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Est MCQ

This document contains a question bank with 60 multiple choice questions related to the subject of Environmental Studies. The questions cover topics such as ecosystems, biomes, food chains, biodiversity, renewable and non-renewable resources, pollution, population, and environmental protection. The question bank is intended for a semester 4 unit test in ME/EE/CE for the I scheme and contains questions with one correct answer option out of 4 possible choices for each question.

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801 views962 pages

Est MCQ

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Deepali Pawar

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Question Bank (I scheme)

Name of subject: ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES (EST)

Subject code: 22447
Semester: IV
Unit Test: I
Course: ME/EE/CE4I
Each question carries 1 mark
=======================================================================
1) In ecosystem, which one shows one way passage?
a) Nitrogen
b) Carbon
c) Potassium
d) Free energy

2) Upper part of sea / aquatic ecosystem contains.

a) Plankton
b) Elkton
c) Benthos
d) Plankton and nekton

3) Association of animals when both partners are benefited

a) Mutualism
b) Colony
c) Commensalism
d) Ammensalism

4) The sum of total of population of same kind of organism constitute

a) Colony
b) Species
c) Genus
d) Community

5) This biome has greatest diversity of species

a) Tropical rain forest
b) Taiga
c) Arctic Tundra
d) Desert
e) Temperate grassland

6) Many individuals of the same species living together in a defined area from a/an
a) Community
b) Genus
c) Population
d) Ecosystem
e) Variety

7) Which one of the following is not a functional unit of ecosystem?

a) Productivity
b) Stratification
c) Energy flow
d) Decomposition

8) The upright pyramid of number is absent in

a) Lake
b) Grassland
c) Pond
d) Forest

9) Identify possible link in ‘’?” in the following food chain

“?”
a) Cobra
b) Parrot
c) Rabbit
d) Wolf

10) The final stable community in ecological succession

a) Climax
b) Sere
c) Pioneers
d) Carnivores
11) A renewable exhaustible natural resource is
a) Petroleum
b) Coal
c) Forest
d) Minerals

12) About 70% of total global carbon is found in

a) Forests
b) Grasslands
c) Agro ecosystem
d) Oceans

13) The maximum Biomass occurs in

a) Tropical forests
b) Temperate forests
c) Taiga
d) Alpine vegetation

14) A ----------- is a step in the food chain

a) Community
b) Biosphere
c) Food web
d) Trophic level

15) ------------- is/are the ultimate source of energy for all life on the earth
a) Plants
b) Decomposers
c) Sunlight
d) Water

16) ------------ is the science that seeks to understand the living world
a) Biology
b) Ecology
c) Chemistry
d) Physics
17) The study of ecosystem is called
a) Environment
b) Ecology
c) E- study
d) Cosmos

18) The grazing food chain derives energy from ---------- energy
a) Plant
b) Fish
c) Animals
d) Sun

19) Energy flow through an ecosystem was explained by

a) E.P. Odum
b) E.P. Rax
c) E.P. Zen
d) E.P. Watson

20) About 1/3 rd of our land is covered by

a) Deserts
b) Grasslands
c) Water
d) Forest

21) The life supporting gases such as O2 CO2 and N2 are chiefly concentrated in the
a) Troposphere
b) Exosphere
c) Hemisphere
d) stratosphere

22) Which of following is a renewable source?

a) Wind
b) water
c) Flora and Fauna
d) All of these
23) ________ is major raw material for biogas.
a) tree leaves
b) Grass
c) cow dung
d) Waste from kitchen

24) Atomic energy is obtained by using ores of ________

a) copper
b) uranium
c) lead
d) crude oil

25) Minimum time required for formation of one inch of top soil is
a) 10 years
b) 5 years
c) 100 years
d) 200 years

26) Blue baby syndrome(methamogiobinemia)

a) Sulpher
b) Arsenic
c) Phosphates
d) Nitrates

27) Out of total water reserves of the world, about _______ is salty water (marine) and only ______ is fresh water
a) 97%,3%
b) 3%,97%
c) 1%,99%
d) 2%,98%

28) The main Green House gas is absorbed by forest as raw material for photosynthesis.
a) O2
b) CO2
c) SO2
d) O3
29) Minerals rocks, salt and chemicals are termed as
a) Abiotic resource
b) Biotic resource
c) Semi-Transparent resource
d) Falling resource

30) The main driving force of ecological system is

a) Wind energy
b) Water energy
c) Solar energy
d) Earth energy
31) SNG stands for
a) Synthetic Natural Gas
b) Systematic Natural Gas
c) Sulphuric Natural Gas
d) Silver Natural Gas

32) Natural resources do not include

a) Water
b) Air
c) Refined oil
d) Wood

33) Which option below is not an example of pollution?

a) Smog in Delhi
b) Nuclear Waste
c) Overpopulation
d) Untreated sewage

34) What was approximate world population of human in year 2008?

a) 667 million
b) 66 billion
c) 6.67 billion
d) 6.67 million
35) Ideally cover of forest should be______of total area of country.
a) 23%
b) 30%
c) 33%
d) 40%

36) Which of the following sources provides the least energy for industrialized countries?
a) Petroleum
b) Nuclear Fuels
c) Coal
d) Gas

37) Biogas Generation is mainly based on the principle of

a) Anaerobic Degradation
b) Aerobic decomposition
c) Putrefaction
d) None of these

38) Biotic component of biosphere is not constituted by____

a) Producer
b) Decomposer
c) Consumer
d) Air

39) Oxygen is returned to atmosphere mainly by_____

a) Respiration
b) Photosynthesis
c) Fungi
d) Burning of coal

40) Atmosphere not uniformly heated by sun does not cause_____

a) Air Flows
b) Variation in Climate
c) Rainfall
d) Tide

41) Environmental studied does not involve

a) Psychology
b) Demography
c) Ethics
d) Literature

42) Abiotic environment does not include

a) Soil
b) Water
c) Air
d) Plant

43) Van Mahotsav is an annual tree-planting festival in India, celebrated on

a) 2nd June
b) 1st July
c) 1st Dec
d) 15th September

44) Biotic environment includes

a) Producers
b) consumers
c) decomposers
d) all of these

45) The world environment is derived from French word

a) Environner
b) Environnering
c) E-environner
d) Envo

46) As per the French word Environner means

a) Atmosphere
b) earth and sun
c) encircle and surround
d) earth and energy
47) World environment day is on
a) June 5
b) June 11
c) July 5
d) d)July 11

48) World day of water is on

a) April 22
b) March 23
c) March 24
d) March 22

49) Eco mark of our country is

a) Earthen pitcher
b) water drop
c) sun
d) Ashoka tree

50) Environmental friendly products are given ISO certification called ISO............. .
a) 12000
b) 13000
c) 14000
d) 15000

51) Nobel peace prize in 2004 for contribution towards environmental conservation was awarded to
a) Ratantata
b) Wangarimaathai
c) S.D. bush
d) Dr. Manmohan Singh

52) He is popularly known as green judge

a) Mr. manmohansingh
b) Kuldeepsingh
c) Mangalsingh
d) Mr.Jethmalani

53) He is known as Green Advocate.

a) Mr. K.P.Raghav
b) Mr. P.Chidambaram
c) Mr. S.D.Rao
d) Mr. M.C.Mehta

54) He is known for his 'Chipko Movement’.

a) AtalBihariBajpeyi
b) Anna Hajare
c) SundarlalBahuguna
d) Pandit Nehru

55) He got the Magsaysay award for water conservation effort.

a) Rajendersingh
b) Ashok Singh
c) Nana Pateker
d) Anil Agarwal

56) Wild life week is celebrated in the period of

a) 1-7th October
b) 1-18th October
c) 1-8th March
d) 1-8th April

57) World Forest day is on

a) 11 March
b) 12 March
c) 13 March
d) 21 March

58) Edaphic means

a) Related to water
b) Related to soil
c) Related to Air
d) Related to sun

59) The term Ecology was introduced by

a) Haeckel
b) Newton
c) S.S Rao
d) Tansley

60) The Ecological factors related to soil and substratum are called ............... factors.
a) Tbilisi (USSR)
b) Delhi (India)
c) Albita
d) New York (USA)
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Environmental Studies MCQs

Topic 1: Nature of Environmental Studies (4 Marks)
Q. No. Question Option i Option ii Option iii Option iv Answer Key
The unlimited Exploitation of Nature by Environmental Health
1 decrease in biodiversity all the given all the given
Human being resulted in pollution Problems
was
Was not encouraged Is recently being used in was encouraged
2 The conservation of natural resources encouraged in None of these
in ancient India India in ancient india.
ancient india.
was
Was not encouraged Is recently being used in was encouraged
3 Thee conservation of natural resources encouraged in None of these
in ancient India India in ancient india.
ancient india.
The Global Action plan adopted at Earth
4 summit held at Rio de Janeiro in June 1972 is Agenda 20 Agenda 22 Agenda 23 Agenda 21 Agenda 21
also known as
Environmental Issues are discussed and None of the
5 Sociology Economics EVS EVS
solved in subject above
Earth & Encircle &
6 As per the French word Environner means Atmosphere Earth & Sun Encircle & Surround
Energy Surround
United states United Society for
United states Census None of the United states
7 USCB is short form for Community Communist &
Bureau above Census Bureau
Bureau Beaurocrates
8 Earth Day is on Jan-22 Feb-22 Mar-22 Ape-22 Ape-22
includes the natural
methodically
environment, built
is an interdisciplinary studies human all of the
9 Environmental Studies: environment, and the sets all of the above
academic field interaction with above
of relationship between
the environment
them
10 Environmental Studies does not involve: psychology demography ethics literature literature
Van Mahotsav is an annual tree-planting festival in 15th
11 2nd June 1st July 1st December 1st July
India, celebrated on: September
change in the
Which of the following global trend is of great degradation of fertile species extinction leading All of the
12 global All of the above
concern for the future of our environment? soils to the loss of biodiversity above
atmospere
Topic 2: Natural Resources and Associated Problems (10 Marks)
Q. No. Question Option i Option ii Option iii Option iv Answer Key
which of the following is not a renewable dentrotherm
1 coal wind power geothermal energy coal
resource? al energy
providing
economic
land erosion
2 forest is responsible for a watershed protection land erosion control and all of given
control
environment
al benefits.
any material that can be transformed into
none of the
3 more valuable and usefull product or service resource mineral product resource
above .
is called
India has largest reserve of ---------------after
4 iron ore bauxite coal copper. iron ore
Brazil.
a sudden uncontrol descent of a mass of
5 soil erosion minning landslide earth quake landslide
earth under the force gravity is called.
compensate
for loss due
stored in xylem
are used by plants to are of no use for
6 hydroscopic and combined water . tissues of are of no use for plants.
during transpiration evapotranspi plants.
plants
ration by
plants .
45percent
42percent methane
55 percent
25 percent water methane ,8 55 percent ,20percent
methane,45perc
7 the constituents of producer gas are. vapour,75 percent percent methane,45percentcarb carbondioxid
entcarbon
methane . propane ,rest is on dioxide. e,35
dioxide.
carbon dioxide. percentpropa
ne .
the least quality of the coal with 95%carbon
8 liginite coal anthracite coal bituminous coal peat coal . anthracite coal
conent and 5% volatile matter is
which of the following methods of timber slective logging reduced
reduced impact
9 extraction cause minimum environmental clear felling hand logging d)reduced impact impact
logging
damage? logging logging
Q. No. Question Option i Option ii Option iii Option iv Answer Key
provide
10 the main purpose of dam construction irrigation flood control hydroelctricity water to hydroelctricity
industry
Which one of the following is an example of
11 Wind Vegetation Coal & Minerals Water Coal & Minerals
Non - Renawable Energy Resource

Who have started reducing emissions from United States & World All of the United States &
12 Russia & Europe UK & Brazil
deforestration and forest degradation Bank Above World Bank
What was the approximate world
13 667 million 66 billion 6.67 billion 6.67 million 6.67 billion
population of humans in the year 2008
None of the
14 Dam makes Water Toxic _ _ _ _ TRUE FALSE Both TRUE
above
Industrilized agriculture involves use of _ _ _ All of the
15 Fossil Fuel Water Commertial Fertilizers All of the Above
_ Above
When the concentration of nitrates in water
Blue baby Blue baby
16 exceeds 45 mg/L, they become the cause of Luckemia Cancer Paralysis
syndrome syndrome
a serious health hazard called _ _ _ _

Lithosphere is Lithosphere
Lithosphere includes Lithosphere
underlain by Lithosphere provides is broken
17 Which is not True? the crust and the provides
the Timber into tectonic
uppermost mantle Timber
atmosphere plates
Short fall in Short fall in
Short fall in over all
The biggest crises of the 21st century was over all crop Short fall in over all None of the over all crop
18 crop production in
caused due to _ _ _ _ production in crop production in Asia above production in
the world
India the world
1969/70 till 1963/64 till 1946/47 till 1967/70 till
19 Green rovolution takes place in year _ _ _ _ 1967/70 till 1977/78
1979/80 1973/74 1956/57 1977/78
Soil erosion due to mining is _ _ _ _ times
20 10 20 30 15 10
more than all rivers
Q. No. Question Option i Option ii Option iii Option iv Answer Key
It has evolved
It can also be
It is the global sum of all It does not contain at least some It does not contain
21 Which is false about biosphere? called the zone
the ecosystems microbes 3.5 billion microbes
of life on Earth
years ago
Which option below is not an example of untreated
22 smog in delhi nuclear waste overpopulation overpopulation
pollution? sewage
blocking
flooding of electric energy
Which one of the not a disadvantages of the big electric energy generated upstream
23 extremely expensive prime arable generated from
dam? from hydropower migration of
land hydropower
salmon
This area has no permanent roads or settlements
and is maintained primarily for its primitive primitive
24 wilderness area national park national forest wilderness area
character and non-motorized recreation. It is recreation area
a…………………………..
Forests can be
Oxygen content may said to behave Fishes are capable of
not get reduced if forest like non- reproducing at the rate at None of the
25 Which is true? None of the above
cover is not sufficient renewable which they are being above
on the earth resources if not caught.
overused.
remain on earth in a become waste all of the
26 Non-renewable resources, once used………… are recycled all of the above
different form material above
Which one of the following is an example of non-
27 Wind Vegetation Coal and Minerals Water Coal and Minerals
renewable resources?
28 Which one of the following in not a fossil fuel? Petroleum Coal Natural gas Uranium Uranium
_________________ is the major raw material for Waste from
29 Tree leaves Grass Cow dung Cow dung
biogas. kitchen
30 The earth's surface covered by water is ________ 75% 80% 60% 65% 75%

The desert area of Conservation

Large scale Western Ghats
Rajasthan and Gujarat of biodiversity
planting of BT Western Ghats have a very have a very high
have a very high level of in just a fad
10 Select the correct statement of biodiversity cotton has no high degree of species degree of species
desert animal species as pursued by the
adverse effect richness and endemism richness and
well as numerous rare developed
on biodiversity endemism
animals countries
Q. No. Question Option i Option ii Option iii Option iv Answer Key
Plants and animals Relationship Plants and animals which Forest wealth Plants and animals
11 The Red Data Book maintains a record of the present in the whole between man are known to be in the whole which are known
world and biosphere endangered world to be endangered
The entire The entire
12 In a national park protection is given to The entire flora The entire fauna The plants and animals
ecosystem ecosystem
Topic 4. Biodiversity and Its Conservation (6 Marks)
Q. No. Question Option i Option ii Option iii Option iv Answer Key

the scientific study of the geographic

1 biodiversity. biogeography. ecology biology biogeography.
distributon of plants and animals is called as

The total area of India is classified into

2 Six. Eight. Nine. Ten. Ten.
following number of biogeographical zones
Species with very restricted distribution over None of the
3 endangerd species. extinct species endemic species. endemic species.
relatively small ranges is called given
which of the following is a biodiversity Mediterranean Eastern Eastern
4 Secculant Karoo. Sundland
hotspot of India Basin. Himalayas. Himalayas.
Extinction of a weaker species by an endemisim of weaker all of the the Domino
5 habitat loss the Domino effect
aggressive alien species is the result of species. given effect
Protection of endengered species by ex-situ none of the in-situ
6 in-situ conservation biodiversity conservatin.
preserving the entire ecosystem is known as conservation given conservation

The species with thin population localised

7 Rare Treatened Endangered Vulnerable Rare
within restricted area is said to be

8 Bharatpur bird sanctuary is situated in… Kerala Karnataka Gujarat Rajasthan Rajasthan

Deccan Deccan
Which of the following is major biodiversity Deccan Peninsula - Deccan Peninsula - None of the
9 Peninsula - Peninsula -
in Maharashtra Chhota Nagpur Central Highlands above
Deccan South Chhota Nagpur
None of the
10 Himalayan mountain falls in which region 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D 8A 6B 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D
above
"Genetic Pollution" may be originated due
Uncontrolled Unprofitabilit None of the Uncontrolled
11 to one of the following. Which of the Natural Phenomenon
Hybridization y above Hybridization
following may be possible reason
The national
A world map of hot spots with details of The national Scientific None of the
12 Environmentalists geographic
Flora & Fauna is prepared by geographic society Organizations above
society
Q. No. Question Option i Option ii Option iii Option iv Answer Key
The phenomenon of the entry of toxic chemicals
13 into the food chains and more concentrated at Biological control Biomagnification Algal bloom Red tide Biomagnification
higher trophic levels is called
14 Bharatpur bird sanctuary is situated in Kerala Karnataka Gujarat Rajasthan Rajasthan
15 Which of the following is an air pollutant? Nitrogen Carbon Carbon monooxide Oxygen Carbon monooxide
Which of the following is a secondary air Sulphur
16 Ozone Carbon Dioxide Carbon monooxide Ozone
pollutant? dioxide
Temperature Temperature
Temperature increases Temperature remains None of the
17 During Inversion: decreases with increases with
with altitude constant above
altitude altitude
Which of the following on inhalation dissolved in Carbon mono- Carbon mono-
18 Sulphur dioxide Ozone Nitrous oxide
the blood hemoglobin more rapidly than oxygen? oxide oxide
Topic 5. Environmental Pollution (8 Marks)
Q. No Question Option i Option ii Option iii Option iv Answer Key
Primary and
Primary And Natural or secondary
Depending upon the generation of different Point source or non-
1 secondary anthropogenic pollutants.No
air pollution, they can be classified as point pollutants
pollutants. pollutants. ne of the
given
Forms when
Causes
hydrocarbon radical May cause respiratory all of the
2 PAN is a secondary pollutant that photochemical All of the given
react with nitrogen diseases in humans given
smog
oxide
Used batteries, mobile phones, calculators Electronic or Electronic or e-
3 Hazardous waste. Solid waste Industrial waste
and other such stuff are better known as e-waste. waste.
Increased bone Increased trabecular All of the
4 Fluorosis result in Exostosis All of the given
mass bone volume given
More scientific method than BOD to None of the
5 COD DO Both of the given COD
determine water quality parameter above
The main discharge form of thermal power Dust
6 Smog Smoke Fly Ash Fly Ash
plant is particulates
The itai-itai disease of japan was caused due Cyanide Lead Cadmium
7 Arsenic pollution Cadmium pollution
to pollution pollution pollution
The common conversation of solid waste into
Disposal of
8 manure & biogas, using bacteria & fungi is Recycling of waste Composting Incineration composting
waste.
called
The pollutants that can be broken down Inorganic Non - Degradable Degradable Degradable
9 Organic Pollutants
rapidly by the natural process is called as pollutants Pollutants pollutants pollutants
Disturbing
10 The rise in Ozone causes Necrosis Abscission Destroying Chlorophyll Photosynthe Necrosis
sis
Released by Released
Released by Released by process of Released
11 Primary pollutants means those pollutants process of directly into
Chemical Reaction photosynthesis directly into Air
hydrogen Air
Thermal power Pesticide
12 Bhopal Gas tragedy occurred at Biogas Plant Geothermal Plant Pesticide Plant
plant Plant
Q. No Question Option i Option ii Option iii Option iv Answer Key
Dental & Industrial problems caused due to
13 Uranium Lead Mercury Fluorides Fluorides
excess amount of _ _ _ _
14 Normal talk creates sound intensity about 10 db 20db 30 db 40 db 40 db
The Noise pollution can have physical, Neither TRUE nor None of the
15 TRUE FALSE TRUE
physiological and psycological effects FALSE above
South
Industrial revolution in _ _ _ _ made the air European European
16 African Countries American Countries African
pollution a serious problem in Countries Countries
Countries
17 Which of the following is an air pollutant? Nitrogen Carbon Carbon monooxide Oxygen Carbon monooxide
Which of the following is a secondary air Sulphur
18 Ozone Carbon Dioxide Carbon monooxide Ozone
pollutant? dioxide
Temperature Temperature
Temperature increases Temperature remains None of the
19 During Inversion: decreases with increases with
with altitude constant above
altitude altitude

Which of the following on inhalation dissolved in Carbon mono- Carbon mono-

20 Sulphur dioxide Ozone Nitrous oxide
the blood hemoglobin more rapidly than oxygen? oxide oxide

Large number of Smokes filling

TajMahal is said to be suffering from "Marble Acidic Rain which fungus in Yellowing of the marble on the TajMahal Acidic Rain which
21
Cancer", What is Marbal Cancer? corrodes marble TajMahal account of Soot particles from adjoining corrodes marble
marbles industries

Non- degradable Non- degradable

22 DDT is Green house gas Degradable pollutant None of these
pollutant pollutant
23 Greenhouse effect is caused by Green plants infrared rays UV rays X- rays infrared rays
How the biological oxygen demand gets affected the oxygen
the oxygen demand the oxygen demand None of the the oxygen
24 with the increased presence of organic matter in demand
increases remains unchanged above demand increases
water? decreases
Which of the following devices is suitable for the Electrostatic
25 Cyclone separator Fabric filter Wet scrubber Wet scrubber
removal of gaseous pollutants? precipitator
Topic 6. Social Issues and Environment (10 Marks)
Q. No Question Option i Option ii Option iii Option iv Answer Key
A geographic unit that collects, stores, and water
1 wasteland watershed wetland watershed
releases water is devider
2 saline and alkaline lands are types of barrren land fallow land uncultivable land wasteland wasteland
smoke ,fog
3 Smog is an odd combination of mist and fog smoke and fog smoke and fog smoke and fog
and mist
The Appiko Movement (treehugging)was
4 Karnataka Dehli Orisa Gujrat. Karnataka
started in
the United Nations Conference on Human
5 Rio de JANERIO Paris Stockholm Dehli Stockholm
Environment was organized at
exactly equal
6 acid rain is any rain with pH below 5.6 above 5.6 equal to 5.6 below 5.6
to 7
the The council
the International International of the International
the Apex body of standardization in the world the International of
7 society of organization of International of standard
formed in 1946 is. standard organization.
standardization. standardization standardizati organization.
. on.
reducing photochemical
8 PAN is byproduct of photochemical smog London smog sulphurous smog.
smog . smog
used as coolants in air resposible for ozone all of the
9 Chloroflurocarbons and freons are all of the given
refrigerators conditioners layer depletion. given
monitors
monitors impact
impact of suggests that funding monitora
is fundamental of pollution upon
pollution upon for environmental emission of
concept of national environmental,
10 Carbon trading environmental, improvement should be hydrocarbons
environmental laws social and
social and obtained from its fro
and regulations. economic
economic beneficiaries. automobiles.
justice.
justice.
Which of the following are terms used to Financial, General, None of the
11 Static, Dynamic Static, Dynamic
describe types of development? Educational Specific above
Which of the following gases cause Green None of the
12 CO2, NOx, CH4 CO2, CH4, H2 H2, Cl2, N2 CO2, NOx, CH4
House Effects? above
Q. No Question Option i Option ii Option iii Option iv Answer Key
Which of the following term describes the
Paradoxical Global None of the
13 rise in temperature of atmosphere due to Sun stroke Global warming
warming warming above
green house gases?
Which of the following makes it difficult to
Due to their high Due to non – Due to lesser None of the Due to their
14 use only eco – friendly chemicals, so that
cost availability availability above high cost
ozone depletion stops / minimizes?

Hydrocarbon’s and NOx undergo chemical

reactions and form corresponding products Secondary None of the Secondary
15 Primary pollutants Tertiary pollutants
like aldehydes, ketones, etc. these products pollutants above pollutants
are called,
None of the
16 Photochemical smog causes irritation of, Ears Skin Eyes Eyes
above
Water stored using rain water harvesting None of the
17 All purposes Drinking only Agriculture only All purposes
useful for, above
Carbon credits is a _ _ _ _ given to countries None of the
18 Certificate Value Price Certificate
reducing green house emission, above
Explosives of None of the
19 Modern fusion bombs are also known as, Nuclear bombs Fire extinguishers Nuclear bombs
H2 above
One carbon credit represents _ _ _ _ of _ _ _ _
Half Tonne, None of the
20 gas removed from atmosphere or saved One Tonne, CO2 One Tonne, SO2 One Tonne, CO2
CO2 above
from being emitted.
Which of the following devices is suitable for the Electrostatic
21 Cyclone separator Fabric filter Wet scrubber Wet scrubber
removal of gaseous pollutants? precipitator
The death of the last individual of a species is
22 extinction endanger neither i) nor ii) diversity extinction
called_______.
Q. No Question Option i Option ii Option iii Option iv Answer Key

Carbon credits
are a tradable
permit scheme
These can be bought and
A Carbon credit gives and can be
sold in
Which one of the following is not true about the the owner the right to exchanged All the above All the above are
23 international/national
term "CARBON CREDITS"? emit one tonne of between are true. true.
market at the Govt.
carbon dioxide. businesses
controlled prices.
having short of
quotas or below
the quotas.

Shifting back to a more localized production of reduced local more stable reduced reduced local
more profits circulating
24 food and other resources would lead to all of the environmental source of jobs transportation environmental
within each community
following except sustainability and income fuel use sustainability
Decrease
Shift taxes from wages Shift from a carbon-based Decrease subsidies
Which of the following would not traditionally Improve energy subsidies for
25 and profits to pollution economy to a renewable for alternative fuel
suport an environmental-friendly economy? efficiency. alternative fuel
and waste. fuel-based economy. vehicles
vehicles

A watershed A watershed
management management
framework framework
Watershed Watersheds
support support
management is Watersheds are natural are a type of
Which of the following is not true of watershed partnering, using partnering, using
26 continuous and needs a systems that we can work building for
management? sound science, sound science,
multidisciplinary with storing bottled
taking well taking well
approache water
planned actions planned actions
and achieving and achieving
results results

area of land
area of land that water
from which moisture released from
flows across as it moves
27 What is watershed? water drains to a clouds in the form of rain, both I) and II) both I) and II)
toward a larger water
particular water snow, hail, etc.
body
body
Which is not a treatment measures for watershed Contour stone
28 Contour bunding Gravity dam Contour trenching Gravity dam
development walls
Q. No Question Option i Option ii Option iii Option iv Answer Key
meets the needs meets the needs
continues as
and aspirations and aspirations of
always and
of the present the present
returns to a more curtails all further assumes that
29 A sustainable society without without
primitive style of living. development. things will
compromising compromising
work out for
those of the those of the
the best.
future. future.

catching and holding harvesting the harvesting the

storing it in
30 Rain Water harvesting is not___________ rain where it falls and recharging groundwater crops with rain crops with rain
tanks
using it water water
Topic 7. Environmental Protection (8 Marks)
Q. No. Question Option i Option ii Option iii Option iv Answer Key
The history of human evolution and 100 million Only 50,000
1 3 million years old 1 billion years old
civilization is about years old years old
Fluid and salt
replacement Severe electrolyte All of the
2 ORS is used in case of Dehydration All of the given
due to diarrhea depletion given
and vomiting
Viruses and Bacteria and Bacteria and
3 Diarrhea is caused ethics Bacteria and protozoa Viruses only
fungi viruses viruses
equity and social justice are essential Conservation Environment
4 Value education Human rights Human rights
components of of biodiversity ethics

The process of conversion of electricity Plastic

5 Pyrolysis Vermicomposti Sanitary landfill Pyrolysis
(energy) from waste is called recycling
ng
Second Fourth
first generation Third generation Third generation
6 Hormones and pheromones are generation generation
pesticides. pesticides. pesticides.
pesticides. pesticides.
__________ gives an empirical value to water
7 quality and is a parameter for the matter (a) BOD COD DO NOD COD
present in water.organic
The common conversation of solid waste
8 into manure & biogas, using bacteria & fungi (a) BOD COD DO NOD COD
is called
None of the
9 In India sevral Acts were passed from 1970 - 1980 1969 - 1989 1972 - 1986 1972 - 1986
above

To promote the To emphasise To cocordinate

To cocordinate the
actions of the the action of the action of the
Environmental (Protection) rules 1986 action of the effective None of the
10 effective the effective effective
involves state government and gives power implementation of the above
implemementation implementatio implementation
act
of the act n of the act of the act
Q. No. Question Option i Option ii Option iii Option iv Answer Key
"Economical "Environmental
"Environmental
Investment "Evaluation of Impact
Impact Assessment"
Environmental (Protection) Rules were Assessment" Importance and None of the Assessment" of
11 of various
amended in 1994 for EIA which stands for, of various Assessment" of various above various
development
development development projects development
projetcs
projetcs projetcs
Service
State Pollution Protection Security Protection None of the State Pollution
12 SPCB stands for
Control Board Control Control Board above Control Board
Bureau
Wildlife (Protection) Act is adopted by all Jammu & None of the Jammu &
13 Jharkhand Union Territories
the states of India except Kashmir above Kashmir
National Parks are declared by state
None of the
14 government as per the wildlife (Protection) Section 7 Section 18 Section 35 Section 35
above
Act under section
"Recognotion of
"Recognotion of Zoo Declaration of
Zoo Rules" for
Under wildlife (Protection) Act, in 1992, Rules" for evaluation an area of "National Park" None of the
15 evaluation and
which of the following rules was made, and recognition of "Sanctuary" declaration Rule above
recognition of
Zoos Rule
Zoos

The 42nd amendment to the constitution of

India, transferred forests from state listto None of the
16 1972 1976 1980 1976
the concurrent list. Which year the said above
amendment done?
Q. No. Question Option i Option ii Option iii Option iv Answer Key

a framework for the co-

ordination of central
power to state power to the central power to state
and state authorities
govt. for government to take govt. for
The Environment Protection Act, 1986 does not established under the None of the
17 protection and measures necessary to protection and
provide water(Prevention and above
improvement of protect and improve the improvement of
Control) Act, 1974 and
environment quality of the environment environment
Air (Prevention and
Control) Act, 1981

Under EPA 1986, the central government is setting standards for regulating the
management of hazardous All of the
18 empowered to take measures necessary to protect emissions and location of All of the above
wastes above
and improve the quality of the environment by discharges industries

19 As per EPA 1986, Environment does NOT include air space land water space

Match correctly the following and choose the

correct option
a. Envitonment Protection Act
A. 1974
b. Air Prevention & Control of Pollution Act
A c, B b, C d, D
20 B. 1987 A b, B a, C d, D c A c, B b, C d, D a A c, B d, C a, D b A c, B d, C a, D b
a
c. Water Act
C. 1986
d. Amendment of Air Act to include noise
D. 1981
The correct matches is:
Prevention, Prevention,
Control, and Control, and
Chapter 3 of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 General Powers of the
21 Abatement of Miscellaneous Preliminary Abatement of
deals with Central Government
Environmental Environmental
pollution pollution
Q. No. Question Option i Option ii Option iii Option iv Answer Key
an
imprisonment
an imprisonment an imprisonment
an imprisonment for a for a term
for a term which an imprisonment for a for a term which
The minimum penalty for contravention or term which may extend which may
may extend to term which may extend to may extend to five
22 violation of any provision of the to seven years or fine extend to five
five years or fine six years or fine up to two years or fine up to
Environment(Protection) Act, 1986 is up to one lakh rupees, years or fine
up to one lakh lakh rupees, or both one lakh rupees,
or both up to two lakh
rupees, or both or both
rupees, or
both
The Act also provides for the further penalty if the
Rs 10000 per Rs 5000 per
23 failure or contravention continues after the date Rs 5000 per week Rs 10000 per day Rs 5000 per day
week day
of conviction. It is
The Central Government or any other person duly
authorised is empowerd to collect the samples of
24 air water soil any substance any substance
…………………..as evidence of the offences under the
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
Topic 1: Nature of Environmental Studies (4 Marks)
Q. No. Question Option i Option ii Option iii Option iv Answer Key
The unlimited Exploitation of Nature by Environmental Health
1 decrease in biodiversity all the given all the given
Human being resulted in pollution Problems
was
Was not encouraged Is recently being used in was encouraged
2 The conservation of natural resources encouraged in None of these
in ancient India India in ancient india.
ancient india.
was
Was not encouraged Is recently being used in was encouraged
3 Thee conservation of natural resources encouraged in None of these
in ancient India India in ancient india.
ancient india.
The Global Action plan adopted at Earth
4 summit held at Rio de Janeiro in June 1972 is Agenda 20 Agenda 22 Agenda 23 Agenda 21 Agenda 21
also known as
Environmental Issues are discussed and None of the
5 Sociology Economics EVS EVS
solved in subject above
Earth & Encircle &
6 As per the French word Environner means Atmosphere Earth & Sun Encircle & Surround
Energy Surround
United states United Society for
United states Census None of the United states
7 USCB is short form for Community Communist &
Bureau above Census Bureau
Bureau Beaurocrates
8 Earth Day is on Jan-22 Feb-22 Mar-22 Ape-22 Ape-22
includes the natural
methodically
environment, built
is an interdisciplinary studies human all of the
9 Environmental Studies: environment, and the sets all of the above
academic field interaction with above
of relationship between
the environment
them
10 Environmental Studies does not involve: psychology demography ethics literature literature
Van Mahotsav is an annual tree-planting festival in 15th
11 2nd June 1st July 1st December 1st July
India, celebrated on: September
change in the
Which of the following global trend is of great degradation of fertile species extinction leading All of the
12 global All of the above
concern for the future of our environment? soils to the loss of biodiversity above
atmospere
Program Name : Diploma in Computer & Electronics Engineering
Program Code : CO, EJ & IF
Semester : Fifth
Course Title : Environmental Studies
Course Code : 22447

Chapter 1. Environment
1.1 Definition and need of environmental studies.
1.2 Segments of environment- Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Lithosphere Biosphere.
1.3 Environmental Issue.
1.4 Concept of 4R.
1.5 Public awareness about environment.

Easy : Based on Definition.

1. _______ is a natural process that warms the Earth’s surface
a) Greenhouse effect
b) Global warming
c) Deforestation
d) None of these
Answer: a)

2. Clouds help in cooling down the planet and do not contribute to greenhouse effect.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b)

3. Which is the most abundant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere

a) Carbon dioxide
b) Water vapour
c) Methane
d) Nitrogen
Answer: b)
4. Which of the following is the largest sink for carbon dioxide gas
a) Forests
b) Oceans
c) Ice sheets
d) Grasslands
Answer: b)

5. The acidic air pollutants reach the earth’s surface because of wet deposition only
a) True
b) False
Answer: b)

6. Which of the following is not cause of Nuclear accident _____

a) Nuclear meltdown
b) Decay heat
c) Human error
d) Volcanic eruption
Answer: d)

7. In which season is the ozone found to be at its maximum level in the northern
hemisphere
a) Winter
b) Summer
c) Spring
d) Autumn
Answer: c)

8. The earth is still said to be in the “ice age” period

a) True
b) False
Answer: a)

9. The biosphere is very large and complex and is divided into smaller units called
______
a) Organisms
b) Ecosystems
c) Module
d) None of these
Answer: b)
10. The largest reservoir of nitrogen on our planet is ______
a) Ocean
b) Atmosphere
c) Biosphere
d) Fossil fuels
Answer: b)

Medium : Based on Understanding of concepts.

11. Ozone depletion is harmful to ____
a) Digestion
b) Reproduction
c) Skin
d) None of the above
Answer: c)

12. Which of the following is not influenced by human activities

a) Depletion of ground water
b) Destruction of mangroves and wetlands
c) Increased extinction rate of species
d) None of the above
Answer: d)

13. ______ acts as a source of nitrogen for nitrogen fixing bacteria and ammonia
producing plants
a) Atmosphere
b) Lithosphere
c) Hydrosphere
d) Nanosphere
Answer: a)

14. Which of the following mentioned GHGs has the highest atmospheric lifetime
a) Carbon tetrafluoride
b) Nitrous oxide
c) Methane
d) CFC
Answer: a)

15. Waves that pass through the glass walls of greenhouse are in the form of ____
a) Gamma rays
b) X-rays
c) Infrared waves
d) Radio waves
Answer: c)
16. What is the emissivity of the earth’s surface
a) 0.457
b) 0.578
c) 0.135
d) 1.42
Answer: a)

17. Which of the following gases is responsible for the yellowing of the Taj Mahal
a) Organic carbon
b) Black carbon
c) Brown carbon
d) All of above
Answer: d)

18. Below which of the following pH is rain regarded as acid rain

a) 7
b) 7.3
c) 5.6
d) 6
Answer: c)

19. Which of the following devices can be used to measure ozone in the stratosphere from
the ground
a) Spectrometer
b) Photometer
c) Spectrophotometer
d) Spectro-ozonometer
Answer: c)

20. The long UV-B radiations are important for vitamin D production of the skin
a) True
b) False
Answer: a)

Difficult : Based on application of concepts in detail.

