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CHAPTER I:

INTRODUCTION

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum, Miller) locally known as “kamatis” is identified as

one of the most important vegetables because of its versatility in usage (DA, 2017). As specified

by FAO (2019), it belongs to the Solanaceae family and is the second most important fruit or

vegetable crop next to potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), representing one of the most valuable

plant families for vegetable and fruit crops.

Pursuant to FAO (2021), tomato is a rapidly growing crop with a growing period of 90 to

150 days. It is a day length neutral plant. Optimum mean daily temperature for growth is 18 to

25ºC with night temperatures between 10 and 20ºC. In fact, as demonstrated by DA (2017), this

vegetable is usually planted from September to January in hilly areas and from November to

February in lowland areas. Grow off-season tomato from May to September to attain higher

profit.

Besides, it is cultivated for fresh fruit and processed products. It is regarded as one of the

most profitable crops for off-season production, preferably from May to September (FAO,

2019). And in addition to, fresh tomatoes are used as ingredient in many recipes, served as raw,

baked, stewed and processed into various products such as catsup, paste, sauce, candy, juice and

purees (DA, 2017).

On top of that, as indicated also by DA (2017), tomato is the top source of Vitamins A

and C. It also contains significant amount of dietary fiber, beta carotene, iron, magnesium,

niacin, potassium, phosphorus, riboflavin and thiamine. Tomato is a natural antiseptic. It

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improves the skin and purifies the blood. It also helps cure cases of gout, rheumatism,

tuberculosis, high blood pressure, and sinus trouble. Tomatoes are low in calories and provide

important nutrients like potassium. They're also rich in antioxidants—one called lycopene,

responsible for tomatoes' characteristic color, is linked to several benefits, such as a reduced risk

of heart disease and certain cancers (Sass, 2022).

However, according by Islam (2017), tomato is susceptible to insect pests and all parts of

the plant including leaves, stems, flowers and fruits are subjected to attack. This crop is mainly

attacked by tomato fruit worm, potato aphid, stink bugs and leaf footed bugs, hornworms, silver

leaf, whitefly etc. Among them tomato fruit borer cotton bollworm is one of the major pests

of tomato and damage by this pest may be up to 85-93.7 percent.

Because of this repercussion, introduction of integrated pest management (IPM) is one of

the farmers practice. IPM is an environmentally friendly, common sense approach to controlling

pests. IPM allows farmers to manage diseases, insects, weeds and other pests in a cost-effective

and environmentally sound way.

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations*, IPM

means considering all available pest control techniques and other measures that discourage the

development of pest populations, while minimizing risks to human health and the environment.

For farmers, IPM is the best combination of cultural, biological and chemical measures to

manage diseases, insects, weeds and other pests. It takes into account all relevant control tactics

and methods that are locally available, evaluating their potential cost-effectiveness.

IPM does not, however, consist of any absolute or rigid criteria. It is a flexible system

that makes good use of local resources and the latest research, technology, knowledge and

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experience. Ultimately, IPM is a site-specific strategy for managing pests in the most cost-

effective, environmentally sound and socially acceptable way. Implementation of IPM lies with

farmers, who adopt practices they view as practical and valuable to their activities.

Definition of Terms

Fruit crop. Means the common orchard fruit crops, and small fruits including but not limited to

strawberries, brambles and grapes.

Inorganic Pesticide. Are substances derived or refined from non-living natural sources.

IPM. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an effective and environmentally sensitive approach

to pest management that relies on a combination of common-sense practices.

Organic Pesticide. Are generally considered to be pesticides derived from naturally occurring

sources such as minerals, plants, or animals. These chemicals are broken down relatively quickly

by weather or soil microbes.

Pest. A destructive insect or other animal that attacks crops, food, livestock, etc.

Pest control. A process of controlling, managing, minimizing or removing undesirable insects

and other pests.

Tomato. A glossy red, or occasionally yellow, pulpy edible fruit that is eaten as a vegetable or in

salad.

Vegetable crop. Refer to a classification of agricultural crops under horticulture.

Yield Production. Is a standard measurement of the amount of agricultural production harvested

—yield of a crop—per unit of land area.

