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Parallel Operation of SG

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37 views24 pages

Parallel Operation of SG

Uploaded by

muhammadarsalank01
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Parallel Operation of SG

In today's world, an isolated synchronous generator supplying its own


load independent of other generators is very rare.

Such a situation is found in only a few out-of-the-way applications such


as emergency generators

For all usual generator applications, there is more than one generator
operating in parallel to supply the power demanded by the loads.
Why are synchronous generators operated in parallel?

There are several major advantages to such operation:


• Several generators can supply a bigger load than one machine by
itself.

• Having many generators increases the reliability of the power


system, since the failure of anyone of them does not cause a total
power loss to the load.

• Having many generators operating in parallel allows one or more of


them to be removed for shutdown and preventive maintenance.

• If only one generator is used and it is not operating at near full load,
then it will be relatively inefficient. With several smaller machines in
parallel, it is possible to operate only a fraction of them. The ones
that do operate are operating near full load and thus more
efficiently.
Conditions Required for Paralleling
Figure shows a synchronous generator G1 supplying power to a
load, with another generator G2 about to be paralleled with G1 by
closing the switch S1.

What conditions must be met before the switch can be closed and the
two generators connected?
If the switch is closed arbitrarily at some moment, the generators
are liable to be severely damaged, and the load may lose power.

If the voltages are not exactly the same in each conductor being tied
together, there will be a very large current flow when the switch is
closed.

To avoid this problem, each of the three phases must have exactly
the same voltage magnitude and phase angle as the conductor
to which it is connected.
The following paralleling conditions must be met:

• The rms line voltages of the two generators must be equal.

• The two generators must have the same phase sequence.

• The phase angles of the two a phases must be equal.

• The frequency of the new generator, called the oncoming


generator, must be slightly higher than the frequency of the
running system.
The voltage in phases a and a' will be completely identical at all times if
both their magnitudes and their angles are the same,

If the phase sequence is different then even though one pair of voltages (the
a phases) are in phase, the other two pairs of voltages are 120 degree out of
phase.

If the generators were connected in this manner, there would be no problem


with phase a, but huge currents would flow in phases b and c, damaging
both machines.
General Procedure for Paralleling Generators

Suppose that generator G1 is to be connected to the running system


The following steps should be taken to accomplish the paralleling.

First, using voltmeters, the field current of the oncoming generator should
be adjusted until its terminal voltage is equal to the line voltage of the
running system.
Second, the phase sequence of the oncoming generator must be
compared to the phase sequence of the running system.

The phase sequence can be checked in a number of different ways.

One way is to alternately connect a small induction motor to the


terminals of each of the two generators.

If the motor rotates in the same direction each time, then the phase
sequence is the same for both generators.

If the motor rotates in opposite directions, then the phase sequences


differ,
Next, the frequency of the oncoming generator is adjusted to
be slightly higher than the frequency of the running system.

This is done first by watching a frequency meter until the


frequencies are close and then by observing changes in
phase between the systems.
A synchroscope is a meter that measures the difference in
phase angle between the a phases of the two systems.

The face of a synchroscope is shown in Figure.)


If the oncoming generator or system is faster than the running
system, then the phase angle advances, and the synchroscope
needle rotates clockwise.

If the oncoming machine is slower, the needle rotates


counterclockwise.

When the synchroscope needle is in the vertical position, the


voltages are in phase, and the switch can be shut to connect the
systems
Frequency-Power and Voltage-Reactive Power Characteristics of
a Synchronous Generator

Regardless of the original power source, all prime movers tend to


behave in a similar fashion.

As the power drawn from them increases, the speed at which they turn
decreases
The speed droop (SD) of a prime mover is defined by the
equation

where 𝑛𝑛𝑙 is the no load prime-mover speed and 𝑛𝑓𝑙 is the full-
load prime-mover speed.
The relationship between frequency and power can be
described quantitatively by the equation

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