21. Gas molecules that absorb thermal infrared radiation and are present in large quantity
to change climate system are known as _____
a) Alpha radiations
b) Beta radiations
c) Ozone gases
d) Greenhouse gases
Answer: d)
22. The radiation energy from the sun is produced by _____
a) Fission reaction
b) Fusion reaction
c) Both a) and b)
d) None of the above
Answer: b)

23. What does GWP in the context of greenhouse gases indicate

a) Global Warming Parameters
b) Gradual Warming Pattern
c) Global Worming Pattern
d) Global Warming Potential
Answer: d)

24. What is the pH required for the survival of aquatic animals and plants
a) 7
b) 7.5
c) 6.5
d) 4.8
Answer: d)

25. ______ defined as the accidental melting of the core of a nuclear reactor, and refers to
the core’s either complete or partial collapse
a) Nuclear meltdown
b) Decay heat
c) Human error
d) Volcanic eruption
Answer: a)

26. Which of the following chemicals are responsible for the depletion of the
stratospheric ozone layer
a) Refrigerants
b) Propellants
c) Foam- blowing agents
d) All of above
Answer: d)

27. The perfect equilibrium existing in the biosphere between the various organisms is
known as _____
a) Ecological cycle
b) Ecological balance
c) Environmental balance
d) None of the above
Answer: b)
28. Reducing the amount of future climate change is called ______
a) Mitigation
b) Geo-engineering
c) Adaptation
d) None of these
Answer: a)

29. ______ is the artificial modification of earth’s climate systems through two primary
ideologies, Solar Radiation Management (SRM) and Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR)
a) Adaptation
b) Geo-engineering
c) Synchronization
d) Mitigation
Answer: b)

30. Who discovered the ozone layer

a) Henry Buisson & Charles Fabry
b) Carl Sagan & Charles Fabry
c) GMB Dobson
d) Carl Sagan & GMB Dobson
Answer: a)
Topic 2: Natural Resources and Associated Problems (10 Marks)
Q. No. Question Option i Option ii Option iii Option iv Answer Key
which of the following is not a renewable dentrotherm
1 coal wind power geothermal energy coal
resource? al energy
providing
economic
land erosion
2 forest is responsible for a watershed protection land erosion control and all of given
control
environment
al benefits.
any material that can be transformed into
none of the
3 more valuable and usefull product or service resource mineral product resource
above .
is called
India has largest reserve of ---------------after
4 iron ore bauxite coal copper. iron ore
Brazil.
a sudden uncontrol descent of a mass of
5 soil erosion minning landslide earth quake landslide
earth under the force gravity is called.
compensate
for loss due
stored in xylem
are used by plants to are of no use for
6 hydroscopic and combined water . tissues of are of no use for plants.
during transpiration evapotranspi plants.
plants
ration by
plants .
45percent
42percent methane
55 percent
25 percent water methane ,8 55 percent ,20percent
methane,45perc
7 the constituents of producer gas are. vapour,75 percent percent methane,45percentcarb carbondioxid
entcarbon
methane . propane ,rest is on dioxide. e,35
dioxide.
carbon dioxide. percentpropa
ne .
the least quality of the coal with 95%carbon
8 liginite coal anthracite coal bituminous coal peat coal . anthracite coal
conent and 5% volatile matter is
which of the following methods of timber slective logging reduced
reduced impact
9 extraction cause minimum environmental clear felling hand logging d)reduced impact impact
logging
damage? logging logging
Q. No. Question Option i Option ii Option iii Option iv Answer Key
provide
10 the main purpose of dam construction irrigation flood control hydroelctricity water to hydroelctricity
industry
Which one of the following is an example of
11 Wind Vegetation Coal & Minerals Water Coal & Minerals
Non - Renawable Energy Resource

Primary Secondary
Primary consumers are Producers are
consumers Producers are more than consumers are
31 What is true of Ecosystem? least dependent upon more than primary
outnumber primary consumers largest and
producers consumers
producers powerful
Q. No. Question Option i Option ii Option iii Option iv Answer Key
phytoplankton-
grass-chameleon-insect- grass-fox-rabbit- fallen leaves-bacteria- phytoplankton-
32 pick up the correct food chain zooplankton-
bird bird insect larvae zooplankton-fish
fish
Association of animals when both partners are
33 Mutualism Colony Commensalism Ammensalism Mutualism
benefited
The dominant second trophic level in a lakh
34 Plankton Phytoplamkton Benthos Zooplankton Zooplankton
ecosystem is
1. The Gangetic plain extends through which of the states ?
a) Western U. P. and West Bengal
b) MadhyapradeshNad Uttar Pradesh
c) Western Bengal
d) None of the above.
Ans. :- a)
2. The North – Est India Comprises of
a) Himalayan hill ranges
b) Aravali hill ranges
c) Non-Himalayan hill range
d) None of the above
Ans. :- c)
3. Cheerapunji is situated in which of the following region in India ?
a) The Western Ghats b) The North-East India
c) The North East d) None of the above
Ans. :- c)
4. Which of the following places receive maximum rainfall in India ?
a) The North East India
b) Non Himalayan hills
c) Cheerapunji in the North East Indian
d) None of the above
Ans. :- a)
5. In which of the following Islands of Lakshadweep is situated ?
a) Arabian sea b) Bay of Bengal
c) Atlantic ocean d) None of the above
Ans. :- c)
6. IN which of the following the Islands of Andaman and Nicobar are
situated?
a) Arabian Sea b) Atlantic ocean
c) Bay of Bengal d) None of the above
Ans. :- c)
7. RatnaGiri is Located in which of the following state ?
a) Chennai - Tamilnadu b) Madhya Pradesh
c) Maharashtra d) None of the above
Ans. :- a)
8. Asiatic cheetah, Lion and wild Ass are on verge of getting almost extinguished. Which
of the following term in used commonly to describe such a sitation.
a) Endangered species / Threatened species
b) Rare Species
b) Unique species
c) None of the above.
Ans. :- a)
9. Which of the following animal comes under categary of “Critically endangered
species”?
a) Sumatran Rhinoceros b) Asiatic Lion
b) Indian Tiger c) None of the above
Ans. :- a)
10. Which of the following animal comes under category of “Threatened species”
a) Leopard b) Mouse
b) Dog c) None of the above
Ans. :- a)
11. Which of the following is an Indian Biodiversity Hotspots ?
a) The western ghats b) National parks
c) Botnical gardens d) None of the above
Ans. :- a)
12. Uncontrolled hybridization of different species of animals plants. Which of the
following pollution it leads to
a) Genetic pollution b) Homogenization
c) Genetic swamping d) None of the above.
Ans. :- a)
13. “Genetic pollution” may be originated due to one of the following. Which of the
following may be possible reason.
a) Uncotrolled hybridization b) Unprofitability
C) Natural phenomenon d) None of the above.
Ans. :- a)
14. Which of the following is considered to be major threat to global biodiversity.
a) Genetically modified species b) Pollination
c) Global Warming d) None of the above
Ans. :- b)
15. Conservation of species of botanical gardens, zoos, gene banks, etc. is done observing
certain methods. Which of the following term is used for such methods?
a) In-situ conservation methods.
b) Ex-situ sonservation methods.
c) Heritage Conservation
d) None of the above.
Ans. :- b)
16. The globale Zoo Ecoregions is a system derived to conserve biodiversity. Which of the
following has taken this initiative?
a) The world wild-life fund b) Africa
c) Latin America d) None of the above
Ans. :- a)
17. A World map of hot spots with details of flora and fauna is prepared by
a) The national geographic society
b) Scientific organization.
c) Environmentalists
d) None of the above.
Ans. :- a)
18. Which of the following acronym stands for and is preferred by Edward O. Wilson for
threats to biodiversity Habitat (destruction), Invasive (Species), Pollution, Population
(Explosion) and Overharvesting
a) HIPPO b) HIPPEO
c) HINPPEO d) None of the above
Ans. :- a)
19. The millennium Ecosystem Assessement – 2005 took up study of threat to ecosystems
in world. Which of following is marked as “most threatened aecosystem”?
a) Fresh water ecosystem b) Air Pollution
c) Water Pollution d) None of the above
Ans. :- a)
20. Poaching of wild animals is very common. Which of is main reason ?
a) Animals killed for their organs
b) Animals are killed only for food
c) Animals are killed as they are overpopulated
d) None of the above.
Ans. :- a)
21. Which of the following conservation methods are applied only to wild fauna and flora,
and not to domesticated animals and plants?
a) In-situ conservation methods.
b) Ex-situ conservation methods.
c) Bot (a) and (b)
d) None of the above.
Ans. :- a)
22. Convention on International Trade, in Endangered Species [CITES] and World Heritage
Convention [WHC] was held in years:
a) 1976 & 1977 respectively b) 1981
c) 1986 d) None of the above
Ans. :- a)
23. Under World Heritage convention ratification, which of the following monuments in
India were convered in Heritage conservation in years 1983.
a) Ajanta-Ellora caves, Agra Fort, Tajmahal
b) National parks
c) Sambhar in Rajasthan
d) None of the above
Ans. :- a)
24. Which of following in name of first national park in India, established in year 1935.
a) Hailey National Park b) Sanjay Gandhi National Park c)
Sundarban National Park d) None of the above.
Ans. :- a)
25. The Hailey National park established in 1935 was renamed as,
a) Jim Corbett National park b) Sundarban National park
c) Kanha National Park d) None of the above.
Ans. :- a)
26. Modelling is done
a) To know mineral b) Mineral configuration
c) Grade of mineral d) All the above
Ans. :- d)
27. At _____stage a decision is taken considering profitability of mining operations of
country/ area.
a) Drilling b) Sampling
c) Feasibility studies d) Modeling
Ans. :- c)
28. Steps in mining are _______
a) Dredging b) Surface mining
c) Insitu d) All the above
Ans. :- d)
29. ____________ technique is used when mining site is near water area
a) Dredging b) Surface mining
c) Insitu d) Underground mining
Ans. :- a)
30. Method of surface mining are_________
a) Open cast mining b) Open pit mining
c) Both (i) and (ii) d) Underground mining
Ans. :- b)
31. Insitu mining is done in __________ways.
a) Solution b) Thermal
c) Both (i) and (ii) d) None
Ans. :- c)
32. Open cast mining is done for ________
a) Coal b) Limestone
c) Both (i) and (ii) d) None
Ans. :- C)
33. Open pit mining is done for ______________
a) Copper b) Diamond
c) None d) Both (i) and (ii)
Ans. :- d)
34. Which method is still on research stage
a) solution b) Thermal
c) Open pit mining d) Dredging
Ans. :- b)
35. 90 % of food requirement is fulfilled by ____________
a) 15 plants, 8 animals b) 12 plants, 6 animals
c) 20 plants, 5 animals d) 8 plants, 15 animals
Ans. :- a)
36. Huge requirement of food is produced by_________
a) Traditional agriculture b) Industrialized agriculture
c) Both (i) and (ii) d) None
Ans. :- c)
37. Industrialised agriculture involves use of _______
a) Fossil fuel b) Water
c) Commercial d) All the above
Ans. :- d)
38. Food requirements for humans are sourced by _______
a) Plants b) animals
c) Both (i) and (ii) d) None
Ans. :- c)
39. Food habits are governed by_______
a) Cultural difference b) Individual habits
c) Ecological reasons d) All the above
Ans. :- d)
40. The first food shortage experienced in _____
a) China b) India
c) Pakistan d) Srilanka
Ans. :- b)
41. world’s first food shortage experienced by India in_______
a) 1943 b) 1950
c) 1941 d) 1947
Ans. :- a)
42. The food shortage in 1943 in India is called as
a) Bengal famine b) Calcutta famine
c) Kerala famine d) Kamataka famine
Ans. :- a)
43. The disaster of food shortage in 1943 was due to ________
a) Low production b) Due to world war II
c) Both(i) and (ii) d) None
Ans. :- c)
44. After independence first point on agenda for Indian Government was____
a) World security b) Food security
c) Land security d) All the above
Ans. :- b)
45. Bengal famine was caused in _________ part of India.
a) Western India b) Eastern India
c) Northern India d) Southern India
Ans. :- b)
46. __________people died in Bengal famine.
a) 3 billion b) 5 million
c) 3 million d) 4 million
Ans. :- d)
47. The success of Green Revaluation in year 1967 /68 till 1977/78 was rated in_____
a) India b) South Africa
c) China d) America
Ans. :- a)
48. Green revolution takes place in year________
a) 1969/70 till 1979/80 b) 1963 /64 till 1973/74
c) 1967/68 till 1977/78 d) 1946/47 toll 1956 /57
Ans. :- c)
49. Stages in Green Revolution involves ________
a) Continuous expansion of farming areas.
b) Using existing land for double cropping
c) Producing seeds with improved genetics
d) All the above
Ans. :- d)
50. Double cropping means _______
a) One season – crops are watered from rain fall
b) Second season- crop in same year water is taken by irrigation
c) Both (i) and (ii)
d) None

51. World summit on sustainable development held at johannesberg in.

1] 2001 2] 2002 3] 2003 4] 2004

Ans: - 2002

52. He is popularly known as Green judge.

1] Mr. Manmohan Singh 2] Kuldeep Singh

3] Mangal Singh 4] Mr. Jethmalani

Ans: - Kuldeep Singh

53. He is known as Green Advocate.

1] Mr. K.P. Raghav 2] Mr. P. Chidambaram

3] Mr. S.D. Rao 4] Mr. M. C. Mehta

Ans: - Mr. M. C. Mehta

54. He is known for his ‘Chipko Movement’.

1] Atal Bihari Bajpeyi 2] Anna Hajare

3] Sundarlal Bahuguna 4] Pandit Neharu

Ans: - Sundarlal Bahuguna

55. He got the Magsaysay award for water conservation effort.

1] Rajender Singh 2] Ashok Singh

3] Nana Patekar 4] Anil Agrawal

Ans: - Rajender Singh

56. Wild life week is celebrated in the period of.

th th
1] 1-7 October 2] 11-18 November
th th
3] 1-8 March 4] 1-8 April
th
Ans: - 1-7 October
57. World Forest day is on.

1] 11 March 2] 12 March

3] 13 March 4] 21 March

Ans: - 21 March

58. Edaphic means.

1] Related to Water 2] Related to Soil

3] Related to Air 4] Related to Sun

Ans: - Related Soil

59. The environment which has been modified by human activities is called.

1] Natural environment 2] Modern environment

3] Anthropogenic environment 4] Semi-natural environment

Ans: - Anthropogenic environment

60. The term Ecology was introduced by.

1] Haeckel 2] Newton

3] S. S. Rao 4] Tansley

Ans: - Haeckel

61. The ecological factors related to soil & substratum are called ------------ factors.

1] Edaphic 2] Somatic 3] Air-borne 4] Egis

Ans: - Edaphic

62. The enter governmental conference on environmental education in 1977 was held in.

1] Tbilisi (USSR) 2] Delhi (INDIA)

3] Albita 4] Newyork (USA)

Ans: - Tbilisi (USSR)

63. Which one of the following is an example of non-renewable resources ?

1] Wind 2] Vegetation 3] coal & minerals 4] Water

Ans: - coal & minerals

64. Which of the following is renewable resources ?

1] Wind 2] Water3] Flora & fauna 4] All of these

Ans: - All of these

65. Which gas in stratosphere does provide protection to our life ?

1] Argon 2] Nitrogen 3] Oxygen 4] Ozone

Ans: - Ozone

66. The life supporting gases such as O2, CO2 and N2 are chiefly concentrated in the.

1] Troposphere 2] Exosphere

3] Homosphere 4] Stratosphere

Ans: - Troposphere

67. Floods can be prevented by.

1] afforestation 2] removing the top soil

3] cutting the forests 4] tilling the land

Ans: - afforestation

68. Biogas generation is mainly based on principle of.

1] anaerobic degradation 2] aerobic decomposition

3] putrefaction 4] none of these

Ans: - anaerobic degradation

69. Which one of the following is not a fossil fuel ?

1] Petroleum 2] Coal 3] Natural gas 4] Uranium

Ans: - Uranium

70. The death of the last individual of a species is called --------------

1] extinction 2] endanger 3] nither (1) nor (2) 4] diversity

Ans: - extinction

71. Atomic energy is obtained by using ores of -----------

1] Copper 2] Uranium 3] Lead 4] Crude oil

Ans: - Uranium

72. ------------- is the major raw material biogas.

1] Tree leaves 2] Grass 3] Cow dung 4] Waste from kitchen

Ans: - Cow dung

73. In the atmosphere, the layer above the troposphere is ------------

1] Exospheres 2] Mesosphere

3] Stratosphere 4] Thermosphere

Ans: - Stratosphere

74. Both power manure are provided by -----------

1] Hydroelectric plants 2] Gobar gas plants

3] Nuclear power plants 4] Thermal plants

Ans: - Gobar gas plants

75. Which of the following is not considered to be a natural resource?

1] Soil 2] River 3] Scenery 4] Climate

5] all of the above are examples of natural resources

Ans: - all of the above are examples of natural resources

76. For sustainable development __________ R are followed

(a) 5 (b) 2

Ans : c

77. Reduce, Recycle, Reuse and Refuse are popularly known as,

(a) 4 R for sustainable development

(b) R’s to be followed

(c) Essential R’s for better life.

100. Wide range of flora and fauna is

(a) Nature (b) Biodiversity

(c) Environment (d) Ecosystem

101. Bioaccumulation is also known as

i)Biodiversity ii)Biomanifications

iii)Precipitation iv)None of the above

Ans: (ii)

102. Requirement of o2for microbial degradation of organic matter in

Water is

i)BOD ii)COD

iii)PPT iv)PPM

Ans : (i)

103. Geographically ecological region with similarity in vegetation and

Climate is

i)Abiotic ii)Biome

iii)Biotic iv)All of the above

Ans: (ii)

104. Waste originating mainly form hospitals and clinics

(i) Biomedical waste

(ii) Biological waste

(iii) Biochemical waste

(iv)None of the above

Ans: (i)

105. Lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere together is called

(i) Biosphere (ii)Environment

(iii)Stratosphere (iv)None of the above

Ans:(i)

106. Plants, animals and micro organisms from ecosystem make

(i) Biota (ii) Biosphere

(iii) Environment (iv) Biome

Ans: (i)

107. Technology that manipulates the genes in an organism to

Modify characteristics

(i)Biology (ii) Microbiology

(iii) Biotechnology (iv) Genetology

Ans: (iii)

108. Cyclic movement of carbon, to and fro, between environment

and organism,

(i) Carbon cycle (ii) carbonization

(iii) Coalition (iv) Carboxylation

Ans:(i)

109. A flesh-eating animal

(i)Carnivore (ii)Herbivore

(iii)Both (iv)None of the above

Ans:(i)

110. Maximum nu8mber of a species that can be accommodated in

given area (per square kilometer)

(i) Carring capacity

(ii) Accommodating power
(iii) Accommodating quantity
(iv) None of the above

Ans: (i)

111. Tree hugging movement in Uttarakhand

(i) Chipko Andolan (ii) Asbstosis

(iii) Agenda 21 (iv) None of the above

118. Total economic and social returns against expenditure

(i) Cost Benefit analysis (ii) Cost-profit analysis

(iii) Price-profit estimate (iv) Total Analysis

Ans: (i)
119. Number of live Births per 1000 people population in an year

(i) Anticlockwise

(ii) Clockwise

(i) DNA testing (ii) DNA finger printing

(iii) DNA analysis (iv) DNA Tracing

Ans: (ii)

132. A high leavelinter governmental meeting on environment of earth.

(i) Earth summit (ii) Save earth

(iii) Save planet (iv) None of the above

Ans: (i)
133. Earth summit was held at

(i) Japan

(ii) Rio-de-Janero in Brazil

(iii) UK

(iv) UAS

Ans.: (ii)

134. Earth summit at Rio-de-Janero was held in year

(i) 1992 (ii) 1985

(iii) 1981 (iv) 1993

Ans : (i)

135. United Nations conference on environment and development

(UNCED) is popularly known as

(i)Erath summit (ii)Save environment movement

(iii)Save Erath movement (iv)None of the above

Ans: (i)

136. DNA fingerprinting uses sample of ___________.

(i)RNA (ii)Nails

(iii)DNA (iv)Tissue

Ans: (iii)

137. DNA fingerprinting can help todistinguish between_________

(i) Different individual of same species

(ii) Different individual of different regions

(iii) Individuals form different region

(iv) None of the above

ANS:(i)

138. The points of agreement of “Earth summit” circulated as

(i) Rio Declaration

(ii) UNCED minutes

(iii) Rio-de-Janero Declaration

(iv) None of the above

Ans:(i)

139. The shaking and trembling of earth is

(i) Erath Vibrations

(ii) Tremors

(iii)Erathquake

(iv) None of the above

Ans : (ii)

140. Scale to measure intensity of earthquake is _________

(i) Richter scale (ii) Vector

(iii) Scalar (iv) dB

Ans: (i)

141. Richter scale is unit to measure _________ of earthquake

(i) Intensity (ii) Vibration

(iii) Frequency (iv) Severity

Ans : (i)

142. The variety of habitats is

(i) Ecosystem Diversity

(ii) Ecological variation

(iii) Biodiversity

(iv) Diversity

Ans: (i)

143. A group of co-existing organisms which interact with the environment

(i) Diversity (ii) Ecosystem

(iii)Biodiversity (iv) will

Ans: (ii)
144. one is able to do work due to

(i) Energy (ii) Heat

(iii) Force (iv) None of the above

Ans: (i)

145. “Something that environs” is

(i) environment (ii) surrounding

(iii) encircle (iv) none of the above

Ans: (i)

146. Evaluation of short /long term effect on environment.

(i) Environment Impact Assessment

iv) None of these

152. Minamata disease caused by

i) Neurological syndrome ii) Kidney disorder

ii) Respiratory disorder iv) None of these

153. Minamata disease caused by

i) Lead poisoning ii) Mercury poisoning

iii) Phosphate poisoning iv) Nitrate poisoning

154. Minamata disease was first discovered in

i) china ii) Austria

iii) Japan iv) All of these

155. Minamata caused by the release of _____

i) Methyl phosphate ii) Methyl nitrate

iii) Methyl carbonate iv) Methyl mercury

156. Minamata disease caused due to release of methyl mercury from ______

In Japan

i) Chemical factory ii) Fertilizer factory

iii) Textile factory iv) All the above

157. The mixture of minerals organic matter, inorganic material, air and water in the firm of
thin layer is called as.

i) Sedimentary rock ii) Soil

iii) Fertile soil iv) Stone

158. Over grazing, deforestation, burning of grassland,etc causes.

i) Soil corrosion ii) Soil fertilization

iii) Soil erosion iv) None of these

159. Water holding capacity gets reduced due to

i) Soil corrosion ii) Soil fertilization

iii) Both (i) and (ii) iv) Soil erosion

160. _____is used an organic fertilizer to increase the crop yields.

i) Human excreta ii) Animal excreta

iii) Both (i) and (ii) iv) None of these

161. If excreta contain ____soil and crops get contaminated.

i) Bacteria ii) Algae

iii) Insect iv) Pathogens

162. Radioactive waste can also affect soil.

i) True ii) False

iii) Neither true not false iv) None of these

163. The water mixed with human excretes, sewage and sludge, kills____ of soil and
reduces its fertility.

i) Pathogens ii) Micro-organisms

iii) Bacteria iv) Viruses

164. If fluorides are absorbed by crops, through soil abd get the consumed by human bring
it causes_____.

i) Chlorosis ii) Neurosis

iii) Fluorosis iv) Photosynthesis

165. Measures to control quantitive losses of soil what step are taken

i) By making vegetation cover

ii) By terrace of countour bounding

iii) By controlling the grazing activities

iv) All the above

166. Plugging the gullies can also recharge

i) Ground water ii) Stop soil erosion

iii) Both (i) and (ii) iv) None of these

167. Soil waste material include

i) Paper waste ii) Plastic waste

iv) Metal waste iv) All the above

168. Soil can be saved from degradation by method.

i) Composting of bio-degradable waste

ii) Burning of the non-degradable waste

iii) Both (i) and (ii) iv) None of these

169. By treating the heavy metals and toxic material from industries can measure the
control to soil pollution

i) True ii) False

iii) Neither true nor false vi) None of these

170. The important in faulty sanitation method do reduce soil pollution

i) False ii) True

iii) Neither true nor false vi) None of these

171. The unpleasant, high intensity sound is called as

i) Music ii) Song

iii) Noise iv) All the above

172. The sound from airports, industrial complexes, mining areas power generation station
are examples

i) Air pollution ii) Soil pollution

iii) Both (i) and (ii) iv) Noise pollution

173. Unit of measurement of sound is

i) Decibel ii) dB

iii) Both (i) and (ii) iv) None

174. the intensity of sound must be between

i) 1 to 140dB ii) 140 to 180 dB

iii) Loss than 1 dB iv) None

175. The noise intensity less than ____ cannot be heard

i) 100dB ii) 140dB

iii) 1dB iv) 0 dB

176. High _ and High makes noise pollution

i) Altitude latitude ii) Intensity , frequency

iii) Intensity density iv) Density volume

177. Normal talk create sound intensity about

i) 10 dB ii) 20 dB iii) 30 dB iv) 40 dB

178. While shouting sound intensity reaches

i) Below 40 dB ii) Above 40 dB

iii) Below 30 dB iv) Above 60 dB

179. Large industries using auto machines create sound

i) Below 60 dB ii) Above 90 dB

iii) Below 100 dB iv) Above 100 dB

180. The natural source of noise are

i) Thunder ii) Lightening

iii) Both (i) and (ii) iv) None of these

181. The rocket engine creates the noise pollution

i) Below 190 dB ii) Below 100 dB

iii) Above 190 dB iv) Above 100 dB

182. Bhopal gas tragedy occurred at

i)Thermal Power Plant ii)Biogas Plant iii)Giothermal Plant iv)Pesticide Plant

Ans.iv)

183. The clean air act of 1970,which mandates the setting of standards for four primary
pollutants and one secondary pollutants. So which is that secondary pollutant?

i)smog ii)ozone iii)smoke iv)fog

Ans.ii)

184. which of the natural sources of primary pollutant created by nature is not in human
control?

i)Volcanoes eruption ii)Breaking seas iii)Pollens iv)All the above

Ans.iv)

185. which of the primary pollutant created by nature is emphasized by human?

i)Volcanoes ii)Bacteria or viruses iii)fire iv) (ii) and (iii)

Ans.iv)

186. Primary pollutants created by nature and not emphasized by human are

i)Bacteria and fire ii)Pollen and breaking seas iii)volcanes and blowing dust iv)bacteria and viruses

Ans.ii)

187. Human activities creating primary pollutants are----------

i)Chemical processes and atomic processes

ii)combustion processes /heating process

iii)Farming/mining

iv)all the above

Ans.iv)

188. The dissolved material in water must not be more than ----------p.p.m

i)150 ii)140 iii)152 iv)151

Ans.i)

189. The dissolved material in water not be less than 150p.p.m is desirable

i)True ii)False iii)Neither true nor false iv)none of these

Ans.ii)

190. The pH of water should be between 7 to 8.5,true or false?

i)True ii)False iii)Neither true nor false iv)none of these

Ans.i)

191. The pH of water should be between--------

i)7-8 ii)8-10 iii)7-8.5 iv)0-7

Ans .iii)
192. The presence of impurities and foreign substance in water in such a quantity that
lowers its quality and makes it unfit for consumption and causes health hazard is called
as------

i)pH of water ii)pollutant in soil iii)water pollution iv)none of these

Ans.iii)

193. Direct sources of water pollution includes

i)Discharge from factories

ii)discharge from power plants

iii)oil wells

iv)all of these

Ans.iv)

194. Indirect sources of water pollution is

i)Discharge from factories

ii)discharge from power plants

iii)agricultural fields

iv)oil wells

Ans.iii)

195. Indirect sources of water pollution includes

i)agricultural fields ii)feed lots iii)domestication iv)all of these

Ans.iv)

196. The high biological oxygen demand (BOD),makes water useless for other domestic
uses.(True/False)

i)True ii)False iii)Neither true nor false iv)none of these

197. If ------------value high, the water useless for other domestic uses also.

i)Biiolaogical Hydrogen Demand

ii)Biological Oxygen Demang

iii)Biological Demand

iv)all of these

Ans.ii)

198. -------- help the growth of algae in water.

i)Hydrogen ii)Mercury iii)Phosphates iv)calcium

Ans.iii)

199. Algae consume the dissolved -------- from water and make it polluted.

i)Hydrogen ii)sulphate iii)Cadmium iv)oxygen

Ans.iv)

200. The consumption of oxygen from water by algae, leads decomposition of plant and
produces toxins as

i)Cadmium ii)strychnine iii)chlorosis iv)chloro-fluoro -carbon

Ans.i)

201. lack of oxygen in water decomposes some plants and produce strychnine?(True /False)

i)True ii)False iii)Neither true nor false iv)none of these

Ans.i)

202. Foul smell is an indication of -----pollution

i)soil ii)earth iii)water iv)air

Ans.iii)

203. Industrial discharge includes

i)soils ii)plant iii)sodium iv)fresh water

Ans.iii)

204. Industrial discharge includes

i)Na ii)Cu iii)Hg iv)all of these

Ans iv)

205. agricultural discharge includes

i)pesticides ii)herbicides iii)weedicides iv)all of these

Ans.iv)

206. agricultural discharge alter---------- of water

i)pH ii)oxygen iii)both (i) and (ii) iv)none of these

Ans.iii)

207. ------------------- Plants are natural purifires of water

i)rose ii)neem iii)aqua iv)living

Ans.iii)

208. Potential acute or chronic effect of chemical pollution result from ------------

a. Water sources

b. Over consumption of water

c. Floods

d. Both a. and b.

Ans.: c

209. Possible rodent-bond diseases result from ----------

a. Flood

b. Damage to water system

c. Increases in rodent

d. Both b and c

Ans.: a

210. Ear, nose, and throat infection caused by -----

a. Infected water

b. Fresh water

c. Flood water

d. Both a. and b.

Ans.: d

211. Agricultural productivity faces heavy loos due to -----------

a. Flood

b. Draught

c. Both a. and b.

d. None

ANS.: c
212. Fossil fuels includes ---------

a. petrol

b. Diesel

c. Coal

d. All the above

Ans.: d

213. Draught and change in routine weather are responsible for ----------

a. Availability of plenty of water

b. Global warming

c. Over population

d. Water depletion

Ans.: d

214. Economy is largely based on ----------

a. Fossil fuel

b. Minerals

c. Oil

d. All the above

Ans.: d

215. Energy minerals includes ------------

a. Coal

b. Uranium

c. Both a. and b.

d. None

Ans.: c

216. Mineral resources are --------

a. Metals

b. Potash

c. Gravels

d. All the above

Ans.: d

217. Effects of Dam include -----------

a. Increase in flood risk

b. Hampering Navigation

c. Both a. and b.

d. None

Ans.: c

218. Dam Affects

a. Feeding sites of fishes

b. Deposit nutrients

c. Natural cycle of water flow

d. All the above

Ans.: d

219. Dam marks water toxic ----------

a. True

b. False

c. Both

d. None

Ans.: a

220. Due to increase in salinity, decomposition of organic matter, water get toxic

due to storage in dam ---------

a. True

b. False

c. Both

d. None

Ans.: a

221. Acronym of ICAR is ------------

a. Indian Council for Agricultural Research

b. Indian Committee for Agricultural Research

c. Indian Council for Astronauts and space Research.

d. None of above

Ans.: a

222. Green revolution resulted into ------------

a. Food production increased

b. Animals

c. All the above

d. None of the above

Ans.: c

226. In ------- the first time severe food shortage experienced in our country.

a. 1947
b. 1945

c. 1943

d. 1942

Ans.: c

227. Shortage of food led to concept of ----------

a. White revolution

b. Pink revolution

c. Black revolution

d. Green revolution

Ans.: d

228. Dams/Reservoirs, in tropical areas release ------------

a. Green house gases

b. Ozone gases

c. Chloro-floro-carbon

d. None

Ans.: a

229. Favourable effects of reservoir are

a. Water wastage is regulated

b. Establish reservoir enhances bird life

c. Help wet lands

d. All the above

Ans.: d

230. Mining is done on location where there is large stock of ---------------

a. Mineral deposit

b. Ore deposit

c. Mineral / ore deposit

d. None

Ans.: c

231. Mineral / ore deposit is identified by -----------

a. Druggist

b. Geologists

c. Biologist

d. Botanist

Ans.: b

232. For mining --------- is done.

a. Geophysical survey

b. Mapping

c. Sampling

d. All the above

Ans.: d

233. The rise in no causes.

a) crop production .

b) increase in soil corrosion .

c) premeture fall of leaves .

d) disturbing photosynthesis .

Ans : C

234. Radioactive dust causes .

a) physical disorder.

b) mental disorder.

c) genetic effect.

d) all the above.

Ans : d

235. The rise in so causes :

a) greening of leaves.

b) increase in rate of photosynthesis.

c) decrease in plant growth.

d) yellowing of leaves.

Ans : d
236. The nature has its mechanism to remove the pollutant this mechanism is called .

a) photosynthesis.

b) soavenging.

c) dispersion.

d) chlorasis.

Ans : b

237. Sigaratte smoking causes cardio vascular disease due to.

a) cadmium perticulates.

b) lead perticulates.

c) titanium perticulates.

d) mercury perticulates.

Ans : a

238. The -------- from combustion of fossil fuel affects the nerves, brain, and kidney.

a) lead.

b) uranium.

c) tungstun.

d) mercury.

Ans :d

239. Convulsion , delirium , coma causes due to :

a) lead poisoning.

b) food poisoning.

c) intake of poisoning.

d) none of these.

Ans: a

240. Percentage of pollution from fuel combustion is :

a) 30%

b) 90%

c) 50%

d) 27%
Ans: d

241. Smog is firmed due to chemical reaction of :

a) sunlight + dust.

b) sunlight + NO2

c) sunlight + CO2

d) sunlight + water

Ans : d

242. Acid rain formed due to chrmical reaction of :

a) water + SO2

b) water + sunlight

c) water + lead

d) water + salt

Ans :a

243. Ozone formed due to chemical reaction of

a) Non-volatile organic compounds.

b) volatile organic compounds.

c) Non-volatile inorganic compound.

d) volatile inorganic compounds.

Ans: b

244. Primary pollutants means those pollutants:

a) released by chemical resction.

b) relrased by process hydration.

c) released by process of photosynthrsis.

d) released directly in the air.

Ans:d

245. A harmful mixture formed by gases of nitrogen particulates matter due to

photochemicalreaction under the influence of strong sunlight is called as ......

a) photosynthedis.
b) chlorosis.

c) photochemical smog.

d) smoke

Ans: c

246. The quality of paper and leather get affected by

a)so2 and h2o

b)h2s and water

c)so2 and acid gases

d)so2 and o2

Ans : b

247. The paints get decolourisied by:

a)So2 and hcl

b)so2 and h2s

c)so2 and o3

d)so2 and no2

Ans:d

248. The building material get affected by.

a) so2 and acid rains

b)so2 and o3

c) so2 and h2s

d) so2 and water

Ans:a

249. Balanced atmospheric persentages of co2 is:

a)33%

b) 39%
c)31%

d)35%

Ans:a

250. To reduce air pollutions due to industrial activities what step shuld be taken?

a) use electrostatic precipitators

b) use gravitational setting chamber

c) construction of tall chimneys

d) All the above

Ans : d

251. In case of auto mobile pollution used of quality ....and use of .... Converters will be to
reduced in air:

a) fuel , catalytic

b) fuel ,isotopes

c) fuel water

d) fule. Air

Ans :a

252. ----------- can help to reduce the air pollution in mining area.

a) construction of tall chimney.

b) sprinkling water.

c) better quality fuel.

d)development of fall building.

Ans :b

253. In bhopal gas tragedy which toxic gas are released.

a) methane gas.

b) butane gas.

c) methyl isacyanate gas.

d) propane gas.
Ans :c

254. The clean air act of 1970" which setting of standards ---------- primary pollution and -----
--- secondary pollution.

a) three , four.

b) four , one.

c) one ,many.

d) all the above.

Ans :b

255. Natural mechanism of self clearing the atmosperic air are :

a) dispersion.

b) settling.

c) absorption.

d) all the above.

Ans :d

256. Man made mechanism to control air pollution includes.

a) dispersion.

b) settling.

c) centrifugal separators.

d) absorption.

Ans :c

257. Neutral mecanism to control air pollution includes.

a) centrifugal separators.

b) absorption.

c) wet scrubbers bag filter.

d) gravitational setting chambers.

Ans : b

258. healthy enviorment promots the growth of-

a)plants b)animals

c)humans d)micro-oragnisms

Ans-d)micro-organisms

259. Disease causing organisms survival in the enviorment which is-

a)contaminated b)hygienic

c)healthy d)sterile

Ans-a)contaminated

260. Unhealthy ebviorment may result in-

a)good health b) ill health

c)fun d)enjoyment

Ans-b)ill health

261. Which of the following condition affects the

transmission of vectors-

a)physical b)social

c)amotional d)climatic

Ans-d)climatic

262. Malaria and filaria are transmitted by-

a)files b)ticks

c)micribes d)mosquitos

Ans-d)mosquitos

263. Over crowing of slums leads to disease which are,-

a)carcinogeonic b)mental

c)contagious d)non-contagious

Ans-c)contagious

264. Chemical uded for preservation are-

a)carciogenic b)natural
c)healthy d)none

Ans-a)carciogenic

265. Human rights are-

a)adaptive b)inhercent

c)prevenitive d)all of the above

Ans-b)inherent

266. Which of the following is fundamental right in our constitution-

a)to live b)to die

c)to work d)all of the above

267. Which of the following is the measurment of the

health of the people?

a)nutrition b)money

c)power d)cleaniliness

Ans-a)nutrition

268. What affects the development of country?

a)election b)corruption

c)malnutrition d)strikes

Ans-c)malnutrition

269. Malnutrition is common in the people living-

a)in,urban areas b)in forests

c)below proverty line d)in mountains

Ans-c)below procerty line

270. Traditional medicines are also temed as-

a)alternative medicines

b)complimentary medicines

c)both a and b d)none

Ans-c)both a and b

271. One of the major threat to biodiversity is the

commercial use of-

a)chemicals b)herbs

c)both d)none

Ans-b)herbs

272. The indian tradition believes in____________of nature-

a)destruction b)extraction

c)pollution d)preservation

Ans-d)preservation

273. Which of the following stayement is correct?

a)enviormental law provides framework

for regulating use of enviorment and its

management in india.

b)enviormental law provides guidelines to

save enviorment.

c)enviormental law plays a crucial role in

regulating the ecosystems.

d)none of the above.

Ans-a)enviormental law provides

framework for regulating use of

enviorment and its msnagement in india.

274. In india several acts were passed from-

a)1970-1980 b)1969-1989

c)1972-1986 d)none of the above

Ans-1972-1986

275. The first nation in world to have made protection and

conservation of enviorment in its constitutions in 1976 is-

a)beligum b)germany

c)india d)none of the above

Ans-c)india
276. Enviormental rules 1986 empower central

goverment-

a)to prvent,control and abate enviormetal

pollution.

b)to follow up the formation of act.

c)to prevent industrial activities causing

enviormental pollution.

d)none of the above

277. Enviormental rules 1986 involves state

government and gives power-

a)to promote the actions of the effective

implementation of the act.

b)to emphasize the action of the effective

implementation of the act.

c)to co-ordinate the action of the effective

implementation of llthe act.

d)none of the above.

Ans-c)to co-ordinate the action of the effective

implementstion of llthe act.