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Objectives

General Objective:

This study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of integrated pest management (IPM)

to the crop production of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and to the population and extent of

damages of pests on the tomato plants.

Specific Objectives:

 To combine the methods of integrated pest management (IPM) approaches for managing

pests on the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum).

 To prevent the use of synthetic pesticides on the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and

possible environmental and human health risks.

 To lessen the populations of pests and gradually exterminate its survival on the tomato

(Solanum lycopersicum) by using organic pesticides.

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CHAPTER II:

RELATED REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Local
Integrated pest management (IPM) in rice has been mainly applied to irrigated, lowland

paddy rice ecosystems which generally use more inputs and have higher yields ha−1 than rainfed

ecosystems. Large scale implementation of IPM was stimulated in the 1970s in several Asian

countries by pest resurgences resulting from indiscriminate insecticide use. Legislation has been

enacted in at least five countries to support IPM and by 1992, approximately 0.05% of Asian

farmers had received training in IPM. In at least two countries, adoption of IPM as national

policy has resulted in large savings from reduced importation of pesticides with no reduction in

total rice output or productivity. The inter-country programme on rice IPM of the Food and

Agriculture Organization (FAO), the United Nations, the International Rice Research Institute

and national programmes have all contributed to promoting rice IPM. Host plant resistance,

deployed with location-specific cultural practices that conserve natural enemies, remains the

basis for sustainable, low-cost rice IPM. Thresholds, monitoring and forecasting systems have

little or no impact on farmer practice in the tropics; farmer group learning appears to be the most

effective way towards IPM adoption (Teng, 2009).

Mangoes are prone to insect infestation and disease infection at any stage of their

development. Without proper pest management program, quality fruits may not be produced.

The current control measures pest attacking mango still relies on the use of pesticides. Most

insecticides and fungicides are applied as calendar spray in an excessive manner resulting to pest

destruction of natural enemies and contamination of environment. In addition, pesticides are

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expensive and have caused increased production inputs. Many of these problems can be

minimized through integrated pest management (IPM). This involves the use of alternative

measures in combination, to minimize pests (Golez, 2010).

Determining the factors that influence farmers’ adoption of IPM is critical to a successful

sustainable pest management program. This study was conducted to determine the constraints

and motivations in IPM adoption, involving 112 farmer participants of a Two-year IPM Training

program (Year 2018 to 2019) in Southern Philippines. Of the 40 adopted technologies, ten were

affected by training attendance. Most of the adopted technologies belonged to the bottom tier of

the IPM Pyramid, which are the abiotic actions such as crop rotation, adopted by 42 to 85% of

the participants. Training completers had higher level of adoption, from moderate to very high,

than absentees whose adoption were mostly from low to moderate (Canacan, 2022).

B. Foreign
Tomato production is mainly done for fresh and processing market niches. Most

developed countries process a larger portion of tomato than is offered in fresh form. Cultivation

of tomato is practiced on the open field and inside greenhouses. High cost of inputs, pest and

diseases, postharvest losses and marketing are the major challenges facing tomato production

globally. Organic tomato production is an emerging market niche. This is due to the increased

consumer awareness, environmental conservation requirements and globalization. Thus, farmers

have been making strides towards compliance to organic and other sustainable standards. These

standards require adoption of the requisite practices, documentation, verification and certification

by a third party. Value addition in tomato is an important aspect in addressing the postharvest

challenges, product diversification and ultimately profitability. This review paper is expected to

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provide the information in tomato value chain to ensure sustainable production of tomato

globally (Gatahi, 2020).

Moreover, tomato completes a life cycle, from seed to seed, in one season. Tomatoes are

usually, grown for a few months, although they can be cropped for 24 months or longer when

growing conditions (water, fertilization, etc.) are optimal and plants are not exhausted by

diseases or insect pests. Whether various pest and disease species that attack tomato will cause

economic loss partly depends on the growth stage of the plants. Injury to other leaves at a late

stage in crop development for example, will not influence the final yield. Tomato plants can

compensate for a lot of injury by producing more leaves, new shoots or bigger size fruits. When

plants compensate for crop injury without yield or quality loss, there is no need to implement

control practices such as applying pesticide (FAO, 2020)

In addition, maize is most important food crop after rice and wheat contributing towards

national food security with an annual production of 28.7 million metric tonnes. The major maize

producing states are Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh.

