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Chapter-5-Life-Processes Class 10 Notes

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Chapter-5-Life-Processes Class 10 Notes

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Anyaa Gupta
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a, ti Be ace aia. ee Wi DO ea eae aoe TOUCHES EVERY CORNER OF NCERT INCLUDES NCERT ACTIVITIES (AKQ), BOXES(BKQ) & EXEMPLAR (EKQ) EACH LINE, FLOWCHART & DIAGRAM IS MOTIVATED FROM PYQs medina res CBSE TOPPERS ae a nS UPIID: akshaypadhle@axl The basic functions performed by living organism to maintain their life on this earth are called Life process The basic life pracess common to all living organism are Nutrition, Respiration, Transportation, Control and Coordination, Growth; movement and Reproduction. Release eni es ee Be Gein are Koons) Gu coy 7 [ peat oe anotabre c Removal Y tonic warte Nutrition is a process of intake of nutrients (like carbohydrate, fat, protein, minerals, vitamins and water by an organism as well as the utilisation of these nutrients by the organism. + Nutrient: A nutrient can be defined as a substance which an organism obtain from its surroundings and uses it as a source of energy or for the biosynthesis of its body constituents (like tissues and organs) intake Stmpte -food tn te form q tee ard elicnis op © i mp lex—> Simple Sadar eewe. wee ou nie Autotrophic nutrition is that mode of nutrition in which an organism make (or synthesises) its own food from the simple inorganic material like carbon dioxide and water present in the surroundings (with the help of sunlight energy.) Heterotrophic nutrition is that mode of nutrition in which an organism cannot make (or synthesise) its own food from simple inorganic material (like Carbon dioxide and water) and depend on the other organism for its food. Holozoic nutrition: The complex food material taken in by the organism is broken down into simpler and soluble molecules. For example, Human, Amoeba. Saprotrophic nutrition: The organisms feed on the dead and decaying matter. For example, Fungi. Parasitic nutrition: The organisms live either on or inside the organism to obtain its nutrition. For example, Lice, Cuscuta (amarbel). > Biocatalyst: Biocatalysts are the substance that speed up or activate any biochemical reaction. Example: Digestive enzyme like trypsin and pepsin. The process by which green plants make their own food (like glucose) from carbon dioxide and water by using sunlight energy in the presence of chlorophyll is called photosynthesis. Raw Materials for Photosynthesis:( stalk of leaf, Lamina->Flat, broad and expanded portion of leaf. Midrib —> Midline which divides leaf into two equal halves. Veins —> supply water throughout surface of leaf. Internal structure of leaf comprises of: Epidermis: 't has two parts (j) upper epidermis: Upper epidermis is usually covered by a waxy layer called cuticle which prevents water [oss through transpiration. lower epidermis: Lower epidermis has stomata which help in gaseous exchange. res whi Guard cells: Bean-shaped cells which guard the opening of stomata. They have chloroplasts and have in their all wail. Opening and closing of stomatal done by guard cells Photosynthest: Other material itrogen is an essential element used CEherption> ——? naan ¥ CEgestion> > _sharpattzicehic the snare fon serail ee bay In Unicellular animals, all the process of nutrition ave performed by the single cell only. Amoeba and Paramecium are two very simple animals. ee Nutri Amoeba " rs Temporary finger-like extensions of the cell surface called pseudopodia are used by Amoeba to engulf food. Pseudopodialfuse over the food particle saa forming a-food- vacuole in which complex substances are broken down into -@s ri simpler ones and diffuse into the cytoplasm. The remaining undigested Pte fniaterial moves to the sarface of the cell and(gets thrown out Sis leo | Nutri Paramoecium o> In Paramecium, food is moved to a specific spot by the movement of cilia which cover the entire surface of the cell. In the complex multi cellular animals like man, grasshopper, fish and frogs ete, all-the process involved in nutrition are performed by a combinition of digestive organs. This Combination of digestive organ is called digestive system. Nutri Human Beings Human digestive system consists of alimentary canal and the astociated glands: The alimentary canal is @ Tong tube running from mouth to anus of a human being (or other animals) in which digestion and absorption of food take place is called elementary canal Dove Louth ~A—> Gorge pax, taste , Soalleteg ist Salt cmap hose Sal? vay Galena) ore Stople Sugar me» teelpstadigatton of Proteta Laimatk A>], Gy > trate vette mneabticm synth tat tare fanet A patna ( CD > PEM ctowost~ Briefe HH i ee cmmnnisit Parerenste jak » —> lfgert Aaa ang7 >) a.» ree > conbohydxote > aS i alee Liana 7 —> abso wake, , is the result