EARTH SCI 10

FOCUS
- point within the earth where an earthquake originates
Reviewer EPICENTER
- point on the earth’s suface directly above the focus
EARTH’S CRUST
3 MAIN LAYERS OF EARTH > the closer the focus to the surface, the greater the
damage of an earthquake
CRUST
- outermost layer > strong eartquake may cause damage several
- made up of solid materials and minerals hundreds of kilometers from the epicenters
- where landforms such as volcanoes, valley and mountain
ranges are formed. MAJOR PLATES
MOHOROVICIC DISCONTINUITY Pacific plate North American plate
- boundary between the crust and the mantle Eurasian plate South American plate
[] Adrija Mohorovicic Indo-Australian plate Antarctic plate
African plate
MANTLE
- consists of semi liguid rocks
MINOR PLATES
Arabian plate Scotia plate
CORE Indian plate Juan de Fuca plate
- extremely hot and dense due to high pressure and Philippine plate Cocos plate
temperature Nazca plate
INNER CORE is solid
OUTER CORE is liquid
MOUNTAIN RANGES
[] MOHO - crust and mantle
[] GUTTENBERG - mantle and outercore MOUNTAIN
[] LEHMANN - outer core and inner core - landform that rises at least 300m (1000ft) above its
surrounding area
> two most active volcanoes are located in two (2)
volcanic belts [] MOUNT EVEREST
Alpine - Himalayan belt - highest mountain on earth
- reveals the collision of african plate and indo- - located on the border between TIBET and NEPAL
australian plate with the southern margin of the eurasian
plate MOUNTAIN RANGE
Circum - Pacific belt - formed by a chain of maintains
- plates continuously slides and grinds againsts each
RING OF FIRE other
- consists of world’s active volcanoes - pressure causes the surface to crumple and fold

TYPES OF VOLCANOES [] HIMALAYAS

- highest mountain range in the world
ACTIVE VOLCANOES > formed as a result of the collision between the
- usually associated with seismic activities Indian plate and Eurasian plate
DORMANT VOLCANOES ANDES MOUNTAINS
- has not erupted but may erupt based on seismic - collision between Pacific plate and the South American
indications of tectonic activity beneath the volcano plate
- stretches across seven (7) South American Countries
EXTINCT VOLCANOES
- has note erupted for a long time Argentina Ecuador
Chile Columbia
EARTHQUAKE EPICENTER Bolivia Venezuela
Peru
GEOLOGICAL EVENTS
- cause considerable human suffering and major events SIERRA MADRE
that can cause billions of dollars in losses - Philippine’s longest mountain range
- backbone of Luzon
EARTHQUAKE - runs along the noetherneastern coast of Luzon Islands
- caused by a sudden movement in earth’s crust Aurora Nueva Ecija
Bulacan Nueva Vizcaya
SEISMIC WAVES Cagayan Quezon
- body waves that radiates outward in all directions from Isabela Quirino
the center of earth’s interior Laguna Rizal
> earthquakes usually accompany volcanic eruptions SUMMIT
because earthquake epicenter and volcano are found - point on a surface that is higher in elevation
along the edges of tectonic plates

> earthquakes may be triggered by the forces of

magma rising from a volcano’s crater during the
eruption
EARTH SCI 10 CLASSIFICATION OF CONVERGENT
BOUNDARY
Reviewer
OCEANIC - CONTINENTAL
- oceanic plate is pushed into and subducted under a
PLATE TECTONIC THEORY continental plate, a VOLCANO is formed due to the uplift of
> edges of the continents are not always the the overriding continental plate
boundaries of plates - the dense oceanic plate sinks into the subduction trench

> most boundaries are on the ocean floors OCEANIC - OCEANIC

- convergence of an oceanic plate to another oceanic
- movement of the lithosphere that produced the landforms plate leads to the formation of underseas volcanoes
on earth’s surface - ISLAND VOLCANO may be formed

[] ALFRED WEGENER CONTINENTAL - CONTINENTAL

- german scientist who became interested in the way - continental rocks re less dense, they might resist the
continents seemed to fit together at the boundaries downward motion and instead be pushed upward or
sideways
PANGAEA
- single landmass meaning “all land”
TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES
- plates slides past each other
GONDWANA SEQUENCE
- creates a fault valley or undersea canyon
- southern hemisphere manifested similar patterns of
rocks and fossils
> plates are carried in opposite direction, the rocks
that line the boundary are crushed
CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY
- describes one of the earliest ways geologist thought
> can a country be physically slit into two?
continents moved over time
- yes, it can be split by a divergent boundary
PALEOMAGNETISM
> what happens when plates collide at convergent
- study of magnetic fields recorded in rocks, sentiment, or
boundaries?
archeological material
- it causes severe earthquakes because of the
tremendous pressure and friction
CONVECTION CURRENTS
- movement of materials caused by the difference in their
temperature

SEAFLOOR SPREADING
- ocean crust were spreading away from the mid-ocean
ridges

SUBDUCTION
- process where one plate contains oceanic lithosphere
descends beneath the adjacen plate

TRENCHES
- v-shaped valleys that lie along the bottom of the oceans
- deepest part of the ocean

PLATE BOUNDARIES
ASTHENOSPHERE
- plates lie a top of a layer partially molten rock

> can carry either continents, oceans or both

> movement of the giant plate, wether DIVERGING

(pulling apart) or CONVERGING (coming together)

DIVERGENT BOUNDARY
- plates move apart, called RIDGES
- also called CONSTRUCTIVE BOUNDARIES

> plates move away from one another, a new crust is

formed

CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES
- occur due to subduction (a process in which one plate is
pushed under another)
- also called DESTRUCTIVE BOUNDARIES

> mountains and volcanoes are often found in the

subduction zones