Maize is a relatively less water demanding crop and gives higher yield /hectare as compared to

other cereals. Due to development of newer varieties which are tolerant to extreme temperatures,

the area under maize cultivation is increasing in northern parts of India. In India about 15 million

farmers are engaged in farming and processing of maize. The recent invasion of Fall Armyworm

(FAW) is causing wide economic damage to maize farmers. The pest is new to India. Hence, it is

important to understand its behaviour in the agro ecosystem and its interactions with predators,

parasitiods and entomo-pathogens in diverse agro ecosystem. Thus, this illustrative guide on

IPM-FFS has been developed by FAO and Directorate of Plant protection Quarantine & Storage

(DPPQS), MoAFW for promoting IPM in maize cultivation with special emphasis on FAW

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management. This is an output of FAO's project titled, “Time critical measures to support early

warning and monitoring for sustainable management of Fall Armyworm in India” (FAO, 2021).

CHAPTER III:

MATERIALS AND METHODS USED

Collection of Tomato Seeds

The pack of tomato (Solanum. lycopersicum) seeds was bought from Nelim’s La Carlota

City- a local agriculture trade shop. The variety was athena with eighty-eight (88) percent of

germination.

Preparation of Seed tray

An alternative seedling tray was prepared for the tomato (S. lycopersicum) seeds. It was

poked of several holes enough for a good water drainage. The alternative seed tray was then

filled of soil which contained of pig manure. The garden soil was crumbled finely and

thoroughly mixed the pig manure. For this mixture, there was seventy (70) percent of soil and

thirty (30) percent of pig manure.

Establishment of Seedlings

The tomato (S. lycopersicum) seeds were sown on the seedling tray. There were

estimated thirty-five (35) seeds that has been casted. Every seeds was made sure that has space

between one another. When it was done, these seeds were covered lightly of mulch for abiotic

stresses prevention such as and insects attacked. After that, it was then watered gently. For the

first and second day of seed nursing, it was covered fully to moisten and for fast germination.

And to the following day, the germinated tomato (S. lycopersicum) seeds were placed on sunny

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spot but shaded in too heat phases of daytime. Every morning and late afternoon it was watered

and repeatedly executed the whole two (2) weeks.

Preparation of Tomato Seedlings Plugs

To house tomato plants, empty containers as an alternative growing medium prepared.

There were twelve (12) empty plastic container that had finite volume of one (1) liter gradually

collected during the germination period of tomato (S. lycopersicum). It was one by one cut into

halves for spacious crater. As all empty containers cut out, these were dug of holes using a

carpenter nail at the bottom in order for water not to store permanently and the avoidance for

tomato not to drown for too much water consumption.

Later days, the tomato plants grow however not to its average growth as the alternative

media was not spacious for the running of tomato roots. By this, the tomato plants concluded to

settle for another growing media which was polybag larger than the one (1) liter plastic

containers.

Preparation of Transplanting

A. One (1) Liter Plastic Containers

After fourteen (14) days, the tomato seedlings was transplanted in the one (1) liter plastic

containers. But beforehand, the soil of tomato seedlings were watered in order for easy pulling

out. While waiting for a couple of minutes, the empty plastic containers had been filled of

composted soil. When done, the alternative seedling tray was gently tap thrice its bottom in a

particular compacted object. Afterwards, the tomato seedlings were slide out one by one.

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Carefully loosen out tangled roots of two tomato seedlings if occurred by the fingers. Lastly,

tomato seedlings specifically the root balls were set into the plastic containers.

B. Cement Sack

The tomato (S. lycopersicum) seedlings planted on the one (1) litre plastic containers

were transplanted on the cement sacks. Due that the tomato plants needed spacious growing

media for growth development purposes. Approximately early minutes before transplanting, all

twelve (12) containers which housed the tomato seedlings were been watered. This to soften the

compacted soil where roots plastered around the corners of containers, if occurred. All cement

sacks were first filled but not haft-full of manure. And then followed by the tomato plants. Only

the containers were snippet two times by a cutter to loosen out the tomato plant still intact of it

moisten soil and planted on each cement sack.

