CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
A. Background
In construction concrete is a composit material composed of fine and coarse aggregate
bonded together with a fluid cement (cement paste) that hardens over time. Concrete is one of
the most frequently used building materials. Concrete is used to make road pavements,
building structures, foundation, roads, predestrian bridges, bases for fences/gates, and cement
in brick or block walls. Concrete is wrong one ingredients building which still very many
worn in development physical. Price which relatively inexpensive and convenience in
implementation make concrete the more not replaceable in world construction. Concrete is
one of the most durable building materials. Structures made of concrete can have along
service life.

B. Problem Formula
a. What’s Concrete?
b. What is history of concrete?
c. What just ingredients base composer concrete?
d. What just ingredients which used making wall concrete?
e. What advantages and disadvantages of concrete?
f. How stage making concrete?

C. Aim
a. Knowing what is concrete
b. Knowing history of concrete
c. Knowing wahat just ingredients base composer concrete
d. Knowing what just ingredients which used making wall concrete
e. Knowing what advantages and disadvantages of concrete
f. Knowing how stage making concrete

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 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. Definition Of Concrete
Concrete is a composite material composed of fine and coarse aggregate bonded together
with a fluid cement (cement paste) that hardens (cures) over time. In KBBI, concrete is
mixture cement, gravel, and sand which stirred with water for people house, pillar, wall, ect.
In definition general concrete means mixture ingredients building in the form and sand gravel
or coral then tied cement mixed water. Concrete is mixture among cement Portland or cement
plumber other, aggregate fine, aggregate rough and water or without ingredients mixture
addition which shape mass congested. Concrete also could defined as ingredients buildings
and constructions which its properties could determined more formely with stage planning
and supervision which careful to ingredients which chosen. Concrete is one of the most
frequently used building materials.

When aggregate is mixed with dry Portland cement and water, the mixture forms a
fluid slurry that is easily poured and molded into shape. The cement reacts with the water and
other ingredients to form a hard matrix that binds the materials together into a durable stone-
like material that has many uses.

B. History Of Concrete
a. Classical Era

Concrete was used for construction in many ancient structures. In the Ancient
Egyptian and later Roman eras, builders discovered that adding volcanic ash to the mix
allowed it to set underwater. Concrete floors were found in the royal palace of Tiryns,
Greece, which dates roughly to 1400–1200 BC. The Romans used concrete extensively from 300
BC to 476 AD.

During the Roman Empire, Roman concrete (or opus caementicium) was made
from quicklime, pozzolana and an aggregate of pumice. Its widespread use in many Roman
structures, a key event in the history of architecture termed the Roman architectural
revolution, freed Roman construction from the restrictions of stone and brick materials.
The Colosseum in Rome was built largely of concrete, and the concrete dome of
the Pantheon is the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome.

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 Roman concrete is significantly more resistant to erosion by seawater than modern
concrete; it used pyroclastic materials which react with seawater to form Al-
tobermorite crystals over time. After the Roman Empire collapsed, use of concrete became
rare until the technology was redeveloped in the mid-18th century. Worldwide, concrete has
overtaken steel in tonnage of material used.

b. Middle Ages

After the Roman Empire, the use of burned lime and pozzolana was greatly reduced. Low
kiln temperatures in the burning of lime, lack of pozzolana, and poor mixing all contributed
to a decline in the quality of concrete and mortar. From the 11th century, the increased use of
stone in church and castle construction led to an increased demand for mortar. Quality began
to improve in the 12th century through better grinding and sieving. Medieval lime mortars
and concretes were non-hydraulic and were used for binding masonry, "hearting"
(binding rubble masonry cores) and foundations.

c. Industrial Era

This third Eddystone Lighthouse pioneered the use of hydraulic lime in concrete, using
pebbles and powdered brick as aggregate. A method for producing Portland cement was
developed in England and patented by Joseph Aspdin in 1824. Aspdin chose the name for its
similarity to Portland stone, which was quarried on the Isle of Portland in Dorset, England.
His son William continued developments into the 1840s, earning him recognition for the
development of "modern" Portland cement. Reinforced concrete was invented in 1849
by Joseph Monier and the first reinforced concrete house was built by François Coignet in
1853. The first concrete reinforced bridge was designed and built by Joseph Monier in 1875.

