵƌĂůĨůŽǁŽĨŝĚĞĂƐĂŶĚĐůĞĂƌĐĞŶƚƌĂůƚŽƉŝĐƐ͘hƐĞŽĨĐŽŚĞƐŝǀĞĚĞǀŝĐĞƐĂŶĚ
ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐŝŶŐŝƐĞdžĐĞůůĞŶƚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚ͘
dŚĞƉĂƌĂŐƌĂƉŚƐŚĂǀĞĂŶĂƚƵƌĂůĨůŽǁǁŚŝĐŚŝƐĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƚŝĐŽĨŚŝŐŚďĂŶĚƐĐŽƌĞĂŶƐǁĞƌ͘





KƉŝŶŝŽŶƐ ĂƌĞ ĚŝǀŝĚĞĚ ŽŶ ǁŚĞƚŚĞƌ ĂĚĚŝƚŝŽŶĂů ǁĞĂůƚŚ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĂĐƚŝǀŝƚŝĞƐ ŝŶ
ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚĞƐƚŽŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚŚĂƉƉŝŶĞƐƐĂŵŽŶŐƚŚĞŝƌĐŝƚŝnjĞŶƐ͘tŚŝůĞƐŽŵĞ
ŵŝŐŚƚĚŝƐƉƵƚĞƚŚŝƐŶŽƚŝŽŶ͕/ĨŝƌŵůLJďĞůŝĞǀĞŝƚŚŽůĚƐŵĞƌŝƚ͘ Đã chú thích [26]: Better introduction, which more
accurately reflects your position:
^ŽŵĞĂƌŐƵĞƚŚĂƚ/ƚŝƐƚƌƵĞƚŚĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƵĐĐĞƐƐůŽƐĞƐŝƚƐƐŝŐŶŝĨŝĐĂŶĐĞŝŶĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐǁŚĞƌĞǁĞĂůƚŚ It is proposed that additional wealth in an already rich
country does not translate into greater happiness for the
ŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚLJŝƐƐƚŝůůĂŵĂũŽƌŝƐƐƵĞ͘ĐĂƐĞŝŶƉŽŝŶƚŝƐ^ĂƵĚŝƌĂďŝĂ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŚĂƐƚŚĞůĂƌŐĞƐƚŽŝůƌĞƐĞƌǀĞƐ people. I believe this is only true in tyrannical societies,
ŝŶƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞƌĞǀĞŶƵĞĨƌŽŵƚŚŝƐŶĂƚƵƌĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůLJďĞŶĞĨŝƚƐŝƚƐƌŽLJĂůĨĂŵŝůLJ͕ in which only the elite benefit.
ůĞĂǀŝŶŐŵŝůůŝŽŶƐŽĨŝƚƐƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐŝŶŝŵƉŽǀĞƌŝƐŚĞĚĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶƐ͘&ƵƌƚŚĞƌŵŽƌĞ͕ŝŶŶĂƚŝŽŶƐƚŚĂƚƉƌŝŽƌŝƚŝnjĞ Đã chú thích [27]: This suggests that you don’t share
this view, which in fact, you do.
ŵŝůŝƚĂƌLJĂĐƚŝǀŝƚŝĞƐŽǀĞƌƐŽĐŝĂůǁĞůĨĂƌĞ͕ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŐƌŽǁƚŚŵŝŐŚƚŶŽƚŶŽƚŝĐĞĂďůLJŝŵƉƌŽǀĞƚŚĞůŝǀŝŶŐ
Đã chú thích [28]: Good topic sentence, but note my
ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŐĞŶĞƌĂů ƉŽƉƵůĂƚŝŽŶ͘ &Žƌ ŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞ͕ ŶƵŵĞƌŽƵƐ ŵĞƌŝĐĂŶƐ ƐƚƌƵŐŐůĞ ǁŝƚŚ suggestion to make it better.
ŚŽŵĞůĞƐƐŶĞƐƐ͕ƵŶĂďůĞƚŽŵĞĞƚƚŚĞŝƌďĂƐŝĐŶĞĞĚƐ͕ ĞǀĞŶƚŚŽƵŐŚǁŚŝůĞƚŚĞŝƌĐŽƵŶƚƌLJŝŶǀĞƐƚƐǀĂƐƚ
ƐƵŵƐŽĨŵŽŶĞLJŝŶŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĨůŝĐƚƐ͘ Đã chú thích [29]: Good sentences