278. Enviormental act 1986 extends to-

a)entire world b)asia pacific

c)india d)none of the above

279. The provision of enviormental act

1986,is amended-

a)only once after its establishment.

b)from time to time.

c)never in all these years.

d)none of the above.

280. Which of the following are objectives of

enviormental act 1986-

I)prvention of hazards to all living craetures

and property.

ii)protection and improvement of enviorment.

iii)maintance of harmonics relationship

between human and their enviorment

a)only (i) b)(i) and (iii)

c)all d)none of the above

Ans-c)all

281. Enviormental laboratories are established by-

a)state government

b) muncipal corporation

c)central government

d) none of the above

Ans-c)central goverment

282. Enviormental ruleswere amended in

A) stop use of fossil fuel

B) by use of nuclear files

C) answer- non conventional energy like solar energy

D )none of above these

285. Due to acid rain how fertility of soil its affected

A) soil gets more fertile

B) soil remains unaffected

C) answer- fertility of soil reduces

D) none of the above

286. which of following radiation coming from the sun are observed by ozone gas

A) answer- UV radition

B) £ Alfa radiation

C) gamma radiation

D) none of the above

287. Chloro fluoro carbon dissociation giving out toxic substance which of the following is
mainly responsible for depletion of ozone layer

A) fluorine

B) answer- chlorine atomes

C) carbon atoms

D) none of the above

288. Which of following helps to minimize depletion of ozone layer

A) answer- if freons are replaced by halogens

B) if freons halons both are used to a Blesser extend

C) by making CFC

D) none of the above

289. Which one of the following factor makes it difficult to use only ecofrindly chemicals so
that ozone depletion stop / minimize

A) answer- due to there high cost

B) due to non availability

C) lesser availability

D) none of the above

290. The photochemical smog result due to which one of following

A)answer-air stagnation + abundant sunlight + hydrocarbons + NOX

B) sunlight + hydrocarbon + NOX

C) sunlight + greenhouse gases

D) none of the above

291. The photochemical smog in India maximum in which following cities

A) answer- Mumbai , Kolkata

B) chennai and Hyderabad

C) Mumbai

D) none of the above

292. photochemical smog causes reduction in

A) hearing

B) answer- visibility

C) communication

D) none of these

293. Photochemical smog affect ...... of plant species

A) answer-growth

B) sowing

C) hervesting

D) none of the above

294. to avoid / control photo chemical smog , the release of following gas must be redised

A) answer- NOX

B) CO2
C) CO

D) none of the abibe

295. ....... Relesed from mobile phones also contribute to photochemical smog

A) answer- hydroctions

B) raditiins

C) sound

D) none of the above

299. nuclear accident may be occur due to

A) leakage or reactions

B) nuclear weapons or war

C) answer- nuclear war / weapons / reactions / fuel leakage

B) NO2

C) answer- CO2

D) none of the above

303. phenomenon opposit to global warming is ......

A) infra red

B) answer- nuclear winter

C) environment ethics

D) none of the above

307. Carbon credits is a ......... given to countries reducing green house gases emission

A) answer- certificate

B) value

C) price

D) none of the above

308. the forest fire is an example of:

A.industrial pollutionB.accidental pollution

C.thermal pollutionD.water pollution

Ans-B

309. the gas acting as an asphyxiate is:

A.methaneB.sulphur

C.nitrogenD.carbon monoxide

Ans-A

310. the contamination of water bodies is:

A.industrial pollution B.accidential pollution

C.thermal pollution D.water pollution

Ans-D

311. fertilizerslaedingti eutrophication are:

A.nitrogenB.phosphates

C.both a and b D.neither a nor b

Ans-C

312. trash or garbage is the source of:

A.organic pollutant B.inorganic pollutant

C.macroscopic pollutant D.none of the above

Ans-C
313. the amount of BOD in the water is an indicator of the leval of:

A.pollutionB.afforestation

C.deforestationD.population

Ans-A

314. meythyl mercury leading to a crippling disease is:

A.leprosyB.cerbral palsy

C.minamataD.polio

Ans-C

315. permature breaking of eggs,killing the chicks insude is the result of:

A.eutrophicationB.bioaccumulation

C.salinizationD.arsenicosis

Ans-B

316. gangrene,cancer,liver and spleen enlargement,livercirrhosis,diabetes,goiter,skin

cancers is due to:

A.eutrophicationB.bioaccumulatio

C.salinizationD.arsenicosis

Ans-D

317. heavy metals like cadmium,mercury,lead and nickel can be filtered by:

A.water hyacinth B.alage

C.fungiD.weeds

Ans-A

318. oil removal can be done by:

A.suction method B.absorption method

C.adoption method D.induction method

Ans-B

319. the carbohydrate and porten quality of crops is degraded due to:

A.insecticidesB.fertilizers

C.herbicidesD.pesticides

Ans-B
320. aldrin,malathion,dieldrin,furodan are all:

A.insecticidesB.fertilizers

C.herbicidesD.pesticides

Ans-D

321. a process of combustion in absence of oxygen:

A.incinerationB.pyrolysis

C.burningD.none of the above

Ans-B

322. unwanted sound leads to:

A.noise pollution B.water pollution

C.soil pollution D.marine pollution

Ans-A

323. temprary threshold shift is the outcome of:

A.noise pollution B.water pollution

C.soil pollution D.marine pollution

Ans-A

324. tree plantation helps in aborption of noise and acts as a:

A.black zone B.green zone

C.buffer zone D.forest zone

Ans-C

325. dobson units are used to measure:

A.thickness of the zone layer B.loudness of sound

C.amount of CFCs in the atmosphere

D.none of the above

Ans-A

326. acid rain and ozone depletion is the result of:

A.population B.extinction

C.pollution D.forestation

Ans-C
327. the presence of air pollutants during rain causes:

A.low acidity B.neutral condition

C.high acidity D.none of the above

Ans-C

328. the toxic sustances in the Bhopal gas tragedy was:

A.NO2 B.SO2

C.DDT D.MIC

variety in

A) Biosphere. B) Atmosphere

C) Stratospheric. D) Troposphere

Answer:A
334. The diversity of the basic untis of hereditary

Information within a species

A) ecosystem diversity

B) genetic diversity

C) species diversity

D) Domesticated Diversity

Answer :- b

335. Areas that are rich in species diversity are called

As:-

A) golden spots. B) black spots

C) hot spots. D) cold spots.

Answer :-c

336. the number of hotspots of biodiversity that exist

In India is

A)5. B)9. C) 14. D) 18

Answer :- a

337. which of the following is not a major characteristics

Features of biodiversity hotspots?

A) large number of species

B) abundance of endemic species

c) large number of exotic species

D) Destruction of habitat

Answer :-d

338. A species. Restricted to a specific area is known as

A) endemic. B)Exotic

C) Exclusive. D) NONE OF THEM

Answer :-c

339. Major eco-regions in the world that are richest,

Rarest and most distinctive areas are referred as

A) global 100. B) global 200

C) global 300. D) global 400

Answer :-b

340. Deliberate manipulation of genes within a species

To produce new varieties of crops

A) Ecosystem diversity

B) genetic diversity

C) species diversity

D) Domesticated Diversity

Answer :-d

341. the value those are easy to guantify in economic

Terms

A) direct values. B) indirect values

C) both a and. b. D) neither a nor b

Answer :-a

342. the value that are not easy to guantify in

Economic Terms

A) direct values. B) indirect values

C) both a and b. D) neither a nor b

Answer :-b

343. the largest sources of protein in the world

A) milk. B) crud

C) butter. D) fish

Answer :-d

344. the famous anti-malaria drug obtained from

Cinchona tree is

A) Quinine. B) penicillin

C) tetracycline. D) vinblastine
Answer :-a

345. penicillin is obtained from

A) plant. B) bacteria

C) fungus D) tree

Answer :-b

346. tetracyclinene is obtained from

A) plant. B) bacteria.

C) fungus. D) tree

Answer :- c

347. which drug has anti-cancer alkaloids?

A) Quinine. B) penicillin

C) Tetracycline. D) vinblastine

Answer :-: d

348. selecting genes from one plant and

Introducing them into another

A) gene pool. B) gene bank

C) gene engineering. D) NONE OF the above

Answer :- c

349. identify compound of great economic

value from the wide variety of wild species

A) biological prospecting

B) biological exploration

C) both of them above

D) NONE OF THEM above

Answer :- a

350. the goods which are for the Personal use

And not for sale has

A) productive value

B) consumptive value
C) Aesthetic value

D) ethical value

Answers :- b

351. many plants and animals like tulsi, peepal

Cow snake etc has

A) productive value

B) consumptive value

C) Aesthetic value

D) social value

Answers :- d

352. man is only a small part of the earth great

Family of species which has

A) productive value. B) consumptive value

C) Aesthetic value. D) ethical value

Answers :- d

353. bird watching photography etc has

A) options value. B) culture Value

C) Aesthetic value. D) ethical value

Answers :- c

354. keeping future possibilities open for their

use is called as

A) options value. B) cultural Value

C) Aesthetic value. D) ethical value

Answers :- a

355. tiger, peacock and lotus are named as the national

Animal, bird and flowers respectively has

A) option value. B) cultural value

C) Aesthetic value. D) ethical value

Answers :- b
356. to whom biodiversity is a rich storehouses from

Which they can develop new products

A) industrialists. B) pharmacist

C) biotechnologist. D) agricultural scientists

Answer :-a

357. excessive use of species that have economic

Value is

A) extinction. B) over - exploitation

C) fragmentation. D) magnification

Answer :-b

358. Environmental studies

a) Is an interdisciplinary academic field
b) Methodically studies human interaction with the environment
c) Includes the natural environment, built environment and the sets of
relationships between them
d) All of the above
ANS: d
359. Environmental studies does not involve
a) Psychology
b) Demography
c) Ethics
d) Literature
ANS: d
360. An organism’s environment is the surrounding conditions that affect that organism
a) True
b) False
ANS: a
361. Political decision are made with respect to political jurisdictions ;environmental
problems
a) Often transcend these jurisdictions
b) Respect political boundaries
c) Often have little to do with regional economic decisions
d) None of the above
ANS: a
362. environmental issues will take into consideration which of the following
a) Human activity
b) The interactions between organisms
c) Geography
d) All of the above
ANS: d
363. A biotic environment does not include
a) Soil
b) Water
c) Air
d) Plant
ANS: d
364. Van Mahotsav is an annual tree-planting festival in India, celebrated on
nd
a) 2 June
st
b) 1 July
st
c) 1 December
th
d) 15 September
ANS: b

365. Biotic environment includes

a) Producers
b) Consumers
c) Decomposers
d) All of these
ANS: d
366. Outcomes of Rio Conference do not include
a) The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
b) The Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD)
c) Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer
d) Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD)
ANS: c
367. Which of the following follow the concept of sustainable development
1) Fishing the mature fish instead of the young fish
2) Using wind power instead of burning coal to generate electricity
3) Prohibition of trading endangered species.
a) 1) and 2)only
b) 1) and 3)only
c) 2) and 3)only
d) 1), 2) and 3)
ANS: d
368. The evidence that the world as experiencing an environmental crisis is highly visible in
m of the world
a) True
b) False
ANS: a
369. The natural world uses resources efficiently, while human tend to waste resources
more
a) True
b) False
ANS: a
370. The Montreal Protocol, signed in 1987 and strengthened in 1990.
a) Attains the global optimal level of common property resources.
b) Relies on internationally tradable emission permits
c) Minimizes free riders of public goods
d) Reduces Ozone depletion through the cutting of chlorofluorocarbon production
ANS: d
371. The main outcome of the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development held in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, was
a) It produced a blueprint intended to guide development in sustainable
directions
b) A global agreement on a framework for environmental legislation
c) A report entitled Our Common Future
d) It raised awareness of the need to preserve biodiversity in the Amazon
River Basin
ANS: a

372. The notion of environmental justice refers to

a) Grassroots activities that monitor environmental conditions and work toward
distribution of environmental impacts and benefits
b) Rewarding those who work hard for environmental improvements, such as gra
organizations
c) Environmental racism, where waste sites and other hazardous facilities are
more likes located in non-white neighborhoods
d) Prosecution of environmental offenders by government agencies
ANS: a
373. Which of the following global trends is of great concern for the future of our
environment
a) Degradation of fertile soils
b) Changes in the global atmosphere
c) Species extinction leading to the loss of biodiversity
d) Population growth and increasing per capita consumption of resources
e) All of the above
ANS: e
374. The environment is derived from French word
a) Environner
b) E-Environner
c) Environnering
d) Envo
ANS: a
375. As per the French word ENVIRONNER means
a) Atmosphere
b) Earth and sun
c) Encircle and surround
d) Earth and energy
ANS: c
376. World Environment Day is on
a) June 5
b) June 11
c) July 5
d) July 11
ANS: a
377. World day of water is on
a) April 22
b) March 23
c) March 24
d) March 22
ANS: d
378. Earth day is on
a) January 22
b) February 22
c) March 22
d) April 22
ANS: d
379. Ecomark of our country is
a) Earthen pitcher
b) Water drop
c) Sun
d) Ashoka tree
ANS: a
380. Environmental friendly products are given

ISO certification called ISO

a) 12000
b) 13000
c) 14000
d) 15000
ANS: c
381. Nobel peace prize in 2004 for contribution towards environmental conservations was
awarded on
a) Ratan Tata
b) WangariMaathai
c) S.D. Bush
d) DrManmohan Singh
ANS: b
382. Earth summit, the conference on environment and Development held at Rio Janeiro in
a) 1892
b) 1992
c) 2012
d) 2011
ANS: b

383. Cheerapunji is situated in which of the following regions in India?

 The Western Ghats
 The North-East India
 The North India
 None of the above
Ans: The north-east india
384. In which of the following Islands of Lakshadweep is situated?
A) Arabian sea
B) Bay of Bengal
C) Atlantic ocean
D) None of the above
Ans: (A)
385. In which of the following oceans the islands of Andaman&Nicobar are situated?
A. Arabian sea
B. Atlantic ocean
C. Bay of Bengal
D. None of the above
Ans: (c)
386. Ratnagiri is located in which of the following state:
A) Chennai-Tamilnadu
B) Madhya Pradesh
C) Maharashtra
D) None of the above
Ans: (C)
387. Asitic cheetah, Lion & wild ass are on verge of getting almost extinguished. Which of
the following term is used commonly to describe such a situation?

A)Endangered species/Threatened species

B) Rare species
C) Unique species
D) None of the above
Ans: (A)
388. Which of the following animal comes under category of “Critically Endangered
Species”?
A) Sumatran Rhinoceros
B) Asiatic Lion
C) Indian Tiger
D) None of the above
Ans: (A)
389. Which of the following animal comes under category of “Threatened species”?
A) Leopard
B) Mouse
C) Dog
D) None of the above
Ans: Leopard
390. Which of the following is an Indian Biodiversity hotspots?
A) The Western Ghats
B) National parks
C) Botanical Gardens
D) None of the above
Ans:- The Western Ghats
391. Uncontrolled Hybridization of different species of animals / plants. Which of the
following pollution it leads to?
A) Genetic pollution
B) Homogenization
C) Genetic Swamping
D) None of the above
Ans:- Genetic pollution
392. Which of the following is considered to be a major threat to global biodiversity?
A) Genetically modified species
B) Global warming
C) Pollination
D) None of the above
Ans:- Global warming
393. The global zoo ecoregions is a system derived to conserve biodiversity. Which of
following has taken this initiative?
A) The world wild-life fund
B) Africa
C) Latin America
D) None of the above
Ans: the world wild-life fund
394. A world map of hotspots with details of flora and fauna is prepared by:-
A) The national geographic society
B) Scientific Organization
C) Environmental lists
D) None of the above
Ans: (A)
395. Which of the following acronym stands for and is prepared by edward ‘O’. Wilson for
threats to biodiversity habitat (destruction), Invasive (species), Pollution, Population
(explosion) and harvesting.
A) HIPPO
B) HIPPEO
C) HINPPEO
D) None of the above
Ans: (A)
396. The millennium ecosystem Assessment-2005 took up study of threat to ecosystem in
world. Which of the following is marked as “most threatened ecosystem”?
A) Fresh water ecosystem
B) Air pollution
C) Water pollution
D) None of the above
Ans: (A)
397. Convention on international trade in endangered species [CITES]&WORLD Heritage
convention [WHC] was held in year:-
A) 1976 & 1977 respectively
B) 1981
C) 1986
D) None of the above
Ans:- (A)
398. Under world Heritage convention’s ratification, which of the following monuments in
india were covered in heritage conservation in year 1982?
A) Ajanta-Ellora caves, Agrafort, Taj mahal
B) National parks
C) Sambar lake in Rajasthan
D) None of the above
Ans: (A)
399. The introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that causes adverse
changes is:
A) Pollution
B) Afforestation
C) Deforestation
D) Population
Ans: Pollution
400. The domestic sewage, discarded vegetables are:
A) Non-degradable
B) Slowly degradable
C) Degradable
D) None of the above
Ans: (C)
401. DDT & most plastics are:-
As it is above question’s options
Ans: (B)
402. Lead or mercury, nuclear wastes are:-
As it is above question’s options
Ans: (A)
403. 90% of global air pollution is contributed by,
A) Primary pollutants
B) Secondary pollutants
C) Both A&B
D) None of the above
Ans: Primary pollutants
404. Vehicular exhaust is a major source of:
A) Hydrocarbons
B) Sulphur Oxides
C) Carbon monoxides
D) None of the above
Ans: (C)
405. Smoke coming out of a chimney is referred as:
A) Fume
B) Plume
C) Fog
D) Smog
Ans: Plume
406. A mixture of smoke & fog is referred as:
(A) Fume
(B) Plume
(C) Fog
(D) Smog
Ans: (D)
407. The industries are responsible for the formation of:
(A) Fume
(B) Plume
(C) Fog
(D) Smog
Ans: (D)
408. Ideally cover of forest should be ………of the total area of a country.
a) 23%
b) 33%
c) 30%
d) 40%
ANS: c
409. This area has no permanent roads or settlements and is maintained primarily for its
primitive character and non motorized recreation it is a ………
a) Wilderness area
b) Primitive recreation area
c) National park
d) National forest
ANS: a
410. Where will the water sit the longest
a) Atmosphere
b) Freshwater lake
c) Glacier
d) Ocean
e) Groundwater
ANS:
411. Which one is not a disadvantage of a big dam
a) Extremely expensive
b) Flooding of prime arable land
c) Electric energy generated from hydropower
d) Blocking upstream migration of salmon
e) Water loss with evaporation
ANS:
412. Which of the following sources provides the least energy for industrialized countries
a) Petroleum
b) Nuclear fuels
c) Coal
d) Gas
ANS:
413. Which of the following energy sources provides a substantial amount of the following
energy sources developed countries.
a) Hydropower
b) Wood
c) Solar
d) Charcoal
ANS: a
414. The main driving forces of ecological system is
a) Wind energy
b) Water energy
c) Solar energy
d) Earth energy
ANS: c
415. Oxygen is an example of
a) Renewable resources
b) Non renewable resources
ANS: a
416. Coal is an example of
a) Renewable resources
b) Non renewable resources
ANS: b
417. Coal, petroleum & natural gas are called as
a) Non fossil fuels
b) Fossil fuel
c) Semi fossil fuels
d) Transperant fuel
ANS: b
418. Minerals rocks, salts & chemical are termed as
a) A biotic resources
b) Biotic resources
c) Semi transparent resources
d) Falling resources
ANS: a
419. Mineral resources are the natural resources
a) Yes
b) No
ANS: a
420. The resources which are inexhaustive and can be regenerated within a given span of
time is called as
a) Renewable resources
b) Non renewable resources
c) Solar resources
d) Non solar resources
ANS: a
421. As per the ecological uses, a typical tree produces commercial goods worth about $
a) 100
b) 1000
c) 3000
d) 30,000
ANS: d
422. The trees are called as, earth’s
a) Heart
b) Brain
c) Lungs bell
ANS: c
423. The main greenhouse gas is absorbed by the forest as a raw material for a
photosynthesis
a) O2
b) Co2
c) So2
d) O3
ANS: b
424. About ………million species are found in the tropical forest alone
a) 5
b) 10
c) 7
d) 100
ANS: c
425. As per MOEF annual report (2005-06), in India total forest area is about
a) 68,000,000 ha
b) 10,000,000 ha
c) 10,686,800 ha
d) 20 ha
ANS:a
426. Chhota Nagpur is famous for
a) Sugar
b) Tea gardens
c) rose gardens
d) Rice mill
ANS:b
427. About ………%of the earth’s surface is covered by water
a) 10
b) 100
c) 90
d) 75
ANS: d
428. Out of the total water reserves of the world, about …….is salty water (marine)&
only………is fresh water
a) 97%3%
b) 3%97%
c) 1%99%
d) 2%98%
ANS: a
429. A layer of sediment or rock that is highly permeable & contains water is called as
a) Aquifer
b) Spring
c) Glasier
d) Seepage
ANS : a
430. Diamond is the non metallic minerals
a) True
b) False
ANS: a
431. Graphite is the non metallic mineral
a) True
b) False
ANS :a
432. FAO stands for
a) Food and agriculture organization
b) Food and agro operation
c) Frequent agriculture organization
d) Food and agriculture organization
ANS: a
433. The concept of carbon credits is one of outcome of

1.Hiroshima diaster 2.Kyoto protocol

3.Holocaust 4.Non of these above

Ans-2

434. From feb 2005,---------was enforced,

1.Kyoto protocol 2.Green fuels

3.Bio energy 4.Non of these above

Ans-1

435. Kyoto protocol has created legally binding targets for-----------

countries

1.Developed 2.Developing

3.Western 4.Non of these above

Ans-2

436. One----------is equal to one tonne----------emission

1.Carbon credit,CO2 2.Carbon credit,UV

3.Carbon dioxide,I.R. 4.Non of these above

Ans-1

437. Wind farm installation can generate

1.Carbon credits 2.Green house gases

3.Photochemical smog 4.Non of these above

Ans-1

438. Use of renewable energy sources can replace

1.Fossil fuels 2.Solar power

3.Hydropower 4.Non of these above

Ans-1

439. Methane capture from land fills/live stocks can generate

1.Hydro power 2.Solar power

3.Carbon credits 4.Non of these above

Ans-3

440. In india several acts were passed from

1.1970-1980 2.1969-1989
3.1972-1986 4.Non of these above

Ans-3

441. The first nation in world to have made protection and conservation of environment is
its constitutions in 1978

1.Belgium 2.Germany

3.India 4.Non of these above

Ans-3

442. The environmental protection act in india came in existence in

1.1976 2.1996

3.1986 4.Non of these above

Ans-3

443. Environmental protection rules 1986 empower central

government

1.To prevent control and abate environment pollution

2.To follow up the formation of act

3.To prevent industrial activities causing environmental pollution

4.Non of these above

Ans-1

444. Environmental protection rules 1986 involves state government and gives power

1.To promote the actions of the effective implementation of the act

2.to emphasise the action of the effective implementation of the act

3.To co-ordinate the action of the effective implementation of the act

4.Non of these above

Ans-3

445. Environmental protection act 1986 extends to

1.entire world 2.asia-pacific

3.india 4.non of these above

Ans-3

446. The provision of environmental protection act 1986 is amended

1.Only once after its establishment

2.From time to time

3.Never in all these years

4.Non of these above

Ans-2

447. Which of the following are objectives of environmental act 1986

1. prevention of hazards to all living creatures and property

2. protection and improvement of environment

3. maintanance of harmonious relationship between human and their environment

4. none of above

Ans-3

448. under section 3 environment act 1986 the special court are given powers to settle
cases quickly. Such courts are named as,

1. special bench

2. green bench courts

3. environmental courts

4. none of the above

Ans-2

449. Environmental laboratories are established by

1. state government

2. municipal corporation

3. central government

4. none of the above

Ans-3

450. Environmental rules were amended in 1994 for EIA which stands

For

1. Environmental impact assessment of various development projects

2. Economical investment assessment of development projects

3. Evaluation of importance and assessment of variuos development projects

4. Non of these above

451. To check and maintain water quality water act was brought in force in year

1.1986 2.1972

3.1974 4.non of above

Ans-1
455. The chairman of CPCB is nominated by

1.Central government

2.State government

3.Prime minister

4.Non of the above

Ans-1

456. Chairman on SPCB is nominated by

1.Central government

2.Prime minister

3.State government

4.Non of the above

Ans-3

457. In India several Acts were passed from ,

(1) 1970-1980 (2) 1969-1989

(3) 1972-1996 (4) None of the above

Ans.: (3)

458. The first nation in world to have made protection and conservation of environment in
its

constitutions in 1996.

(1) Belgium (2) Germany (3) India (4) None of the above

Ans.: (3)

459. The environmental (Protection) Act in India came in existence in

(1) 1976 (2) 1996 (3) 1986 (4) None of the above

Ans.: (3)

460. The provision of environmental (protection) Act 1986 , is amended

(1) Only once after its establishment (2) From time to time
(3) Never in all these years (4) None of the above

Ans.: (2)

461. Environmental Laboratories are established by

(1) State government (2) Municipal corporation

(3) Central government (3) None of the above

Ans.: (3)

462. To check and maintain water quality , "Water (Prevention and control of pollution) Act"

was brought in force in year

(1) 1986 (2) 1972 (3) 1974 (4) None of the above

Ans.: (2)

463. Water (Prevention and control of pollution) Act aims at prevention and control of

(1) All types of water pollution (2) Only surface water pollution

(3) Only ground water pollution (4) None of the above

Ans.: (1)

464. CPCB stands for

(1) Control of Pollution by Central Bureau

(2) Central Pollution Control Board

(3) Control and Prevention by Central Board

(4) None of the above

Ans.: (2) 1

465. SPCB stands for

(1) State Pollution Control Board

(2) Service Protection Control Bureau

(3) Security Protection Control Board

(4) None of the above

Ans.: (1)

466. The chairman of CPCB is nominated by

(1) Central government (2) State government

(3) Prime minister (4) None of the above

Ans.: (1)

467. Chairman on SPCB is nominated by

(1) Central government (2) Prime minister

(3) State government (4) None of the above

Ans.: (3)

468. Under section 8 of water (prevention and control of pollution) Act 1972 , CPCB and

SPCB are directed to have at least one meeting in every

(1) Six months (2) Year (3) Three months (4) None of the above

Ans.: (3)

469. Air (Prevention and control of pollution) Act in India came in force in year

(1) 1972 (2) 1981 (3) 1986 (4) None of the above

Ans.: (2)

470. Which of following grants permission to establish an industrial unit in air pollution

(1) SPCB (2) CPCB (3) APCB (4) None of the above

Ans.: (1)

471. Motor vehicles Act to register vehicles came in force in year

(1) 1981 (2) 1939 (3) 1986 (4) None of the above

Ans.: (2)

472. Wildlife (Protection) Act came in force in year

(1) 1981 (2) 1986 (3) 1972 (4) None of the above

Ans.: (3)

473. Wildlife (Protection) Rules came in force in year

(1) 1972 (2) 1973 (3) 1976 (4) None of the above

Ans.: (2)

474. Wildlife was transferred from state list to concurrent list in year

(1) 1973 (2) 1976 (3) 1972 (4) None of the above

Ans.: (2)

475. Chair person of wildlife advisory Board is

(1) Governor of state (2) President of India

(3) Prime minister of India (4) None of the above

Ans.: (3)

476. Sanctuaries are declared by the government as the wildlife (Protection) Act under

(1) Section 18 of Act (2) Section 7

(3) Section 35 (3) None of the above

Ans.: (1)

477. Section 9 of wildlife (Protections) Act restricts any person from

(1) Killing bird (2) Trading animals

(3) Hunting any restricted wild animal (4) None of the above

Ans.: (3)

478. Under wildlife (Protection) Act conservation projects for crocodile was started in year

(1) 1972 (2) 1973 (3) 1974 (4) None of the above

Ans.: (3)

479. Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Bill came in existence in year

(1) 1983 (2) 2002 (3) 1981 (4) None of the above

Ans.: (2)

480. NWAP stands for

(1) National WorldWorld Assembly and Planning (2) National Wildlife Action Plan

(3) National Wildlife Amendment proposal (4) None of the above

Ans.: (2)

481. Amendments in Forest Act was made in year

(1) 1992 (2) 2003 (3) 1980 (4) None of the above

Ans.: (1)

482. If consumption rate higher than the replenish rate, deplection ends .
1. True 2. False
3. Both 4. None
Ans : 2
483. Consumption rate is higher than the replenish rate , deplection - - - - - - .
1. End 2. Wait
3. Starts 4. Stay static
Ans : 3
484. - - - - - - is cleared to recover the land to build new dam , project , etc .
1. Forest 2. Agricultural
3. Crops 4. None
Ans :
485. Natural sources include - - - - - - .
1. Renewable resources 2. Non renewable sources
3. Both (1) & (2) 4. None
Ans : 3
486. The natural resources which can be available for long time by nature is called - - - .
1. Solar energy 2. Renewable sources
3. Man – made resource 4. None
Ans : 2
487. Renewable resources includes - - - - - - .
1. Solar energy 2. Wind energy
3. Tidal energy 4. All the above
Ans : 4
488. The natural resource which would face shortage or get extinguished at a point of time
when stack is exhausted .
1. Energy resource 2. Renewable resource
3. Non-renewable resource 4. None of the above
Ans : 3
489. The resource which consumes a very long time for its regeneration .
1. Natural source 2. Non-renewable source
3. Energy resource 4. Renewable resource
Ans : 2
490. Non renewable resource take long time for its regeneration .
1. True 2. False
3. Both 4. None
Ans : 1
491. Which resource converts carbon di-oxide into oxygen .
1. Forest resource 2. Nan made resource
3. Natural resource 4. None
Ans : 1
492. Forest reduce - - - - - - & - - - - - - .
1. Wind 2. Noise
3. Both (1) & (2) 4. None
Ans : 3
493. Forest improve - - - - - - quality .
1. Wind 2. Noise
3. Pollution 4. Air
Ans : 4
494. Forest transform - - - - - - .
1. Non degraded area 2. Degraded area
3. Industrial area 4. None
Ans : 2
495. Making - - - - -for paper industry , get from force.
1. Raw material 2. By product
3. Pulp 4. None
Ans : 3
496. Several - - - - - can be extracted from leaves .
1. Properties 2. Chemicals
3. Substances 4. Minerals
Ans : 2
497. - - - - - are used for consumption , - - - -for revegstation .
1. Flower , fruits 2. Flower , seeds
3. Fruits , seeds 4. Fruits , flower
Ans : 3
498. Forest maintain - - - - - - .
1. Fertile soil 2. Corrosion soil
3. Eruption soil 4. None
Ans : 1
499. Deforestation mainly done for
1. Timber extraction 2. Building of damps
3. Constructing waterways 4. All the above
Ans : 4
500. The clearing of natural forests by logging or buming of tree & plants in a forest area is
called as - - - - .
1. Forestation 2. Deforestation
3. Degradation 4. Consecration
Ans : 2
501. Timber extraction is done from .
1. Degradation 2. Conservation
3. Deforestation 4. None
Ans : 3
502. Deforestation increases percentage of - - - - in atmosphere .
1. Oxygen 2. Hydrogen
3. Nitrogen 4. Carbon di-oxide
Ans : 4
503. Because of deforestation - - - - - - happens .
1. Rise in carbon di-oxide 2. Soil erosion
3. Change in water cycle 4. All the above
Ans :
504. The reduction of forests contributes to about - - - - - % of anthropogenic carbon di-oxide
emission .
1. 12 2. 23
3. 13 4. 15
Ans : 1
505. Deforestation relates as a big cause of
1. Plantation 2. Vegetative propagations
3. Global warming 4. Increase of water level
Ans : 3
506. The removal of tree causes higher rate of soil - - - - - .
1. Corrosion 2. Erosion
3. Formation 4. Decomposition
Ans : 2
507. --------of words known biodiversity lives in the rainforest.

1 .70% 2. 80%

3. 60% 4. 90%
Ans. 80%

508. The Reduction of forest contributes to about 12% of anthropogenic--------emissions.

1. carbon-dioxide 2. Oxygen

3. Hydrogen 4. Nitrogen

Ans. Carbon-dioxide

509. Landslides occur near ------ area.

1. Forest 2. Vegetative

3. Both 1&2 4. Deforestation

Ans. Deforestation

510. Soil erosion causes -------near-----area.

1. Landslides, Forest 2. Deforsed, vegetative

3. None 4. Landslides, Deforested

Ans. Landslides, Deforested

511. What programs are carried out worldwide to stop deforestation.

1. Educate citizens to use the forest in a more sustainable way.

2. To repair the damage that deforestation has done.

3. To protect the forest land and vegetation cover.

4. All the above.

Ans. . All the above.

512. Who have started reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation?

1. Russia & Europe

2. UK & Brazil

3. United states and World Bank

4. All the above

Ans. United States and World Bank

513. Water is used as------in industries.

1. Solvent 2. Cooling agent

3. Cleaning agent 4. All the above

Ans. All the above

514. Deflection of water resource is a------

1. Local problem 2. Private problem

3. Global problem 4. Not a problem

Ans. Global problem

515. The liquid water component of the earth is called as

1. Lithosphere 2. Hemisphere

3. Hydrosphere 4. Androsphere

Ans. Hydrosphere

516. The hydrosphere covers about ------ of the surface of earth.

1. 70% 2. 90%

3. 60% 4. 50%

Ans. 70%

517. Sources of water are

1. Surface water 2. Underground water

3. Both 1&2 4. None

Ans. Both 1&2

518. Surface water sources are

1. Streams 2. Oceans

3. Wells 4. Both 1&2

Ans. Both 1&2

519. Underground water sources are

1. Sea 2. Lakes

3. Wells 4. Both 1& 2

Ans. Wells

520. Bore well is source of -------

1. Surface water 2. Underground water

3. Both 1& 2 4. None

Ans. Underground water

521. ------ of these pollute water.

1. Waste and by-product from industries

2. Disposal of municipal waste

3. Assimilation of agricultural waste

4. All the above

Ans. All the above

522. Cause of flood is due to -----

1. Deforestation 2. Migration

3. Industrialization 4. Only 2& 3

Ans. Deforestation

523. Floods cause------

1. Damage to infrastructure

2. Lead to landslides

3. Drowning

4. All the above

Ans. All the above

524. Consumption of polluted water causes -------

1. Gastrointestinal diseases

2. Kidney failure

3. Heart attack

4. Nervous system damage

Ans. Gastrointestinal diseases

525. Water borne diseases include ----

1. Cardiovascular diseases

2. Psychosocial disturbances

3. Hypothermia

4. None of the above

Ans. None of the above

526. Water borne diseases include ----

1. Hepatitis A

2. Hypothermia

3. Psychosocial

4. Cardiovascular incidents

Ans. Hepatitis A

527. Floods affect -------

1. Damage to water supply

2. IT sector

3. Industrial product

4. Only 2&3

Ans. Damage to water supply

528. Floods cause damage to petrol storage system

1. True 2. False

3. Both 4. None

Ans. True

529. Potential acute or chronic effect of chemical pollution result from

1. Water source

2. over consumption of water

3. Floods

4. Both 1&2

Ans. Floods

530. Possible rodent-borne diseases result from ------

1. Flood 2. Damage to water system

3. Increase in rodent 4. Both 2&3

Ans. Flood

531. Ear, nose, and throat infections caused by ------

1. Intected water

2. Fresh water
3. Flood water

4. Both 1&3

Ans. Both 1&3

532. Pollution includes substance in which form.

a) Gaseous
b) Liquid
c) Solid
d) All the above
Ans: (d)
533. Aerosols are example of
a) Degradable
b) Non degradable pollutant
c) Slowly degradable pollutant
d) None
Ans: (c)
534. Air pollution was tracked a way back to the period of
a) 400 BC
b) 500 BC
c) 600 BC
d) None

Ans: (a)
535. In 1952, ------ was attacked by smog.
a) Indian
b) Canada
c) London
d) China
Ans: (c)
536. Industrial revolution in ------ made the air pollution a serious problem in
a) African countries
b) European countries
c) American countries
d) South African countries
Ans: (b)
537. First Anti-pollution act restrict people for using
a) Coal
b) Fuel
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) Petrol
Ans: (a)
538. First anti-pollution act restrict people from using coal for
a) Industrial purpose
b) Party purpose
c) Domestic purpose
d) Fuel
Ans: (c)
539. First anti-pollution act was made in which year?
a) 1972
b) 1992
c) 1271
d) 1273
Ans: (d)
540. First anti-pollution act was made by?
a) Thermos Edison
b) Isaac Newton
c) King Edward I
d) Martin Luther king
Ans: (c)
541. London was attacked by smog in
a) 1973
b) 1952
c) 1962
d) 1983
Ans: (b)
542. Use of ------ as the domestic energy producer, made air pollution more prononunced.
a) Coal
b) Petrol
c) Diesel
d) Uranium
Ans: (a)
543. Air pollution was tracked way back to the period of
a) Hippocrates
b) Homo sapiens
c) Homo sapiens sapiens
d) None
Ans: (a)
544. Large Industries using big auto machines create sound
a) Below 60 dB
b) Above 90 dB
c) Below 100 dB
d) Above 100 dB
Ans: (b)
545. The rocket engine creates the noise pollution
a) Below 190 dB
b) Below 100 dB
c) Above 190 dB
d) Above 100 dB
Ans: (c)
546. The acidic gases like O3 , SO2 , NO2 affect the strength of_______
a) Building
b) Bridges
c) Textile
d) Iron bars
Ans: (c)
547. The world looked a economics status alone as a measure of:
a) Human development
b) Technology
c) Success
d) Welfare
Ans:(a)
548. The term sustainable development came in:
a) 1977
b) 1987
c) 1997
d) 2007
Ans: (b)
549. The term ‘sustainable development’ rose to significance after the:
a) World war
b) Independence
c) Brundtland Commission
d) None of the above
Ans: (c)
550. The Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the:
a) Past
b) Present
c) Future
d) None of the above
Ans: (b)
551. The two key concept of Sustainable development are:
a) Limitations
b) Needs
c) Both
d) None

Ans: (c)

552. Water conservation is managing of:

a) Sea water
b) Rain water
c) Fresh water
d) Ocean water
Ans: (c)
553. The goals of water conservation is:
a) Sustainability
b) Energy Conservation
c) Habitat Conservation
d) All the above
Ans: (d)
554. How much percentage of total electricity consumption is devoted to water
management?
a) 10%
b) 15%
c) 20%
d) 25%
Ans: (b)
555. The traditional water harvesting system in Rajasthan, a stone embankment is called:
a) Medhbandi
b) Hembar
c) Naada
d) Chak
Ans: (a)
556. Under section 8 of water ( prevention and control of pollution) Act 1972, CPCB and
SPCB are directed to have at least one meeting in every.

i) Six months ii) Year iii) Three omnths iv) None of the above

Ans: (III)

557. Under section 8 of water ( prevention and control of pollution) Act 1972 standards for
water quality parameters are prescribed by

i) SPCB alone ii) CPCB alone iii) CPCB and SPCB together iv) None of the above

Ans: (ii)

558. The laboratories for water sample analysis from all sources are established and
recognized

i) By CPSB under section 16-A of Act ii) By SPCB under section 16-A of act

iii) By CPCB under section 7A of Act iv) None of the above

Ans: (i)

559. SPCB collaborates with CPCB for

i) For organizing education programmers for public awareness

ii) To get funds expresses

iii) To get guidelines for programmers

iv) None of the above

Ans : (i)

560. SPCB guidelines for various functions are covered in water ( prevention and control of
pollution) Act 1972 under section

i) 16 –A ii) 10-d iii) 7-B iv) None of the above

Ans : (iii)

561. Air ( prevention and control of pollution) Act in India came in force in year

i) 1972 ii) 1986 iii) 1981 iv) None of above

Ans: (iii)

562. Air ( prevention and control of pollution) Act has following objectives (s)
i) Prevention , control of abatement of air pollution

ii) Maintenance of air quality

iii) Establishment of Board for prevention and control of air pollution

iv) None of the above

Ans: ( I)

563. Air ( prevention and control of pollution) Act 1981 , which statements (s) is / are
correct

i) CPCB and SPCB established under water (prevention and control of pollution) Act 1972 shall also work for
prevention of air pollution.

ii) Separate Air pollution control Boards for centre and state are established.

iii) No Committees / boards are established for control of air pollution

iv) None of the above

Ans: (i)

564. Which of the following grants permission to establish an industrial unit in Air pollution

i) SPCB ii) CPCB iii) APCB iv) None of the above

Ans: (i)

565. Motor vehicles Act to register vehicles came in force in year

i) 1981 ii) 1939 iii) 1986 iv) None of the above

Ans: (iii)

577. If any wild animal has become dangerous to human life or is disables or diseased
beyond recovery can be hunted by any person with written permission by chief wildlife
warden. This provision is included in wildlife ( protection) Act under section
i) 9 ii) 11 iii) 37 iv) None of above

Ans: (ii)

578. Any person violating any provisions wildlife (protection) Act is punishable with

i) Imprisonment for three years or fine of 25000/- of both

ii) Imprisonment for three years and a fine of Rs. 25000/-

iii) Imprisonment for five years or a fine of 50000/- or both

iv) None of the above

Ans: (i)

579. Under Section 38-A of wildlife ( protection) Act, the central government constitutes “
Central Zoo Authority” . It consists of following members.

i) A Chairperson , a member secretary and not more than 10 members.

ii) A chairperson, a secretary and 15 members

iii) A chairman, a secretary and 5 members

iv) None of the above

Ans: (I)

580. Central Zoo Authority” performs various functions. Identification of endangered falls
under which of the following section of Act

i) Section 38-C ii) Section 11 and 12 iii) Section 38-A iv) None of the above

Ans : (ii)

581. Bhopal gas tragedy occurred at

(a) Thermal power plant

(b)Biogas plant

(c) Geothermal plant

(d)Posticide plant

Ans-D

582. The clean air act of 1970 which mandates setting of four primary pollutants and one
secondary pollutant so which is that secondary pollutant

(a)smog (b)ozen

(c) smoke (d) fog

Ans-B
583. which of the natural sources of primary pollutant created by natural is not human
control

(a) volcanoes eruption (b) breaking seas

(c) pollens (d) all of the

Ans-D

584. Which of the primary pollutant created by nature is emphasized by human?

(a)volcanoes (b) bacteria or viruses

(c)fibre (d) (a) and (c).