Diagram I. Area of Tomato Plants

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- Twelve (12) Cement Sacks

- Square Meter

Organic Pesticides

Importance:

 Prevent the use of chemical pesticides on plants especially on the tomato (Solanum

lycopersicum) and possible environmental and human health risks.

 Lessen the populations of pests and gradually exterminate its survival on the tomato

(Solanum Lycopersicum) and other plants.

 Reduce farm input costs by which raw materials can be found in the surroundings as

natural resources.

A. Leaf Extract Pesticide

Organic Sources/Materials:

 Each (100) grams of neem and madre de cacao leaf

 (25) cloves of garlic

 Each (½) tbsp of oil and dishwashing liquid

 (0.8) ml of tap water

 (100) ml of vinegar

Procedure

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The blended (200) grams of mixed neem and madre de cacao leaf was put on (1) litre

container. Then followed by the (25) gloves crushed garlic. Afterwards, the (100) ml of vinegar

was added and the (0.8) ml of tap water. Ladled the solution gently. Let the solution sit over

seven (7) days. When past due, strain the solution, putting aside the neem and madre de cacao

leaf. Put the (1) litre of stock solution on an empty clean container. Add the (½) tbsp cooking oil

together with the (½) tbsp. of dishwashing liquid.

Uses

Neem– an ideal natural pesticide and fungicide especially in controlling nematodes.

Madre de Cacao– a good source of coumarins, a toxic chemical that may kill practically all pests.

B. Oriental Herbal Nutrients (OHN) Pesticide

Organic Sources/Materials:

 (300) grams of ginger

 (30) gloves of garlic

 (100) ml of vinegar

 (0.7) ml of molasses

Procedure

The fine chopped spices of (300) grams ginger together with (30) gloves garlic were

transferred into an empty container and added of (100) ml vinegar. It was then ladled and set

aside for a couple of minutes. Then added with (0.7) ml molasses. After seven (7) days of

fermentation in a cool lace away from direct sunlight, it was retrieved and strained the liquid

from the container to place in a clean empty container.

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Uses

Ginger– have antibacterial and antifungal properties with great potentials in fighting against

common vegetable pests.

Garlic- sulfur contained which is effective against a wide range of pests.

Pest Observation through IPM Method

 The tomato area was regularly checked.

 Tomato plants conditions strictly observed.

 Pest populations observed.

 When pests discovered, its life cycle was known.

Application Method

Controlling pest population was observing the pest attack time. When identified, as much

as possible, hand picking was the mode of pest control. Organic pesticides were sprayed once a

week. Both pesticides has the same amount of dosage.

Diagram II. BLE & OHN DOSAGE

1:500/10ml/3 teaspoons per gallon

Botanical Leaf Extract (BLE)

Oriental Herbal Nutrients
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Parameters for Observation

There were a total of twelve (12) sack planted of tomato plants. These were divided into

three (3) as there were also three (3) treatments. And each treatment had (4) sample tomato

plants. The treatments were the two (2) organic pesticides: leaf extracts and oriental herbal

nutrients. And the remaining one (1) was the control treatment or the water only. The site were

the samples situated was constantly observed every morning and afternoon. This due also to

observe the pests other than the parameters for data collection. The various parameters for

hydroponics grown lettuce plants includes the following:

 Plant height

 Number of leaves

 Stem condition

 Soil condition

 Level of temperature

 Stem diameter

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Diagram III. Organic Pesticides

Madre De Aphids, Whitefly,

Cacao Termites, Blister
Beetles, White Grubs,
and Fall Armyworms

Leaf Extract

Larva like spodoptera,

heliothis, etc., thrips,
mites, whitefly,
greenfly, and other
Neem sucking pests

Organic
Pesticides

Bulb Mites,
Leafminers,
Garlic Nematodes, Onion
Maggots, Thrips

Oriental
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CHAPTER IV:

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter includes parameters of observation: tomato leaf count and plant height,

discussion, treatments comparison, pest observations and identification. There were three

treatments: treatment A (leaf extract pesticide), treatment B (oriental herbal nutrients or OHN),

and treatment C (water only or control treatment). All treatments had finite tomato samples

which each there were four (4) tomato plants: P1, P2, P3, and P4. Data collection’s interval was

fifteen (15) days. And each day possible pest infestation was observed.