,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ĚĞƐƉŝƚĞƚŚĞĨĞǁĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŵĞŶƚŝŽŶĞĚĂďŽǀĞ͕/ĐŽŶƚĞŶĚƚŚĂƚƌĞŐĂƌĚůĞƐƐŽĨĂĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ͛Ɛ
ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ƐƚĂƚƵƐŝŶ ŵŽƐƚ ĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ͕ Ă ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ ĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ ŐĞŶĞƌĂůůLJ ĐŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞƐ ǁŝƚŚ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ
ƐĂƚŝƐĨĂĐƚŝŽŶǁŝƚŚůŝĨĞĂŵŽŶŐŝƚƐĐŝƚŝnjĞŶƐ͘KŶĞŵĂũŽƌƌĞĂƐŽŶŝƐƚŚĂƚŽƵƌƐĞŶƐĞŽĨĨƵůĨŝůůŵĞŶƚŽĨƚĞŶ Đã chú thích [30]: Good topic sentence, but note my
suggestion to make it better.
ƐƚĞŵƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂĐƚŽĨǁŽƌŬŝŶŐĂŶĚĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚŝŶŐƚŽƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐ͕ƌĂƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶƐŽůĞůLJĨƌŽŵĨŝŶĂŶĐŝĂů
ĐŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƚŝŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂů ĞŶĚĞĂǀŽƵƌ ƚŽ ďĞƚƚĞƌ ŽŶĞƐĞůĨ Ăƚ ǁŽƌŬ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ǁŚŽůĞ ĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ
ĐŽůůĞĐƚŝǀĞůLJ͕ĐĂŶŝŶƐƚŝůůĂƉƌŽĨŽƵŶĚƐĞŶƐĞŽĨƉƵƌƉŽƐĞ͕ƌĞƐƵůƚŝŶŐŝŶĂƚŚƌŝǀŝŶŐĂŶĚŽǀĞƌĂůůŚĂƉƉŝĞƌ
ŶĂƚŝŽŶ͘ dŚŝƐ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ƐĞĞŶ ŝŶ ĂĨĨůƵĞŶƚ ^ĐĂŶĚŝŶĂǀŝĂŶ ĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵƵĐŚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐƚ ŽĨ ƵƌŽƉĞ͕
ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJ ƚŚŽƐĞ ǁŝƚŚ ĨĂŝƌĞƌ ǁĞĂůƚŚ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚŝŽŶ͘ ǀĞŶ ƚŚŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĞƐ ĐŽŶƚŝŶƵĞ ƚŽ
ŐƌĂĚƵĂůůLJĞdžƉĂŶĚ͕ƚŚĞLJƌĞŵĂŝŶĂŵŽŶŐƚŚĞŚĂƉƉŝĞƐƚƌĞŐŝŽŶƐŐůŽďĂůůLJ͘ Đã chú thích [31]: Good

/ŶĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͕ǁŚŝůĞƐŽŵĞŵŝŐŚƚĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƚŚĞŶŽƚŝŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐĐƵŵƵůĂƚŝŶŐŵŽƌĞǁĞĂůƚŚŚĂƐůŝŵŝƚĞĚ
ŝŵƉĂĐƚŽŶƉƌŽŵŽƚŝŶŐŚĂƉƉŝŶĞƐƐŝŶƉƌŽƐƉĞƌŽƵƐŶĂƚŝŽŶƐ͕/ŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶƚŚĂƚ͕ĞdžĐĞƉƚĨŽƌĂĨĞǁŽƵƚůŝĞƌƐ͕ Đã chú thích [32]: See my comment under TR

ϯϮ


4 SEP 2023 29
ŝŶŵŽƐƚĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐǁŝƚŚĞĨĨĞĐƚŝǀĞŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ͕ĞĨĨŽƌƚƐƚŽĨŽƐƚĞƌƚŚĞŶĂƚŝŽŶĂůĞĐŽŶŽŵLJĂůƐŽĞŶŚĂŶĐĞ
ĂŶŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůΖƐŽǀĞƌĂůůůŝĨĞƐĂƚŝƐĨĂĐƚŝŽŶ͘