Ans-D

585. human activities creating primary pollutant are

(a)chemical processes and atomic processes

(b) combustion procces / heating process

(c)farming/ mining (d) all of above

Ans-D

586. The dissoived material in water must not be more than p.p.m

(a) 150 (b) 140

(c) 152 (d)151

Ans-A

587. Direct source of water pollution inciudes

(a) discharge from factories

(b) discharges from power plants

(c)oil wells

(d) all of these

Ans-D

588. In Direct source of water pollution inciudes

(a) aricultural field (b) feed lots

(d)domesticatication (d) all of these

Ans-D

589. If value high the water useless for other domestics uses also
(a) biological hydrogen demand

(b) biological oxygen demand

(c) biological demand

(d) all of these

Ans-D

590. halps the growth of algae in water

(a)hydrogen (b) mercury

(c) phosphates (d) cacium

Ans-B

591. the consumption of oxygen from water by algae leads decomposition of plants and
produces toxins as

(a)cadmium (b)strychnine

(c) chlorosis (d)chloro-fluoro-carban

Ans-A

592. foul smell is an indication of pollution

(a) soill (b)earth

(c) water (D) air

Ans-C

593. Industrial discharge includes

(a) Na (b)Cu

(c) Hg (d) all of these

Ans-D

594. agricultrial discharge includes

(a) pesticides (b) herbicides

(c) weedicides (d) all of these

Ans-D

595. agricultrial discharge after of water

(a) pH (b) oxygen

(c) both (a) and (b) (d) none of these

Ans-C

596. Plate are natural purifiers of water

(a) rose (b)neem

(c) aqua (d) living

Ans-C

597. The main toxic soild substance gets releases in water from industry are

(a)mercury and carbon (b) lead and mercury

(c) phosphate and nitrate (d) oxygen and hydrogen

Ans-B

598. lead affect the which leads to coma or depth

(a) central respiratory system

(b) central nervous systems

(c) central circulatory system

(d) all of above

Ans-B

599. the mercury compound enter in water bodies and get converted bodies into

(a) buty mercury compound

(b) methyl mercury compound

(c) carbonate mercury compound

(d) (a) and (c)

Ans-D

600. the mercury in water bodies get converted into methy mercury compound due to

(a) pathogenic microbes (b) viral microbes

(c) water microbes (d) anaerobic microbes

Ans-D

601. causes serious effect to human being

(a) soil (b) air

(c) radio-active element (d) hydrogen

Ans-C
602. excess amount of fluriodes causes

(a)mental problem (b) typhoid

(c) dental problem (d)both (b) and (c)

Ans-d

603. the process of killing the orgnic life from water is called as
(a) Sedimentation (b)Disinfection

(c)filtration (d)none of these

Ans-B

604. in the process disinfection of water used

(a)phosphate (b)nitrate

(c)chlorine (d)fluoride

Ans-C

605. disinfection is done by using

(a)soda powder (b)talc powder

(c)fluorite powder (d)bleaching powder

Ans-D

606. An ecosystem includes:

a)Living organisms b)Non-living objects

C)Noth a and b d)All living organisms and solar energy

Ans.C

607. An ecosystem needs only the input of -----------------for its functioning.

a)Solar Energy b)Wind energy

c)Tidal Energy d)Nuclear Energy

Ans.A

608. Wich one of the following is not a terrestrial ecosystem?

a)Forest b)Aquairum

c)Grassland d)Desert

Ans.B

609. Wich one of the following is an aquatic ecosystem?

a)Forest b)Mountain

c)Wetland d)Desert

Ans.C

610. This ecosystem is controlled by man made activites:

a)Man-made b)Artificial

c)Both a and b d)Neither a nor b

Ans.C

611. It is land-based ecosystem:

a)Artifical b)Terrestrial

c)Aquatic d)Marine

Ans.B

612. It is water –based ecosystem:

a)Terrestrial b)Aquatic

c)Artificial d)Man-made

Ans:B

613. Running water is known as:

a)Lotic ecosystem b)Lentic ecosystem

c)Both a and b d)Neither a nor b

Ans.A

614. Stagnant water is known as:

a) Lotic ecosystem b) Lontic ecosystem

c) Both a and b d) Neither a nor b

Ans.B

615. Which of the following water body is saline in nature?

a)Lake b)Well

c)Spring d)Estuaries

Ans.D

616. Abiotic components include:

c)Decompcsers d)All of the above

Ans.D

623. The flow of energy in ecosystem is:

a)Unidirectional b)Bi-directional

c)Multi-directional d)None of the above

Ans.A

624. Accroding to which law Energy is not created,it is only converted from one from to
another:

a)Ten-Percent law b)Thermodynamics

c)Grvitational law d)None of the above

Ans.B

625. When we move from one tophic level to another the amout of energy gradually:

a)Increases b)Decreases

c)Remains same d)None of the above

Ans.B

626. The energy available at each successive trophic level of the previous level is:

a)100% b)50%

c)10% d)0%

Ans.C

627. A food chain operating on the dead remains of te living organisms:

a)Grazing food chain b)Aquatic food chain

c)Detritus food chain d)None of the above

Ans.C

628. Phytoplankton come under:

a)Producers b)Consumers

c)Decomposers d)All of the above

Ans.A

629. Which of the following is not a consumer:

a)Ant b)Antelope

c)Alligator d)Algae

Ans.D

630. Which of the following is not producer:

a)Grass b)Zooplankton

c)Phytoplankton d)Paddy
Ans.B

631. Failure to comply with the condition prescribed for the protection of forests resources
is punishable with

(a)Imprisonment for 6 month

(b)Fine of Rs.500

(c)Both of the above

(d) Mortality

Ans-(a)

638. The movement of inhabitants back to their home country is called

(a) Transmigration

(b) Emigration

(d) Remigration

Ans-(d)

639. The movement of inhabitants entering a new country to settle permanently is called

(a) Transmigration

(b) Emigration

(d) Remigration

Ans-(c)

640. The movement of inhabitants leaving a country to settle in other country is called

(a) Transmigration
(b) Emigration

(d) Remigration

Ans-(b)

641. The movement of inhabitants from a densely populated area into an area with a lesser
population is called

(a) Transmigration

(b) Emigration

(d) Remigration

Ans-(a)

642. The movement of inhabitants from villages to cities is called

(a) Transmigration

(b) Emigration

(d) Remigration

Ans-(c)

643. In the phase of population growth, better health facilities have reduced

(a) Birth rate

(b) Death rate

(c) Economic growth

(d) Environmental growth

Ans-(b)

644. At global level,66.2% population of world is living in

(a) America

(b) Developing countries

(d) Developed countries

Ans-(b)
645. Family Welfare Program (FWP) came in

(a)1981

(b)1971

(d)1951

Ans-(d)

646. The slogan of the FWP of India is

(a)Hum do

(b)Hum do hamara ek

(c)Hum do hamara do

(d)None of the above

Ans-(c)

647. According to FWP, one family should not have children more than

(a)1

(b)2

(d)4

Ans-(b)

648. Health Triangles includes well-being of

(a) Physical

(b) Mental

(d)All of the above

Ans-(d)

649. Today's need suggests having

(a) Only one child

(b) Many children

(c) Only two children

(d) None of the above

Ans-(a)

650. One of the methods of female contraception is using the pill of

(a)Digestion

(b)Paracetamol

(c)Anti-inflammation

(d) Oral Contraceptive

Ans-(d)

651. Temporary method of birth control

(a) Condoms

(b)Intrauterine devices

(c)Oral Contraceptive pills

(d)All of the above

Ans-(d)

652. Use of uterine device is the contraceptive method of

(a)Male

(b)Female

(d) None

Ans-(b)

653. Permanent methods of sterilization are done by

(a) Providing pills

(b) Vaccines

(d) Surgeries

Ans-(d)

654. Surgeries for family planning are done generally at

(a) Homes

(b) At clinic

(c) Only in cities

(d) Public health centres

Ans-(d)

655. The permanent method of sterilization in males is

(a)Tubectomy

(b) Vasectomy

(d)Fissure

Ans-(b)

656. Organic compounds which get bioaccumulated without degradation.

A. PoPsB.VOCs C.CFCs D.HC

ANS.A

657. Smoke+Fog makes

A.Smoky fog B.Foggy smoke C.SmogD.Snow

Ans.C

658. Reaction between hydro carbon,ozone in sunlight leads to

A.photochemical Smog

B.photochemicalozonisation of hydrocarbon

C.hydrocarbon degradation

D.chemical smog

Ans. A

659. photochemical smog is an

A.indoor air pollution B.outdoor air pollution

C.Example of air pollution D.none of the above

Ans. B

660. Process of synthesis of food by plant in sunlight

A.photosynthesisB.photogenesis

C.photokineticsD.photolysis

Ans. A

661. Photo synthesis is characteristic feature of

A.grassesB.green plants

C.Dry plant D.None of the above

Ans.B

662. Release of pollutants from dentifiablesourse

A.Point source B.Sourcing point

C.release point D.Fixed point

Ans.A

663. Smoke stack of factory is example of

A.Non-point source B.point source

C.Industrial source D.fixed point

Ans.B

664. Sewage treatment plant is example of

A.Plant source B.Point source

C.Non-point source D.General source

Ans.C

665. A Company or individual responsible for pollution

A.polluterB.pollutant

C.producerD.pollution

Ans.A

666. Addition of contaminant to atmosphere causing disturbance in natural condition.

A.pollutionB.polluter

C.pollutantD.polluting

Ans.A

667. A plant that can produce food is called

A. Provider B.producer

C.ConsumerD.Developer

Ans.B

668. Amount of rain in an area over a period of time measured in cms or inches

A.rainfallB.Flood
C.Rain level D. None of the above

Ans.A

669. Rain fall is measured in--------- UNITS

A.centimeters or inches B.PPM

C.millimeters or kilometers D. Inches or kilometers

Ans.A

670. A tropical forest having high rainfall is called-------

A.RainforrestB.Rainfall forest

C, Rainy forest D.None of the above

Ans.A

671. A rain forest usually gets rains more than-------cm

A.500 b.250C.100 D.350

Ans.B

672. Process of converting waste into useful material----------

A.RecyclingB.RefusedC.reducedD.Reforming

Ans.A

673. Metals,glass,plastics can be-------

A.recycledB.refusedC.reducedD.reformed

Ans.A

674. Growing more trees in area of forest----------

A.reforestationB.forest depletion

C.forestationD.afforestation

Ans.A

675. The resources which are inexhaustible or which last long ---

A.Renewable resources B.recyclable resources

C.reusable resources D.evergreen resources

Ans.A

676. A 27 page document approved at Rio-de-janero earth summit in

1992
A.Rio declaration B.earth summit directives

c.rio directives D.riodirectives

ANS.A

677. Percentage of salt in water is expressed as------

A.Salt B. salinityC.saltinessD.None of above

ANS.B

678. -------is used to clean waste gases .

A.ScrubberB.cleanerC.rubberD.filter

Ans.A

679. Scrubber is a device used to-----waste gases.

A.CleanB.WashC.dilute D filter

Ans.A

680. Soil pollution occurs due to---------

A.Excessive insecticides /pesticides

B.Dumpinggarbage,rubbishetc

C.Both of above D.Needicid

Ans.C

681. Nuclear accifent may accur due to:

(a) leakage or reaction.

(b) nuclear weapons or war.

(c) nuclear war/weapon/reaction/fuel leakage.

(d) None of the above

Ans: (c)

682. Nuclear accident, when occurs, gives out soot which is _______in colour.

(a) Hazy white. (b) Cloudy grey.

(c) Black. (d) None of the above.

Ans: (c)

683. The back soot spreaded absorb _______radiation.

(a) Famous. (b) UV.

Ans:(c).

684. ______Effected/ left, as solar radiation are absorbed by soot, can not reach Earth.

(a) Raining. (b) Cooling.

(c) Thundering. (d) None of the above.

Ans: (b).

685. Cooling resulted during nuclear accident, also

release water vapours and_____gas.

(a) SO2. (b) CO2.

(c)NO2. (d) None of the above.

Ans:(b).

686. Phenomenon opposite to global warming is _____

(a) Infira red. (b) Nuclear winter.

(c) UV radiation. (d) None of the above.

Ans:(b).

687. Modern fusion bombs are also known as

(a) Nuclear bomb. (b) Explosive of H2.

(c) Fire extenguisher. (d) None of the above.

Ans: (a).

688. _____ is a new currency.

(a) Carbon credits. (b) US dollars.

(c) Swiss Franks. (d) None of the above.

Ans: (a).

689. Carbon credits are also called

(a) Emissions permit.

(b) Pollution control.

(c) Environment ethic.

(d) None of the above.

Ans:(a).
690. Carbon credits is a ______given to countries

reducing green house gasses emissions.

(a) Certificate. (b) Value.

(c) Price. (d) None of the above.

Ans:(a).

691. Sequestration involves :

(a) Aforestation and reforestation

(b) Deforestation.

(d) None of the above.

And :(a).

692. One of the outcome of Kyoto protocols is

(a) Carbon credits . (b) Green chemistry.

(c) Conventional energy . (d) None of the above.

Ans: (a).

693. From Feb. 2005._____was enforced.

(a) Kyoto protocols. (b) Green fuel.

(c) Bio energy. (d) None of the above.

Ans: (a).

694. Kyoto protocols has created legally binding

emissions targets for ______countries.

(a) Developed. (b) Developing.

(c) Western. (d) None of the above.

Ans: (b).

695. Wind farm installation can generate.

(a) Carbon credits.

(b) Green house gasses.

(c) Photochemic smog.

(d) None of the above.

Ans:(a).

696. Use of renewable energy sources can replace.

(a) Fossil fuel. (b) Solar power.

(c) Hydropower. (d) None of the above.

Ans:(a).

697. Which of the following term describes rise in

temperature due to green house gasses?

(a) Paradoxical warming.

(b) Global warming.

(c) Sun stroke.

(d) None of the above.

Ans:(b).

698. One chlorine atom is estimated to destroy up to how many ozone molecules
approximately?

(a) About 1 lakh. (b) About 2 lakh.

(c) More than 5 lakh. (d) None of the above.

Ans: (a).

699. The open water reservoir face _____of water.

(a) Evaporation. (b) Reduction.

(c) Waste water. (d) None of the above.

Ans: (a).

700. Methane captured from land fills Stokes can generate :

(a) Hydro power.

(b) Solar power.

(c) Carbon credits.

(d) None of the above.

Ans:(c).

701. The United Nation Conference on the Human

Environment held in:

(a) Stockholm. (b) Paris.

(c) London. (d) Japan.

Ans:(a).

702. The United Nation Conference on the human Environment held in:

(a) June 1972. (b) July 1972.

(c) August 1972. (d) September 1972.

Ans:(a).

703. The Environment Protection Act came into force from:

(a) 1985. (b) 1986.

(c) 1987. (d) 1988.

Ans: (b).

704. The Air Prevention and Control Act came into force from :

(a) 1981. (b) 1971.

(c) 1961. (d) 1951.

Ans:(a).

705. The Pollution level in the atmosphere is measured in:

(a) Part per million. (b) Milligrams.

(c) Micrograms per cubic meter.

(d) All of the above.

Ans:(d)..

706. The maintenance of fertile soil are performed by ___ .

a) land
b) Mountain
c) Forest
d) River
ans – c) Forest

707. Within rural regions, farmers plants, trees to provide___.

a) live stock with shelter
b) to Stabilise land
c) Improve degraded agricultural land
d) All the above
Ans – d) All the above

708. Deforestation is the clearing of normal ___.

a) Forest
b) Farms
c) Plants
d) Crops
Ans – a) Forest

709. Deforestation is done by ___.

a) Logging
b) Burning the trees
c) Both a & b
d) None
Ans – c) Both a & b

710. Forest plays a vital role in the conversation of biodiversity___.

a) True
b) False
c) Both
d) None
Ans – a) True

711. United nations & world bank have started reducing emissions from deforestation &
forest deguradation___.
a) True
b) False
c) Both
d) None
Ans – a) True

712. REDD stands for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation & Deguardation___.
a) True
b) False
c) Neither true nor false
d) None
Ans – a) True

713. Minerals are non-renewable sources___.

a) False
b) True
c) Neither true nor false
d) None
Ans – b) True

714. Energy minerals are___.

a) Coal
b) Oil
c) Gas
d) All the above
Ans – d) All the above

715. To support 8% – 9% of GDP growth mining sector has to do well___.

a) True
b) False
c) Neither true nor false
d) None
Ans – a) True

716. GDP growth depends upon___.

a) Industrial sector
b) IT sector
c) Mining sector
d) Agricultural sector
Ans – c) Mining sector

717. Building materials are obtained from___.

a) Industrial sector
b) Mining sector
c) IT sector
d) Agricultural sector
Ans- b) Mining sector

718. The mineral resources are classified as___.

a) Energy minerals
b) Construction materials
c) Metals
d) All the above
Ans – d) All the above

719. Heavy redioactive metals are___.

a) Uranium
b) Thorium
c) Both a & b
d) None
Ans – c) Both a & b

720. Draught & changes in routine whether pattern are responsible for___.
a) Water depletion
b) Ozone depletion
c) Both a & b
d) None
Ans – a) Water depletion

721. The large scale exploitation of mineral in 1760 began in___.

a) India
b) England
c) Russia
d) Europe
Ans – b) Enland

722. Large scale exploitation of mineral began in the industrial revolution around ___ in
england.
a) 1753
b) 1760
c) 1751
d) 1761
Ans – b) 1760

723. Large scale exploitation of mineral result in ___in england.

a) Green revolution
b) Natural revolution
c) England revolution
d) Industrial revolution
Ans – d) Industrial revolution

724. Mineral have large demand & ___in inadequate.

a) Mining
b) Supply
c) Need
d) Minerals
Ans – b) Supply

725. Gemstone-dimond are examples of ___.

a) Metal
b) Industrial materials
c) Construction materials
d) Energy minerals
Ans – b) Industrial materials

726. ____% of earth population are experiencing water scarcity.

a) 10
b) 20
c) 30
d) 40
Ans – c) 30%

727. 30% of earth population are experiencing water scarcity.

a) True
b) False
c) Both
d) None
Ans – a) True

728. ___% of earth is covered by water.

a) 10
b) 80
c) 70
d) 50
Ans – c) 70%

729. Mining causes ___.

a) Soil erosion
b) Affect marine life
c) Birth deformities
d) All the above
Ans – d) All the above

730. Soil erosion due to mining is ___ times more than all rivers.
a) 10
b) 20
c) 30
d) 15
Ans – a) 10
731. Biogeochemical cycling links ________ and _________

Components in ecosystem

(1) Plants and animal (2) Living and non-living

(2) Organic and inorganic (4) None of the above

Ans : (2)

732. Food chain and food web concept is associated with __________

Transformations.

(1) Chemical (2) Ecological

(2) Energy (4) None of the above

Ans : (3)

733. _________ eat plants and plant products.

(1) Camivores (2) Herbivores

(3) Animal (4) None of the above

Ans : (2)

734. ____________ survive in herbivores.

(1) Plants (2) Camivores
(2) Aquatics (4) None of the above

Ans : (2)

735. Those which consume dropping of all us.

(1) Detritivores (2) Herbivores

(3) Carnivores (4) None of the above

Ans : (1)

736. Dead tissues and waste product are used by

(1) Interconnected (2) Cycled

(3) Joined (4) None of the above

Ans : (1)

752. Food webs are very ______.

(1) Simple (2) Small

(3) Complicated (4) None of the above

Ans : (3)

753. Most animals are part of more than _______ food chain.

(1) One (2) Two

(3) Three (4) None of the above

Ans : (1)

754. Any food web indicates that _____ is connected to _______ else.

(1) Everything, Everything (2) Nothing, Everything

(3) Everything, Nothing (4) None of the above

Ans : (1)

755. Ecological pyramid is a ________ representation.

(1) Geological (2) Pyramidal

(3) Graphical (4) None of the above

Ans : (3)

756. Which one of the following is not type of biodiversity?

a) Genetic
b) Species
c) Biology
d) None of the above

Ans: c)

757. Which of the following forms level of biodiversity ?

a) Alpha biodiversity
b) Delta biodiversity
c) Species biodiversity
d) None of the above

Ans: a)
758. Measurement of overall diversity for different ecosystems within reason comes under
which of the following level ?
a) Alpha
b) Beta
c) Gama
d) None of the above

Ans: c)

759. Whittaker described three metrics to measure species biodiversity ?

a) Species richness
b) Simpson index
c) Shannon-wiener index
d) None of the above

Ans: a)

760. Which of the following index used to calculate trend in population size of c/s of species
?
a) Mean species abundance index
b) Simpsons index
c) Species richness
d) None of the above

Ans: a)

761. Which of the following types of uses of biodiversity ?

a) Consumptive and productive uses
b) Only productive uses
c) Only consumptive uses
d) None of the above

Ans: a)

762. Several agricultural disaster occurs due to lack of biodiversity . which of the following
term is used to describe “lack of biodiversity” ?
a) Aquaculture
b) Pollination
c) Monoculture
d) None of the above

Ans: c)

763. Irtish potato famine is an agricultural disaster. In which year it had occurred ?
a) 1970
b) 1971
c) 1972
d) None of the above

Ans: a)

a) Punjab, Gujrat , Rajputana
b) Malabar Plains
c) Nicobars
d) None of the above

Ans: a)

771. Himalyan mountain falls in which region ?

a) 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D
b) 8A
c) 6B
d) None of the above

Ans: a)

772. Himalyan region is divided into North west ,central and East Himalayas. These are
known as :
a) Biotic provinces
b) Mountain ranges
c) Abiotic regions
d) None of the above

Ans: a)

773. Alpine zone of Himalaya lies very and is full of particular type of trees. Which of the
following is correct description for height and type of tree ?
a) 12000+ft altitude , Timber trees.
b) 5500-12000ft altitude, Kailand chir, Deodar
c) 5000 ft altitude, Shisham trees
d) None of the above

Ans: a)

774. Laddakh mountains and Tibetan plateau are part of :

a) Trans Himalaya region
b) Desert
c) Semi –arid
d) None of the above
Ans: a)

775. Kutch and Thar comprise majority of :

a) Western Ghats
b) Himalayan region
c) Deserts
d) None of the above

Ans: c)

776. Aravali mountain are covering states such as :

a) Gujrat, M.P, Rajastan
b) Laddakh mountain
c) Coastal region

d) None of the above

Ans: a)

777. Which of the river plain extends upto Himalayan Foot Hills ?
a) The Gangetic plain
b) Punjab plain
c) Bramhaputra valley
d) None of the above

Ans: a)

778. The Gangetic plain extends through which of the states ?

a) Western U.P and West Bengal
b) Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh
c) West Bengal
d) None of the above

Ans: a)

779. The North–East India comprises of :

a) Himalayan hill ranges
b) Aravali hill ranges
c) Non-Himalayan hill ranges
d) None of the above

Ans: c)

780. Cheerapunji is situated in which of the following regions in india ?

a) The western Ghats
b) The North-East India
c) The North India
d) None of the above

Ans: b)
781. Deforestation causes decrease in a)Land forming b)Land diversity
c)Biodiversity d)None

Ans:(c)

782. ------of world's known biodiversity lives in the rainforest

a)70% b)80%

c)60% d)90%

Ans:(b)

783. The reduction of forest contributes to about 12% of anthropogenic -------emissions

a)carbon-dioxide b)oxygen

c)Hydrogen d)Nitrogen

Ans:(a)

784. Landslides occur near ------area

a)Forest b)Vegetative

c)Both (a)and(b) d)Deforestation

Ans:(d)

785. soil erosion causes-----near ----area

a)Landslides,forest

b)Deforested,Vegetative

c)None

d)Landslides

Ans:(d)

786. Which of term is correct?

1)Deforestation causes global warming

2)Deforestation causes soil erosion

3)Deforestation causes increase in biodiversity

4)Deforestation causes landslides

a)only(3) b)Both (1) and(3)

c)only (2) d)only (1),(2),(4)

Ans:(d)
787. What Programs are carried out worldwide to stop deforestation.

a)Educate citizens to use the forest in a more sustainable way

b)To repair the damage that deforestation has done.

c)To Protect the forest land and vegetation cover.

d)All the above.

Ans:(d)

788. Who have started reducing emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation.

a)Russia and Europe

b)UK and Brazil

c)United states and world Bank

792. The hydrosphere covers about -----of the surface of the earth.
a)70% b)90%

c)60% d)50%

Ans:(a)

793. Sources of water are.

a)Surface water

b)Underground water

c)Both(a)and(b)

d)None.

Ans:(d)

794. Surface water sources are

a)Streams

b)Oceans

c)Wells

d)Both(a)and(b)

Ans:(d)

795. Underground water sources are.

a)Sea b)Lakes

c)Wells d)Both(a)and(b).

Ans:(c)

796. Bore well is a source of ------

a)Surface water

b)Underground water

c)Both(a)and(b)

d)None.

Ans:(b)

797. ------of these pollute water.

a)Waste and by-product from industries

b)Disposal of municipal waste.

c)Assimilation of agricultural waste.

d)All the above.

Ans:(d).

798. Cause of flood is due to------.

a)Deforestation

b)Migration

c)Industrialization

d)Only (b)and(c)

Ans:(a).

799. Floods cause -------.

a)Damage to infrastructure.

b)Lead to landslides.

c)Drowning.

d)All the above.

Ans:(d).

800. Consumption of polluted water causes------.

a)Gastrointestinal diseases.

b)Kidney failure.

c)Heart attack

d)Nervous system damage.

Ans:(a)

801. Water borne disease include ------

a)Cardiovascular disease

b)Psychosocial disturbance

c)Hypothermia

d)None of the above

Ans:(d)

802. Water borne disease includes---

a)Hepatitis A

b)Hypothermia
c)Psychosocial

d)Cardiovascular incidents

Ans:(a)

803. Water borne disease include-----.

a)Pathogenic,E-coli/Shingella.

b)Hepatitis A,Leptospirosis

c)Giardiasis,Amoebiasis

d)All the above

Ans:(d)

804. Floods affect ------

a)Damage to water supply

b)IT sector

c)Industrial product

d)Only(b)and(c)

Ans:(a)

805. Floods cause damage to petrol storage system.

a)True b)False

c)Both d)None.

Ans:(a).

806. Ecological pyramid shows __________ productivity

A. Biome
B. Biomass
C. Organic
D. None of the above

Ans: Biomass

807. In ecological pyramid producers are shown at ______________

A. Top
B. Base
C. Periphery
D. None of the above

Ans: Base

808. Primary producers are followed by ______________ consumers

A. Secondary
B. Primary
C. All
D. None of the above

Ans: Primary

809. Tertiary consumers are shown at ____________ of ecological pyramid.

A. Base
B. Top
C. Corners
D. None of the above

Ans: Top

810. Ecologica pyramid is ____________ in shape.

A. Circular
B. Triangular
C. Oval
D. None of the above

Ans: Triangular

811. Ecological pyramid is ____________ unshap.

A. Plants, animals
B. Producers, consumers
C. Consumers, producers
D. None of the above

Ans: Producers,consumers

812. ___________ pyramids show amount of organic matter in an organism.

A. Biomass
B. Biome
C. Biotic
D. None of the above

Ans : Biomass

813. Pyramid of ________shows turnover of biomass at each topic at each tropic level.
A. Productivity
B. Production
C. Consumption
D. None of the above
Ans: productivity

814. productivity pyramid shows flow of ____________ in food chain.

A. Production
B. Turnover
C. Energy
D. None of the above
Ans: Energy

815. productivity is expressed as _____________ unit.

A. Grams per meter2 per year
B. Calories meter2 per year
C. Both above
D. None of the above

Ans: Both above

816. In all ecological pyramids are always at ____________

A. Center
B. Bottom
C. Top
D. None of the above

Ans: Bottom

817. __________ % energy is used to build new biomass in ecological pyramid.

A. 25
B. 10
C. 10-25
D. None of the above

Ans: 10

818. In____________ pyramid, each step us 10% the size of previous step.
A. Productivity
B. Ecological
C. Biomass
D. None of the above

Ans: Productivity

819. Pyramid of numbers is graphical representation ___________ at each level in food

chain.
A. Production
B. Population
C. Consumer
D. None of the above

Ans : Population

820. The __________ itself is a major ecosystem.

A. Air
B. Sun
C. Earth
D. None of theabove

Ans: Earth
821. Island is example of ___________ ecosystem.
A. Water
B. Earth
C. Ocean
D. None of the above

Ans: Ocean

822. Grass lands is example of __________ water ecosystem.

A. Fresh
B. Waste
C. Polluted
D. None of the above
Ans: Fresh

823. Forests are part of __________________ ecosystem.

A. Tropical
B. Terrestrial
C. Marine
D. None of the above

Ans: Terrestrial

824. Regional ecosystem governed by temperature and other atmospheric parameters is

knows __________
A. Biomass
B. Biome
C. Biotic
D. None of the above

Ans: Winter

828. In Deciduous forest,___________ are warm.

A. Summer
B. All seasons
C. Nc seasons
D. None of the above

Ans : summer

829. Short, strong leafy, thorny plants are _________________ .

A. Cacti
B. Barry
C. Legumes
D. None of the above

Ans: Cacti

830. Chaparrels are found in ___________.

A. Austria
B. Australia
C. Africa
D. None of the above

Ans: Africa

831. Pollution includes substance in which form.

a) Gaseous
b) Liquid
c) Solid
d) All the above
Ans: (d)
832. Aerosols are example of
a) Degradable
b) Non degradable pollutant
c) Slowly degradable pollutant
d) None
Ans: (c)
833. Air pollution was tracked a way back to the period of
a) 400 BC
b) 500 BC
c) 600 BC
d) None

Ans: (a)
834. In 1952, ------ was attacked by smog.
a) Indian
b) Canada
c) London
d) China
Ans: (c)
835. Industrial revolution in ------ made the air pollution a serious problem in
a) African countries
b) European countries
c) American countries
d) South African countries
Ans: (b)
836. First Anti-pollution act restrict people for using
a) Coal
b) Fuel
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) Petrol
Ans: (a)
837. First anti-pollution act restrict people from using coal for
a) Industrial purpose
b) Party purpose
c) Domestic purpose
d) Fuel
Ans: (c)
838. First anti-pollution act was made in which year?
a) 1972
b) 1992
c) 1271
d) 1273
Ans: (d)
839. First anti-pollution act was made by?
a) Thermos Edison
b) Isaac Newton
c) King Edward I
d) Martin Luther king
Ans: (c)
840. London was attacked by smog in
a) 1973
b) 1952
c) 1962
d) 1983
Ans: (b)
841. Use of ------ as the domestic energy producer, made air pollution more prononunced.
a) Coal
b) Petrol
c) Diesel
d) Uranium
Ans: (a)
842. Air pollution was tracked way back to the period of
a) Hippocrates
b) Homo sapiens
c) Homo sapiens sapiens
d) None
Ans: (a)
843. Large Industries using big auto machines create sound
a) Below 60 dB
b) Above 90 dB
c) Below 100 dB
d) Above 100 dB
Ans: (b)
844. The rocket engine creates the noise pollution
a) Below 190 dB
b) Below 100 dB
c) Above 190 dB
d) Above 100 dB
Ans: (c)
845. The acidic gases like O3 , SO2 , NO2 affect the strength of_______
a) Building
b) Bridges
c) Textile
d) Iron bars
Ans: (c)
846. The world looked a economics status alone as a measure of:
a) Human development
b) Technology
c) Success
d) Welfare
Ans: (a)
847. The term sustainable development came in:
a) 1977
b) 1987
c) 1997
d) 2007
Ans: (b)
848. The term ‘sustainable development’ rose to significance after the:
a) World war
b) Independence
c) Brundtland Commission
d) None of the above
Ans: (c)
849. The Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the:
a) Past
b) Present
c) Future
d) None of the above
Ans: (b)
850. The two key concept of Sustainable development are:
a) Limitations
b) Needs
c) Both
d) None
Ans: (c)
851. Water conservation is managing of:
a) Sea water
b) Rain water
c) Fresh water
d) Ocean water
Ans: (c)
852. The goals of water conservation is:
a) Sustainability
b) Energy Conservation
c) Habitat Conservation
d) All the above
Ans: (d)
853. How much percentage of total electricity consumption is devoted to water
management?
a) 10%
b) 15%
c) 20%
d) 25%
Ans: (b)
854. The traditional water harvesting system in Rajasthan, a stone embankment is called:
a) Medhbandi
b) Hembar
c) Naada
d) Chak
Ans: (a)
855. The traditional water harvesting system in Rajasthan, a small temporary dam is called:
a) Medhabandi
b) Hembar
c) Naada
d) Chak
Ans: (b)
856. The only true antelope found in india is:
a) Chinkara
b) Chausingha
c) Black buck
d) Neelgai
Ans: (c)
857. The separation of an ecosystem into small pieces of land is called as:
a) Extinction
b) Over-exploitation
c) Fragmentation
d) Magnification
Ans: (c)
858. The increasing concentration of toxic substances in organisms as trophic levels increase
in a food chain is called as:

As it is above question’s option

Ans: (d)

859. DDT is a:
A) Pesticide
B) Fungicide
C) Insecticide
D) None of the above
Ans:(a)
860. Acid Rain and Eutrophication is the result of:
A) Population
B) Extinction
C) Pollution
D) Forestation
Ans: (c)
861. waterways cause:
a) Algae growth
b) Pest growth
c) Insect growth
d) Fungal growth
Ans: (a)
862. The flow of fertilizers, animal wastes, sewage, rich in nitrogen and phosphorus into
waterways causes:
a) Extinction
b) Over-exploitation
c) Fragmentation
d) Eutrophication
Ans: (d)
863. Tigers are killed for their:
a) Ivory
b) Skin and bones
c) Horns
d) Gall bladders
Ans:(b)
864. Illegal killing of endangered species is known as:
a) Rusting
b) Poaching
c) Thieving
d) Plundering
Ans: (b)
865. Bears are killed for their:
a) Ivory
b) Skin and bones
c) Horns
d) Gall bladders
Ans: (d)
866. Elephants are killed for their:
a) Ivory
b) Skin and bones
c) Horns
d) Gall bladders
Ans: (a)
867. Deer are killed for their:
a) Perfume
b) Skin and bones
c) Horns
d) Ivory
Ans: (a)
868. Rhinos are killed for their:
a) Shells
b) Skin and bones
c) Horns
d) Perfume
Ans: (c)
869. Corals and shells are collected for export on the beach of:
a) Mumbai
b) Goa
c) Diu
d) Chennai
Ans:(d)
870. Grasslands are degraded by:
a) Overgrazing
b) Over exploitation
c) Overpopulation
d) Over use
Ans: (a)
871. It is conserving the areas where populations of species exist naturally:
a) Ex-situ
b) In-situ
c) Both
d) None
Ans:(b)
872. How many national parks are there in Maharashtra?
a) 10
b) 15
c) 5
d) 20
Ans:(c)
873. How many Sanctuaries are there in Maharashtra?
A) 31
B) 32
C) 33
D) 34
Ans: (d)
874. In India, Pelicans breed in:
a) Kokkare Bellur
b) Koonthankulam
c) Nelapettu
d) All of the above
Ans:(a)
875. Harike Wetlands are in:
a) Rajasthan
b) Manipur
c) Punjab
d) Orissa
Ans: (c)
876. Chilika Lake and abahitarkanika Mangroves are in:
a) Kerla
b) Manipur
c) Punjab
d) Rajasthan
Ans: (d)
877. Sambhar Lake and Keoladeo is in:
a) Kerla
b) Manipur
c) Punjab
d) Orissa
Ans: (d)
878. Loktak Lake is in:
a) Kerla
b) Manipur
c) Punjab
d) orissa
Ans: (b)
879. Bhoj Werlands is in:
a) Rajasthan
b) Madhya Pradesh
c) Punjab
d) Orissa
e) Ans: (b)
880. Vembanand kol is in :
a) Kerla
b) Manipur
c) Panjab
d) Orisa
Ans: (a)

881. ______________ is just below Tundra.