Table 1: Tomato (Solanum lycoersicum) at 15 DAP: plant height on May 09, 2023 without
treatments application
Samples
Treatments P1 P2 P3 P4 Total Mean
(A) Botanical Leaf
Extract 17 cm 19 cm 18 cm 22 cm 76 cm 19 cm

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(B) OHN 17 cm 16 cm 20 cm 14 cm 67 cm 16.75 cm

(C) Control
(Water) 14 cm 13 cm 16 cm 13 cm 56 cm 14 cm

Table 1 shows the results of data collection at 15 days after transplanting. Treatments

were not yet applied. The tomato samples for supposed treatment A got a total of 76 cm which

has 19 cm plant height average. It was then followed by supposed treatment B which has 67 cm

intotal and an average plant height of 16.75 cm or 17 cm. And supposed treatment C got the least

result which got 56 cm in total plant height and an average of 14 cm.

Table 2: Tomato (Solanum lycoersicum) at 15 DAP: leaf count on May 09, 2023
without treatments application
Tomato Samples
Treatments P1 P2 P3 P4 Total Mean
(A) Botanical Leaf
Extract 18 29 28 23 98 24.5

(B) OHN 22 26 18 4 70 17.5

(C) Control
(Water) 17 21 22 15 75 18.75

Table 2 displays the leaf countgathered on tomato plants at 15 days after transplanting.

This data collection does not also applied yet of supposed pesticdes. The supposed treatment A

got the highest leaf count total of 98 that had an average of 24.5 or 25. Then the supposed

treatment C got the second highest total leaf count of 75 with an average 0f 18.75 ot 19. And

supposed treatment B had the lowest total of 70 leaf count with its average of 17.5 or 18.

Table 3: Tomato (Solanum lycoersicum) at 30 DAP: plant height on May 24, 2023 with
treatments application
Tomato Samples
Treatments P1 P2 P3 P4 Total Mean
(A) Botanical Leaf

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Extract 23 cm 25 cm 24 cm 28 cm 100 cm 25 cm

(B) OHN 25 cm 21 cm 25 cm 19 cm 90 cm 23.5 cm

(C) Control
(Water) 18 cm 19 cm 21 cm 18 cm 76 cm 19 cm

Table 3 shows the results of data obtained at 30 days after transplanting. The samples

from treatment A got a total of 100 cm and has a mean of 25 cm. It was followed by treatment B

has 90 cm intotal and a mean of 23.5 cm. And treatment C got the least result which got 76 cm in

total plant height and an average of 19 cm.

Table 4: Tomato (Solanum lycoersicum) at 30 DAP: leaf count on May 24, 2023
withtreatments application
Tomato Samples
Treatments P1 P2 P3 P4 Total Mean
(A) Botanical Leaf
Extract 25 31 30 27 113 28.25

(B) OHN 25 27 26 16 94 23.5

(C) Control
(Water) 20 24 26 19 89 22.25

Table 4 displays leaf count at 30 days after transplanting. Treatment A got the highest

leaf count total of 113 with a of 28.25. Then B got 94 with 23.5 mean. And treatment C had the

lowest total of 89 leaves with its average of 22.25.

Table 5: Tomato (Solanum lycoersicum) at 45 DAP: plant height on June 08, 2023 with
treatments application
Tomato Samples
Treatments P1 P2 P3 P4 Total Mean
(A) Botanical Leaf
Extract 37 cm 40 cm 39 cm 43 cm 159 cm 39.75 cm

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(B) OHN 41 cm 35 cm 40 cm 33 cm 149 cm 37.25 cm

(C) Control
(Water) 30 cm 32 cm 34 cm 31 cm 127 cm 31.75 cm

Table 5 shows the results of data obtained at 45 days after transplanting. The samples

from treatment A got a total of 159 cm and has a mean of 39.75 cm. It was followed by treatment

B has 149 cm intotal and a mean of 37.25 cm. And treatment C got the least result which got 127

cm in total plant height and an average of 31.75 cm.