C. Traits Concrete

Nature and characteristic concrete:

1. Characteristics concrete is have voltage destroyed press which tall as well as voltage
destroyed pull which low.
2. Concrete no could used on element construction which carry moment curve or pull.

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 3. Concrete very weak in accept style pull, so that will happen cracked which long more
big.
4. Process chemical binding cement with water produce hot and known with process
hydration
5. During process hardening mixture concrete, humidity concrete must maintained for
get results which planned
6. Water working also as lubricant for reduce friction beetwen the details so that
concrete can be compacted by easy
7. Concrete almost no need maintenance and time the construction reach 50 years as
well as element the construction which have stiffness tall as well as save to danger
fire.
8. From side cost, concrete offer ability tall price which relative low.
9. After 28 day, concrete will reach powerfull and element construction will capable
carry burden outside which work matchyes

D. Types Concrete
a. Concrete Hard

Traits concrete hard which important is power characterics, strength press, voltage and
stretch, shink and crawl, reaction to temperature, durability and tightness to water. From all
nature the which most important is strength press concrete because is description from quality
concrete which there is relation with structures concrete.

b. Concrete Light

Concrete light made with use aggregate which weighty light. A number of person also
often add substance additive which can shape bubbles air in concrete. The more may amount
buble air which stored on concrete, so the pores even will the more increase so that size also
will increasingly grow up. The result, weigt concrete the more light than concrete other have
size exactly the same. Light weight usually a applied on wall non structure.

c. Concrete Bones

Concrete boned create from fusion mix concrete and reinforcement steel. Need is known,
concrete have nature strong to style press, but weak with style tarl. Consequently,
reinforcement steel steel on purpose implanted to inside so that strength concrete that to style

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pull increase. Concrete boned usually installed on structure span wide as plate floor, column
building, street, bridge, etc.

E. Strength Concrete

Strength press is wrong one performance main concrete. Strength press is ability concrete
for could accept style for unit large. Score strength concrete is known with do testing strong
press to object test cylinder our cube on age 28 day which burdened with style press until
reach burden maximum.

There is a number of a factor tha effecquality from power concrete, that is:

1. Aggregate nature

The properties of aggregates greatly affect the quality of concrete mixtures. As for
aggregate properties that need to be considered such as, water uptake, aggregate moisture
content, type weight, aggregate gradation, fine modulus of grains, aggregate conservation,
roughness and hardness of aggregates.

2. Proportion of cement and type of cement used

Related to the comparison of the amount of cement used when making and the type of
cement used based on the purpose of concrete to be made. The determination of the type of
cement used refers to the place where the structure of the building using concrete material is
made, as well as on the planning needs whether at the time of casting requires high or normal
initial strength.

3. Cement water factor

The cement water factor is a comparison between the amount of water to the amount of
cement in a concrete mixture to allow chemical reactions that cause binding and hardening
and provide ease in concrete workmanship.

F. Advantages and Disadvantages of Concrete

1. The price is relatively cheap because it uses basic ingredients from local materials, except
Portland cement.
2. Concrete includes wear resistance and fire resistance, so maintenance costs are low.
3. Concrete includes materials that are high pressure strength, and have afat resistant to
damage / decay by environmental conditions.

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 4. Concrete is difficult to be perfectly watertight, so it can always be entered, and water that
carries salt content can damage concrete.
5. Hard concrete expands and shrinks when there is a change in temperature so it needs to be
made dilation (expansion joint) to prevent cracking due to temperature changes.
6. Concrete has a low tensile strength, making it easy to crack. Therefore it is necessary to be
given reinforcement steel, or gauze reinforcement.