A. Chapparrel
B. Rain forest
C. Taiga
D. None of the above

Ans : Taiga

882. Biome above 10000 feet is _______

A. Tundra
B. Taiga
C. Alpine
D. None of the above

Ans: Alpine

883. Biome just below Himalayan mountain is ___________________

A. Alpine
B. Taiga
C. Taiga
D. None of the above

Ans: Alpine

884. Alpine is on ________________ feet height.

A. 5000
B. 7000
C. 10000
D. None of the above

Ans: 10000

885. Alpine has summer form to

A. March, May
B. June, September
C. April, June
D. None of the above

Ans: June, September

886. ____________ has drastic fluctuation.

A. Alpine
B. Tundra
C. Taiga
D. None of the above

Ans : Alpine

887. Alpine region ____ animals have lungs.

A. Large
B. Small
C. Normal
D. None of the above

Ans : Large

888. In Alpine,October to May is _____________ season.

A. Monsoon
B. Winter
C. Summer
D. None of the above

Ans: Winter

889. In Alpine, animals are __________ in height.

A. Normal
B. Short
C. Average
D. None of the above

Ans: Short

890. In Alpine, animals ______________ legs.

A. Four
B. Short
C. Bent
D. None of the above

Ans: Short

891. In Alpine, animals have large lungs ,to survive _____________ pressure and _________
O2 content.
A. High, Low
B. Low, High
C. High, High
D. None of the above

Ans: High, Low

892. In Alpine, animals have __________ blood vessels.

A. More
B. Large
C. Thick
D. None of the above
Ans : More

893. Animals in Alpine region have ____________ blood vessels to store more
____________
A. More Haemoglobin
B. Thick, O2
C. Large, Blood
D. None of the above

Ans : More Haemoglobin

894. In Alpine _____________ also have adaptations as animals.

A. Plants
B. Humans
C. Aquatics
D. None of the above

Ans : Humans

895. Just like in Alpines, in __________ also have adaptations of lungs.

A. Nepal
B. Canada
C. India
D. None of the above

Ans : Nepal

896. People in Nepal / Tibet are Called _____________

A. Sherapas
B. Gorkha
C. Himalayan
D. None of the above

Ans :Sherapas

897. About ____________ % area of earth is Oceans

A. 75
B. 40
C. 30
D. None of the above

Ans : 75

898. Plants under ocean are ___________

A. Aquatic
B. Aquifers
C. Oceanic
D. None of the above

Ans : Aquifers

899. Aquifers prepare food by _____________

A. Metabolism
B. Photosynthesis
C. Photolysis
D. None of the above

Ans : Photosynthesis

900. Nearly _____________ % photosynthesis takes place in ocean by aquifers

A. 75
B. 40
C. 100
D. None of the above

Ans : 40

901. Access of O2 is more in _____________ Ocean water

A. Deep
B. Shallow
C. Entire
D. None of the above

Ans : Shallow

902. Photosynthesis does not take place in _____________ Ocean water.

A. Deep
B. Shallow
C. Both above
D. None of the above

Ans : Deep

903. Due to absence of photosynthesis, deep ocean is rich in _________________

A. Minerals
B. O2
C. Aquifers
D. None of the above

Ans : Minerals

904. Minerals /Oils / Salts mainly occurs in ____________

A. Deep ocean
B. Shallow ocean
C. Air
D. None of the above
Ans : Deep ocean

905. The back soot separaded absorbed______radiations

a)Gamma b)UV

c)solar d)None of the above.

Ans:(b)

906. _____is effected/left,as solar radiation are

absorbed by soot,cannot reach Earth.

a)Raining b)Cooling

c)Thundering d)None of the above.

Ans:(c)

907. cooling resulted during nuclear,accident also

realises water vapours and _______gas.

a)SO2 b) CO2

c)NO2 d) None of the above.

Ans:(b)

908. Phenomenon is opposite to global warming

is________

a)Infra red b)Nuclear winter

c)UV radiation d)Non of the above.

Ans:(b)

909. Modern fusion bombs are also known as______.

a)Nuclear bombs.

b)Explosives of H2

c)Fire extinguisher

d) None of the above

Ans:(a)

910. _____is a new currency.

a)Carbon credits. b)US dollars

c)Swiss frank. d) None of the above.

Ans:(a)

911. Carbon credits is also called_________.

a)Emissions permits.

b)Pollution control

c)Environment ethics

d) None of the above.

Ans:(a)

912. Carbon credits is a______ given to a countries

reducing green house gases emisions.

a)Certificate b)Value

c)Price d) None of the above.

Ans:(a)

913. Sequestration involves:

a)Aforestation and reforestation

b)Deforestation

c)Plantation

d) None of the above.

Ans:(a)

914. SPCB stands for

(1) State Pollution Control Board

(2) Service Protection Control Bureau

(3) Security Protection Control Board

(4) None of the above

Ans.: (1)

915. The chairman of CPCB is nominated by

(1) Central government (2) State government

(3) Prime minister (4) None of the above

Ans.: (1)
916. Chairman on SPCB is nominated by

(1) Central government (2) Prime minister

(3) State government (4) None of the above

Ans.: (3)

917. Under section 8 of water (prevention and control of pollution) Act 1972 , CPCB and

SPCB are directed to have at least one meeting in every

(1) Six months (2) Year (3) Three months (4) None of the above

Ans.: (3)

918. Air (Prevention and control of pollution) Act in India came in force in year

(1) 1972 (2) 1981 (3) 1986 (4) None of the above

Ans.: (2)

919. Which of following grants permission to establish an industrial unit in air pollution

(1) SPCB (2) CPCB (3) APCB (4) None of the above

Ans.: (1)

920. Motor vehicles Act to register vehicles came in force in year

(1) 1981 (2) 1939 (3) 1986 (4) None of the above

Ans.: (2)

921. Wildlife (Protection) Act came in force in year

(1) 1981 (2) 1986 (3) 1972 (4) None of the above

Ans.: (3)

922. Wildlife (Protection) Rules came in force in year

(1) 1972 (2) 1973 (3) 1976 (4) None of the above

Ans.: (2)

923. Wildlife was transferred from state list to concurrent list in year

(1) 1973 (2) 1976 (3) 1972 (4) None of the above

Ans.: (2)

924. Chair person of wildlife advisory Board is

(1) Governor of state (2) President of India

(3) Prime minister of India (4) None of the above

Ans.: (3)

925. Sanctuaries are declared by the government as the wildlife (Protection) Act under

(1) Section 18 of Act (2) Section 7

(3) Section 35 (3) None of the above

Ans.: (1)

926. Section 9 of wildlife (Protections) Act restricts any person from

(1) Killing bird (2) Trading animals

(3) Hunting any restricted wild animal (4) None of the above

Ans.: (3)

927. Under wildlife (Protection) Act conservation projects for crocodile was started in year

(1) 1972 (2) 1973 (3) 1974 (4) None of the above

Ans.: (3)

928. Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Bill came in existence in year

(1) 1983 (2) 2002 (3) 1981 (4) None of the above

Ans.: (2)

929. NWAP stands for

(1) National WorldWorld Assembly and Planning (2) National Wildlife Action Plan

(3) National Wildlife Amendment proposal (4) None of the above

Ans.: (2)

930. Amendments in Forest Act was made in year

(1) 1992 (2) 2003 (3) 1980 (4) None of the above

Ans.: (1)

931. NEERI is situated at :

a] Mumbai b] Deharadun c]Nagpur d]Delhi

932. Which is institution was salim ali’s Dream ?

a]SDE b] SACON c] ZSI d] WII

933. One of the largest collection of animal specimens By ZSI in ASIA collected At :

a] Calcutta b] chennai c] ahmadabad d] pune

934. The origin of species was write by:

a] Charles drawin b]rlaph emerson c] Henry Thoreeau d] john muir

935. Who formed sierra club to save ancient sequoia Trees in california forest ?

a] Aldo leopold b] john muir c] Rachel carson d] Eo Wilson

936. Fall of a sparrow in an autobiography of :

a] Mahadev Gadgil b] Mc Meths c] Salim ali d] M S Swaminalian

937. Who is the father of grebn revolution in india ?

a] Mahadev Gadgil b] M C Metha c] Salim ali d] MS swamimathan

938. The Editor for the Series lifescapers of peninsular Indian is:

a] Mahadev Gadgil b] M C Metha c] Salim ali d] MS swamimathan

939. Anil Agrawal is a:

a] an ornithologists b] an ecological c] an agrieultural scientist d] a journalist

940. who is the founder of Narmada bachao Andolan ?

a] M C Metha b] MS swamimathan c]Medha Patkar d] Sunderlal bahugnms

941.Who is famous for long drawn battels to protect the taj mahal and clean up the ganges
river?

a] Mahadev Gadgil b] Mc Meths c] Salim ali d] M S Swaminalian

942. Who pioneered the chipko movement ?

a] Mc Meths b] M S Swaminalian c]Medha Patkar d] Sunderial bahuguna

943. Sunderial bahuguna is protesting the building of :

a] Narmada Dam b] Tehei Dam c] Koyana Dam d] Yamuna Dam

944. who started tarun bharat sangh?

a] Mahadev Gadgil b] Mc Meths c] Rajendra Singh d] Indira Gandhi

945. Sunderial bahuguna is:

a] Ecologist b] Economist c] Ecoactivisit d] social Activist

946. Who has gone under goes 20 day’s A hunger strike Narmadas dam?

a] Mc Meths b] M S Swaminalian c]Medha Patkar d] Sunderial bahuguna

947. which was a part of dark aone an environment records?

a] Narmada b] Tehel c] Koyana d]

948. Match the following :

1} world water day 3 oct

2}world Wet land Day 16 sept

3} World population day 11 july

4} World ozone Day 2 feb

5} World Habitat Day 22 march

949. Enviornmental Education Emphaesaes on

a] air b] Water c] Environmental issus d] None

950. Civilzation is major conavr of --------Pollutions:

a] Enviornmental b] Physical c] chemical d] None of Above

951. ------- is to be understood in product Enviornment

a] Quality Issues b] Helth Enviornment c] Enviornmental Balance

d] None of above

952. EVS is important in both---- and ------- Countries:

a] Usa and Uk b] Chain and India c] Developing and Developed

d] None Of Above

953. Study of EVS Covers---------------------------

a] Pure and Applied Sciences b] environment only c] Chemistry only

d] none of above

954. Dealing with functioning of natural environment is------------

a] Enviornmental Educations b] Evs c] Enviornmental chemistry d] NONE above

955. ------ I s one of objective of environmental educations

a] private schools b] private company c] public d] none of above

956. Industrial activities, transport activities, cultural activities are main source of

i) Noise pollution ii) Generation of sound

iii) Both i) and ii) iv) None

957. Noise pollution causes

i) Physical effect ii) Soil pollution

iii) Phychological effect iv) All the above

958. Damage to tympanic membrane caused due to

i) Noise zone ii) Soil pollution

iii) Air pollution iv) None

959. Areas like hospital , schools must be kept as

i) Noise zone ii) Clean zone

iii) Silence zone iv) None

960. Law regarding noise pollution must be followed.

i) True ii) False

iii) Neither true nor false iv) None

961. The heavy vehicles should be allowed into narrow streets

i) True ii) False

iii) Neither true nor false iv) None

962. The noise pollution can have physical, physiological and psychological effect.

i) True ii) False

iii) Neither true nor false iv) None

963. Landslides and earthquakes are natural sources of noise pollution.

i) True ii) False

iii) Neither true nor false iv) None

964. Rise in blood pressure caused due to noise pollution

i) True ii) False

iii) Neither true nor false iv) None

965. Temporary gearing problem caused due to

i) High noise ii) Noise above 140 dB

iii) Noise pollution iv) All the above

966. Unpleasant sound is called as______

i) Soil pollution ii) Air pollution

iii) Noise pollution iv) None

967. Which of them can be recycled?

i) Paper ii) Plastic

iii) Metal iv) All of these

968. Recycle of plastic can also minimize are pollution

i) Yes ii) No

iii) Neither yes nor false iv) None

969. Recycling is best process to control pollution.

i) Yes ii) No

iii) Neither yes nor false iv) None

970. Use of natural fertilizer doesn’t create soil pollution.

i) Yes ii) No

iii) Neither yes nor false iv) None

971. D.D,T, aldrin, benzene are used as

i) Insecticides ii) Fertilizers

iii) Weedicides iv) Pesticides

972. _____ get percolated in soil

i) Insecticides ii) Fertilizers

iii) Weedicides iv) Pesticides

973. Percolation of pesticides in soil , and then consume by human being causes disorder in

i) Mental activities ii) Physical activities

iii) Both (i) and (ii) iv) Metabolic activities

974. Use to domestic garbage, industrial waste and decomposed organic matter may cause.

i) Mental disease ii) Kidney disease

iii) Stomach disease iv) Chronic disease

975. Metabolic activities may cause

i) Unconseness

ii) Muscular pain

iii) Dizziness and general weakness

iv) None

976. Bad odour of decomposed material may cause

i) Chronic ii) Kidney disease

iii) Mental disease iv) Stomach disease

977. O3 is known as

i)Atmosphere ii) Ozone

iii) Oxygen iv) All of these

978. Solphur compounds consist of

i) SO2 ii) H2S

iii) H2SO4 iv) All of these

979. Photochemical product includes

i) PAN ii) PB2N

iii) Both (i) and (ii) iv) None

980. Suspended particulate matter includes

i) Soot ii) Ash

iii) Dust iv) All (i), (ii), (iii)

981. The rise in NO2 causes

1) crop production.

2)increase in soil corrosion

3) PREMATURE FALL OF LEAVES

4)disturbing photosynthesis

982. Radioactive dust cases

1)physical disordar

2) mental disordar

3) genetic effect

4) ALL THE ABOVE

983. The rise in SO2 causes

1) greening of leaves

2) increase in rate photosynthisis

3) decrese in plant growth

4 )YELLOWING OF LEAVES

984. The nature has its own mechanism to remove the pollutant this mechanism is called as

1) photosynthesis
2) SEAVENGING

3)dispersion

4)chlorosis

985. readioactive dust causes genetic effect on the next generation

1)TRUE

2) false

3)none of these

4) neither true nor false

986. Global warming causes over flooding

1) false

2) TRUE

3) none

4) all the above

987. Cigarette smoking causes cardio vasculer diseases due to

1)CAIUM PARTICULATES

2) lead particulates

3) titanium

4) mercury particulates

988. The ............... from combustion of fossil fuel effects the nerves brain and kidney

1) lead

2) uranium

3) tungsten

4) MERCURY

989. Convulsion delirium coma causes due to

1) LEAD POISONING

2) food poisoning

3) intake of poisoning

4) none of these

990. Percentage of pollutant from fual combustion is

1) 30%

2)90%

3)50%

4) ans-27%

991. Smog is formed due to chemical reactions of

1) sunlight + dust

2) SUNLIGHT + NOX

3) sunlight + co

4) sunlight + water

992. acid rain formed due to chemical reaction of

1) WATER + SOX

2) water sunlight

3) water + lead

4) water + salt

993. Ozone formed due to chemical reaction of

1) non volatile organic compound

2) VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND

3) volatile in organic compound

4) non volatile in organic compound

994. primary pollutants means those pollutants

1) released by chemical reaction

2) released by process of hydration

3) released by process of photosynthesis

4) RELEASED DIRECTLY IN TO AIR

995. A harmful mixture formed by gases of nitrogen particulat matter due to photochemical
reaction under the influence of strong sunlight is called as

1) photosynthesis

2) chlorosis .

3) PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG
4) smoke

996. Moisture / water + so2 / so3 = atmospheric H2SO4 which causes

1) rain

2) harmful rain

3) water rain

4) ACID RAIN

997. Presence / addition of any contaminant to the air which cause harm to the health of
leaving organism is called

1) water pollution

2) acid rain

3)AIR POLLUTION

4) air pollutants

998. Ozone layer in atmosphere gets mostly affected due to

1) CHLORO-FLORO CARBEN

2) hydrogen sulphate

3) hydro chloric acid

4) hydrogen nitrate

999. The quality of paper leather get affected by

1) SO2 and H2O

2) ans- H2S AND WATER

3) SO2 and acid gases

4) SO2 and O2

1000. The paints gets decolourised by

1) SO2 and HCl

2) ans- SO2 ANS H2S

3) so2 and o3

4) so2 and no2

1001. The building material it affected by

1)) ans- SO2 AND ACID RAIN

1) SO2 and o3

3) so2 and h2s

4) so2 and water

1002. The acetic gases like O3 so2 NO2 effect the strength ........

1) building

2) bridges

3) TEXTILE

4)iron bars

1003. Balanced atomosperic percentage of carbon dioxide in atomosperic is

1) ans- 33%

2)39%

3)31%

4) 35

1004. To reduse air pollution due to industrial activities what step should be taken

1) use electrostatic precipatarors

2) use gravitational setting chamber

3) constconstruction of tall chimneys

4) ALL THW ABOVE

1005. In case of auto mobile pollution use of better qulity ............ And use of ...........
converters will help to reduce the air pollution

1) FUEL CATALYTIS

2) fual , isotopes

3) fual water

4) fual , air

1006. aqua plants are also natural purifier of water

1) True
2) False
3) Neither true or false
4) None of those
1007. the main toxic solid substance gets released in water from industry are
1) Mercury and carbon
2) Lead and mercury
3) Phosphate and nitrate
4) Oxygen and hydrogen
1008. the consumption of water polluted with lead by human leads to
1) Damage to hair and nails
2) Damage to skin and hair
3) Damage to liver and kidney
4) Damage in respiration and metabolism
1009. lead affect the ------ which leads to coma or death.
1) Central respiratory system
2) Central nervous system
3) Central circulatory system
4) All of the above
1010. lead pollution reduces ---- formation.
1) haemoglobin
2) mucous
3) Lead
4) Titanium
1011. the main source of lead to water is fluorescent light tubes
1) False
2) True
3)
4) None of these
5) Neither true or false
1012. the mercury compound enter in water bodies and get converted into
1) Butyl mercury compound
2) Methyl mercury compound
3) Carbonate compound
4) Only 1. And 2.
1013. the mercury in water bodies get converted into methyl mercury compound due to---
---
1) Pathogenic microbes
2) Viral microbes
3) Water microbes
4) Anaerobic microbes
1014. oil can pollute water
1) True
2) False
3) Neither true or false
4) Either true of false
1015. ---- causes serious effect to human being
1) Soil
2) Air
3) Radio-active elements
4) Hydrogen
1016. dental and industrial problems causes due to excess amount of----
1) Uranium
2) Lead
3) Mercury
4) Fluorides
1017. excess amount of fluorides causes
1) Mental problem
2) Typhoid
3) Dental problem
4) Both 1) and 2)
1018. the process of killing the organic life from water is called as
1) Sedimentation
2) Disinfection
3) Filtration
4) None of these
1019. in the process of disinfection of water ---- is used
1) Phosphate
2) Nitrate
3) Chlorine
4) Fluoride
1020. disinfection in done by using
1) Soda powder
2) Talc powder
3) Fluoride powder
4) Bleaching powder
1021. the process to remove suspended material from water is called as
1) Sedimentation
2) Dehydration
3) Filtration
4) Disinfectant
1022. the process of removing sludge and settled material from water is called as -------
1) Dehydration
2) Sedimentation
3) Filtration
4) Disinfectant
1023. the process in which water is allowed to pass through a bed of course and fine sand
is called as -------
1) Dehydration
2) Sedimentation
3) Filtration
4) Disinfectant
1024. filtration through coarser and fine sand removes
1) Colour,taste
2) Sedimentation
3) Bacteria
4) All of the above
1025. pressure and gravity are the types of
1) Disinfectant
2) Filters
3) Purification
4) All of the above
1026. to remove hardness of the water ---- methods are used
1) Boiling water
2) Adding lime
3) Both 1. And 2.
4) None of these
1027. softening of the water is done by
1) Boiling and adding lime
2) Cooling and heating
3) Adding chloride and fluoride
4) None of these
1028. --- plants are natural purifiers of water
1) Rose
2) Neem
3) Aqua
4) living

1029. ………...plants are naturals purifiers of water.

1. Rose

2.Neem

3.Aqua

4.Living

1030. The phosphate and niterates in the fertilliser, make the water rich with nutrients
and it becomes more producing.this process is called as ………………………

1. Photosynthesis

2. eutrophication

3.electrolysis

4.decomposition

1031. The process of eutrophication………in water

1.icreases water level and decrease soii level

2.increases organic level and decreases inorganic level

3.increases oxygen level and decreases CO2 le

4.decreses oxigen level and decreses CO2 level
1032. Aqua plants are also natural purifier of water

1.true

2.false

3.neither true nor false

4.none of these

1033. The main toxic solid substance gets released in water from industry are

1.mercury and carban

2. lead and mercury

3. phosphate and nitrate

4.oxygen and hydrogen

1034. the consumption of water polluted with lead by human leads to

1. damage to hair and nails

2. damage to skain and hair

3. damage to liver kidny

4. damage in respiration

1035. lead affect the …………..which leads to coma or death

1.central respiratory system

2. central nervous system .

3. central circulatory system .

4.all the above

1036. lead pollution reduces…………..formation

1. hemoglobin

2. mucous

3. hair

4.d egative jouce

1037. central nervous system gets affected by ……………………

1. oxygen

2. phosphores

3. lead

4. titanium

1038. The main soureso f lead to water is fluorescent light tubes (true/false)

1.false

2. true

3.none of this

4.nither true or false

1039. The mercury compound enter in water bodies and get converted into .
1.butyl mercury compound

2.methyl mercury compound

3.carbonatel mercury compound

4.only (1) and (3)

1040. The mercury in water bodies get converted into methyl mercury compound due to
…………………..

1.pathogenic microbes

2 viral microbes

3. water microbes

4 anaerobic microbes

1041. Oil can be pollute water (true /false)

1.true

2 false

3 neither true nor false

4.either true or false

1042. ………………….causes serious effect human being

1.soil

2. air

3.radio-active elements

4. hydrogen

1043. Dental and industrial problems caused due to excess amount of …………….

1.uranium

2.lead

3 mercury

4.fluorides

1044. Excess amount of fluorides causes

1. mental problems

2.typhoid
3.dental problems

4.both (1)and(3)

1045. The process of killing the organic life water is called as ………………

1.sedimentaion

2.disinfection

3.filtration

4.none of this

1046. IN the process disinfection of water…………………..used

1.phosphate

2.nitreta

3.chloried

4.fluoride

1047. Disinfection is done by using

1.soda poder

2.talc powder

3.fluoried powder

4.bleching powder

1048. The process to remove suspended material from water is called as

1. sedimentetation

2.dehydration

3s called .filteration

4.disinfecation

1049. The process in which water is allowed to pass a bed of coarse and find sand is called
as

1.dehyration

2.sedimention

3.filteration

4.disinfectant

1050. filteration through coarser and fine sand removes

1.colour taste

2.odor

3.bacteria

4.all the above

1051. pressure and gravity are the types of

1.disinfectant

2. filters

3.purifecation

4.all the abve

1052. to remove hardness of the water………………..methods are used.

1.boiling of water

2.adding lime

3.othe(1)and(2)

1053. softening of water is done by

1.Boiling and adding lime

2.cooling and heating

3.adding chloride and fluoried

4.none of this
Topic 7. Environmental Protection (8 Marks)
Q. No. Question Option i Option ii Option iii Option iv Answer Key
The history of human evolution and 100 million Only 50,000
1 3 million years old 1 billion years old
civilization is about years old years old
Fluid and salt
replacement Severe electrolyte All of the
2 ORS is used in case of Dehydration All of the given
due to diarrhea depletion given
and vomiting
Viruses and Bacteria and Bacteria and
3 Diarrhea is caused ethics Bacteria and protozoa Viruses only
fungi viruses viruses
equity and social justice are essential Conservation Environment
4 Value education Human rights Human rights
components of of biodiversity ethics

The process of conversion of electricity Plastic

To promote the To emphasise To cocordinate

The 42nd amendment to the constitution of

a framework for the co-

19 As per EPA 1986, Environment does NOT include air space land water space

Match correctly the following and choose the

the scientific study of the geographic

1 biodiversity. biogeography. ecology biology biogeography.
distributon of plants and animals is called as

The total area of India is classified into

The species with thin population localised

7 Rare Treatened Endangered Vulnerable Rare
within restricted area is said to be

8 Bharatpur bird sanctuary is situated in… Kerala Karnataka Gujarat Rajasthan Rajasthan

Top 50 EVS MCQ’s for TET/CTET

1. Interdisciplinary nature of EVS addresses environmental issues by
using the contents and methods of:

(a) Science and Social Science

(b) Social Science & Environmental Education
(c) Science
(d) Science, Social Science & Environmental Education

Correct Answer: option c

2. Which of the following is not a function of roots and plants?

(a) Storing Food

(b) Providing Humus
(c) Giving Support to the Plant
(d) Absorbing water & minerals

Correct Answer: option b

3. ‘Experimentation’ is one of the indicators of assessment. Which of the

following is the most appropriate way of assessing experimentation
indicator?

(a) Picture Reading

(b) Creative Writing
(c) Demonstrations
(d) Hands-on creativity

Correct Answer: option d

4. The neighboring states of Tamil Nadu are

(a) Kerala, Karnataka & Andhra Pradesh

(b) Kerala, Gujarat & Karnataka
(c) Andhra Pradesh, Goa & Karnataka
(d) Goa, Karnataka, & Kerala

Correct Answer: option a

50 Important EVS MCQs Free CTET/TET e-book

5. ‘Kuduk’ is a local language of the people of?

(a) Mizoram
(b) Manipur
(c) Arunachal Pradesh
(d) Jharkhand

correct Answer: option d

6. As per NCF 2005, which of the following is the theme of EVS?

(a) Food
(b) Weather
(c) Energy
(d) Solar System

Correct Answer: option a

7. ‘Worli’ is a traditional art form, it is in which state?

(a) Tamil Nadu

(b) Kerala
(c) Maharashtra
(d) Bihar

Correct Answer: option c

8. Which of the following places is termed as ‘Cold Desert’ of Our

Country?

(a) Ladakh
(b) Leh
(c) Ooty
(d) Manali

Correct Answer: option a

50 Important EVS MCQs Free CTET/TET e-book

9. Which one of the following is not a seed?

(a) Black Pepper

(b) Wheat
(c) Sago
(d) Aniseed

Correct Answer: option c

10. Which of the following disease can be caused by stagnant water?

(a) Chicken Pox

(b) Pneumonia
(c) Malaria
(d) Polio

Correct Answer: option c

11. Which one of the following is not a characteristic feature of roots of a

Banyan Tree?

(a) Their roots store the food

(b) They are underground roots
(c) Roots hang down from the tree branches
(d) roots provide support to trees like pillars

19. This plant has leaves which are used as vegetables. Its seeds are used
to produce oil.

(a) Spinach
(b) Mustard
(c) Cabbage
(d) Coconut

Correct Answer: option b

20. Select from the following a group of diseases caused by mosquitoes;

(a) Malaria, Dengue, Cholera

(b) Dengue Malaria, Chikunguniya
(c) Malaria, cholera, typhoid
(d) Malaria, Chikunguniya, typhoid

Correct Answer: option b

50 Important EVS MCQs Free CTET/TET e-book

21. EVS teaching should encourage process skills, which are the core of
enquiry-based, hands-on learning. Which of the following is not a skill?

(a) Predicting
(b) Observing
(c) Determining
(d) Inferring

Correct Answer: option c

22. If we observe birds, we find that most of the birds often move their
neck. It is because:

(a) in most of the birds, the eyes are fixed and cannot move
(b) their ears are covered and they can fly
(c) the birds have two eyes
(d) their eyes can focus on two different objects at a time.

Correct Answer: option a

23. The neighboring states of Kerala are:

(a) Tamil Nadu & Andhra Pradesh

(b) Karnataka & Maharashtra
(c) Andhra Pradesh & Karnataka
(d) Karnataka & Tamil Nadu

Correct Answer: option d

24. In which one of the following states of our country do most people like
to eat sea fish cooked in coconut oil?

(a) Mizoram
(b) Jammu & Kashmir
(c) Goa
(d) Bihar

Correct Answer: option c

50 Important EVS MCQs Free CTET/TET e-book

25. Which of the following characteristics is shared by all of the following?

Lizard, Sparrow, Turtle, Snake

(a) They lay eggs.

(b) They are poisonous.
(c) They can live on land as well as in water.
(d) Their bodies are covered with scales.

Correct Answer: option a

26. A person living in New Delhi wants to visit Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh)
first and then Ranchi (Jharkhand). The directions of his journey will be
first towards:

(a) east and then towards south

(b) west & then towards south
(c) south & then towards east
(d) south & then towards west

Correct Answer: option c

27. Aseem likes mangoes. He wants to preserve the mangoes for winters.
Which one of the following will be a good way to preserve them?

(a) make ‘aampapad’ and pickle

(b) Put it in a plastic bag
(c) Store in a refrigerator
(d) prepare juice & store in an air tight container

Correct Answer: option a

(a) Crows, Kites, nightingale

(b) Eagles, Pigeons, Parrots
(c) Kites, Eagles, Vultures
(d) Doves, Crows, Peacocks

Correct Answer: option c

50 Important EVS MCQs Free CTET/TET e-book

33. Which one of the following birds can rotate its neck backwards to a
large extent?

(a) Owl
(b) Mynah
(c) Crow
(d) Sparrow

Correct Answer: option a

34. Which one of the following is not a suitable Formative Assessment task
in EVS?

(a) Explain the Definitions of important terms given in the lesson.

(b) Perform the given practical activity and record your observations
(c) Draw a labelled diagram of given experimental set-up
(d) discuss disadvantages of water pollutions

Correct Answer: option d

35. Reema wants to introduce the topic “Nutrition” to her class V students.
She should:

(a) draw the diagram of the digestive system on the blackboard

(b) give examples of different foods rich in nutrients
(c) use chart showing different kinds of foods
(d) ask the students to open their tiffin boxes, see the contents, followed
by her explanations.

Correct Answer: option d

36. Out of the following ways, the most effective way to arouse curiosity
among class VI students is:

(a) provide more hands-on experience

(b) give them more practice in written works
(c) ask probing and imaginative questions
(d) conduct frequent unit tests
50 Important EVS MCQs Free CTET/TET e-book

Correct Answer: option c

37. Pochampally is a village famous for a special kind of cloth, which is also
called the Pochampally. The village is a part of:

(a) Andhra Pradesh

(b) Tamil Nadu
(c) Karnataka
(d) Kerala

Correct Answer: option a

38. Select the true statements from the following:

I. Elephants love to play with muddy water as it keeps their skin cool
II. Most elephants like to take rest and sleep nearly 10 hours a day.
III. A 3-month old elephant weighs about 300 kg.
IV. Most Adult elephants eat about 100 kg of leaves/twigs in one day.

(a) II & IV only

(b) I & IV only
(c) I, III & IV only
(d) I & II only

Correct Answer: option c

39. What is the Dead Sea?

(a) A sea whose water is poisonous

(b) A seas which is saltiest of all oceans and seas
(c) A sea in which high & low tides are very frequent
(d) A sea in which it is dangerous to sail ships

Correct Answer: option b

40. A good home assignment in EVS should primarily focus on:

(a) revision & reinforcement

(b) mastery learning
(c) Challenge & Excitement
(d) better utilization of time
50 Important EVS MCQs Free CTET/TET e-book

best for:

(a) drawing attention of students

(b) arousing curiosity on learners
(c) promoting practical skills
(d) maintaining discipline in the class

Correct Answer: option b

46. The animals that are awake at night can see objects

(a) in all colors

(b) only in black & white colors
(c) in green color only
(d) in red color only

Correct Answer: option c

47. Who was Al-Biruni?

(a) A Qutabshahi Sultan who ruled our country for about 40 years.
(b) A trader from Afghanistan who came to study the dry fruit markets of
our country.
(c) A traveler from Uzbekistan who wrote a book which is helpful to
know the past of our country.
(d) A traveler who travelled from Kashmir to Kanyakumari to study the
culture of Indian people.

Correct Answer: option c

50 Important EVS MCQs Free CTET/TET e-book

48. Inside the petals, in the middle of the flower, we find a thin powder
structure called:

(a) Anther
(b) Pollen
(c) Radicle
(d) Stigma

Correct Answer: option b

49. Higher priority and space has been given in NCERT textbooks on EVS
to;

(a) to develop interest in the subject

(b) to have a change in routine and monotonous content
(c) to provide fun and enjoyment for learners
(d) to promote imaginative and creative ability in learners

Correct Answer: option b

50. Experimenting, Exploring, Investigating & Questioning constitute

essential elements of active learning of EVS. A teacher arranges the
followings activities related to the concepts of ‘Food we should eat’

(a) draws diagrams of all such foods on the blackboard.

(b) Gives Examples of different foods with essential components of each
food.
(c) asks students to collect related information from all possible sources.
(d) shows a video on the topic

Correct Answer: option c

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Topic 6. Social Issues and Environment (10 Marks)
Q. No Question Option i Option ii Option iii Option iv Answer Key
A geographic unit that collects, stores, and water
1 wasteland watershed wetland watershed
releases water is devider
2 saline and alkaline lands are types of barrren land fallow land uncultivable land wasteland wasteland
smoke ,fog
3 Smog is an odd combination of mist and fog smoke and fog smoke and fog smoke and fog
and mist
The Appiko Movement (treehugging)was
4 Karnataka Dehli Orisa Gujrat. Karnataka
started in
the United Nations Conference on Human
5 Rio de JANERIO Paris Stockholm Dehli Stockholm
Environment was organized at
exactly equal
6 acid rain is any rain with pH below 5.6 above 5.6 equal to 5.6 below 5.6
to 7
the The council
the International International of the International
the Apex body of standardization in the world the International of
7 society of organization of International of standard
formed in 1946 is. standard organization.
standardization. standardization standardizati organization.
. on.
reducing photochemical
8 PAN is byproduct of photochemical smog London smog sulphurous smog.
smog . smog
used as coolants in air resposible for ozone all of the
9 Chloroflurocarbons and freons are all of the given
refrigerators conditioners layer depletion. given
monitors
monitors impact
impact of suggests that funding monitora
is fundamental of pollution upon
pollution upon for environmental emission of
concept of national environmental,
10 Carbon trading environmental, improvement should be hydrocarbons
environmental laws social and
social and obtained from its fro
and regulations. economic
economic beneficiaries. automobiles.
justice.
justice.
Which of the following are terms used to Financial, General, None of the
11 Static, Dynamic Static, Dynamic
describe types of development? Educational Specific above
Which of the following gases cause Green None of the
12 CO2, NOx, CH4 CO2, CH4, H2 H2, Cl2, N2 CO2, NOx, CH4
House Effects? above
Q. No Question Option i Option ii Option iii Option iv Answer Key
Which of the following term describes the
Paradoxical Global None of the
13 rise in temperature of atmosphere due to Sun stroke Global warming
warming warming above
green house gases?
Which of the following makes it difficult to
Due to their high Due to non – Due to lesser None of the Due to their
14 use only eco – friendly chemicals, so that
cost availability availability above high cost
ozone depletion stops / minimizes?

Hydrocarbon’s and NOx undergo chemical

catching and holding harvesting the harvesting the

storing it in
30 Rain Water harvesting is not___________ rain where it falls and recharging groundwater crops with rain crops with rain
tanks
using it water water
EVS Questions

1 Which among the following chronic lung disease commonly known as ‘black lung’ disease,leads to reduced life expectancy in coal-min

A. Pneumoconiosis

B. Progressive Massive Fibrosis

C. Mesothelioma

D. Collier’s Asthma

Answer optiona

Marks: 2

2 Which among the following is the second most abundant Green-House-Gas(GHG) in the earth’s atmosphere?

A. Carbon dioxide

B. Water Vapour

C. Sulphur Dioxide

D. Tropospheric Ozone

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

3 The Cartagena Protocol is regarding safe use, transfer and handling of:

A. Nuclear waste

B. Invasive Alien Species

C. Living Modified Organisms(LMOs)

D. Toxic bye-products and industrial effluents

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

4 The Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel (WGEEP) is headed by:

A. Madhav Chitale

B. Megha Patkar

C. Madhav Gadgil

D. Megha Pansare

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

5 Identify the non Green-House Gas(GHG) from the following :

A. Methane

B. Nitrous oxide

C. CFCs
D. Carbon Monoxide

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

6 Which of the following statements is true?

A. Photochemical smog always contains Ozone.

B. The toxic effect of Carbon Monoxide is due to its greater affinity for haemoglobin as compared to oxygen.

C. Lead is the most hazardous metal pollutant of automobile exhaust.

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 2

In which among the following states, Government had identified maximum number of Ecologically Sensitive Zones under the Environmen
7
Act,

A. Maharashtra

B. Andhra Pradesh

C. Karnataka

D. Gujrat

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

8 Which among the following city was declared as “Tiger Gateway of India”?

A. Chandrapur

B. Nagpur

C. Ratnagiri

D. Gondia

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

9 Which among the following will emit maximum mass of carbon dioxide , when the same quantity is burnt of all of them?

A. Kerosene

B. Propane

C. Natural Gas

D. Gasoline

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

Madhav Gadgil Panel or The Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel (WGEEP) had, in May 2011 had suggested listing of which among the fo
10
in the State as Ecologically Significant Area (ESA)?