Table 6: Tomato (Solanum lycoersicum) at 45 DAP: leaf count on June 08, 2023 without
treatments application
Tomato Samples
Treatments P1 P2 P3 P4 Total Mean
(A) Botanical Leaf
Extract 39 46 44 38 167 41.75

Treatment B: 37 39 38 35 149 37.25

OHN

Treatment C: 30 33 34 30 127 31.75

Control (Water)

Table 6 displays leaf count at 45 days after transplanting. Treatment A got the highest

leaf count total of 167 with a of 41.75. Then B got 149 with 37.25 mean. And treatment C had

the lowest total of 127 leaves with its average of 37.75.

Table 7: Tomato (Solanum lycoersicum) at 60 DAP: plant height on June 23, 2023 with
treatments application
Tomato Samples
Treatments P1 P2 P3 P4 Total Mean
(A) Botanical Leaf
Extract 67 cm 73 cm 69 cm 76 cm 285 cm 71.25 cm

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(B) OHN 73 cm 64 cm 71 cm 63 cm 271 cm 67.75 cm

(C) Control 58 cm 63 cm 67 cm 61 cm 249 cm 62.25 cm

(Water)

Table 7 shows the results of data obtained at 60 days after transplanting. The samples

from treatment A got a total of 285 cm and has a mean of 71.25 cm. It was followed by treatment

B has 271 cm intotal and a mean of 67.75 cm. And treatment C got the least result which got 249

cm in total plant height and an average of 62.25 cm.

Table 8: Tomato (Solanum lycoersicum) at 60 DAP: leaf count on June 23, 2023 without
treatments application
Tomato Samples
Treatments P1 P2 P3 P4 Total Mean
(A) Botanical Leaf
Extract 55 70 65 58 248 62

(B) OHN 55 57 54 54 220 55

(C) Control
(Water) 48 51 53 49 201 50.25

Table 8 displays leaf count at 60 days after transplanting. Treatment A got the highest

leaf count total of 248 with a of 62. Then B got 220 with 55 mean. And treatment C had the

lowest total of 201 leaves with its average of 50.25.

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CHAPTER V:

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

A. Conclusion

Based on the findings, IPM practiced with organic pesticides, treatment A (botanical leaf

extracts) and treatment B (oriental herbal nutrients) were found to be more effective at enhancing

the nutrient quality of tomato leaves and height growth. To have a comparison, treatment A got

the highest results both for the height and number of leaves. The tallest tomato plant was seen in

P4, at 76 cm. The most tomato leaves were found in P2, which had a total of 70 leaves. These

was concluded in the recent data collection. Furthermore, the organic pesticides have a

significant effects in the growth performance of tomato plants. Which based on the outcomes.

And were relatively different from the control treatment. In addition, the practiced of IPM have a

positive impact in crop production. Therefore, based on the results, it can be conclude that

implementing IPM and if possible applying organic pesticides derived from plants which have a

lot of dissolved nutrients, can considerably improve tomato growth. Additionally, IPM practiced

to avoid the use of chemicals that can cause damaged for the environment and can enable health

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risks to the consumers. And it lessens the grower’s farm labors and having to use organic

pesticides also decreases the cost of production. Organic pesticides works, just like any

commercial pesticides. It also benefit the growth of tomato plants.

B. Recommendation

 IPM practices and organic pesticides are proposed for crop production and protection

as it is efficient for growers and environment.

 Pest observation and identification is crucial for IPM practices.

 Collect data such as plant height and numbers of leaves to know the level of nutrients

requirements.

 Botanical leaf extracts and oriental herbal nutrients which the organic pesticides

derived plants are cost-efficient and suitable to use as ingredients are from natural

resources and non-toxic for environment and consumers.

 IPM practices is suitable for any crops.