o} that reve Tooth decay, or Tongue 9 Mouth Ocephagys Paneveas Grail Bladder Livee Bile duct mae Small Intestine Appendix, oem Anus Read tha Notes find Ancwer He Ouestion @ rite any two event that occurring during Photosynthesis? Question: Give reason for the following (A) Herbivores have longer Small intestine than carnivores (B) Rings of Cartilage are present in trachea oO (C) Mucus is secreated along with HCI in the Stomach Question: (a) Discuss the role of HCI, pepsin, bile and trypsin in the digestion of food in human beings. (b) Where are gastric glands located in alimentary canal of human? Question: How is the small intestine designed to absorb the digested food? What happens to the colour of the leaf? What is the colour of the solution? Questios Answer: The leaf becomes/¢olourless, Chlorophyll is dissolved in aléohol and the/aléohol__ ‘tuFRS green. Question: Observe the colour of the leaf and compare this with the tracing of the leaf, done in the beginning. Answer: ® & Question: What can you conclude about the presence of starch in various areas of Rye ie the leaf? Answer: The blue colour in green areas indicates the presence of starch. ah - E the leaves show the presence of the same amount of stare! Answer: Question: What can you conclude from this activity? = Answer: the MAR Ge EO Resi a rece ae SS baer starch est, all © ry mount of a leaf peel to observe and state when and why these liquids are used. Pret J liquids other than water. Name these two liqui. Answer: Two liquids used (A) Saffranin stain : in order to stain the peel. (8) Glycerin - so that the peel doesn't dry out. Question: List four precautions in proper sequence which we observe while preparing a temporary mount off a leaf peel. Answer: (i) (ii) (it) Handle peel with a brash, as needle can damage it) (iv) Question: In which test tube do you observe a colour change? Answer: Test tube B Question: What does this indicate about the presence or absence of starch in the two test tubes? Answer: Test tube A does riot contain starch whereas test tube B contains starch. Question: What does this tell us about the action of Answer: On the e aon starch? “The breakdown of simple food material to release eneray is called as respiration. v.. S carbon dioxide —7 carbohydrates oxygen (2Cartben motecute,) | Gireplosn Beeaeeeae aac coca [2Canibon molecule) (6Couben Molecule) folecule Aerobic Anaerobic 1. Aerobic respiration takes place in the 1. Anaerobic respiration| takes place in the presence of oxygen. absence of oxygen 2. Complete breakdown of food occurs in 2. Partial breakdown of food occurs in aerobic respiration. anaerobic respiration. 3. The end products in aerobic respiration 3. The end products in anaerobic respiration are carbon dioxide and water. may be ethanol and carbon dioxide (as in yeast plants), or lactic acid (asin animal muscles). 4. Rerobic respiration produces a 4, Much Tess energy is produced in anaerobic considerable amount of energy respiration. in plants: Respiration in plants is simpler than the respiration in animals, Gaseous exchange occurs through: ‘+ stomata in leaves © Lenticels in stems + General surface of the roots Respiration in terrestrial animals: They use dtmospheric oxygen for respiration, Respiration in aquatic animals: Aquatic animals use the oxygen dissolved in water. They breathe at a faster rate since the amount of dissolved oxygen is fairly low compared to the amount of oxygen in the air, Fishes take water frommouth and send it to the gills where the dissalved oxygen is taken up by blood. Aiv enters the body after getting filtered by fine hairs and mucus in the nostrils, The air then passes through trachea (present in throat) into the lungs. Rings of cartilage present on trachea prevent it from collapsing during the passage of air. The trachea divide into bronchi which enter the lungs and divide further into bronchioles which finally terminate in balloon-like structures called alveoli which have a rich supply of blood vessels and help in exchange of gases. “Wechanign 0€ breathing: During inhalation (breathing in), the Volume of the chest cavity becomes larger as the ribs get lifted and diaphragm gets flattened, Air gets sucked into the lungs/and fills the expanded alveoli. The blood brings carbon dioxide from the rest of the body to the alveoli and exchanges it for oxygen to be transported to all the cells in the body. During exhalation (breathing out), the volume of the chest cavity becomes smaller as the ribs get relaxed and diaphragm moves upward (relaxes). Air vich in carbon dioxide gets pushed out of the lungs to.come out through the nostrifs Residual volume: 't is the volume of air left behind in the lungs even after Forceful breathing out of air. This helps to provide sufficient time for oxygen to be absorbed and for the carbon dioxide to be released. Respiratory pigment: The respiratory pigment called hemoglobin in human beings