ϯϯ


4 SEP 2023 30
>ZͲͲ>ĞdžŝĐĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞŶď^ŽŵĞ'ZĞƌƌŽƌƐŚĂǀĞŶŽƚďĞĞŶĐŽƌƌĞĐƚĞĚ
ĂŶĚƐĐŽƌĞϴ

sŽĐĂďƵůĂƌLJŝƐƵƐĞĚĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞůLJǁŝƚŚƐƵĨĨŝĐŝĞŶƚĨůĞdžŝďŝůŝƚLJƚŽƐŚŽǁƉƌĞĐŝƐĞŵĞĂŶŝŶŐ͕ĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŽŶůLJ
ŵŝŶŽƌŝŶĂĐĐƵƌĂĐŝĞƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŐŽŽĚĨŽƌĂďĂŶĚƐĐŽƌĞϴ








KƉŝŶŝŽŶƐ ĂƌĞ ĚŝǀŝĚĞĚ ŽŶ ǁŚĞƚŚĞƌ ĂĚĚŝƚŝŽŶĂů ǁĞĂůƚŚ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĂĐƚŝǀŝƚŝĞƐ ŝŶ
ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚĞƐƚŽŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚŚĂƉƉŝŶĞƐƐĂŵŽŶŐƚŚĞŝƌĐŝƚŝnjĞŶƐ͘tŚŝůĞƐŽŵĞ
ŵŝŐŚƚĚŝƐƉƵƚĞƚŚŝƐŶŽƚŝŽŶ͕/ĨŝƌŵůLJďĞůŝĞǀĞŝƚŚŽůĚƐŵĞƌŝƚ͘ Đã chú thích [33]: Usually used disparagingly, or
sarcastically, so I wouldn’t use it in Task 2, especially if I
^ŽŵĞĂƌŐƵĞƚŚĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƵĐĐĞƐƐůŽƐĞƐŝƚƐƐŝŐŶŝĨŝĐĂŶĐĞŝŶĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐǁŚĞƌĞǁĞĂůƚŚŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚLJŝƐ agreed with the idea in question.

ƐƚŝůůĂŵĂũŽƌŝƐƐƵĞ͘ĐĂƐĞŝŶƉŽŝŶƚŝƐ^ĂƵĚŝƌĂďŝĂ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŚĂƐƚŚĞůĂƌŐĞƐƚŽŝůƌĞƐĞƌǀĞƐŝŶƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͘ Đã chú thích [34]: Better: has no significance for

ordinary people
,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ƚŚĞ ƌĞǀĞŶƵĞ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚŝƐ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ ƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůLJ ďĞŶĞĨŝƚƐ ŝƚƐ ƌŽLJĂů ĨĂŵŝůLJ͕ ůĞĂǀŝŶŐ
ŵŝůůŝŽŶƐ ŽĨ ŝƚƐ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ ŝŶ ŝŵƉŽǀĞƌŝƐŚĞĚ ĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶƐ͘ &ƵƌƚŚĞƌŵŽƌĞ͕ ŝŶ ŶĂƚŝŽŶƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƉƌŝŽƌŝƚŝnjĞ
ŵŝůŝƚĂƌLJĂĐƚŝǀŝƚŝĞƐŽǀĞƌƐŽĐŝĂůǁĞůĨĂƌĞ͕ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŐƌŽǁƚŚŵŝŐŚƚŶŽƚŶŽƚŝĐĞĂďůLJŝŵƉƌŽǀĞƚŚĞůŝǀŝŶŐ
ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŐĞŶĞƌĂů ƉŽƉƵůĂƚŝŽŶ͘ &Žƌ ŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞ͕ ŶƵŵĞƌŽƵƐ ŚƵŶĚƌĞĚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚŽƵƐĂŶĚƐ ŽĨ Đã chú thích [35]: Too vague
ŵĞƌŝĐĂŶƐ ƐƚƌƵŐŐůĞ ǁŝƚŚ ŚŽŵĞůĞƐƐŶĞƐƐ͕ ƵŶĂďůĞ ƚŽ ŵĞĞƚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ďĂƐŝĐ ŶĞĞĚƐ͕ ĞǀĞŶ ƚŚŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞŝƌ Đã chú thích [36]: See C&C
ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJŝŶǀĞƐƚƐǀĂƐƚƐƵŵƐŽĨŵŽŶĞLJŝŶŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĨůŝĐƚƐ͘ Đã chú thích [37]: Technically it’s the government