 The botanical leaf extracts and oriental herbal nutrients are can be applied in any

crops.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Crop Life. (2016). Integrated Pest Management. Available at

https://croplife.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf_files/Integrated-pest-management.pdf;

Accessed on April 21, 2023

Canacan, D. R. (2022). Adoption of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Technologies in

Southern Philippines: Constraints and Motivations. Available at http://www.ijat-

aatsea.com; Accessed April 29, 2023

Department of Agriculture. (2017). Tomato Production Guide. Available at

https://cagayanvalley.da.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Tomato.pdf; Accessed on

April 20, 2023

FAO (2011). Tomato Integrated Pest Management: An Ecological Guide. Available at

https://www.fao.org/3/ca8291en.pdf; Accessed on April 29, 2023

FA0 (2021). Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Farmer Field School (FFS). Available at

https://www.fao.org/3/cb3963en/cb3963en.pdf; Accessed on April 28, 2023

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Food and Agriculture Organization. (2021). Land and Water. Available at

https://www.fao.org/land-water/databases-and-software/crop-information/tomato/en/;

Accessed on April 20, 2023

Food and Agriculture Organization. (2019). Tomato Production. Available at

http://www.fao.org/faostat/em/#home; Accessed on April 20, 2023

Gatahi, D. M. (2020). Challenges and Opportunities in Tomato Production Chain and

Sustainable Standards. International Journal of Horticultural Science and

Technology, 7(3), 235-262. doi: 10.22059/ijhst.2020.300818.361; Accessed on April 21,

2023

Golez, H. (2010). Mango Propagation and Nursery Management, Jordan Guimanaras: Bureau of

Plant Industry-National Crop Research, Development and Production Support Center.

Available at www.ati.da.gov.ph; Accessed on April 29, 2023

Islam, M. (2017). Management of insect pests in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under

different planting dates and mechanical support. Research Gate. Available at

DOI:10.18801/jstei.050117.36; Accessed on April 21, 2023

Sass, C MPH, RD. (2022). Health Benefits of Tomatoes. Available at

https://www.health.com/nutrition/health-benefits-tomatoes#:~:text; Accessed on April

20, 2023

Teng, P. (2009). Integrated Pest Management in Rice. Available at

https:doi.org/10.1017/s001447970002408x; Accessed on April 27, 2023

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APPENDICES

Appendix A- Pest Identification

This was recorded on May 09, 2023 and this activity will still be continued in the coming

days of tomato (S. lycopersicum).

Crop Stage: Transplanting through Flowering

Insect Pest What’s look: Gather Sample: Action Threshold:

Seen 1 variegated Because there was only one

Had a 4 to 7 pale cutworm larva on the variegated cutworm larva

Variegated yellow, circular treatment B, plant 4 and the only insect species

Cutworm Larva spots on the back of (TBP4). There were feed on leaves. This hand-

(Peridroma the lava. The general only 3 leaves left picked off to proper

saucia) body is black. uneaten and the rest eradication. And this was

were all eaten. due of by heavy damaged

on the tomato plant (TBP4)

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Figure 1. Pest

Variegated Cutworm Larva

(Peridroma saucia)

Figure 2. Extent of Damages

La Carlota City College

 27

Feed on Tomato
Leaves
Appendix B- Calendar of Activities

Responsible
Date Activity Picture w/Attached Date Members

Antolo
 Site selection for the
Blanca
03/29/23 tomato (S. lycopersicum)
De La Cruz
plant
Hallazgo

 Collection of empty
Antolo
04/02/23 containers as a growing Blanca
medium for tomato De La Cruz
(Solanum lycopersicum) Hallazgo
plants

 Bought and prepared Antolo

the tomato (Solanum Blanca
04/08/23
lycopersicum) seeds De La Cruz
Hallazgo

La Carlota City College

 28

Antolo
 Sown of tomato
Blanca
04/09/23
(Solanum lycopersicum) De La Cruz
seeds Hallazgo

 Started off the Antolo

germination of tomato Blanca
04/11/23
(Solanum lycopersicum) De La Cruz
seeds Hallazgo

 The tomato Antolo

(Solanum lycopersicum) Blanca
04/13/23
seedlings gradually grow De La Cruz
Hallazgo

La Carlota City College

 29

 True leaves of Antolo

04/15/23
tomato (Solanum Blanca
lycopersicum) seedlings De La Cruz
finally appeared Hallazgo

