Subject: Fluid Mechanics II

Module 2: Viscous Flow

Prepared By
Dr. Kankan Kishore Pathak
Assistant Professor, ME Department, GIMT
Guwahati
 Types of Fluid Flow

1. Steady and unsteady flow

u  p
 0,  0,  0 ( For Steady Flow)
t t t
u  p
 0,  0,  0 ( For Unsteady Flow)
t t t

2. Uniform and non-uniform flow

u
 0 ( For Uniform Flow)
s
u
 0 For Non  uniform Flow
s
3. 1D, 2D and 3D flow
v  f ( x, t ) For 1D Flow
v  f ( x, y, t ) For 2 D Flow
v  f ( x, y, z , t ) For 3D Flow

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4. Rotational and Irrotational Flow
In rotational flow, the molecules rotates about an axis while moving from one
point to another in the fluid field. For rotational flow, rotational components
are non zero quantities.
1  w v 
x    
0
2 y z 
1  u w 
y    0
2  z x 
1  v u 
 z    0
2  x y  
In irrotational flow, the fluid particles will not rotate about an axis passing
through its center. For irrotational flow, rotational components are equal to
zero.
1  w v 
x    0
2  y z 
1  u w 
y    0
2  z x 
1  v u 
z    0
2  x y 

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 .
5 Incompressible and Compressible Flow

• Incompressible fluid flow : Density of fluid remains constant

Continuity Equation: A1V1  A2V2

(Volume Flow Rate)

• Compressible fluid flow: Density of fluid changes from point to point

during the fluid flow.

Continuity Equation: 1 A1V1   2 A2V2

(Mass Flow Rate)

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6. Laminar Flow and Turbulent Flow
A laminar flow is one in which path taken by the individual particles do not
cross one another and move along well defined path. This type of flow is also
known as streamline flow. Laminar flow is possible only at low velocities and
when the fluid is highly viscous.

But when the velocity is increased or fluid is less viscous, the fluid particles do
not move in straight paths. The fluid particles move in random manner
resulting in general mixing of the particles. This type of flow is called
turbulent flow.

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A laminar flow changes to turbulent flow when
(i) Velocity is increased or
(ii) Diameter of a pipe is increased or
(iii) The viscosity of fluid is decreased.

O. Reynolds was first to demonstrate that the transition from laminar to

turbulent depends not only on the mean velocity but on the quantity VD .


This quantity is a dimensionless quantity and is called Reynolds number (Re).

In case of circular pipe if Re < 2000 the flow is said to be laminar and if Re >
4000, the flow is said to be turbulent. If Re lies between 2000 to 4000, the
flow changes from laminar to turbulent (Transition).

In case of flow over flat plate, for laminar flow, critical Reynolds number
should be less than 5 105.

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 Reynolds Experiment

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Examples of Laminar Flow

1. Underground flow
2. Flow past tiny bodies
3. Movement of blood in the arteries of a human body.
4. Flow of oil in measuring instruments.
5. Rise of water in plants through their roots.

Characteristics of Laminar Flow

1. No slip at boundary
2. Due to viscosity, there is shear stress between the fluid layers which is
given by    du
dy
.

3. The flow is irrotational.

4. No mixing between different fluid layer.
5. The flow remains laminar as long as Reynolds number (Re) less than the
critical value.
6. Loss of energy is first power of velocity and viscosity.

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Characteristics of Turbulent Flow
1. In case of turbulent flow, the velocity is more than the laminar flow.
2. Viscosity of the fluid decreases.
3. The fluid masses are interchanged between adjacent layers.
4. The flow is rotational.
5. The shear stress in turbulent flow is due to momentum transfer.
Note:
In case of turbulent flow the fluid motion is irregular and chaotic and there is
complete mixing of fluid due to collisions of fluid masses with one another. The
fluid masses are interchanged between the adjacent layers. As the fluid masses
in adjacent layers have different velocities, interchange of fluid masses between
the adjacent layers are accompanied by transfer of momentum which causes
additional shear stress between the adjacent layers. Thus, shear stress in
turbulent flow is due to momentum transfer. The contribution of fluid
viscosity to the total shear is small and neglected.

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 Boundary Layer Concept

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Boundary Layer Concept……

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Boundary Layer Concept……

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Boundary Layer Concept……

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Boundary Layer Concept……

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Boundary Layer Concept……

• In inner flow region, velocity gradients are very large leading to

viscous and rotational flow.

• Inner flow region is known as Boundary Layer.

• In boundary layer, we have viscous flow, hence Bernoulli’s

equation can’t be applied.

• In boundary layer, we have velocity gradients leading to shear

stress, reduction in mass flow rate, momentum flow rate and
Kinetic energy rates.

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 Boundary Layer Thickness

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 Boundary layer thickness is the distance from solid surface in normal direction at which
velocity becomes equal to the 99 % of free stream velocity.

Boundary Conditions:

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As the flow moves downstream, retarded fluid particles further retards and they retard other
fluid particles leading to growth of boundary layer. Hence the thickness of boundary layer
keeps on increasing in downstream direction.

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 Leading Edge Trailing Edge
x=0 x=L

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  (x) curve is the locus of Boundary Layer Thickness at various cross-sections.

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 Conclusions: Boundary Layer Thickness
• Boundary layer thickness decrease with the increase in
free stream velocity.

• Greater the kinematic viscosity of the fluid greater is

the boundary layer thickness at a given cross-section.

• Stream lines diverges in order to satisfy the conservation

of mass within the boundary layer.

• Since  (x) curve intersects the stream lines, hence it is not

a stream line.

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 Pipe Flow

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Pipe Flow

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 (Fully Developed)

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 In which case displacement thickness will be more?

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Von-Karman Momentum Integral Equation

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 General Equation

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Home Work
Q1.

Q2.

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Navier Stokes Equation

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 Equations for Viscous Flow
(Navier-Stokes Equations)

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Boundary Layer Equations

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 Order of Magnitude Analysis or Scale Analysis

Order of magnitude analysis or scale analysis is a powerful tool used in the

mathematical sciences for the simplification of equation with many terms. First
the approximate magnitude of individual terms in the equations is determined.
Then some negligibly small terms may be ignored.

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 Conclusions

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 Boundary Layer Equations (2D, Incompressible,
Steady, Laminar Flow)

u v
 0
x y
u u 1 p  2u
u v  
x y  x y 2
p
0
y

2
T T  2T  T 
u v   
 y 

x y y 2 c p  

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 These formulas will be used when we do not know the velocity profiles.

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 Boundary Layer Separation

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 Boundary Layer Separation…..

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 Note:

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Boundary Layer Separation

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Boundary Layer Separation: Effect of pressure Gradient

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Location of separation point

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