,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ĚĞƐƉŝƚĞƚŚĞĨĞǁĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŵĞŶƚŝŽŶĞĚĂďŽǀĞ͕/ĐŽŶƚĞŶĚƚŚĂƚƌĞŐĂƌĚůĞƐƐŽĨĂĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ͛Ɛ
ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚĂƚƵƐ͕ĂŐƌŽǁŝŶŐĞĐŽŶŽŵLJŐĞŶĞƌĂůůLJĐŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞƐǁŝƚŚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚƐĂƚŝƐĨĂĐƚŝŽŶǁŝƚŚůŝĨĞ
ĂŵŽŶŐŝƚƐĐŝƚŝnjĞŶƐ͘KŶĞŵĂũŽƌƌĞĂƐŽŶŝƐƚŚĂƚŽƵƌƐĞŶƐĞŽĨĨƵůĨŝůůŵĞŶƚĨƵůĨŝůŵĞŶƚŽĨƚĞŶƐƚĞŵƐĨƌŽŵ
ƚŚĞ ĂĐƚ ŽĨ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚŝŶŐ ƚŽ ƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐ͕ ƌĂƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ƐŽůĞůLJ ĨƌŽŵ ĨŝŶĂŶĐŝĂů
ĐŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƚŝŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂů ĞŶĚĞĂǀŽƵƌ ƚŽ ďĞƚƚĞƌ ŽŶĞƐĞůĨ Ăƚ ǁŽƌŬ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ǁŚŽůĞ ĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ
ĐŽůůĞĐƚŝǀĞůLJ͕ĐĂŶŝŶƐƚŝůůĂƉƌŽĨŽƵŶĚƐĞŶƐĞŽĨƉƵƌƉŽƐĞ͕ƌĞƐƵůƚŝŶŐŝŶĂƚŚƌŝǀŝŶŐĂŶĚŽǀĞƌĂůůŚĂƉƉŝĞƌ
ŶĂƚŝŽŶ͘ dŚŝƐ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ƐĞĞŶ ŝŶ ĂĨĨůƵĞŶƚ ^ĐĂŶĚŝŶĂǀŝĂŶ ĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵƵĐŚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐƚ ŽĨ ƵƌŽƉĞ͕

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ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJ ƚŚŽƐĞ ǁŝƚŚ ĨĂŝƌĞƌ ǁĞĂůƚŚ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚŝŽŶ͘ ǀĞŶ ƚŚŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĞƐ ĐŽŶƚŝŶƵĞ ƚŽ
ŐƌĂĚƵĂůůLJĞdžƉĂŶĚ͕ƚŚĞLJƌĞŵĂŝŶĂŵŽŶŐƚŚĞŚĂƉƉŝĞƐƚƌĞŐŝŽŶƐŐůŽďĂůůLJ͘
/ŶĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͕ǁŚŝůĞƐŽŵĞŵŝŐŚƚĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƚŚĞŶŽƚŝŽŶďĞůŝĞĨƚŚĂƚĂĐĐƵŵƵůĂƚŝŶŐŵŽƌĞǁĞĂůƚŚŚĂƐ
ůŝŵŝƚĞĚŝŵƉĂĐƚŽŶƉƌŽŵŽƚŝŶŐŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐŚĂƉƉŝŶĞƐƐŝŶƉƌŽƐƉĞƌŽƵƐŶĂƚŝŽŶƐ͕/ŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶƚŚĂƚ͕ĞdžĐĞƉƚ
ĨŽƌĂĨĞǁŽƵƚůŝĞƌƐ͕ŝŶŵŽƐƚĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐǁŝƚŚĞĨĨĞĐƚŝǀĞŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ͕ĞĨĨŽƌƚƐƚŽ ĨŽƐƚĞƌƐƚŝŵƵůĂƚĞƚŚĞ
ŶĂƚŝŽŶĂůĞĐŽŶŽŵLJĂůƐŽĞŶŚĂŶĐĞŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĂŶŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůΖƐŽǀĞƌĂůůůŝĨĞůĞǀĞůŽĨƐĂƚŝƐĨĂĐƚŝŽŶ͘ Đã chú thích [38]: Go for precision