A. Eastern Ghats

B. Western Ghats
C. Both A and B

D. Himalaya

Answer optionb

Marks: 2

11 Now a days Environmental Accounting is making news. What is Environment Accounting?

A. It is a method to measure the consumption of the environment/ natural resources

B. Its a method to statistically analyze the green areas of the country

C. Its a method of accounting in which all units are expressed in terms of loss / gain of Carbon Dioxide

D. Its a method of accounting in which all measurement is expressed in Carbon Credits

Answer optiona

Marks: 2

12 Which among the following always decreases in a Food chain across tropic levels?

A. Number

B. Energy

C. Accumulated chemicals

D. None of the above

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

13 In the E-waste generated by the Mobile Phones, which among the following metal is most abundant?

A. Copper

B. Gold

C. Silver

D. All of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

Acid rain is capable of damaging the buildings and historic monuments which are made up of rocks such as limestone and marble. Whi
14
following is the end product of such reaction?

A. Quick Lime

B. Calcium Carbonate

C. Calcium Hydroxide

D. Gypsum

Answer optiond

Marks: 2

15 Which among the above plays the most important role in Ozone depletion?

A. Hydrogen
B. Carbon

C. Chlorine

D. Flourine

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

16 Which among the following is the dangerous Green House Gas, created by the Waste Water?

A. Nitrogen

B. Methane

C. Sulphur Dioxide

D. Carbon Monoxide

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

17 Which among the following gas is used as reference to calculate “Global Warming Potential (GWP)“?

A. Carbon dioxide

B. Propane

C. Sulphur Dioxide

D. Methane

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

18 The establishment of Taj Trapezium Zone (TTZ) enshrines which among the following objectives ?

A. Protection from Pollution

B. Tourism Development

C. Economy Hub

D. Transportation facilities

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

19 Which among the following is the main source of “Synthetic Fuel”?

A. Plastic

B. Biomass

C. Coal

D. Municipal Waste

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

20 Ozone layer lies in:

A. Troposphere

B. Lithosphere

C. Hydrosphere

D. Stratosphere

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

21 Which among the following crops would enrich the Nitrogen content in the soil?

A. Potato

B. Sorghum

C. Sunflower

D. Pea

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

One of the major objectives of the National Water Mission is to increase the water use efficiency by 20%. Which among the followin
22
correct definition of the water use efficiency?

A. Increase the ground water level by proper management of rainwater

B. To make the irrigation facilities to maximum crop areas

C. To save water from evaporation and runoff or subsurface drainage

D. To make bodies of water clean and usable for drinking purpose

Answer optionc

Marks: 2

In context with the Environment, the price charged to deliver municipal solid waste to a landfill, waste-to-energy facility, or re
23
facility is known as ______?

A. Recycling Fee

B. Dumping Duty

C. Tipping Fee

D. Material Fee

Answer optionc

Marks: 2

24 With which of the following Montreal protocol is related to:

A. Protection of Whales

B. Protection of Wild Life

C. Protection of Ozone layer

D. Nuclear weapons

Answer optionc

Marks: 1
25 Which among the following expert panel related to recommend steps to preserve and rejuvenate the ecologically sensitive Western Gh

A. Devendra Pandey

B. Dr. Madhav Gadgil

C. Dr. M S Swaminathan

D. Megha Pansare

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

26 Which of the following is not an air pollutant ?

A. Carbon dioxide

B. Sulphur Dioxide

C. Smoke

D. Nitrogen Gas

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

27 Which of the following is a biodegradable waste?

A. Glass

B. Plastic

C. Polythene

D. None of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

28 What type of radiation is trapped on the earth's surface by the green house effect?

A. UV Rays

B. IR Rays

C. X Rays

D. None of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

29 Gas molecules that absorb thermal infrared radiation and are present in large quantity to change climate system are known as--

A. alpha radiations

B. beta radiations

C. ozone gases

D. greenhouse gases

Answer optiond
Marks: 1

30 Layer of atmosphere in which Ozone layer lies is-

A. exosphere

B. mesosphere

C. troposphere

D. Stratosphere

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

31 Greenhouse gases which is present in very high quantity is-

A. Methane

B. Propane

C. Carbon dioxide

D. Ethane

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

32 Exchange of outgoing and incoming radiations that keeps Earth warm is known as-

A. Green house effect

B. Radiation effect

C. Infrared effect

D. Ozone layer depletion

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

33 Layer which saves life from harmful effects of 'UV' radiations is known as-

A. Ozone layer

B. Infrared layer

C. Alpha layer

D. Gama layer

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

34 Chemical released by chlorofluorocarbons is -

A. Nitrogen

B. Sulphuric acid

C. Chlorine

D. Sodium chloride
Answer optionc

Marks: 1

35 Methyl chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, hydro fluorocarbons and chlorofluorocarbons are mainly known as -

A. mesosphere building substances

B. troposphere building substances

C. ozone building substances

D. ozone depleting substances

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

36 When chlorofluorocarbons are released in atmosphere, chlorine chemical destroys the -

A. beta molecules

B. alpha molecules

C. argon molecules

D. ozone molecules

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

37 One which is not considered as naturally occurring greenhouse gas is -

A. Methane

B. Nitrous oxide

C. Chlorine

D. Ethane

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

38 Burning of fossil fuels causes -

A. decreased greenhouse gases

B. increased greenhouse gases

C. increased level of oxygen

D. increased level of ethane

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

39 Which one the following is not biodegradable?

A. Vegetables

B. Fruits

C. Earthworm
D. Aluminium foil

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

40 Which of the following wastes cannot be decomposed by bacteria to form compost?

A. Kitchen wastes

B. Plastic and polythene bags

C. dead plants

D. bodies of insects living in the soil

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

41 Which of the following problems is not created by noise pollution ?

A. Diarrhoea

B. Hypertension

C. Deafness

D. Irritation

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

42 When trees are cut, amount of oxygen -

A. increases

B. decreases

C. Both A and B

D. remains same

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

43 Which one of the following pairs of gases are the major cause of "Green house effect"?

A. Co2 and N2O

B. Co2 and O3

C. Co2 and CO

D. CFCs and SO2

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

44 Major consumer of wood from forest is ___

A. Thermal Power Plant

B. Paper industry
C. Chemical Industry

D. None of the above

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

The portion of the earth and its environment which can support life is known
45
as _

A. Crust

B. Biosphere

C. Exosphere

D. Atmosphere

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

46 Extensive planting of trees to increase forest cover is called -

A. Afforestation

B. Agroforestry

C. Deforestation

D. Social forestry

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

47 ‘Smog’ is a mixture of -

A. Smoke and Fog

B. Snow and Fog

C. Snow and Dust

D. Sulfur dioxide and Fog

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

48 Deforestation generally decreases -

A. Global Warming

B. Drought

C. Soil erosion

D. Rainfall

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

49 The source of atmospheric oxygen is -

A. Nitrogen cycle
B. Green Plants

C. Carbon Cycle

D. Water

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

50 What is desertification?

A. Conversion of forests into desert

B. Conversion of croplands into desert

C. Conversion of grassland into desert

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

51 Acid rain contains -

A. Hydrochloric acid

B. Sulphuric acid

C. Acitic acid

D. Oxalic acid

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

52 Public awareness of environment creates _

A. Environment protection

B. Environment degradation

C. Environmental loss

D. Environmental cultivation

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

53 Vermi-composting is a natural method of -

A. Producing worms

B. Producing compost manure

C. Managing waste it creates

D. Destroying worms

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

The movement ‘Pani Panchayath’ was initiated to conserve waters in the

54
drought prone areas of ……………….state.
A. Gujrat

B. Andhra Pradesh

C. Maharashtra

D. Karnatak

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

55 The 4 R principle in waste management involves Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and --

A. Regain

B. Recover

C. Reform

D. Retain

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

56 What is Bagasse? What is it used for?

A. Sugar cane waste – to make paper

B. Biogas – used as fuel

C. Liquid waste – as fertilizer

D. Vermi compost – as fertilizer

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

57 Which of the following is a natural resource?

A. Soil

B. River

C. Climate

D. All of the above are examples of natural resources

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

58 Total earth\\\'s surface covered by water is about

A. 71%

B. 80%

C. 60%

D. 65%

Answer optiona

Marks: 1
59 Which is an example of non-renewable resource?

A. more heat to be retained by the environment

B. increase in photosynthesis in plants

C. global warming

D. abundance of desert plants

Answer optiond

Marks: 2

63 Oxygn is returned to the atmosphere by

A. respiration

B. photosynthesis

C. fungi

D. burning of fuels

Answer optionb
Marks: 2

64 Atmosphere not uniformly heated by the sun does not cause

A. air flows

B. variations in climate

C. tides

D. rainfall

Answer optionc

Marks: 2

65 Both power and manure are provided by

A. hydroelectric plants

B. gobar gas plants

C. Waste from kitchen

D. Grass
Answer optionb

Marks: 1

69 Natural resources do not include

A. water

B. refined oil

C. air

D. wood

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

70 Renewable resource is a resource which is replaced

A. naturally

B. by human

C. by animals

D. all of these

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

71 Non-renewable resources once used

A. remain on earth in different form

B. become waste material

C. are recycled

D. all of these

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

72 Which of the following is a renewable resource

A. salmon population that is farm raised

B. sulfur

C. light sweet crude oil shipped from Saudi Arabia

D. iron ore that is commercially mined

Answer optiona

Marks: 2

73 Which is the non-conventional source of energy?

A. Coal

B. Sun

C. Wood
D. Diesel

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

74 Percentage of total water found as fresh water is

A. 87.5%

B. 2.5%

C. 97.5%

D. 75%

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

75 Mining depends on

A. Concentration of mineral only

B. Ease of extraction

C. transport facility

D. All of these

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

76 Ideally forest cover should be about ______in plain areas of a country

A. 23%

B. 30%

C. 33%

D. 40%

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

77 This area has no permanent roads or settlements and is maintained primarily for its primitive character and non-motorized recreati

A. Wilderness area

B. primitive recreation area

C. national park

D. national forest

Answer optiona

Marks: 2

78 Where will the water sit the longest?

A. atmosphere

B. freshwater lake
C. glacier

D. ocean

Answer optiond

Marks: 2

79 Which one is not a disadvantage of a big dam?

A. extremely expensive

B. flooding of prime arable land

C. electric energy generated from hydropower

D. water loss with evaporation

Answer optionc

Marks: 2

80 Which of the following sources provide the least energy for industrialized countries?

A. petroleum

B. coal

C. nuclear fuels

D. gas

Answer optionc

Marks: 2

81 This area has no permanent roads or settlements and is maintained primarily for its primitive character and non-motorized recreati

A. wilderness area

B. primitive recreation area

C. national park

D. national forest

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

82 following are the examples of natural resources

A. coal

B. minerals

C. forests

D. all of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

83 Which of the following is a better definition for natural resources conservation?

A. protection of wildlife
B. Environmental activism

C. efficient use of natural resources

D. preservation of natural resources

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

84 Which option below is not an example of pollution?

A. smog in Delhi

B. nuclear waste

C. overpopulation

D. untreated sewage

Answer optionc

Marks: 2

85 Which is true?

A. Oxygen content may not get reduced if forest cover is not sufficient on the earth

B. Forests can be said to behave like non-renewable resources if not overused

C. Fishes are capable of reproducing at the rate at which they are being caught

D. none of these

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

86 Floods can be prevented by

A. Afforestation

B. removing the top soil

C. cutting the forests

D. tilling the land

Answer optionb

Marks: 1
93 The main green house gas absorbed by the forests as a raw material for photosynthesis is

A. CO2

B. O2

C. SO2

D. O3

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

94 About _____ million species are found in the tropical forest alone.

A. 5

B. 7

C. 1

D. 100

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

95 The percentage of Indian geographical area covered by forest and trees is about-----.

A. 24.39

B. 12.50

C. 75.03

D. 35.65

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

96 Out of the total water reserves of the world, about __________ is salty water (marine) and only _____ is fresh water.

A. 97%,3%

B. 3%,97%

C. 1%,99%

D. 2%,98%

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

97 A layer of sediment or rock that is highly permeable and contains water is called

A. aquifer

B. spring

C. glacier

D. seepage

Answer optiona
Marks: 1

98 When the concentration of nitrates in water exceeds 45mg/L, they become the cause of a serious health hazard called __________

A. Luckemia

B. Blue Baby Syndrome

C. Cancer

D. Paralysis

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

99 CNG stands for

A. Cooling natural gas

B. Compressed natural gas

C. Compound natural gas

D. none of these

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

100 SNG can be produced from

A. coal

B. biomass

C. petroleum cake

D. all of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

101 SNG stands for

A. Systematic natural gas

B. Sulphuric natural gas

C. Synthetic natural gas

D. Silver nitrogen gas

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

A. USA

B. India

C. Indonesia

D. Kuwait

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

106 The minimum time required for the formation of one inch of top soil is

A. 10 years

B. 5 years

C. 100 years

D. 200 years

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

Which of the following is not the environmental effect of industrialization, in general?.

107

A. Solid waste

B. Water Pollution

C. the result to accumulation of plant nutrients in water bodies

D. a water purification technique

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

As per latest World Register of Dams,among single purpose Dams,-----Percentage is for Fish Farming and Navigation.
112
A. 48

B. 17

C. 10

D. 1

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

Which of the following is the most environmental friendly agriculture practice?

113

A. Using chemical fertilizers

B. Organic farming

C. Using insecticides

D. None of the above

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

The adverse effect of modern agriculture is

114

A. Water pollution

B. Soil degradation

C. Water logging

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 2

Soil erosion removes surface soil which contains

115

A. Organic matter

B. Plant nutrients

C. Both A & B

D. None of the above

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

Water logging is a phenomena in which

116

A. Crop patterns are rotated

B. Soil root zone becomes saturated due to over irrigation

C. Erosion of soil

D. None of the above

Answer optionb
Marks: 1

The impact of construction of dams

117

A. Submerges forest

B. Loss of wild life habitat

C. Damages down stream ecosystem

D. All of these

Answer optiond

Marks: 2

Which of the following statement is false

118

A. Soil erosion effects the productivity of agriculture fields

B. The amount of erosion depends on soil type, slope, drainage pattern and crop management

C. It takes 300 years for one inch of agricultural top soil to form

D. Soil erosion helps to retain water and nutrients in the root zone

Answer optiond

Marks: 2

Which of the following statement is true

119

A. Surface runoff do not carry pesticides into streams

B. Water percolating downward through agriculture lands carries with it dissolved chemicals and contaminate ground water

C. Present agricultural practice does not contaminate water

D. None of the above

Answer optionc

Marks: 2

Farmers have a tendency to

120

A. Use optimum quantity of water

B. To over irrigate their crops

C. To conserve water

D. d) All of the above

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

121 Organic Farming encourages

A. Farming without using pesticides and chemical fertilizers

B. Enhances biodiversity
C. Promotes soil biological activity

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

What would you do to prevent environmental damage

122

A. Plant trees

B. Stop Deforestation

C. Present mining activity is a sustainable development

D. Mining has no adverse effect on ecosystem as it is located in remote areas

Answer optionb

Marks: 1
126 Effect of modern agriculture on soil is due to

A. Erosion

B. Acidification

C. Salinization

D. All

Marks: 1

Chipko movement was started to conserve

131

A. Grasslands

B. Forests

C. Deserts

D. Soil

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

Khetri (Rajasthan) is famous for

132

A. Gold mines

B. Copper mines

C. Granite stone

D. Marble stone

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

Terrace farming practiced in

133

A. Coastal areas

B. Deserts

C. Hills

D. Plains

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

Which of the following statements about forest is not correct?

134

A. soil erosion in undisturbed forest is extremely low

B. Provides recreational opportunities

C. Provides a source of economic development

D. None of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

Out of the following nutrients in fertilizer, which one causes minimum water pollution?
135

A. Nitrogen
B. Potassium

C. Phosphorous

D. Organic matter

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

Excess fluorides in drinking water is likely to cause

136

A. Blue babies

B. fluorosis

C. taste and odour

D. intestinal irritation

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

137 Environment studies

A. Is an interdisciplinary academic field.

B. Methodically studies human interaction with the environment.

C. Includes the natural environment bulit environment and the sets of relationship between them.

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

Which of the following is a non point source of water pollution?

138

A. Factories

B. Sewage treatment plants

C. urban and suburban lands

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

Mineral resources are

139

A. Renewable

B. Available in plenty

C. Non renewable

D. Equally distributed

Answer optionc

Marks: 1
140 Environment studies does not involve

A. Meteorology

B. Demography

C. Ethics

D. Literature

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

Forests are extremely important because they

141

A. provide clean water and clean air

B. provide habitat for wild life

C. provide recreation and a change from the hectic urban

D. all of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

Deforestation means
142

A. creation of new forest land for the wild life

B. planting trees in the cities

C. Not managing the forest properly

D. conversion of forest land for agriculture/ pasture/ homes etc.

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

Which of the following is a disadvantage of most of the renewable energy sources?

143

A. Highly polluting

B. High waste disposal cost

C. Unreliable supply

D. High running cost

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

144 Ozone depletion is harmful to .....

A. Digestion

B. Skin

C. Heart

D. Reproduction
Answer optionb

Marks: 1

145 High population gives rise to .........management of resources.

A. Adequate

B. Proper

C. Poor

D. None of the above

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

146 Poor sanitation affects quality of --

A. Air

B. Water Resources

C. Noise

D. Heart

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

147 Public awareness aims at -

A. Utilizing natural resource

B. Protecting natural resource

C. Exploiting natural resource

D. None of the above

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

148 Waste originating mainly from hospitals and clinics are of ---type.

A. Biodegradable

B. Biomedical

C. Biological

D. Biochemical

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

149 Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere together is called -

A. Biosphere

B. Stratosphere

C. Environment
D. Nano sphere

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

150 CFC used widely as -

A. Air coolant

B. Refrigerant

C. Water Purifier

D. All of the above

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

Solar radiation consists of

151

A. UV

B. Visible light

C. Infrared

D. All of these

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

Reduction in usage of fuels cannot be brought about by

152

A. Using alternate fuels

B. Changing lifestyles

C. Reducing car taxes

D. Both a & b

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

‘OTEC’ is an energy technology that converts

153

A. energy in large tides of ocean to generate electricity

B. energy in ocean waves to generate electricity

C. energy in ocean due to thermal gradient to generate electricity

D. energy in the fast moving ocean currents to generate electricity

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

158

A. direction of wind

B. velocity of wind

C. humidity

D. precipitation

Answer optionb
Marks: 1

With a minimum resource maximum energy can be created by

159

A. solar radiation

B. wind

C. Nuclear fuels

D. tidal waves

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

Direct conversion of solar energy is attained by

160

A. solar photo voltaic system

B. solar diesel hybrid system

C. solar thermal system

D. solar air heater

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

Which is the following source of energy that can be replaced at the same rate at which it is used ?
161

A. coal

B. petroleum

C. Oil

D. Biomass

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

Fossil fuels are converted into energy by

162

A. burning

B. cooling

C. sublimation

D. melting

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

Which place in India the tidal energy has been experimented?

163

A. Goa

B. Karnataka

C. Kerala
D. Bihar

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

Mining practices lead to

164

A. Population growth

B. Rapid urbanization

C. Loss of grazing and fertile land

D. None of these

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

Deforestation can
165

A. Increase the rain fall

B. Introduce silt in the rivers

C. Increase soil fertility

D. None of these

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

Global warming may bring about the following change in the climate of the earth.
166

A. rising in sea levels due to thermal expansion

B. melting of glaciers

C. warming of ocean surface

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

Which of the following is not a solution for global warming?

167

A. reducing fossil fuel consumption

B. Planting more trees

C. deforestation

D. None of the above

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

168 India has second largest reserve of after Brazil.

A. iron ore

B. bauxite

C. coal

D. copper

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

169 Forest is responsible for

A. watershed protection

B. land erosion control

C. providing economic and environmental benefits

D. All of these

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

170 The main causes of deforestation are

A. overgrazing and agriculture

B. industry and other developmental projects.

C. timber extraction.

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

171 The equitable use of resources is necessary for

A. sustainable development

B. better lifestyle for all

C. to sustain natural wealth

D. all of these

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

172 Famine is mainly the result of

A. deforestation.

B. overuse of surface water

C. a prolonged drought.

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1
173 Hygroscopic and combined water

A. are used by plants during transpiration

B. compensates for loss due to evapotranspiration by plants

C. stored in the xylem tissues of plant

D. are of no use to plants

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

174 ___ is the perpetual source of energy.

A. Nuclear reactors

B. Hydropower

C. Solar energy

D. None of the above

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

175 The single largest river development scheme in India is

A. the Narmada Valley Development Project.

B. the Damodar Valley Development Project

C. the Tapti Valley Development Project

D. the Ganga Valley Development Project

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

176 The green house effect is the phenomenon by which

A. biological diversity is dominant in agricultural production

B. the globe\\\'s water pollution affects plankton

C. radiation from planets atmosphere warms the planets surface

D. climatic changes occur naturally in the forest

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

177 If consumption rate is higher than the replenish rate,______________ starts

A. Motion

B. Depletion

C. Work

D. Both A and B

Answer optionb
Marks: 1

178 Renewable resources include

A. Solar energy

B. Wind energy

C. Tidal energy

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

179 The resources which consume very long time for its generation are

A. Natural resources

B. Non-renewable resources

C. Energy resources

D. Renewable resources

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

180 The natural resources which can be available for long time by nature are called

A. Renewable resources

B. Non-renewable resources

C. Solar Energy

D. None of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

181 Which resources convert carbon dioxide into oxygen?

A. Forest resouces

B. Man-made resource

C. Natural resources

D. None of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

182 Deforestation increases percentage of ____________ in atmosphere

A. Oxygen

B. Carbon-Dioxide

C. Nitrogen

D. Hydrogen
Answer optionb

Marks: 1

183 Deforestation relates as a big cause of

A. Plantation

B. Vegetative propogation

C. global warming

D. Increase of water level

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

184 Depletion of water resource is a

A. local problem

B. global problem

C. private problem

D. no problem

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

185 Draught and change in routine weather are responsible for

A. Availibility of plenty water

B. global warming

C. overpopulation

D. water depletion

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

186 Green revolution resulted into

A. Increased food production

B. Research on seeds to improve its quality

C. scientific cultivation

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

187 Large scale exploitation of mineral resulted in ____________ in England

A. Industrial revolution

B. Green revolution

C. Natural revolution
D. England revolution

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

188 During development of water ways good number of ______________ are destroyed

A. Trees

B. Crops

C. Buildings

D. Land

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

189 \\\"Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another\\\", this law is known as

A. kinetic energy

B. potential energy

C. conservation of energy

D. conservation principle

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

190 The Acronym MPCB stands for

A. Municipal Pollution Control Board

B. Maharashtra Pollution Control Bureau

C. MadhyaPradesh Pollution Control Borad

D. Maharashtra Pollution Control Board

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

191 The acronym CPCB stands for

A. Chennai Pollution Control Board

B. Central Pollution Control Bureau

C. Centarl Pollution Control Borad

D. Common Pollution Control Board

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

192 An area surrounding a body of water in which that body of water is subject to is called__________.

A. Water cycle

B. Water pumping
C. Watershed

D. Rainwater harvesting

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

199 Which of the following methods represents the collection of rainwater for use?

A. Rain water pumping

B. Rain digging

C. Rainwater harvesting

D. Rain collection

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

Which of the following environmental problems are related to the combustion of fossil
200
fuels?

A. Smog

B. The greenhouse effect (increase in carbon dioxide levels causing the warming of the Earth’s surface)

C. Acid rain

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

201 Which of the following statements is not true with regard to fossil fuels?

A. We consume as much fossil fuel in one day as what the earth took one thousand years to form

B. Fossil fuels are non-renewable sources of energy

C. The burning of fossil fuels causes environmental damage

D. Fossil fuels continue to be formed at a rapid pace

Answer optiond

Marks: 1
202 Which is the world\\\'s fastest growing form of energy use?

A. Manufacturing

B. Buildings

C. Transportation

D. Home consumption

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

203 Which of the following statements is true with regard to global energy?

A. We know clearly how much of reserve energy we have

B. The industrialized countries consume a huge part of the total energy

C. Energy supply is evenly distributed across all countries and within countries

D. Fuelwood is easily available for the poor people in the developing countries.

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

204 Which source provides the maximum percentage of energy to the people of India?

A. Fuelwood or firewood

B. Animal dung

C. LPG

D. Electricity

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

205 Which of the following is not a problem with regard to solar energy?

A. Efficient collection of energy

B. Conversion of energy into electricity

C. Being a renewable source

D. Storage of energy

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

206 Per capita energy consumption in India is

A. 490units

B. 8000 units

C. 1300 units

D. None of the above

Answer optiona
Marks: 1

207 In 2007,of the total energy used in India ,

A. 40.8% came from coal

B. 27.2% came from biomass, 23.7% came from oil

C. 5.6% came from natural gas and 1.8% from hydropower

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

208 For energy conservation we can save electricity like

A. Turn off the lights and fans when you leave a room and replace the bulbs in our home with CFL

B. Shut off TV sets,set top boxes, music systems when not in use

C. Install automatic switch off devices for areas like staircases and if possible install solar lighting system in our home

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

209 To save energy in transportation we can

A. Minimise the use of automobiles for our personal transport and wherever possible use public transport

B. Use bicycle for local work like shopping

C. Idling of vehicle at the signals rather than restarting it

D. Both A and B

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

210 The Energy conservation act is implemented by the agency named

A. BEE

B. CBI

C. ATS

D. None of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

211 What is the main problem in using hydrogen as fuel?

A. The burning of hydrogen produces no emissions

B. The burning of hydrogen produces water

C. Hydrogen can be produced from water

D. It takes energy to produce hydrogen

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

212 Worlds largest reserve of natural gas is in

A. Russia

B. Kazakhastan

C. Uttar Pradesh

D. United States

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

213 Nuclar power accounts for only about __________ of the total commercial energy.

A. 6%

B. 20%

C. 15%

D. 30%

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

214 Major source of the world\'s electricity comes from-----

A. Hydropower

B. Nuclear power

C. Wind power

D. None of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

215 Among the fossil fuels _________ is most harmful to the environment.

A. Oil

B. Natural gas

C. Coal

D. None of the above

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

216 The nuclear power plants generate large amounts of

A. oxygen

B. deadly radioactive waste

C. carbondioxide
D. None of the above

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

217 Which of the following is not a renewable resource.

A. Coal

B. Geothermal Energy

C. Dendrothermal Energy

D. All of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

Which of the following methods of timber extraction cause minimum environmental damage?
218

A. Clear felling.

B. Hand logging

C. Selective logging.

D. Reduced-impact logging.

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

219 Forest is responsible for

A. watershed protection

B. land erosion control

C. providing economic and environmental benefits

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

A sudden uncontrolled descent of a mass of earth under the force of gravity is called
220

A. soil erosion

B. mining

C. landslide

D. earthquake

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

The heat of the interior of the earth present at the volcanic regions, geysers or hot springs is called
221

A. geothermal energy
B. dendrothermal energy

C. nuclear energy

D. wind energy

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

222 Which one of the below is the perpetual source of energy?

A. Nuclear reactors

B. Hydropower

C. Solar energy

D. None of the above

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

223 The least quality of coal with 95 per cent carbon content and only 5 per cent volatile matter is

A. lignite coal

B. anthracite coal

C. bituminous coal.

D. peat coal

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

224 All sources of water such as the oceans, lakes, rivers and underground water together constitute:

A. Hydrosphere

B. Atmosphere

C. Lithosphere

D. Biosphere.

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

Prospecting, exploration, development and exploitation are the four phases of

225

A. mining

B. urbanization

C. deforestation

D. industrialization

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

226 Burning of biomass produces

A. thermal energy

B. bioenergy

C. wind energy

D. hydropower

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

227 Any material that can be transformed into more valuable and useful product or service is called

A. resource

B. mineral

C. product

D. None of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

The constituents of producer gas are

228

A. water vapour and methane

B. propane and carbon dioxide

C. methane and nitrogen

D. carbon monoxide and nitrogen

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

229 Which of the following items is not provided by natural forests?

A. Fuelwood

B. Honey

C. Medicinal plants

D. Monoculture

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

230 Which of the following statements is true with regard to deforestation?

A. It adversely affects local communities

B. It does not lead to global warming,since trees absorb carbon dioxide.

C. It does not affect rainfall pattern.

D. It does not lead to the loss of top soil.

Answer optiona

Marks: 1
231 Which of the following statements is true with regard to forest certification?

A. It is carried out only by UN Forum on Forests.

B. It is compulsory

C. It enables the consumer to make responsible choices

D. Both B and C

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

232 Which of the following statements is not true with regard to Joint Forest Management?

A. It recognizes the important role of local communities in forest conservation.

B. The local people are allowed controlled access to the forest areas.

C. The local people are not permitted to harvest the resources, since the forest belongs to the government.

D. The local people act as the guardians of the forest.

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

233 What did the word Chipko became famous for ?

A. It is the name of the peoples\\\'s movement to save the forests in the Himalayas.

B. It means \\\'hugging trees\\\'.

C. It is a song of the hill communities.

D. It happened only in Renni village.

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

234 Forest certification bodies are

A. FSC

B. PEFC

C. UNFAO

D. Both A and B

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

235 What does the case of Andaman Nicobar islands tell us?

A. Massive deforestation through extraction of timber.

B. Opening of forests through road building.

C. Population pressures and problems of indigenous people.

D. All of the above

Answer optiond
Marks: 1

236 What is true about the role of forest fire?

A. The combustion frees the minerals locked up in the dry organic matter.

B. Fire removes plant cover and exposes the soil

C. It helps to control pathogens and harmful insects,

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

237 What should we do to save forests?

A. Stop the destruction of Earth\'s forests

B. Do not use the world\'s rich forest resources to improve life of poor people and for the benefit of forest dependent communities.

C. Do not apply sustainable forest management approach.

D. Plan for the use and protection of only forest and not whole landscape.

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

238 The Acronym WCED stands for

A. World Chemical Energy Development

B. Wild Commission on Environment Development

C. World Commission for Empowerment and Development

D. World Commission of Environment and Development

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

239 The Development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the life quality of future generation is

A. Environment Development

B. Sustainable Development

C. Environment Protection

D. Environment Conservation

Answer optionb

Marks: 2

"to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life,
240
and to have compassion for living creatures" this statement belongs to article

A. 51A (g)

B. 51A (h)

C. 51-A

D. 52-B
Answer optiona

Marks: 2

"Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life The State shall endeavor to protect and impro
241
environment and to safeguard the forests and wild life of the country" is statement of which article in constitution of India?

A. 48D

B. 48C

C. 48A

D. 48B

Answer optionc

Marks: 2

242 Which of the following statements is not true with regard to communities in mining areas?

A. They often lose their land and livelihoods.

B. All of them get employed in the mines.

C. They often do not have access to fresh water and sanitation.

D. They are displaced from their land.

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

243 Figure in the question shows

A. Rain water harvesting

B. Rain water pumping

C. Rain water irrigation

D. Rain water disposal

Answer optiona

Marks: 2

244 Which of the following is not an advantage of Rain water harvesting?

A. Reduced energy bill

B. Reduced water bill

C. Growth of Cities

D. Ground water recharging

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

245 Which of the following statements is true with regard to organic farming?

A. It uses chemical fertilizers.

B. Overtime,it makes soil healthier.

C. It uses chemical pesticides.

D. It does not use animal or green manure.

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

246 Rain water harvesting will increase _____________

A. River water level

B. Sea water level

C. Ground water level

D. Tank water level

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

247 The Brundtland Commission is related to

A. Rainwater harvesting

B. Environmental Impact Assessment

C. Sustainable Development

D. Renewable Energy

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

248 Solar Energy can be used to produce

A. Heat

B. Electricity

C. Both A and B

D. Water

Answer optionc

Marks: 2

249 Which of the following statements is not true with regard to the Green revolution?

A. It increased crop yields.

B. It needs fertilizers and pesticides.

C. It requires decreasing inputs over time.

D. It uses high yielding varieties of seeds.

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

250 Which of the following is not a problem related with land?

A. Waterlogging

B. Salinization
C. Desertification

D. Climate change

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

251 Identify Box type solar cooker from following

Answer optiond

Marks: 2

252 Which is the most important support for all plant growth and all life?

A. Topsoil

B. Fertilizer

C. Farming

D. Pesticide

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

253 Which of the following statements is not true with regard to GM crops?

A. They could have greater resistance to pests.

B. They are proven to be completely safe.

C. They could resist draught or salinity.

D. They could reduce the amount of fertilizers needed.

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

254 Dam makes water toxic

A. True

B. False

C. Both A & B

D. None of the above

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

255 The Roof top rainwater harvesting features which of the following activities?

A. Collection of rain water falling on roof

B. Storing of water on roof

C. Purificaion of water on roof

D. None of A, B and C

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

256 __________________ are the components of roof top rainwater harvesting.

A. Roof, pipes , well

B. Basement , pipes and filters

C. Pipes, well, filter,tank

D. Catchment, Transportation ,First flush , Filter

Answer optiond

Marks: 2

257 Sand and Gravel Filter is used to Purify

A. Air

B. Water

C. Nitrogen

D. Carbon dioxide

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

258 Recharge is the primary method through which water enters __________

A. Over head tank

B. ground

C. Distribution system

D. Lake

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

259 The movement of water during hydrological process of recharge of ground water is from

A. Surface to reservoir

B. Underground to surface

C. Surface to underground

D. Underground to sea

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

260 Which of the following is not green energy?

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

261 Which of the following activities cause Ground water table is depletion?

A. Check on wastage of water

B. Prudent use of water

C. Surface accumulation of water

D. over pumping of ground water

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

262 Damanganga-Pinjal Link is a

A. Dam

B. Interlinking of rivers

C. Hydro power plant

D. Highway

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

263 Par-Tapi-Narmada Link Project is associated with following states

A. Karnataka and Goa

B. Maharashtra and Gujarat

C. Maharashtra and Madhyapradesh

D. Maharashtra and Chattisgad

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

264 The Indian states benefited by Ken – Betwa Link Project are

A. Maharashtra & Gujarat

B. West Bengal & Orissa

C. Madyapradesh & Uttarpradesh

D. Karnataka & Tamilnadu

Answer optionc

Marks: 1
265 The River interlink projects in India are managed by _____

A. National River Development Agency

B. National Resource Development Agency

C. National Water Development Agency

D. National Environment Agency

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

266 ____________ Maintains the balance between social and economic development along with protection pf nature .

A. Environment Development

B. Sustainable Development

C. Rainwater harvesting

D. None of these

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

267 The Geographic feature that collects , stores and releases water is

A. Wasteland

B. Wetland

C. Water divider

D. Watershed

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

268 The Non Government Organizations

A. Play a significant role in environmental protection

B. Mainly work at the grassroot level

C. Act as the eyes and ear of the government

D. All of A , B & C

Answer optiond

Marks: 2

269 Sunderlal Bahuguna was associated with

A. Chipko Movement

B. Plastic ban Movement

C. Narmada Movement

D. Ganga Movement

Answer optiona
Marks: 1

270 _________ is widely recognized study of environmental impact on developmental projects.

A. Environmental Risk Assessment

B. Environmental Impact statement

C. Environmental Impact Assessment

D. Environmental Management system

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

271 The rate of growth of population in developing countries is

A. Equal to that of developed countries

B. Greater than that of developed countries

C. Smaller than that of developed countries

D. All of A, B & C

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

272 Which of the following come under Family welfare programme?

A. Family planning

B. Welfare of children, women, Elderly and Divyang

C. Both A and B

D. None of A & B

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

273 The Acronym ORS in connection with human health stands for

A. Overuse of natural resources

B. Increased Pllution

C. Population explosion

D. All of A , B & C

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

277 One's own belief , principles , perceptions , feelings and behavior to judge what is right and wrong is called

A. Morality

B. perception

C. life science

D. value education

Answer optiond

Marks: 2

278 Which of the following is not a renewable resource

A. Coal

B. Wind power

C. Geothermal

D. Wave power

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

279 The main causes of deforestation are

A. overgrazing and agriculture

B. industry and other developmental projects

C. timber extraction
D. All of A , B & C

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

280 Hydroelectricity can be produced by

A. Constructing Hydel Project

B. Establishing Wind mill

C. Installing Solar panel

D. Setting up thermal Power plant

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

281 Watershed protection and land erosion control can be achieved through

A. growing forest

B. constructing dam

C. interlinking river

D. hydro power plant

Answer optiona

Marks: 2

282 The source of Geothermal energy is

A. Burning of coal

B. Interior of the earth

C. Sun

D. Flowing water

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

283 All sources of water such as the oceans , lakes, rivers and ground water together constitute

A. Hydrosphere of Earth

B. Atmosphere of Earth

C. Lithosphere of Earth

D. Biosphere of Earth

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

284 Which of the following is an NGO?

A. WHO

B. WWF
C. UNO

D. UNESCO

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

285 The equitable use of resources is necessary for

A. sustainable development

B. better lifestyle for all

C. to sustain natural wealth

D. All of A , B & C

Answer optiona

Marks: 2

286 Environmental Impact Assessment EIA

A. should be made compulsory for starting a developmental project

B. should not be made compulsory for starting a developmental project

C. should be done after completion of development project

D. All of A , B & C

Answer optiona

Marks: 2

287 The control over air pollution in India is supported by which of the following Acts ?

A. Forest act

B. Police act

C. Environmental Pollution control act

D. wild life act

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

288 Which of the following is an a contribution from forest towards environment?

A. They offer places for excursion

B. they act as water sheds

C. they prevent rainfall in mansoon

D. They provide timber

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

289 Which of the following amendments paved way for the establishment of The Central Ground Water Authority? established

A. Environment protection Act, 1988

B. Environment protection Act, 1987

C. Environment protection Act, 1996

D. Environment protection Act, 1986

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

290 What is the function of a fuel reformer in a fuel cell?

A. Enabling the fuel cell to use a hydrocarbon instead of hydrogen.

B. Control of emissions from fuel cell.

C. Cooling of fuel cell.

D. Enabling the fuel cell to use water as a fuel.

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

291 Which of the following forms of land degradation is more prevalent in India?

A. Desertification

B. Soil erosion

C. Landslide

D. Soil subsidence

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

292 Which of the following is the most environmentally friendly agriculture?

A. Use of chemical fertilizers and insecticides.

B. Use of insecticides and organic fertilizers.

C. Use of organic fertilizers and alternate methods for insect control.

D. Use of chemical fertilizers and alternate methods for insect control.

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

293 Which of the following measures is not a solution for improving the acceptability of dam projects?

A. Avoid and minimize ecosystem impacts.

B. Ensure that displaced and project affected people\'s livelihoods are improved.

A. Manganese

B. Mica

C. Copper

D. Diamond

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

297 Which of the following is not viable protection against deforestation?

A. Reduce the consumption of forest and related products.

B. Boycott products of companies involved in deforestation.

C. Privatization of forest land.

D. Environmental education.

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

298 How does dams affect deforestation?

A. Open up previously inaccessible forest to public.

B. Submerges forest.

C. Damages downstream ecosystems.

D. All of the above.

Answer optiond

Marks: 1
299 The removal of carbon dioxide from earth\\\'s atmosphere and the provision of long term storage of carbon dioxide in the terrestri
known as

A. Carbon Sequestration

B. Carbon dating

C. Carbon fixing

D. Photosyntheis.

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

\"The value of forests is often higher when it is left standing than it could be worth when it is harvested\".Which of the followi
300
most supportive of the above statements.