Antolo
 Nursing of tomato
Blanca
04/17/23
(Solanum lycopersicum) De La Cruz
seedlings for betterment Hallazgo
before transplant

Antolo
Blanca
 Cutting of Empty
04/19/23 De La Cruz
container
Hallazgo

Antolo
 The tomato
Blanca
(Solanum lycopersicum)
04/21/23 De La Cruz
seedlings significantly grow Hallazgo

La Carlota City College

 30

 Thirteen days
Antolo
old tomato (Solanum Blanca
04/23/23 lycoersicum) seedlings and De La Cruz
ready to be transplanted in Hallazgo
containers

Antolo
 Filling the empty
Blanca
04/24/23
containers of soil contains De La Cruz
with compost and Hallazgo
transplanting

Antolo
 Seven-day old
05/02/23 Blanca
tomato plants.
De La Cruz
Hallazgo

La Carlota City College

 31

Antolo
 Collection of raw
05/06/23 Blanca
materials for organic
De La Cruz
pesticides making
Hallazgo

 Pest identification Antolo

05/08/23
Blanca
De La Cruz
Hallazgo

Antolo
 15 DAP data Blanca
05/09/23
gathering De La Cruz
Hallazgo

La Carlota City College

 32

Antolo
Blanca
 Organic pesticides
05/10/23 De La Cruz
making Hallazgo

Antolo
 Monitoring if there’s
05/15/23
Blanca
pests attacks
De La Cruz
Hallazgo

Antolo
 Transplant of tomato
Blanca
06/05/23 plants in you growing
De La Cruz
media (sack)
Hallazgo

La Carlota City College

 33

Appendix C- Curriculum Vitae

KYLA E. DE LA CRUZ

Barangay Batuan, Valladolid

Negros Occidental

09457423235

kyladelacruz0318@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: March 18, 2002 Civil Status: Single

Place of Birth: Ocampo, Camarines Sur Citizenship: Filipino

Religion: Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Tertiary: Bachelor of Science in Agriculture Major in Agronomy

La Carlota City College

Cubay, La Carlota City, 2021 - Present

Secondary: DHSBNHS-SHS, 2020-2021

DHSBNHS, 2018-2019

Gurrea Street, Uriarte Subdivision

Primary: South I Elementary School

Gurrea Street, 2013-2014

La Carlota City College

 34

JHERRALYN G. HALLAZGO

Barangay Robles, La Castellana,

Province of Negros Occidental

09947417420

Jherralyng.hallazgo@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: July 14, 1999 Civil Status: Live in

Place of Birth: La Castellana Citizenship: Filipino

Religion: Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Tertiary: Bachelor of Science in Agriculture Major in Agronomy

La Carlota City College

Cubay, La Carlota City, 2021 - Present

Secondary: La Castellana National High School- SHS, 2017-2018

La Castellana National High School, 2015-2016

Primary: Don Felix Robles Elementary School

La Castellana, 2010-2011

La Carlota City College

 35

DANEZA P. BLANCA

Barangay Maao, Bago City

Province of Negros Occidental

09498751487

blancadaneza@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: October 27, 1999 Civil Status: Single

Place of Birth: Bago City Citizenship: Filipino

Religion: Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Tertiary: Bachelor of Science in Agriculture Major in Agronomy

La Carlota City College

Cubay, La Carlota City, 2021 - Present

Secondary: Ramon Torres Louisiana-SHS

Bago City, 2020-2021

Notre Dame High School

Bago City, 2015-2016

Primary: Maao Elementary School

Barangay Maao, 2010-2011

La Carlota City College

 36

RALPH ANTOLO

Barangay Camba-og, Hinigaran

Province of Negros Occidental

09075967648
ralphantolo@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: January 08, 2001 Civil Status: Single

Place of Birth: Hinigaran Citizenship: Filipino

Religion: Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Tertiary: Bachelor of Science in Agriculture Major in Agronomy

La Carlota City College

Cubay, La Carlota City, 2021 - Present

Secondary: Camba-og National High Schol

Hinigaran, 2019-2020

Primary: Camba-og Elementary School

Hinigaran, 2012-2013

La Carlota City College