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 'ZͲʹ'ƌĂŵŵĂƚŝĐĂůƌĂŶŐĞĂŶĚĂĐĐƵƌĂĐLJŶď^ŽŵĞ>ZĞƌƌŽƌƐŚĂǀĞŶŽƚďĞĞŶĐŽƌƌĞĐƚĞĚ
ĂŶĚƐĐŽƌĞϵ

'ƌĂŵŵĂƌŝƐƵƐĞĚĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞůLJĂǁŝĚĞǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŐŽŽĚĨŽƌĂďĂŶĚƐĐŽƌĞ
ϵ͘
WƵŶĐƚƵĂƚŝŽŶŝƐƵƐĞĐŽƌƌĞĐƚůLJƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚ͘
ƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚ͘




KƉŝŶŝŽŶƐ ĂƌĞ ĚŝǀŝĚĞĚ ŽŶ ǁŚĞƚŚĞƌ ĂĚĚŝƚŝŽŶĂů ǁĞĂůƚŚ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĂĐƚŝǀŝƚŝĞƐ ŝŶ
ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚĞƐƚŽŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚŚĂƉƉŝŶĞƐƐĂŵŽŶŐƚŚĞŝƌĐŝƚŝnjĞŶƐ͘tŚŝůĞƐŽŵĞ
ŵŝŐŚƚĚŝƐƉƵƚĞƚŚŝƐŶŽƚŝŽŶ͕/ĨŝƌŵůLJďĞůŝĞǀĞŝƚŚŽůĚƐŵĞƌŝƚ͘
^ŽŵĞĂƌŐƵĞƚŚĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƵĐĐĞƐƐůŽƐĞƐŝƚƐƐŝŐŶŝĨŝĐĂŶĐĞŝŶĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐǁŚĞƌĞǁĞĂůƚŚŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚLJŝƐ
ƐƚŝůůĂŵĂũŽƌŝƐƐƵĞ͘ĐĂƐĞŝŶƉŽŝŶƚŝƐ^ĂƵĚŝƌĂďŝĂ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŚĂƐƚŚĞůĂƌŐĞƐƚŽŝůƌĞƐĞƌǀĞƐŝŶƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͘
,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ƚŚĞ ƌĞǀĞŶƵĞ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚŝƐ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ ƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůLJ ďĞŶĞĨŝƚƐ ŝƚƐ ƌŽLJĂů ĨĂŵŝůLJ͕ ůĞĂǀŝŶŐ
ŵŝůůŝŽŶƐ ŽĨ ŝƚƐ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ ŝŶ ŝŵƉŽǀĞƌŝƐŚĞĚ ĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶƐ͘ &ƵƌƚŚĞƌŵŽƌĞ͕ ŝŶ ŶĂƚŝŽŶƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƉƌŝŽƌŝƚŝnjĞ
ŵŝůŝƚĂƌLJĂĐƚŝǀŝƚŝĞƐŽǀĞƌƐŽĐŝĂůǁĞůĨĂƌĞ͕ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŐƌŽǁƚŚŵŝŐŚƚŶŽƚŶŽƚŝĐĞĂďůLJŝŵƉƌŽǀĞƚŚĞůŝǀŝŶŐ
ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŐĞŶĞƌĂů ƉŽƉƵůĂƚŝŽŶ͘ &Žƌ ŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞ͕ ŶƵŵĞƌŽƵƐ ŵĞƌŝĐĂŶƐ ƐƚƌƵŐŐůĞ ǁŝƚŚ
ŚŽŵĞůĞƐƐŶĞƐƐ͕ƵŶĂďůĞƚŽŵĞĞƚƚŚĞŝƌďĂƐŝĐŶĞĞĚƐ͕ĞǀĞŶƚŚŽƵŐŚƚŚĞŝƌĐŽƵŶƚƌLJŝŶǀĞƐƚƐǀĂƐƚƐƵŵƐŽĨ
ŵŽŶĞLJŝŶŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĨůŝĐƚƐ͘