A. Increase in timber value as time passes.

B. Increase in wild life

C. Increase in ecotourism.

D. Increase in forest produce.

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

301 which of the following is not true about deforestation?

A. Population explosion is one of the reasons for deforestation.

B. Clearing of forest for agriculture causes deforestation

C. Deforestation is taking place in developing countries.

D. Cash crop economy of third world is a cause of deforestation

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

302 As per FAO definition the minimum percentage of depletion of tree crown cover, that can be considered as deforestation is

A. 10%

B. 20%

C. 30%

D. 40%

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

303 Water could be the source of the world\'s next big conflicts.

A. True

B. False

C. Partially true

D. None of the above.

Answer optiona
Marks: 1

304 Environmental damages caused by mining last long after the mine has closed due to followng factors

A. Impacts on health,destruction of forms of community subsistence and life.

B. appropriation of the land belonging to the local communities.

C. alteration of social relationships and social disintegration.

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

305 Forests transform __________

A. Degraded area

B. Non-Degraded area

C. Industrial area

D. None of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

306 Who have started reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation.

A. Russian and Europe.

B. UK and Brazil

C. United States and World Bank

D. All of the above

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

307 industries where solvents most likely used

A. engineering

B. Chemicals

C. Footwear

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

308 What steps are carried out worldwide to stop deforestation?

A. Educate citizens to use the forests in more sustainable way.

B. To repair the damage that deforestation has done.

C. To protect the forest land and vegetation cover

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

314 Common heavy metals that pollute soil and water include

A. Reducing fossil fuel consumption

B. Planting more trees

C. Deforestation

D. None of the above

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

318 Which important greenhouse gas other than methane is being provided from the agricultural fields?

A. SO

B. Nitrous oxide
C. Ammonia

D. None of the above

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

319 Ozone layer is present in:

A. Troposphere

B. Mesosphere (c)

C. Stratosphere (d)

D. Thermosphere

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

320 Which of the following gases contributes maximum to the ‘Greenhouse effect on earth?

A. Carbon dioxide

B. Methane

C. Chlorofluorocarbons (d)

D. Freon

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

321 Increasing skin cancer and high mutation rate are the result of:

A. Ozone depletion

B. Acid rain

C. CO pollution

D. None of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

Which of the following statements about ozone is true?

322

A. Ozone is a major constituent of photochemical smog

B. Ozone is highly reactive (c)

C. Ozone protects us from the harmful UV radiation of sun

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

323 Agricultural activity such as tilling, harvesting, heating and ventilation are direct consumes of:

A. Energy
B. Air

C. Sun

D. Heat

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

324 Housing affects:

A. Neighbourhood

B. Energy consumption

C. Water consumption

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

325 Production, transformation and use of energy are the major problems of:

A. Industrial activity

B. Rain Water Harvesting

C. Global warming

D. Acid rain

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

326 Extraction of mineral and metal form the earth is:

A. Agriculture

B. Transportation

C. Mining

D. Sustainable development

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

327 ‘Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own need’ is given by:

A. Brundtland

B. Mahatma Gandhi

C. Maathai

D. Sunderlal Bahugana

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

328 The problems for criticism about large dams are that they
A. Displace large number of peasants and trebles without proper rehabilitation

B. Swallow up huge amounts of public money without the generation of proportionate benefits

C. Contribute enormously to deforestation and the loss of biological diversity

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

329 The following are stakeholders of forests which one of these causes the maximum damage to forest?

A. People who live in or around the forest

B. The industrialists

C. The wildlife and native enthusiasts

D. The forest department of the government

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

330 Chipko Andolan is concerned with

A. Conservation of natural resources

B. Development of new breeds of forest plants (c)

C. Zoological survey of India (d)

D. Forest conservation.

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

331 Which energy of water is used to produce hydroelectricity?

A. Potential energy

B. Kinetic energy

C. Both (a) and (b)

D. None of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

332 The Chipko movement started from:

A. Alakananda Valley

B. Arborio forest

C. Khejrali village

D. None of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 1
333 The concept of sustainable development encourages

A. Form of growth that meets current basic needs

B. Preservation of the resources for the need of future generation

C. A change in all respects of life

D. Growth to meet current needs, preservation for the needs of future and change in all respects of life

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

334 When we consider the conservation of forests, we need to look at the

A. People who are humanists and conscious about human rights (b)

B. Industrialists who use the various forests produce

C. The people who live in or around forests

D. The forest department of the Government, the industrialists and the people who live in or around forests

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

Water harvesting is an age-old concept in India. Various methods are used in different regions of India. Khadins water harvesting
335 in

A. Rajasthan

B. Maharashtra

C. Bihar

D. Uttar Pradesh

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

336 When combustion of coal takes place in insufficient air (oxygen) which gas is formed,instead of carbon dioxide

A. Sulphur dioxide

B. Nitrous oxide

C. Carbon monoxide

D. Nitrogen peroxide

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

Wind is beneficial resource of energy as it doesn\\\'t cause

337

A. Pollution

B. Echo

C. Noise

D. Sound
Answer optiona

Marks: 1

338 countries re known for hot springs

A. New Zealand

B. Ice land

C. Germany

D. Both a and b

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

339 Fossils fuel is an important source of energy for

A. Transport

B. Homes

C. Industries

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

340 When animals and plants are rotten in absence of air, then they produce a gas called

A. oxygen

B. carbon dioxide

C. biogas

D. methane

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

341 Black painted panels which are hanged at roofs to trap heat and energy from sun, are

A. Solar cells

B. Solar heater

C. Solar furnace

D. Solar battery

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

342 Plants material and waste from living things are regarded as

A. fossils fuel

B. bio mass

C. coal
D. crude

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

343 Bio gas is a renewable source of

A. energy

B. heat

C. light

D. fossil

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

344 Trapped heat inside earth is known as

A. thermal energy

B. geothermal energy

C. heat energy D.

D. volcano

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

345 Thousands of mirrors or curved metals are used to focus solar energy to make it very hot, in

A. solar cells

B. solar heater

C. solar furnace

D. solar battery

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

346 The management of natural resources should take into account

A. A long term perspective

B. Environmental pollution

C. Their equitable distribution

D. (a), (b), (c) and safe disposal of wastes

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

347 Amirata Devi Bishnoi scarified her life for the protection of

A. Sal trees

B. Pine trees
C. khejri trees

D. Alpine meadows

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

348 In which region of India bundhis are used for water harvesting?

A. Rajasthan

B. Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh

C. Madhya Pradesh and Bihar

D. Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

349 To preserve resources for future, we have to

A. look for more

B. consume more of them

D. cost

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

Energy we use to heat our homes, drive our cars and run our computers comes from
353

A. Artificial Resources

B. Natural Resources

C. Renewable Resources

D. Nonrenewable Resources

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

The primary composition of coal is _______________

354

A. Carbon

B. Oxygen

C. Hydrogen

D. Nitrogen

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

Which of the following nonrenewable energy is not classified under a fossil fuel?
355

A. Nuclear

B. Petroleum

C. Oil

B. Ministry of Fossil Fuel

C. Ministry of Non-Renewable Energy

D. Ministry of Oil

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

359 The most abundantly available fossil fuel in India is _____________

A. Coal

B. Natural Gas

C. Petroleum

D. Oil

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

360 Bill Gates, Chairman of the Board for Terra Power Company is associated in which of the following non-renewable resources?

A. Earth minerals

B. Fossil fuels

C. Nuclear energy

D. Metal ores

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

How many Nuclear power stations are there in India?

361

A. 5

B. 6

C. 7
D. 8

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

362 Which of the following is not an environment act?

A. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.

B. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution), 1974.

C. Wildlife Protection Act of 1972.

D. Energy Conservation Act 2001

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

363 Air Prevention and Control of Pollution Act came in existence in

A. 1980

B. 1981

C. 1982

D. 1983

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

364 Which of the following is a power of the State Pollution Control Board Under the Air Pollution Control and Prevention Act

A. To conduct surveys of Industry

B. To check production of industry

C. To inspect areas covered under air pollution control at regular intervals or whenever necessary

D. All of these

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

365 The main objectives of the Air Pollution Control Act

A. To provide for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution

B. To provide for the establishment of central and State Boards with a view to implement the Act

C. To confer on the Boards the powers to implement the provisions of the Act and assign to the Boards functions relating to pollution

D. All of A , B & C

Answer optiond

Marks: 2

366 Water Prevention and Control of Pollution Act came in existence in

A. 1974

B. 1975
C. 1976

D. 1977

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

367 Water Pollution Control Act has provision for CPCB to

A. advise the Central Government on any matter concerning the prevention and control of water pollution

B. co-ordinate the activities of the State Boards and resolve disputes among them

C. plan and execute a nation-wide programme for the prevention, control or abatement of water pollution

D. All of A , B & C

Answer optiond

Marks: 2

368 Water Pollution Cess Act came in existence in

A. 1976

B. 1977

C. 1978

D. 1979

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

369 Which of the following Acts has the provision of levying Cess on water consumption by Industries and local authorities in India(

A. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.

B. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution), 1974.

C. Water Act

D. Water (Prevention and control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

370 Which of the following is a function of the Central Board?

A. Co-ordinate the activities of the State Board and resolve disputes among them

B. Plan and organise training of persons engaged in programme on the prevention, control or abatement of water and air pollution

C. Disseminate information in respect of matters relating to water and air pollution and their prevention and control

D. All of A , B & C

Answer optiond

Marks: 2

Who among the following are entitled to develop the Manuals, codes and guidelines relating to treatment and disposal of sewage and
371
effluents as well as for stack gas cleaning devices, stacks and ducts.

A. State government
B. CPCB

C. State Pollution Control Board (SPCB)

D. Local Authorities

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

372 Which of the following is a Function of the State pollution Control Boards?

A. Advising the State Government regarding water pollution control or location of industries

B. Conducting and encouraging investigations and research relating to different aspects of water pollution

C. Inspecting trade effluents and waste water treatment plants

D. All of A , B & C

Answer optiond

Marks: 2

373 Environment Protection Act,1986 came into existence in wake of _________ tragedy.

A. Bhopal

B. Shimla

C. Mumbai

D. Bangalore

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

374 Objectives of Environment Protection Act 1986 are

A. To implement the decisions made at the UN Conference on Human Environment held at Stockholm in June, 1972.

B. To co-ordinate activities of the various regulatory agencies under the existing laws

C. To provide for the creation of an authority or authorities for environmental protection

D. All of A , B & C

Answer optiond

Marks: 2

375 The figure stands for the logo of which of the following organizations?

A. MPCB

B. CPCB

C. WWF

D. Green Tribunal

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

376 The Environment (Protection) Act was last amended in _________

A. 1991

B. 1992

C. 2001

D. 2002

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

377 The cess collected in Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act with a view to

A. to donate for environment work

B. to pay tax to goverment

C. to pay tax to state government

D. augment the resources of the Central Board and the State Boards

Answer optiond

Marks: 2

378 Punishment for industry polluting environment comes under

A. Biological Diversity Act 2002

B. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974.

C. Noise control act

D. Energy Conservation Act 2001

Answer optionb

Marks: 2

379 Which of the following Act addresses the Conservation of biological resources.

A. Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers\' Rights Act of 2001.

B. Wildlife Protection Act of 1972.

C. Biological Diversity Act

D. None of these

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

380 Endangered species of animals like Royal Bengal Tiger is protected under

A. Wildlife Protection Act of 1972.

B. Biological Diversity Act

Marks: 1

385 Which of the following activities are treated as development of Green belt?

A. Farming land

B. Planting trees

C. Cultivation of green algee

D. Cultivation of green grass

Answer optionb
Marks: 1

386 Select the correct statement from the following

A. Renewable energy can not be renewed again and again

B. Renewable energy can be renewed again and again

C. Renewable energy emits pollutants

D. Renewable energy is detrimental to environment

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

387 Information technology can be used to forecast weather using

A. Computer based modelling

B. Green belt development

C. Cloud seeding

D. Protected farming

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

388 Which of the following is an informal mode of education?

A. Adult literacy Programme

B. Awareness camps

C. Community based forums

D. All of A , B & C

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

389 Which is the year in which, National Green Tribunal came in to existence through an Act of Parliament?

A. 1981

B. 2010

C. 1996

D. 2013

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

390 Which of the following is a woman welfare program

A. establishment of self reliant women self help group

B. conducting workshop for mother and child care

C. conducting medical awareness camp on heath aspect of women

D. All of A , B & C
Answer optiond

Marks: 1

391 Environmental morality is an indicator of

A. Environmental Awareness

B. Environmental Ethics

C. Environmental Impact

D. Less than 10 Nanometer

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

As per national ambient air quality standards, the concentration of Sulphur Dioxide in industrial area should be within _________
395
gram/cubic metre.

A. 50

B. 100

C. 150
D. 200

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

As per national ambient air quality standards, the concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide in industrial area should be within ________
396
gram/cubic metre.

A. 20

B. 40

C. 100

D. None of these

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

As per national ambient air quality standards, the concentration of Particulate Matter (size less than 10 micro gram) in industria
397
be within __________micro gram/cubic metre.

A. 60

B. 10

C. 5

D. 1

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

As per national ambient air quality standards, the concentration of Particulate Matter (size less than 2.5 micro gram) in industri
398
be within __________ micro gram/cubic metre.

A. 20

B. 40

C. 100

D. 120

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

399 As per national ambient air quality standards, the concentration of lead in industrial area should be within __________ micro gra

A. 0.2

B. 0.1

C. 0.3

D. 0.5

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

400 As per national ambient air quality standards, the concentration of CO in industrial area should be within __________ mg/cubic me

A. 1
B. 3

C. 2

D. 5

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

401 The permissible limit on concentration of ammonia in ambient air for industrial area is __________ micro gram/cubic metre .

A. 10

B. 1000

C. 1

D. 100

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

As per national ambient air quality standards, the concentration of benzene in industrial area should be within __________ micro
402
metre .

A. 5

B. 50

C. 0.5

D. 500

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

403 Biotic component of biosphere is not constituted by....

A. Producer

B. consumer

C. decomposer

D. air

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

404 If the consumption rate is higher than the replenish rate ......starts

A. Depletion

B. Motion

C. Work

D. Only B and C

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

405 Which is false about biosphere?

A. It is the global sum of all ecosystems

B. It has evolved at least some 3.5 billion years ago

C. It does not contain microbes

D. It can also be called the zone of life on earth

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

406 1. Over Population is problem in India. 2. Over population is not a example of Pollution.

A. Both are correct

B. Both are wrong

C. 1 is correct 2 is wrong

D. 2 is correct 1 is wrong.

Answer optionc

Marks: 2

407 Green house effect leading to the warming up of the earth and atomsphere is due to....

A. Infrared reaching to the earth

B. UV rays reaching to the earth

C. Due to increase in CO2 level

D. Depletion of ozone layer of atomsphere

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

408 The Environmental cause for increase in skin cancer, cateract in eyes & mutation is

A. acid rain

B. global warming

C. Nuclear waste

D. ozone depletion

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

409 Acid rain on earth results in

A. increase PH of Soil

B. decrease PH of Soil

C. no effect on PH of soil

D. increases fertility of soil

Answer optionb

Marks: 1
410 Which of these is not radioactive waste.

A. Carbon Compounds

B. Sulphur Compounds

C. Nitrogen oxides & fluorides

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

414 Which of these causes the sea level Change over flooding due to process of melting of snow.

A. Global Warming

B. Ozone layer depletion

C. Both A and B

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

418 Sprinkling water can help To reduce the ______ pollution in the mining area.

A. Water

B. Air

C. Sound

D. All of the above

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

419 Which is not the advantage of recycling?

A. Reduces consumption of fresh raw material

B. Reduces air pollution

C. Lowers green house effect

D. Increases heat
Answer optiond

Marks: 1

420 Rise in temperature makes____.

A. Melting of snow

B. Increases sea level

C. Both A and B

D. None of the above

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

421 Which is the odd from the following?

A. Global warming reduce the water level in ground

B. Global warming reduce the yield of crop

C. Global warming will affect the ecological cycle

D. Global warming will help in increase of forest area

Answer optiond

Marks: 2

As per national ambient air quality standards, the concentration of Sulphur Dioxide in ecologically sensitive area should be withi
422
micro gram/cubic metre.

A. 20

B. 30

C. 40

D. 50

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

As per national ambient air quality standards, the concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide in ecologically sensitive area should be with
423
micro gram/ cubic metre.

A. 20

B. 30

C. 40

D. 50

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

As per national ambient air quality standards, the concentration of Particulate Matter (size less than 10 micro gram) in ecologica
424
area should be within __________ micro gram/cubic metre.

A. 100

B. 40
C. 60

D. 120

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

As per national ambient air quality standards, the concentration of Particulate Matter (size less than 2.5 micro gram) in ecologic
425
area should be within __________ micro gram/cubic metre .

A. 100

B. 40

C. 20

D. 120

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

As per national ambient air quality standards, the concentration of lead in ecologically sensitive area should be within _________
426
gram/cubic metre .

A. 0.5

B. 1.5

C. 2.5

D. 2

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

As per national ambient air quality standards, the concentration of CO in ecologically sensitive area should be within __________
427
.

A. 0.5

B. 0.6

C. 1.5

D. 2

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

As per national ambient air quality standards of India, the concentration of ammonia in ecologically sensitive area should be with
428
micro gram/cubic metre .

A. 50

B. 80

C. 100

D. 120

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

429 As per national ambient air quality standards, the concentration of arsenic in Residential area should be within __________ nano
metre .
A. 2

B. 6

C. 4

D. 8

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

As per national ambient air quality standards, the concentration of nickel in ecologically sensitive area should be within _______
430
gram/cubic metre.

A. 20

B. 40

C. 60

D. 80

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

431 Dissolved oxygen content in drinking water should be more than_____ mg/lit

A. 4

B. 5

C. 6

D. 10

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

432 Waste from hospital is called as

A. Hospital waste

B. Medical waste

C. hazardous waste

D. Biomedical waste

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

433 Missing component in figure is

A. Ecology

B. Biodiversity

C. Environment

D. Hydrology

Answer optionc

Marks: 2
434 Renewable energy is part of_____________ development .

A. Sustainable

B. Economic

C. Environmental

D. Energy

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

435 Which of the following phenomenon has emphasized the need for sustainable development?

A. Depletion of natural resources

B. Pollution

C. Imbalance of ecoclogy

D. All of A , B & C

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

436 Name the missing component in the diagram depicting sustainable development.

A. Ecological

B. Economy

C. Biological

D. Ethical

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

437 This picture depicts the outcome of

A. Water pollution

B. Excessive fishing

C. Excessive dissolved oxygen

D. None of these

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

438 Which of the following is a NGO

A. FICCI

B. Greenpeace

C. NABARD

D. DRDO

Answer optionb
Marks: 1

439 It is said that next world war will be fought over

A. Coal

B. oil

C. water

D. gold

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

440 ____________ scheme will give concession in property tax in metro cities.

A. Drain water system

B. Tree plantation

C. Rainwater harvesting

D. All of these

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

441 Which of the following is a Traditionally observed bio indicator of rain

A. swarms of dragonflies

B. Croaking of frogs in chorus

C. Mmarching of ants carrying their eggs

D. All of A , B & C

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

442 Environmental impact of development projects can be

A. immediate

B. short term

C. long term

D. All of these

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

443 Which of the following carries highest conservation value in Environment Planning?

A. sacred biodiversity

B. exotic biodiversity

C. invasive biodiversity

D. All of these
Answer optiona

Marks: 1

444 The computer driven system that permits storing and retrieving environmental information is

A. GIS

B. digital information

C. information technology

D. None of these

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

445 World environment day falls on

A. July 5

B. June 5

C. January 5

D. May 5

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

446 The data for generation of Environmental inventory is

A. Primary Data

B. Secondary Data

C. Tertiary Data

D. Primary and Secondary Data

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

447 Release of sewage and garbage into wetland will reduce concentration of dissolved _________ in water

A. oxygen

B. nitrogen

C. hydrogen

D. chlorine

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

448 Which among the following terms is coined as utmost significance in the dynamics of resource management in the ‘Brundtland Commiss

A. Polluter-Pays Principle

B. Sustainable development

D. Ladies slipper orchids (Paphiopedilum spp. )

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

452 PM10 and PM2.5 Samplers are used to detect which of the following phenomenon?

A. Food adulteration

B. Adulterated Petrol

C. noise pollution

D. air pollution

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

453 Which among the following is the upper limit of sound in dB for residential areas as per Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)?

A. 55

B. 60
C. 75

D. 90

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

454 World water day is observed on _______ every year.

A. 22 March

B. 23 March

C. 25 May

D. 2 Oct

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

455 Which process among the following refers to accumulation and storage of rain water for reuse?

A. Rain collection

B. Rainwater harvesting

C. Rain digging

D. Rain water pumping

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

456 The process of purifying water using filters is termed ?

A. Filtration

B. Sublimation

C. Rainwater harvesting

D. Evaporation

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

457 How many methods of rainwater harvesting are there?

A. 1

B. 2

C. 3

D. 4

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

458 An area of high ground which divides two or more river systems is called _____________

A. Rainwater harvesting
B. Wetland

C. Watershed

D. Command area

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

459 Which is the first Airport in the world powered entirely by Solar energy?

A. Cochin, Kerala

B. Bengaluru, Karnataka

C. Chennai, Tamil Nadu

D. Mumbai, Maharashtra

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

460 Which of the following is not under the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy?

A. Wind

B. Soalr

C. Bio

D. Large Hydro

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

464 Which is the first state in India to make roof top rain water harvesting compulsory to all the houses?

A. Tamilnadu

B. Kerla

C. Goa

D. Assam

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

465 Narmada Bachao Andolan is related to which of the following projects?

A. Sardar Sarovar

B. Bhakra Nagal

C. Koyna

D. Rihand

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

466 The Acronym NPPA stands for

A. National Policy on Population Abatement

B. National Policy on Pollution Abatement

C. National Policy on Population Absorption

D. National Policy on Population Arise

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

467 Which is the most recent pronouncement of the government’s commitment to improving environmental conditions?

A. National Environmental Policy

B. National Water Policy

C. Environment Act

D. Air Policy

Answer optiona

Marks: 1
468 Environmental Compliance refers to ?

A. Conforming to government laws

B. Conforming to constitutional laws

C. Conforming to environmental laws

D. Conforming to tribal laws

Answer optionc

Marks: 2

469 What is the full form of EDMS?

A. Environmental Data Management Systems

B. Environmental Data Management Security

C. Environmental Data Management Sustainability

D. Environmental Data Management Syndrome

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

470 The objective of the Central Pollution Control Board is

A. To coordinate the activities of State Pollution Control Boards

B. Resolve the disputes among them

C. Create awareness about environment protection

D. All of A , B & C

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

471 What is the full form of NRCP?

A. National Railway Corporation Project

B. National Rivers Cleaning Phase

C. National Roads Cleaning Phase

D. National River Conservation Plan

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

472 When did a model bill to regulate and control of groundwater come into force?

A. 1996

B. 1995

C. 1994

D. 1993

Answer optiona
Marks: 1

473 When did the Noise Pollution Regulations and Control Rule came in to force in India?

A. 2000

B. 2005

C. 2006

D. 2010

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

474 What is the meaning of silence zone for noise pollution?

A. Area comprising more than 100 meters around hospitals and educational institutes

B. Area comprising not less than 100 meters around hospitals and educational institutes

C. Area comprising more than 100 meters around clubs and commercial streets

D. Area comprising not less than 100 meters around clubs and commercial streets

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

475 When was the Factories Act came in to force in India?

A. 1930

B. 1999

C. 1948

D. 1992

D. A is correct B is wrong

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

Given below are two statements:

Assertion (A): Natural vegetation is the true index of climate.
479
Reason (R): Water loving plants are found in moist climate
In the context of the above statements, which one of the following is correct?

A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C. A is true but R is false.

D. A is false but R is true.

Answer optiona

Marks: 2

On a winter day, most automobiles keep the passengers warm by using heat generated by the engine. This use of the heat by-product
480
engine is an example of :

A. non-fossil-fuel energy

B. cogeneration

C. nuclear power

D. a sustainable source of energy

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

Consider following statements about the Ozone Hole

(I) Ozone formation and destruction keep on happening
481 (II) Ozone destruction rate is higher than its formation rate
(III) Ozone destruction rate is equal to the its formation rate
Which of above statement is/ are true?

A. (I) only

B. (I) and (II) Only

C. (I) and (III)

D. (III) Only

Answer optionb

Marks: 2

482 Which of the following can be used for controlling Gaseous Pollutant?
A. Arrestor

B. Incineration

C. Absorption

D. None of the above

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

483 What does the high Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) indicates?

A. High level of biodegradable organic Pollution

B. Low level of Microbial Pollution

C. Absence of Microbial Pollution

D. Water is fully pure

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

484 What percent of area in the plain should be under forest?

A. 21

B. 25

C. 30

D. 33

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

The gas that shows the most variation from place to place and from time to time in the lower
485
atmosphere:

A. ozone (O3)

B. carbon dioxide (CO2)

C. water vapor (H2O)

D. All of the above

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

486 In the atmosphere, tiny solid or liquid suspended particles of various composition are called:

A. aerosols

B. carcinogens

C. greenhouse gases

D. microbes

Answer optiona

Marks: 1
487 The most abundant greenhouse gas in the earth's atmosphere:

A. Carbon dioxide

B. Nitrous oxide

C. water vapor (H2O)

D. Carbon Monoxide

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

488 Which of the following processes acts to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?

A. lightning

B. deforestation

C. photosynthesis

D. None of the above

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

489 This holds a planet\'s atmosphere close to its surface:

A. radiation

B. gravity

C. cloud cover

D. moisture

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

Which of the following weather elements always decreases as we climb upward in the
490
atmosphere?

A. Wind

B. Temperature

C. Pressure

D. Moisture

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

491 In a temperature inversion:

A. air temperature increases with increasing height

B. air temperature decreases with increasing height

C. air temperature remains constant with increasing height

D. it is warmer at night than during the day

Answer optiona
Marks: 2

492 Without the atmospheric greenhouse effect, the average surface temperature would be:

A. higher than at present

B. lower than at present

C. the same as it is now

D. much more variable than it is now

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

493 The atmospheric greenhouse effect is produced mainly by the:

A. absorption and re-emission of visible light by the atmosphere

B. absorption and re-emission of ultraviolet radiation by the atmosphere

C. absorption and re-emission of infrared radiation by the atmosphere

D. absorption and re-emission of visible light by clouds

Answer optionc

Marks: 2

Suppose last night was clear and calm. Tonight low clouds will be present. From this you
494
would conclude that tonight\'s minimum temperature will be:

A. higher than last night\'s minimum temperature

B. lower than last night\'s minimum temperature

C. the same as last night\'s minimum temperature

D. above freezing

Answer optiona

Marks: 2

If the sun suddenly began emitting more energy, the earth's radiative equilibrium
495
temperature would:

A. increase

B. decrease

C. remains the same

D. Oscillate

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

496 Which chemical was responsible for Bhopal gas tragedy?

A. Methyl iso Cyanate

B. Benzene Hexa Chloride

C. Tri Nitro Toluene

D. All of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

497 The adverse effect(s) of acid rain is(are)

A. Causing paint to peel

B. Corrosion of steel structures

C. Killing insects

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

498 Liquids with a pH less than ___ are acidic

A. 10

B. 9

C. 8

D. 7

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

499 The earthquakes can cause -

A. Floods

B. Landslides

C. tsunamis

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

500 The commonly used material for shielding in nuclear plant is -

A. Lead and Tin

B. Graphite and Cadmium

C. PVC

D. None of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

501 The main interest of shielding in nuclear plants is to protect from -

A. Neutrons

B. Gamma Rays

C. Both A and B
D. None of the above

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

502 Reflector in nuclear plant is used for -

A. Return the neutrons back into the core

B. Shield the radioactivity completely

C. Check pollution

D. None of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

503 The unit of radioactivity is -

A. Electron volt

B. Electron amphere

C. Curie

D. Lumens

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

504 Where was the first use of nuclear bombs which cause death to the millions of lives?

A. Karachi

B. Hiroshima and Nagasaki

C. London

D. None of the above

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

505 Which State in India nuclear accident took place?

A. Tamilnadu

B. Gujrat

C. Maharashtra

D. Karnataka

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

506 Which one of the following medical condition caused by the high exposure of radiation?

A. Kidney stone

B. Mutation
C. Blood pressure

D. All of the above

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

507 What is the main purpose of nuclear energy?

A. To kill the enemy nation

B. To waste the excessive energy

C. To use it as an alternate source of energy

D. To cause mutation for people who are working

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

508 Which is the main source of nuclear radiations?

A. Nuclear power plant

B. Sunlight

C. Atmospheric air

D. Volcanoes

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

509 When does an Environmental Policy achieve positive results?

A. When policy addresses urban issues

B. When policy addresses local issues

C. When policy addresses international issues

D. When policy addresses national issues

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

510 Why does Greenpeace oppose the use of nuclear power?

A. Because nuclear power increase the environment rapidly

B. Because nuclear power plant abolishes the disasters

C. Because there is no disadvantages in nuclear power

D. Because it releases harmful radiations

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

511 When was Greenpeace founded?

A. 1965
B. 1967

C. 1968

D. 1971

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

512 When was the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) founded?

A. 1857

B. 1868

C. 1883

D. 1893

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

513 What is the full form of CYWEN?

A. Club of Youth Working for Environment

B. Council of Youth Working for Environme

C. Council of Youth Working for Education

D. Council of Youth Working for Employment

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

514 When was Indian Forest Act enacted?

A. 1910

B. 1911

C. 1926

D. 1927

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

515 Which act was enacted in 1972 to protect of plants and animal species in India?

A. Indian Forest Act

B. Wildlife Protection Act

C. Environmental Act

D. Natural Protection Act

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

516 Name the state in India where Wildlife protection Act is not applicable?
A. Maharshtra

B. Jammu and Kashmir

C. Karnataka

D. Madhya Pradesh

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

517 Which domain of the 7th five year plan made the provision of the protection of environment?

A. Environment Protection Act, 1986

B. Indian Forest Act, 1927

C. Wildlife Protection Act, 1972

D. National Forest Policy, 1988

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

518 The Ministry of Environment and Forests is a nodal agency of ______________ Government?

A. The State

B. The central Government

C. District Authority

D. Municipal Corporation

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

519 Who adopted the technique of public interest litigation for the cause of environmental protection in many cases in India?

A. Indian Parliament

B. Indian Army

C. Indian Civil Services

D. Indian judiciary

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

520 Which of the following is an environmental issue?

A. Use of resources

B. Use of economy

C. Education

D. Employment

Answer optiona

Marks: 1
521 Which one of the following is the best way to protect environment by individuals?

A. By simply talking about environment

B. By killing organisms and cutting trees

C. By joining NGOs and involve themselves in environmental protection works

D. By simply sitting in a home

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

522 The NGO with which Dr. Salim Ali is associated with is

A. Green peace

B. Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS)

C. Kaya

D. Urja

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

523 What is the best way to educate school kids about the environment?

A. Introduction of environmental awareness in curriculum

B. Introduction of projects on environmental issues in curriculum

C. Conducting environmental awareness camps in collaboration with NGOs

D. All of A , B & C

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

524 What is sustainable development?

A. The development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

B. To conserve natural resources and to develop alternate sources of power while reducing pollution and harm to the environment.

C. It is the practice of developing land and construction projects in a manner that reduces their impact on the environment by allow

D. All of A , B & C

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

525 Which of the following Statement is related to the Sustainability?

A. It refers to a process or state that can be maintained indefinitely.

B. Natural resources must use in ways that do not create ecological debts by over exploiting the carrying and productive capacity of

C. A minimum necessary condition for sustainability is the maintenance of the total natural capital stock at or above the current lev

D. All of A , B & C

Answer optiond
Marks: 2

526 Which of the following is/are not an objective (s) of sustainable development?

A. To bring about a gradual and sometimes catastrophic transformation of environment

B. Continue to implement the family planning program.

C. Maintain a dynamic balance of arable land (not less than 123 million hectares) and implement an agricultural development strategy

D. Maintain a dynamic balance of water resources by reducing water consumption for every unit of gross development product growth and

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

527 Which of the following is a Primary Goal of Sustainability?

A. The end of poverty and hunger

B. Achievement of gender equality

C. Sustainable economic growth while promoting jobs and stronger economies

D. All of A , B & C

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

528 What is the approximate percentage of Earth's water which is stored in underground aquifers?

A. About 1%

B. About 5%

C. About10%

D. About 20%

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

529 What is the process by which water enters the small pore spaces between particles in soil or rocks?

A. transpiration

B. inflitration

C. precipation

D. sublimation

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

530 The percentage of pore volume to the total volume of rock is called _______ of rock.

A. permeability

B. recharge

C. aquifer

D. porosity
Answer optiond

Marks: 1

531 The lowering effect on the water table about the base of the well stem is called

A. aquiclude

B. Environment and forest

C. Health

D. Urban development

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

535 Which one of these air pollutants is not monitored under NAMP by CPCB

A. NO2

B. SO2

C. RSPM
D. CH4

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

536 Target group for formal education is

A. Children and youth

B. Farmer

C. Workers in unorganized sector

D. Elderly public with plenty of free time

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

537 Target group for informal Education

A. Children and youth

B. Educated and employed

C. Uneducated Workers

D. All of these

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

538 Feature of formal education is

A. Education as a Full time and Primary activity

B. Education as a Parttime and secondary activity

C. Education during Vacation

D. Education as an optional activity

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

539 The feature of informal education is

A. Full time education

B. Part time education

C. Education as day scholar in school

D. Education in boarding school

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

540 For better human health application of IT is needed in

A. bioinformatics

B. genome sequencing
C. biotechnology

D. All of A , B & C

Answer optiond

Marks: 2

541 The Acronym ENVIS stands for

A. Environmental system

B. Ecological system

C. Environmental Information System

D. None of these

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

542 The Acronym GIS stands for

A. Geographical Information System

B. Geographical International System

C. Government Information System

D. All of these

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

543 Which of the following is a duty of state according to Article 48-A of Indian Constitution?

A. Providing Education to the youth in the state

B. Protection and improvement of environment, safeguard the forests and wild life of the country

C. Establishing urban ibfrastructure

D. Developing health facilities for the citizens in the state

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

544 Bore well is an access to _____________

A. Dam water

B. River water

C. Ground water

D. lake water

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

545 Which of the following is an example of Environmental Morality?

A. Recharge ground water by rainwater harvesting at your home without compulsion

B. Recharge ground water by rainwater harvesting at your home due to compulsion compulsion

C. Discharge water into sea

D. Discharge of water to river

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

546 Which of the following is a Hydrological function of watershed?

A. Collect rainfall water

B. Store water in for different periods

C. Release water as runoff

D. All of A ,B & C

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

547 Causes of watershed deterioration are

A. uncontrolled, unplanned, and unscientific land use

B. Faulty agricultural methods

C. Both A and B

D. None of A & B

Answer optionc

Marks: 2

548 Common treatment methods for watershed deterioration are

A. Excavation of trenches across the slope to break the velocity of runoff

B. Stones are dry packed across the hill slope to intercept surface runoff

C. Conversion of slopes into level steps fields

D. All of A , B & C

Answer optiond

Marks: 2

549 Watershed management in simplest terms refers to __________

A. Watershed Construction

B. Watershed protection

C. Watershed planning

D. Degradation of watershed

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

550 The basic objectives of watershed management

A. Increase soil infiltration

B. Reduce damage caused by excess runoff

C. Manage runoff for useful purposes

D. All of A , B & C

Answer optiond

Marks: 2

551 Water quality in the watershed can be affected by

A. use of soap and detergents

B. constructing dam

C. by Rainwater harvesting

D. Irrigation

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

552 Which of the following is an example of Watershed management project in Maharashtra

A. Ajintha in Aurangabad District

B. Ralegan Siddhi in Ahmednagar District

C. Chiplun in Ratnagiri District

D. Malwan Sindhudurg District

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

A proposal to establish a new industry needs to be accompanied with which of the following report for approval frpm the Ministry o
553
Environment

A. EIA report

B. Financial status report

C. Feasibility report

D. Technical report

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

554 The area in which the PAANI Foundation in Maharashtra works is

A. Drought prevention and Watershed Management

B. Plastic ban

C. Organic Farming

D. Control of Water Pollution

Answer optiona

Marks: 1
555 Celebrity Film star Aamir Khan is associated with

A. Brila Foundation

B. Paani Foundation

C. Kahdi Foundation

D. None of the above

Answer optionb
Marks: 1

560 Silviculture is the management of-

A. Rivers

B. Lakes

C. Hills

D. Forests

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

561 Rapid growth of population at present time is due to-

A. Lack of awareness among people to check birth rate.

B. Global terrorism.

C. Family planning.

D. Migration.

Answer optiona

Marks: 2

562 Which of the following have been able to check the rapid growth of population?

A. Underdeveloped countries.

B. Developed countries.

C. Developing countries.

D. None of the above

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

563 The founder of Vanarai foundation is

A. Dr. Mohan Dharia

B. Dr. Sharad Dharia

C. Aamir Khan

D. Dr. Satyaprakash

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

564 If some one notices polluted water coming from industry in Maharashtra, he/she can approach to

A. MSEB

B. MPCB

C. MERC

D. All of these
Answer optionb

Marks: 2

565 MPCB is entitled to collect which of the following samples in Maharashtra

A. Air Pollutant

B. Water Pollutant

C. hazardous waste

D. All of A , B & C

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

566 Responsibility of CPCB includes abatement and control of pollution in the country by

A. generating relevant data

B. providing scientific information

C. rendering technical inputs for formation of national policies and programs

D. All of A , B & C

Answer optiond

Marks: 2

567 _____________ education of environment will help every citizen to protection environment.