is present inthe red blood corpuscles. Hemoglobin has a very highfaffinity for oxygen. tentang | " as Fort ewe H ‘ake some freshly prepared lime water in 4 test tube. Blow air through this lime water. Note how long it takes for the lime water to turn milky. Pekan a Answer: 't “> FA nave Question: Use a syringe or pichkari to pass air through some fresh lime water taken in another {a) Air being passed Test tube. Note how long it takes for this lime water a/menaer ih ag Test tube to turn milky. as - are Answer: it takes much time to turn the lime water {tat being exhaled — a into lie wate. a) » Question: What does this tell us about the amount of on dioxide in the air that we breathe out? Answer: it shows that the Question: What change is observed in the lime water and how long does it take for this change to occur? newer: Bir taken out through the tube males fe water milky Question: What does this tell us about the products of fermentation? Answer: Products of fermentation are COgand alcohol. tion: Are the timings of the opening and closing of the mouth and gill-slits coordinated in some manner? Answer: Yes. During breathing, fishes open and close their mouth & gill slitéin a coordinated manner and timing. Question: Count the number of times the fish opens and closes its mouth in a minute. Answer: it is Question: Compare this to the number of times you breathe in and out in a minute. Answer: he Question: In the experimental set up to show that "CO is given out during respiration”, name the substance taken in the small test tube kept in the conical flask. State its function and the consequence of its use, Answers The substance taken in the small test tube kept in the conical flask is KOH (potassium hydroxide e Question: A student has set up “Co,, is released during respiration’ After about 1 hour he observes no change in the water level in the delivery tube. Write two possible resons for the failure of the experiment. Answer: (i) Wi) (iii) one end of Read He Notes ond Anawor te Quertion When a sportsman runs, he gets muscle cramps. Why? Question: Differentiate between fermentation in yeast and aerobic respiration on the basis of end products formed. Question: How are lungs designed in human beings to maximise the area for exchange of gases? Question: What advantages over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have with regard to obtaining oxygen for respiration? Question: Diffusion is insufficient to meet the meet the Oxygen requirements Of Multicellular organisms like human. State reason. The circulatory system in human beings consists of: | i ulation of blood: ence stn satatnn\fagestur sa ee oe E The right atrium contracts and transfers blood to the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps de-oxygenated blood for oxygenation to the lungs through pulmonary vein, Bi panned 99 49 9 igh B Vertricles have thicker muscular walls than atrium as they have to pump blood into various organs. ot Role of valves: Valves ensure that blood does not flow backwards when the -sbais or ventricles contract. Significance of separation of right and left side of the heart: It is useful to-prevent mixing of oxygenated and de-orygenated blood. It also allows a highly efficient supply of oxygen to the body, I¢ is useful for animals that have high energy needs, such as birds and mammals, which constantly use energy to maintain their body temperature. + Fishes have a two chambered heart, Blood pumped by heart gets oxygenated by gills and passes directly to the rest of the body, This is called single circulation. + ‘Amphibians and reptiles have three-chambered hearts and tolerate some mixing of the oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood. + Birds and mammals have four chambered heart, Blood goes through the heart twice during each cycle in them. This is known as double circulation. vena eae = ‘vein from = a ‘ote eso co) mer 3 ox can hen "eon sera (anacing wait) — Scat tena iw fhe haan ha Serumat paseratn arp a fsthoge ange nd cton se Capillaries: The|smallest vessels have walls which are-one-cell thick and ave called Capillaries. Their ‘thin wall helps in exchange of material between the blood and surrounding cells. Veins are formed when the capillaries join together Role of blood platelets: Platelet cells circulate around the body in the blood and help in the clotting of blood when blood flows out during injury ov cut. Lymph or Tissue fluid: 't is formed by the plasma) proteins akdPbload cells which escape into the intercellular spaces in the tissues through the pores present in the walls of the capillaries. Lymph is similar to the plasma of blood but colourless and contains less protein. It also carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine and drains excess fluid from extra cellular space back into the blood. tymph enters the lymphatic capillaries which join to form large lymph vessels that finally open into larger veins Blood Ctrolation Pn Human Roi Palmorary Vetm ® Congested blood) jain axtery (Aovia) . longest biood ) (BRR Ferd tre plots ork Amwor te Guation List the three kinds of blood vessels of human circulatory system and write their functions? escribe double circulation In numan beings. Why is it necessary? Question: (a) How many chambers are present in the heart of () fish (it) amphibians (b) Why is it necessary to separate orygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds? ps Difference between arteries and Veins. Answer: Arteries Veins 1. They are thick walled) 1.They are thin walled. ‘2.Arteries have no valves. 