,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ĚĞƐƉŝƚĞƚŚĞĨĞǁĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŵĞŶƚŝŽŶĞĚĂďŽǀĞ͕/ĐŽŶƚĞŶĚƚŚĂƚƌĞŐĂƌĚůĞƐƐŽĨĂĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ͛Ɛ
ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚĂƚƵƐ͕ĂŐƌŽǁŝŶŐĞĐŽŶŽŵLJŐĞŶĞƌĂůůLJĐŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞƐǁŝƚŚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚƐĂƚŝƐĨĂĐƚŝŽŶǁŝƚŚůŝĨĞ
ĂŵŽŶŐŝƚƐĐŝƚŝnjĞŶƐ͘KŶĞŵĂũŽƌƌĞĂƐŽŶŝƐƚŚĂƚŽƵƌƐĞŶƐĞŽĨĨƵůĨŝůůŵĞŶƚŽĨƚĞŶƐƚĞŵƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂĐƚŽĨ
ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚŝŶŐ ƚŽ ƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐ͕ ƌĂƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ƐŽůĞůLJ ĨƌŽŵ ĨŝŶĂŶĐŝĂů ĐŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƚŝŽŶ͘ dŚĞ
ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĞŶĚĞĂǀŽƵƌƚŽďĞƚƚĞƌŽŶĞƐĞůĨĂƚǁŽƌŬ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞǁŚŽůĞĞĐŽŶŽŵLJĐŽůůĞĐƚŝǀĞůLJ͕ĐĂŶŝŶƐƚŝůůĂ
ƉƌŽĨŽƵŶĚƐĞŶƐĞŽĨƉƵƌƉŽƐĞ͕ƌĞƐƵůƚŝŶŐŝŶĂƚŚƌŝǀŝŶŐĂŶĚŽǀĞƌĂůůŚĂƉƉŝĞƌŶĂƚŝŽŶ͘dŚŝƐĐĂŶďĞƐĞĞŶŝŶ
ĂĨĨůƵĞŶƚ ^ĐĂŶĚŝŶĂǀŝĂŶ ĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵƵĐŚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐƚ ŽĨ ƵƌŽƉĞ͕ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJ ƚŚŽƐĞ ǁŝƚŚ ĨĂŝƌĞƌ
ǁĞĂůƚŚ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚŝŽŶ͘ ǀĞŶ ƚŚŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĞƐ ĐŽŶƚŝŶƵĞ ƚŽ ŐƌĂĚƵĂůůLJ ĞdžƉĂŶĚ͕ ƚŚĞLJ ƌĞŵĂŝŶ
ĂŵŽŶŐƚŚĞŚĂƉƉŝĞƐƚƌĞŐŝŽŶƐŐůŽďĂůůLJ͘ Đã chú thích [39]: See C&C

/ŶĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͕ǁŚŝůĞƐŽŵĞŵŝŐŚƚĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƚŚĞŶŽƚŝŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐĐƵŵƵůĂƚŝŶŐŵŽƌĞǁĞĂůƚŚŚĂƐůŝŵŝƚĞĚ
ŝŵƉĂĐƚŽŶƉƌŽŵŽƚŝŶŐŚĂƉƉŝŶĞƐƐŝŶƉƌŽƐƉĞƌŽƵƐŶĂƚŝŽŶƐ͕/ŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶƚŚĂƚ͕ĞdžĐĞƉƚĨŽƌĂĨĞǁŽƵƚůŝĞƌƐ͕
ŝŶŵŽƐƚĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐǁŝƚŚĞĨĨĞĐƚŝǀĞŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ͕ĞĨĨŽƌƚƐƚŽĨŽƐƚĞƌƚŚĞŶĂƚŝŽŶĂůĞĐŽŶŽŵLJĂůƐŽĞŶŚĂŶĐĞ
ĂŶŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůΖƐŽǀĞƌĂůůůŝĨĞƐĂƚŝƐĨĂĐƚŝŽŶ͘

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