G. Concrete Building Materials

1. Cement

Cement is an organic material that hardens in mixing with water or a saline solution. For
cement binders, water is mixed with dry powder and aggregates, which produce semi-liquid
slurry that can be formed and poured into molds. The types of cement according to BPS are:

a. Semen abu atau semen (Portland)

Is the most common type of concrete binder used in a fine powdered gray-blue powder,
formed from the main material of high calcium limestone / limestone that is processed in a
temperature and high-pressure furnace. This cement is commonly used as an adhesive to
plaster. This cement is based on the percentage of its preparation content consists of 5 (five)
types, namely type I sd. V.

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 b. White cement (gray cement)

Is a cement that is purer than cement and is used for finishing work, such as fillers or
fillers. This type of cement is made from the main ingredient of pure calcite limestone.

2. Agregat

Aggregates are mineral granules that serve as fillers in a mixture of mortar (stir) and
concrete. The aggregate consists of: Aggregate consists of large chunks of material in a
concrete mix, generally a coarse gravel or crushed rocks such as limestone, or granite, along
with finer materials such as sand.

a. The rough aggregate for concrete is an aggregate of:

 Small pebbles as a result of natural disintegration of rocks or in the form of broken
stones obtained from the breaking of stones, have a size between 5-40 mm.
 natural pebbles
 broken stone aggregate
 a good type of rock for this aggregate is a compact igneous rock. In its use, broken
stones need more water because the surface area is relatively wider.
 pumice aggregate

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 Light and commonly used natural aggregates. The use of pumice should be free from
fine dust and non-volcanic materials, such as clay. This stone has good heat insulation
properties.
b. fine aggregates in the form of sand

3. Water and Mixed Materials

Concrete becomes hard due to the reaction between cement and water. Combining water
with cement ingredients forms a cement paste with a hydration process. The cement paste
glues the aggregates together, filling the void in it, and making it flow more freely. The water
used is clean water, does not contain oil, mud and chemicals that can damage the strength of
concrete.

H. Concrete Manufacturing Stage

In the manufacture of concrete norms that must be considered are:

1. Inspection of concrete materials or materials must be in accordance with concrete

standards such as SNI, SKSNI, ASTM AND AASHTO
2. Rough Aggregate Check
Rough aggregate inspections used and concrete mix processing include:
a. Content weight check
b. Type weight check and absorption
c. Examination using analysis
3. Fine Aggregate Check
Fine Aggregate Examination used and concrete mix process includes:
d. Content weight check
e. Type weight check and absorption
f. Examination using filter analysis

4. Water Check
The water used for concrete mixtures should be clean and free and should not contain
acids, alkalins, solids, organic matter, oil, moss, sugar, sulfar and chloride.

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5. Manufacturing Stages
The purpose of the concrete mix planning process is to get the composition or
proportion of the concrete mixture that matches the concrete quality standards so that
the concrete used in construction is the quality of concrete according to the plan.

6. Mixed experiments
after known the composition or proportion of concrete mixtures are then carried out
mix experiments on stirring machines so that test samples are obtained that are printed
as needed.

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 CHAPTER III

CLOSING

A. Conclusion

Concrete is a mixture of portland cement or other hydraulic cement, fine aggregates,

coarse aggregates and water with or without the mixture material that forms a solid mass.
Concrete building materials, namely arrangements, aggregates, water and addictive materials,
and other constituent materials

B. Suggestion
1. It should be noted when using concrete as a structural material, concrete looping work
must be taken into account carefully, because otherwise the quality of concrete
decreases.
2. A structural planner should always follow the development of regulations and
standard guidelines in the planning of the structure, so that the resulting building will
always meet the latest requirements as in terms of standard regulations of concrete
structure planning, the latest matrial prices and so on.
3. The selection of methods of implementation and use of materials and equipment is
guided by the factors in the implementation of work on the ground, labor experience
and economic aspects.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://www.academia.edu/37920859/Makalah_Beton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete

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