2They have Valves. 3.Carry Onygenated blood except pulmonary artery. 3. Carry deoxygenated blood except pulmonary vein. Question: Difference between blood and lymph. Answer: Blood tymph 1.the constituents of blood are RBC,WBC) 1. The constituent of lymph’s are plasma ee. to the presence of RBC.) 2uti Question: Visit a health centre in your locality and find out what is the normal range of haemoglobin content in human beings. Answer: + In men:[f4 #017 g/ 100 ml, + in women: © In children: Question: Is it the same for children and adult Answer: No: children: #19 16 9/100 ml Question: Is there any difference in the haemoglobin levels for men and women? Answer: Question: Visit @ veterinary clinic in your locality. Find out what is the normal range of haemoglobin Jeontent jin an animal like the buffalo or cow. Is this content different in calves, male and female animals? Answer: Question: Compare the difference seen in male and female human beings and animals, Answer: reco is tieleel chanaeinees oS TEP Question: How would the difference, if any, be explained? Answer: Human body needs more oxygen to do various biological works. _Trangportation in Plants, “(0 Xylem ane arian “i PRoem i) Xylem: ii) Phloem: Transport of Water and Minerals root ire theor i) By root pre ‘ranspiration pull hheord ii) By transpiration pull: Lranspiration and tts roles: Theos of water inthe formof vapour from the aevial parts of the plant) |i known as transpiration. it helps in (i) absorption and upward movement of water and minerals, Transport of food and other substances: Translocation is the transport of soluble products of photosynthesis through: phioem, Sucrose is transferred into sieve tubes of phloem via-the companion cells using energy) from ATP. This increases ‘the osmotic pressure inside the sieve tubes which causes movement of water into the sieve tubes from the adjacent ee he This pressure helps in translocation of material in the phloem to tissues which have less pressure. 0 you observe any difference in the two cases? lanswer: Yes. In the pot with plant, water droplets are found in the plastic sheet. It is due to the condensation of water vapour released by transpiration. in other pot, water droplets are not formed Removal of metabolic wastes from the body is called as excretion. Excretion in Unicellular organisms: Many unicellular organisms remove metabolic wastes from the body surface into the surrounding water by simple diffusion. Excretion in Human Beings: xcretory system of human beings includes: (i) A pair of Kidneys (it) A Urinary Bladder (iii) A pair of Ureters (iv) A Uretiora The purpose of making urine is to filter out waste product from the blood ie. urea which is produced in the liver. Each kidney has large numbers of filtration units called nephrons. The urine formation involves three steps. (i) Glomerular filtration: i wastes, glucose water, amino acid filter from the blood in blood capillaries into Bowrnan Capsule of the nephrons Mi) Selective reabsorption: Some substances in the dnitial filtrate, such as glucose, aming agids, salts and 4 major mount of water are selectively reabsorbed back by capillaries surrounding the nephrons (iii) Tubular secretion: some ions like Ki Ht, etc. are secreted into the tubule which opens up into the collecting duct — Urine produced in the kidneys passes through collecting duct into the ureters. Ureters takes urine into the urinary bladder where it is stored until it is released through the urethra. Release of urine is under nervous control Excess oxygen and carbon dicside removed through stomata Excess water removed by transpiration through stamata Plant waste products are also removed by * storage in cellular vacuoles + Storage in leaves that fall off + Storing as resins and gums in old xylem + By excreting into the soil around them. Excreatton tn Human Belng Ard funuze are teehee > sub si , (Brerete out urine from the body | Vena Cava Porta Renal Vein feral Artery Sour le Glomervtus Urekee Kedney Artery poop of Bladder Veet What is Dialysis or Hemodialysis + The word *HAEMO" refers ti spared ‘Sood Ting Fons Working Principle of Dialysis , Used Dass Pd Airdaecapsemscnne Fre, Compre i : How is Blood Pressure measured? ‘inser

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