A. Formal

B. Informal

C. Both A and B

D. None of these

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

568 ________________ act was enacted in 1977.

A. Water Pollution act

B. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act

C. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act

D. None of these

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

569 The Environment Protection can be made effective by

A. Forcing people

B. Making people aware about environment

C. Providing more financial budget to CPCB

D. Doing energy conservation.

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

570 Use of __________________ energy will be helpful in protection of environment and sustainable development.

A. Soalr

B. Nuclear

C. Hydro electric

D. Thermal

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

571 UV radiations from sunlight produces -

A. Ozone

B. Sulphur Dioxide

C. CO

D. Fluorides

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

572 Water pollution is due to -

A. Carbon dioxide

B. Sulphur Dioxide

C. Oxygen

D. Industrial waste

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

573 Black Lung disease is common in -

A. Farmers

B. Coal mine workers

C. Refinery workers

D. Petrochemical workers

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

574 Acid rain will not affect -

A. Lithosphere

B. Ozone layer
C. Plants

D. Animals

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

575 Aerosols having carbon and Florine compounds are mainly released by -

A. Automobiles

B. Industries

C. Jets

D. Refineries

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

576 Bronchitis is caused due to -

A. Polluted Air

B. Polluted water

C. Polluted soil

D. Adulteration of food

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

577 For clean environment which one is non essential -

A. Producer

B. Polluter

C. Consumer

D. Decomposer

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

578 Air pollution is not caused by -

A. Pollen grains

B. Hydro electric power

C. Industries

D. Automobiles

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

579 BOD is measure of -

A. Electronic waste poured in water

B. Extent of pollution due to organic compound

C. CO combined with hemoglobin

D. O2 required by green plants

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

580 UV radiations bring about cancer of-

A. Skin

B. Lungs

C. Mouth

D. Lever

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

581 Select the correct statement about the particulate matter -

A. 10 um sizes creates lung disease

B. More than 2.5 um trapped in lungs

C. Less than 2.5 um penetrates deep into lungs

D. None of the above

Answer optionc

Marks: 2

582 Fluoride pollution mainly affects -

A. Teeth

B. Heart

C. Kidney

D. Lever

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

583 Green muffler is related to pollution of

A. Air

B. water

C. Soil

D. Noise

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

584 Methemoglobinemia is caused by-

A. Nitrates

B. CO

C. Methane

D. Ag

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

585 Pollution is controlled by -

A. Using electrical cars

B. Banning atomic blasts

C. Sewage treatment

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

586 DDT is -

A. Non-biodegradable pollutant

B. Antibiotic

C. Bio-degradable Pollutant

D. Not a pollutant

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

587 Which will not cause atmospheric pollution -

A. SO2

B. CO2

C. H2

D. CO

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

588 In vehicles catalytic converter are used to -

A. Increase mileage

B. Convert CO2 to carbonates

C. Increase efficiency of lead petrol

D. Convert CO to CO2

Answer optiond

Marks: 1
589 Which metal causes harmful effects -

A. Skin cancer

B. Cataract

C. Decreased immunity

D. All of the above

Answer optiond
Marks: 1

594 Which is not pollutant from exhaust of motor vehicle -

A. Hydrocarbon gas

B. Fly ash

C. Carbon dioxide

D. Carbon Monoxide

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

595 Pollution is rising due to -

A. Research institutes

B. Rain

C. Hydro power projects

D. Automobiles and Industrial wastes

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

596 Ozone hole is maximum over -

A. Europe

B. Africa

C. India

D. Antarctica

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

597 Green house effect is related to -

A. Increased growth of green algae

B. Global warming

C. Cultivation of vegetables in house

D. Development of terrace garden

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

598 Which pollution causes Jaundice -

A. Air

B. water

C. Land

D. Thermal
Answer optionb

Marks: 1

599 Which one of the following is a wrong statement?

A. Greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon

B. Eutrophication is a natural phenomenon in freshwater bodies

C. Most of the forests have been lost in tropical areas

D. Ozone in upper part of atmosphere is harmful to animals

Answer optiond

Marks: 2

600 dB is a standard abbreviation used for the quantitative expression of

A. The dominant Bacillus in a culture

B. The density of bacteria in a medium

C. A certain pesticide

D. Noise Pollution

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

601 Removal of top fertile soil by water is called

A. Leaching

B. Weathering of soil

C. Siltation

D. Soil erosion

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

602 Which of the following fuels has highest carbon intensity?

A. Natural gas

B. Oil

C. Bituminous coal

D. Biomass

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

603 Which one of the following is toxic to the blood, after combining with haemoglobin?

A. CO2

B. CO

C. SO2
D. CH4

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

Assertion (A): Oil slick in the ocean causes mass scale death of fish.
604
Reason (R): The gills of fish get clogged.

A. Both (A) and (R) are true with (R) being the correct explanation.

B. Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation.

C. (A) is true, but (R) is wrong.

D. Both (A) and (R) are wrong.

Answer optiona

Marks: 2

605 Prolonged exposure to high levels of noise causes -

A. Hearing loss

B. Constriction of blood vessels

C. Gastric ulcers

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

606 Baba Amte was the leader of

A. Appiko Movement

B. Chipko Movement

C. Narmada Bachao Andolan

D. Tehri Dam Movement

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

607 The sequence of fossil fuels in the order of higher to lower heating value is as follows:

A. Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas, Hydrogen.

B. Hydrogen, Natural Gas, Petroleum, Coal.

C. Hydrogen, Coal, Natural Gas, Petroleum.

D. Natural Gas, Petroleum, Coal, Hydrogen.

Answer optionb

Marks: 2

608 Which one of the following is not an energy recovery method of solid waste management?

A. Pelletisation

B. Biomethanation
C. Pyrolysis

D. Composting

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

609 Which statement is not correct for hazardous wastes?

A. They contain one or more of 39 toxic compounds

B. They catch fire easily

C. They are nonreactive and stable

D. They are capable of corroding metal containers

Answer optionc

Marks: 2

Assertion (A): The ecosystem surrounding a river gets damaged due to construction of a dam.
610
Reason (R): The area gets inundated with large volume of water.

A. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of A.

B. Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of A.

C. (A) is true, but (R) is wrong.

D. Both (A) and (R) are wrong.

Answer optionb

Marks: 2

611 Coal mining areas are prone to--

A. Land subsidence

B. Fire hazard

C. Air pollution

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

612 Which one of the following is a non-formal environment education and awareness programme?

A. Environmental appreciation courses.

B. National Environment Awareness Campaign.

C. Environmental Education in school system.

D. Environmental Management Business Studies.

Answer optionb

Marks: 2

Assertion (A): Natural gas is a very attractive eco friendly fuel.

613
Reason (R): It produces few pollutants and less carbon dioxide per unit energy than any other fossil fuel on combustion.

A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C. A is true but R is false.

D. Both (A) and (R) are wrong.

Answer optiona

Marks: 2

614 Identify the negative consequences of urban growth -

A. Increase in vehicular pollution

B. Increase in industrial emission

C. Increase in solid and liquid waste generation

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

615 Identify the consequences of urbanisation -

A. Physical expansion of the city

B. Scarcity of utilities

C. Increase in municipal waste

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

616 What is the concept which emphasizes that an environment can support number of individuals for a prolonged period of time?

A. Population Density

B. Maximum growth rate

C. Biotic potential

D. Carrying capacity

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

617 Which of the following best explains a sustainable society?

A. Meets the needs and aspirations of the present without compromising those of the future.

B. It is inconsistent with the goals of environmentalism.

C. It continues as always and assumes that things will work out for the best.

D. Curtails all further development.

Answer optiona

Marks: 2

618 Which of the following migration streams is more problematic in India?

A. Rural to Rural

B. Urban to Rural

C. Urban to Urban

D. Rural to Urban

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

619 Which among the following is not a characteristic of slums?

A. Environmental health hazards

B. Generation of deviant behaviour

C. Conducive environment for educating children

D. Breeding ground for political radicalism and violence

Answer optionc

Marks: 2

620 What does it mean to reduce?

A. Use something over and over again.

B. Use less of something, creating smaller amounts of waste.

C. Make something into something new.

D. Make something ugly into something beautiful.

Answer optionb

Marks: 2

621 What does it mean to reuse?

A. Cleaning up a mess.

B. Use less of something, creating smaller amounts of waste.

C. Use something over and over again.

D. Make something ugly into something beautiful.

Answer optionc

Marks: 2

622 What does it mean to recycle?

A. Make something into something new.

B. Use less of something, creating smaller amounts of waste.

C. Make something that can clean your room.

D. None of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 2
623 Which of the following is bad for the environment?

A. Recycling

B. Littering

C. Reducing

D. Reusing

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

624 Re-processing material to make another product -

A. Reduce

B. Reuse

C. Recycle

D. All of the above

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

625 Most recycling focuses on four major categories of products. Which one of these is NOT one of them?

A. Paper

B. Glass

C. Plastic

D. Chemicals

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

626 The following is an example of reducing:

A. using plastic bags as small garbage bags.

B. using less water when you shower.

C. bringing newspapers to a recycling center.

D. All of the above

Answer optionb

Marks: 2

627 The following is an example of reusing:

A. bringing cans back to a recycling center.

B. using less water when you brush your teeth.

C. using fewer napkins when you eat.

D. washing zip top bags after use so they can be used again.

Answer optiond
Marks: 2

628 When you buy rechargable batteries you help?

A. Recycling

B. Reuse

C. Reducing

D. All of the above

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

629 Which of the following is called "Energy Bank" because of the energy saved in recycling?

A. Aluminum

B. Paper

C. Glass

D. Tires

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

630 How many trees will be saved by recycling 1 ton of paper?

A. 1

B. 7

C. 17

D. 70

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

631 Glass can be recycled without alteration -

A. Once

B. Twice

C. 5 to 10 times

D. again and again

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

632 Which type of plastic is more friendly to the environment?

A. PVC

B. HDPE

C. PS

D. PET
Answer optiond

Marks: 1

633 Which one of the following takes the most to dissolve in nature?

A. Plastic Bottle

B. Glass bottle

C. Paper

D. Cotton cloth

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

634 The recycling label has -

A. One arrow

B. Two arrow

C. Three arrow

D. A tree

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

635 Which of the following can be recycled?

A. Paper

B. Glass

C. Organic waste

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

636 What is the advantage of driving an electric car?

A. It is easier to steer.

B. It can go faster.

C. It causes less pollution.

D. It costs less than other cars.

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

637 How can we reduce our need for fossil fuels?

A. Burn more wood.

B. Burn more gasoline

C. Develop alternative energy sources and use them

D. We can\'t reduce our need for fossil fuels. It\'s impossible.

Answer optionc

Marks: 2

638 How can people reduce pollution?

A. Burn lots of wood in your fireplace.

B. Practice conservation.

C. Burn all of the leaves that fall off of our trees.

D. Put our waste water in a river so it gets washed away.

Answer optionb

Marks: 2

639 The term Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is generally used to describe:

A. Mining wastes

B. Wastes from industrial processes, construction and demolition debris.

C. Wastes from Private homes, commercial establishments and institutions.

D. Agricultural wastes

Answer optionc

Marks: 2

640 Problem of solid waste disposal can be reduced through…….

A. Recycling

B. Lesser pollution

C. Population control

D. More timber

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

641 AQI stands for _______

A. Air Quality Information

B. Atmosphere Quality Information

C. Atmospheric Quality Index

D. Air Quality Index

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

642 The index for good air quality is _____

A. 0-50

B. 51-100
C. 101-150

D. 151-200

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

643 If AQI is in the range 201-300 then the quality of the air is ______

A. Good

B. Moderate

C. Poor

D. Very Poor

Answer optionc

Marks: 2

644 _____ is an air pollutant which is present in vehicular emissions.

A. Ozone

B. Carbon Monoxide

C. Carbon Dioxide

D. Sulphur dioxide

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

645 PUC for vehicles stands for _________

A. Pollution Under Control

B. Pollution Under Check

C. Pollution Upto Control

D. Pollution Upto Check

Answer optiona

C. a is false and b is true.

D. a and b are both false.

Answer optionc

Marks: 2

649 Effects of air pollution are

A. Smog

B. Acid Rain

C. Haze

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

650 Air pollutants are in the form of _____

A. Solid particles

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

655 Largest contributors of air pollution are -

A. Cars and trucks

B. Household products

C. Industries

D. None of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

656 Natural causes of air pollution are

A. Forest fires

B. Volcanoes

C. Dust storms

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

665 VOC stands for

A. Volatile Organic Components

B. Volcanic Organic Components

C. Volcanic Organic Compounds

D. Volatile Organic Compounds

Answer optiond

Marks: 2

666 Which of these is not air pollution control equipment?

A. Cyclone separators

B. Electrostatic Separator

C. Fabric Filters
D. None of these

Answer optiond

Marks: 2

667 Air Pollution can be controlled by -

A. Planting trees

B. Regularly servicing vehicles

C. Both

D. None

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

668 What does the following picture represent?

A. Reactive

B. Corrosive
C. Both

D. None

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

672 Biomedical wastes include

A. Used syringes

B. Bandages

C. Tissues

D. All of these

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

673 Global warming also refers to as -

A. Climate change

B. Ecological change

C. Atmosphere change

D. None of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

674 Global warming is observed century-scale rise in the _______ of the Earth’s climate system.

A. Maximum temperature

B. Minimum temperature

C. Average temperature

D. Temperature

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

675 The process by which fertile land becomes desert is classified as -

A. flood

B. drought

C. desertification

D. endangering

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

676 Which of the following activities contributes the most to carbon emissions globally?

A. Agriculture
B. Transport

C. Forestry

D. Energy supply

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

677 Who does measure the global warming rate?

A. Astrologers

B. Philosopher

C. Physicist

D. Climatologist

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

678 Which one of the following result takes place due to global warming?

A. Maintaining steady temperature

B. Changes in the rainfall

C. Pleasant environment

D. Causing less pollution

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

679 What is the main reason for melting of ice sheets?

A. Decrease in carbon dioxide content

B. Global warming

C. Increase in the oxygen content

D. Noise pollution

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

680 Apart from printing papers and consuming electricity, computers are causing environmental problems by__________________

A. Causing water pollution

B. Making people lazy

C. Electronic wastes

D. Causing noise pollution

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

681 What is the main cause of industrial pollution?

A. Planned industrial growth

B. Use of modern technologies

C. Lack of polices to control pollution

D. Efficient waste disposal

Answer optionc

Marks: 2

682 What is the term used for the use of resources for industrialization?

A. Pollution

B. Extraction

C. Urbanization

D. Waste material

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

683 What is the main cause of increase in air pollution in the 20th century?

A. Development of electricity

B. Development of infrastructures

C. Development of the transport system

D. Development of water resources

Answer optionc

Marks: 2

684 How does asthma cause to human beings?

A. Because of air pollution

B. Because of water pollution

C. Because of excessive diet

D. Because of soil pollution

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

685 Organic agriculture advocates avoiding the use of____________________

A. Organic manure

B. Stored water

C. Modern technologies in harvesting

D. Chemical fertilizers

Answer optiond

Marks: 1
686 Identify the image -

A. beautiful earth

B. Green earth

C. Recycle

D. None of the above

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

687 What is correct inference from the figure?

A. The earth is green

B. The image is very beautiful

C. We should make use of wind energy

D. All of the above

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

688 The image shows _______

A. Art

B. Desert

C. Land

D. Pollution

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

689 The meaning of the image is -

A. We should use all the green things.

B. We should plant the trees.

C. Green colour saves the planet.

D. All of the above

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

690 Identify the image -

A. Nuclear bomb blast

B. Sky at the evening

C. Satellite launching

D. None of the above

Answer optiona
Marks: 1

691 The image shows -

A. Earth life cycle

B. Biomedical

C. E-waste

D. Domestic

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

697 The given symbol indicates

A. Biohazard

B. E-hazard

C. Flammable material

D. 3R principle

Answer optiona

Marks: 2

698 Reactive, flammable, corrosive and toxic are characteristics of _____ waste.

A. Non-hazardous

B. Domastic

C. Hazardous

D. All of the above

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

699 DDT is what type of waste?

A. Non-hazardous

B. Industrial

C. Hazardous

D. None of the above

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

700 ____ characteristic of waste is essential in determining the ability of any treatment process.

A. Physical

B. Chemical

C. Biological
D. None of these

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

701 _____ includes discarded electrical and electronic devices like computers, mobile phones etc.

A. E-waste

B. C-waste

C. M-waste

D. None of these

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

702 _______ is not a source of solid waste.

A. Fallen leaves

B. Street sweepings

C. Repairs in houses

D. None of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

703 During inversion

A. Temperature increases with altitude

B. Temperature decreases with altitude

C. Temperature remains constant

D. None of these

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

704 Which of the following on inhalation dissolved in blood haemoglobin more rapidly than oxygen?

A. Sulphur dioxide

B. Carbon monoxide

C. Ozone

D. Nitros oxide

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

705 Smog is

A. solid waste

B. a combination of smoke and fog

C. colourless

D. All of these

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

706 Which of the following are likely to be present in a photochemical smog?

A. Sulphur dioxide

B. Sulphur

C. CFC

D. Ozone

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

707 Which of the following devices is suitable for the removal of gaseous pollutants?

A. clarifier mechanisam

B. Aerators

C. Filter

D. Wet scrubber

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

708 Which of the following air pollution control devices is suitable for removing the finest dust from air?

A. Clarifier

B. Electrostatic precipitator

C. Flash Mixer

D. none of above

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

709 Air pollution from automobiles can be controlled by fitting ____

A. Cyclone separator

B. Electrostatic precipitator

C. Catalytic convertor

D. Wet scrubber

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

710 Taj Mahal in Agra may be damaged by ____

A. Sulphur dioxide
B. Chlorine

C. Hydrogen

D. Oxygen

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

711 Gas leaked in Bhopal tragedy was _____

A. Methyl isocyanate

B. Potassium isothiocyanate

C. Ethyl isocyanate

D. Sodiium isothiocyanate

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

712 What is BOD?

A. A measure of organic matter present in water

B. Usually less than COD

C. Biochemical oxygen demand

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

713 Excess fluoride in drinking water is likely to cause _____

A. Blue baby syndrome

B. Fluorosis

C. Change in taste and odour

D. Intestinal irritation

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

714 Fluoride pollution mainly affects what part of the body?

A. Kidney

B. Brain

C. Teeth

D. Heart

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

715 Which of the following is a non-point source of water pollution?

A. Factories

B. Sewage treatment plants

C. Urban and suburban lands

D. All of these

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

716 Septic tank is

A. An aerobic attached growth treatment system

B. An aerobic suspended growth biological treatment system

C. An anaerobic attached growth biological treatment system

D. An anaerobic suspended growth treatment system

Answer optiond

Marks: 2

717 Disease caused by eating fish inhabiting mercury contaminated water is _______

A. Bright\'s disease

B. Hiroshima episode

C. Mina-mata disease

D. Ostesclerosis

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

718 Which of the following is not a marine pollutant?

A. Oil

B. Plastics

C. Dissolved oxygen

D. All of these

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

719 Which of the following best describes 'noise'?

A. Loud sound

B. Sounds of high frequency

C. Unwanted sound

D. Constant sound

Answer optionc

Marks: 1
720 Sound becomes hazardous noise pollution at decibel above ___

A. 80

B. 100

C. 30

D. 120

Answer optiona

Marks: 2

721 Which of the following is a biodegradable organic chemical/substance?

A. Plastics

B. Oils

C. Pesticides

D. Garbage

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

722 CO is

A. caused by ozone depletion

B. a major component of the atmosphere

C. extremely damaging to human blood

D. produced by plants during photosynthesis

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

723 Tropospheric ozone

A. protects earth from harmful UV radiation

B. binds with haemoglobin preventing binding with oxygen in RBCs

C. is a secondary pollutant

D. is caused by poor farming techniques

Answer optionc

Marks: 2

724 Lead enters the atmosphere as a particulate pollutant. This is a problem because it

A. is a precious metal and it is being lost in the atmosphere

B. will cause the ozone hole to increase

C. causes central nervous system malfunction in humans

D. causes nutrification of waterways resulting in eutrophication

Answer optionc
Marks: 1

725 Photochemical fog differs from industrial smog in that it

A. is formed in the presence of sunlight

B. has large quantities of soot

C. consists of primary pollutants

D. is primarily composed of CO

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

726 Particulate matter dispersed as aerosols

A. included nitrogen oxides

B. may cause damage to respiratory tissues when inhaled

C. binds with haemoglobin preventing its binding to oxygen

D. interacts only with surface tissues of humans causing mild irritation

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

727 The most obvious cause of industrial smog is

A. burning trash

B. indoor air pollution

D. Ozone

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

731 Which gas is primarily responsible for depletion of ozone layer around the earth?

A. Chlorofluoro carbons

B. Nitrogen

C. Oxygen

D. Nitrogen oxide

Answer optiona

Marks: 2

732 The diseases cholera, typhoid and jaundice are due to pollution of ____.

A. air

B. water

C. food items

D. solid waste

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

733 Which of the following is not a greenhouse gas?

A. Carbon dioxide

B. CFCs

C. Methane

D. Oxygen

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

734 Contamination of water with sewage is indicated by cysts of

A. leishmania

B. escherichia coli

C. pseudomonas
D. none of above

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

735 DDT is a _______

A. greenhouse gas

B. non-degradable pollutant

C. degradable pollutant

D. none of these

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

736 Domestic wastes which can be decomposed under natural processes are called _______ pollutants which are relatively harmless.

A. Industrial

B. Thermal

C. Biodegradable

D. Non-biodegradable

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

737 Eutrophication causes decrease in

A. dissolved hydrogen

B. dissolved salts

C. dissolved oxygen

D. all of these

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

738 E coli used as an indicator organism to determine pollution of water with

A. Industrial effluents

B. Heavy metals

C. Pollen of aquatic plants

D. Faecal matter

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

739 Eutrophication is often seen in

A. Fresh water lakes

B. Mountains
C. Deserts

D. none of above

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

740 Fish die in water polluted by sewage due to

A. Pathogens

B. Reduction in O2

C. Clogging of gills with silt

D. Foul smell

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

741 Which of the following pollution forms 'Heat island'?

A. Water

B. Land

C. Air

D. None of these

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

742 Global agreement in specific control strategies to reduce the release of ozone depleting substances was adopted by

A. The Vienna Convention

B. The Rio de Janeiro Conference

C. The Montreal Protocol

D. The Kyoto Protocol

Answer optionc

Marks: 2

743 Possible health effects of noise pollution include

A. hearing loss

B. hair loss

C. tinnitus

D. all of these

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

744 Prolonged exposure to any sound louder than ____dB can cause hearing loss.

A. 10
B. 60

C. 85

D. 130

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

Peroxy-acetyl nitrate(PAN) is formed by the reaction of two primary pollutant, namely nitrogen oxide and _____ released from motor
745
presence of sunlight.

A. hydro-neutron

B. hydro-carbon

C. water-carbons

D. SO2

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

746 The pollutants which are waste products and they are slowly degraded by microbial action are called as

A. biodegradable pollutants

B. non-biodegradable pollutants

C. artificial pollutants

D. none of these

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

747 In an ecosystem, which one shows one-way passage?

A. Nitrogen

B. Carbon

C. Potassium

D. Free energy

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

748 In terms of origin, pollution can be classified as natural and _______.

A. super-natural

B. sub-natural

C. anthropogenic

D. anti-anthropogenic

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

749 The man-made pollution, such as industrial pollution etc are called as
A. anthropogenic

B. anti-anthropogenic

C. semi-anthropogenic

D. natural

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

750 On the physical state, air pollutants are of two types, one is gaseous and other is _____.

A. particulate

B. semi-particulate

C. triparticulate

D. none of above

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

751 The smaller particles such as dust, smoke etc. which remain suspended for a long period in the air are _____.

A. Settleable particles

B. Suspended particles

C. Gaseous pollutants

D. Micro Pollutants

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

752 Cotton dust produce lung fibros is also called as ________.

A. Byssinosis

B. Silicosis

C. Siderosis

D. None of these

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

753 Air borne organic materials such as spores, pollen, bacteria, fungi cause several diseases and allergic reactions called as ______

A. hay fever

B. TB

C. ronbix

D. altra-rix

Answer optiona

Marks: 1
754 BOD stands for

A. Biological Oxygen Demand

B. Biochemical Oxygen Demand

C. Biochemical Ozone Demand

D. Biological Oxygen Deficiency

Answer optionb

Marks: 2

755 Acid rain is formed due to contribution from the following pair of gases

A. Methane and ozone

B. Oxygen and nitrous oxide

C. Methane and sulphur dioxide

D. Carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide

Answer optionb

Marks: 2

756 The most serious environmental effect posed by hazardous wastes is

A. air pollution

B. contamination of groundwater

C. increased use of land for landfills

D. destruction of habitats

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

757 Which of the following is not a consequence of global warming?

A. rising sea level

B. increased agricultural productivity worldwide

C. worsening health effects

D. increased storm frequency and intensity

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

758 The depletion of ozone layer is caused by?

A. nitrous oxide

B. carbon dioxide

C. chlorofluorocarbons

D. methane

Answer optionc
Marks: 1

759 The presence of high coli form in water indicates

A. contamination by human waste

B. phosphorous contamination

C. decreased BOD

D. hydrocarbon contamination

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

760 How does biological oxygen demand get affected with the increased presence of organic matter in water?

A. the oxygen demand increases

B. the oxygen demand decreases

C. the oxygen demand remains unchanged

D. none of these

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

761 The stage at which biological processes are used to purify water in a wastewater treatment plant is called

A. secondary sewage treatment

B. primary sewage treatment

C. wastewater reduction

D. biochemical reduction

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

762 BOD is represented as ______ per litre of water?

A. milligrams of carbon

B. micrograms of carbon

C. milligrams of oxygen

D. micrograms of oxygen

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

763 COD stands for

A. Chemical Oxygen Demand

B. Carbon Obtained Demand

C. Chemically Obtained Demand

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

769 The unit of sound level is ____.

A. noise-meter

B. decibel

C. dolphan

D. dub

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

770 The unit of sound loudness or level is ____.

A. noise-meter

B. decibel

C. dolphan

D. dub

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

771 Noise level beyond ___dB can cause physical discomfort.

A. 1120

B. 50

C. 120

D. 200

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

772 The pollutants in air which appear in solid and liquid state are referred to as

A. Foam

B. Frame

C. Particulate pollutant

D. None of these

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

773 Objective of environmental education is -

A. Raise consciousness about environment education

B. To teach environmentally appropriate behaviour

C. Create an environmental ethics

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

774 The diseases shown in the figure are due to -

A. Water Pollution

B. Air Pollution

C. Soil Pollution

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

775 Which country has the highest incidence of pollution linked deaths in the world?

A. China

B. India

C. Bangladesh

D. Pakistan

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

776 Which initiative was launched by Union Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change for a Green Diwali?

A. Harit Diwali, Achha Diwali

B. Harit Diwali, Green Diwali

C. Harit Diwali, Sahi Diwali

D. Harit Diwali, Swasth Diwali

Answer optiond

Marks: 2

777 Which of the following heavy metals has the SC banned in the use of fire crackers, as they lead to air pollution?

A. Lithium

B. Mercury

C. Lead

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

778 Normal human ear can detect sounds ranging between ______.

A. 0-150 dB
B. 0-140 dB

C. 0-120 dB

D. 0-100 dB

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

779 Noise is any _____ sound.

A. excess

B. unwanted

C. both a & b

D. none of the above

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

780 Which of the following is a source of household noise?

A. mixer

B. loudspeaker

C. washing machine

D. all of these

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

781 The noise at construction sites is not due to which of the following?

A. vibrators

B. pneumatic hammers

C. pavement breakers

D. sirens

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

Noise pollution leads to

a) hearing impairment
782
b) increase in efficiency
Which of the statement is true?

A. a is true and b is false

B. a is false and b is true

C. both are true

D. both are false

Answer optiona

Marks: 1
783 _____ is not an effect of noise pollution on the environment.

A. damage to buildings

B. poor quality of crops

C. both a and b

D. only a

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

784 Regular maintenance of vehicles results in

A. reducing noise pollution

B. increasing noise pollution

C. no effect on noise pollution

D. none of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

785 Normal level of sound tolerance is _____.

A. 60 dB

B. 70 dB

C. 80 dB

D. 90 dB

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

786 The Noise Act 1996 states that the loud music from a party should either be turned off or reduced by ___PM.

A. 9

B. 10

C. 11

D. 12

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

787 To prevent noise pollution ____ should be installed around hospitals.

A. high walls

B. low walls

C. sound barriers

D. none of the above

Answer optionc
Marks: 1

788 Which of the following is a subsurface source of water?

A. Rivers

B. Springs

C. Wells

D. Lakes

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

789 Cause of river pollution is ________.

A. sewage waste

B. domestic waste

C. industrial waste

D. all of these

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

790 The 3R principle does not include

A. reduce

B. recover

C. reuse

D. recycle

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

791 ______ is not a method of water conservation.

A. rainwater harvesting

B. construction of bunds

C. reusing greywater

D. using shower

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

792 The process to remove pathogens from water is called _________.

A. filteration

B. sedimentation

C. aeration

D. disinfection
Answer optiond

Marks: 1

793 Methods of disinfection are _______.

A. boiling

B. adding Potassium Permanganate

C. Talegaon
D. None of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

798 RO in water treatment stands for

A. Return Osmosis

B. Reverse Osmosis

C. Returning Officer

D. Reverse Officer

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

799 Groundwater recharging can be achieved by

A. recharging pits

B. recharging well

C. both

D. none

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

800 Desalination is a method of

A. converting waste water into potable water

B. converting rainwater into potable water

C. converting sea water into potable water

D. none of these

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

Hardness of water is due to the presence of ______ of calcium and magnesium.

a) chlorides
801
b) sulphates
c) carbonates

A. a and b

B. b and c

C. a and c

D. a, b and c

Answer optiond

Marks: 2

802 Nalgonda Technique is used to remove excess ______ from water.

A. Salts
B. Chlorides

C. Fluorides

D. Sulphates

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

803 _____ in landfills contaminates ground water.

A. Waste water

B. Toxic gases

C. Refuse Derived Fuel

D. Disposal

Answer optionc

Marks: 1
812 The least favoured method of solid waste management is ______.

A. Recycle

B. Reuse

C. Recovery

D. Disposal

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

813 Landfilling is suitable for which of the following wastes?

A. Mixed waste

B. Garden waste

C. Liquid waste

D. Food waste

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

814 Which of the following wastes is not suitable for landfilling?

A. mixed waste

B. rejects from waste processing sites

C. non-hazardous non recyclable waste

D. dry recyclables

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

815 Needles, syringes, intravenous sets are components of

A. domestic waste

B. biomedical waste

C. e-waste

D. agricultural waste

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

816 Which of these is not an essential component of sanitary landfill?

A. Liner

B. Leachate control facility

C. Gas collection facility

D. Water treatment facility

Answer optiond
Marks: 1

817 Components of e-waste that can be recycled are

A. Copper wires

B. Hard drive

C. CPUs

D. All of these

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

818 Landfilling is a method of _____ of solid waste.

A. Recovery

B. Reuse

C. Disposal

D. None of these

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

As per MPCB norms of treated sewage, the total suspended solids(TSS) in treated sewage should be less than _____ for discharging i
819
water.

A. 50 mg/l

B. 100 mg/l

C. 150 mg/l

D. 200 mg/l

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

820 As per noise standards, the noise level for hospitals is ___.

A. 20-30 dB

B. 30-40 dB

C. 40-50 dB

D. 50-60 dB

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

821 The quantity of fluorides in drinking water should not be more than ___ ppm

A. 1

B. 2

C. 1.5

D. 2.5
Answer optionc

Marks: 1

822 Waste water coming out of the bathroom and kitchen which does not have foul smell is called ____.

A. sewage

B. sullage

C. refuse

D. water

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

823 Wastewater is carried to treatment plants through

A. open drains

B. sewers

C. canals

D. none of above

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

824 Open drains ____

A. are aesthetically unpleasant

B. lead to mosquito breeding

C. cause bad smell

D. all the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

825 Untreated sewage can cause diseases like

A. diarrhoea

B. measles

C. hay fever

D. none of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

826 Sewage is mainly ____.

A. biodegradable

B. non-biodegradable

C. toxic
D. all of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

827 Mixing of sewage with drinking water source causes _____.

A. reduction in dissolved oxygen

B. death of aquatic animals

C. contamination of water source

D. all of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

828 CPCB stands for

A. Control Pollution Causing Board

B. Central Pollution Collection Board

C. Central Pollution Control Board

D. Control Pollution and Conservation Board

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

829 As per potable water standards, the pH of drinking water lies in the range

A. 4 - 6

B. 6 - 7.5

C. 6.5 - 8.5

D. 7 - 8.5

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

830 The presence of substance in the environment which has harmful or poisonous effect is called

A. biodiversity

B. pollution

C. loss of marine lives

D. all of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

835 Anthropogenic source of pollution is

A. acid rain

B. use of chemical fertiliser

C. earthquakes

D. all of these

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

836 Primary treatment of sewage includes ____.

A. removal of grit, soil particles and floating particles

B. removal of oils

C. both

D. none

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

837 Secondary treatment of sewage includes

A. removal of grit and floating matter

B. biological treatment of sewage

C. scrrening of sewage

D. none of the above

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

838 Design of a sewage treatment plant is mainly dependent upon

A. density of sewage

B. temperature of sewage

C. BOD of sewage

D. mass of sewage

Answer optionc

Marks: 2

839 The treated waste water which is normally disposed into water bodies is called ____.

A. sludge

B. effluent

C. influent

D. graywater

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

840 _______ anaerobically treats sewage at the place where it is located.

A. STP

B. WTP

C. Septic tanks

D. None of these

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

841 The effluent from sewage treatment plants can be reused for ______.
A. washing cars

B. watering lawn

C. flushing

D. all of these

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

842 _____ is not a cause of land pollution.

A. Pesticides

B. Waste disposal on land

C. Deforestation

D. None of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 1
846 Dumping of solid waste leads to ____ pollution.

A. soil

B. water

C. both

D. none

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

847 Which of these can prevent soil pollution?

A. reforesting

B. applying bio-fertilisers and manures

C. solid waste treatment

D. all of these

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

848 Soil pollution can lead to _____.

A. reduced soil fertility

B. increased crop yield

C. reduction in erosion

D. increased nitrogen fixation

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

849 ___ is a natural source of soil pollution.

A. acid rain

B. construction activity

C. excessive use of pesticides

D. none of these

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

850 The study of interaction between the living species and the environment is called

A. Biology

B. Antology

C. Ecology

D. Zoology

Answer optionc
Marks: 1

851 The interdependence of the living organisms among themselves and with the environment is called

A. Ecology

B. Ecosystem

C. Biology

D. Antology

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

852 Ecosystem consist of

A. Biotic components only

B. Only abiotic component

C. Both biotic and abiotic components

D. None of the above

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

853 The quantity of abiotic material present in an ecosystem is known as

A. Concentration

B. Standing scale

C. Non-living stage

D. None of the above

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

854 The names of major habitats present in the biosphere are

A. Freshwater and terrestrial ecosystem

B. Marine and man-engineered ecosystem

C. All of the above

D. None of the above

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

855 Man engineered ecosystem consist of ____________

A. Desert and forest ecosystem

B. Grassland and tree

C. Agriculture and aquaculture ecosystem

D. All of the above

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

856 The sequence of organisms which feed on one another for their survival is known as

A. Passage of nutrients from one organism to other

B. Food chain

C. Trophic level

D. Biodiversity

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

857 The food chain in the ecosystem helps to maintain

A. The feeding relationship in nature, thus biodiversity

B. Flow of energy in the ecosystem

C. Passage of nutrients in the ecosystem

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

858 The phenomenon of accumulation of non- biodegradable contaminants in higher trophic level is known as

A. Bioprospecting

B. Bio magnification

C. Bio piracy

D. Bioremediation

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

859 The dissipation of energy during its transmission from one trophic level to another is in agreement with

A. First law of thermodynamic

B. Second law of thermodynamic

C. Third law of thermodynamic

D. None of the above

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

860 Which of the following statement is not correct?

A. Flow of energy in an ecosystem is unidirectional, from herbivores to carnivores

B. In a food chain, transfer of materials take place through cycling

C. Top carnivores always get more energy than organisms present nearer to the producer
D. Unidirectional flow of energy presents the ecosystem from collapsing

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

861 The science of systems of control in an ecosystem is known as

A. Syncology

B. Cybernetics

C. Biocoenoses

D. None of the above

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

862 The importance of ecosystem lies in

A. Transfer of food

B. Flow of energy

C. Cycling of materials

D. Both b and c

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

863 The graphical representation of an organism position as well as function at successive trophic levels is called

A. Food chain

B. Food web

C. Ecological pyramid

D. Biogeochemical cycle

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

864 The cyclization of matter through the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and lithosphere is known as

A. Food web

B. Material cycling

C. Biogeochemical cycle

D. Bio magnification

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

865 In case of parasitic food chain, the shape of the pyramid of number is always

A. Upright

B. Linear
C. Inverted

D. Not certain

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

866 The shape of the pyramid of biomass for a pond or any aquatic ecosystem is

A. Inverted

B. Upright

C. Linear

D. Not certain

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

867 The graphical representation of the interrelation of producer and consumer in an ecosystem is termed as

A. Ecological niche

B. Ecological pyramid

C. Trophic levels

D. Food web

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

868 The main source of energy in an ecosystem is

A. Sugar store in plants

B. Solar energy

C. Heat released during transpiration

D. Heat released during fermentation

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

869 A food chain consists of

A. Producers, consumers, decomposers

B. Producers, carnivores, decomposers

C. Primary producer, herbivores, carnivores

D. Producers, primary consumers, carnivores

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

870 Upper part of the sea aquatic ecosystem contains

A. Plankton
B. Nekton

C. Benthos

D. Plankton and Nekton

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

871 In the Nitrogen cycle, the transformation of gaseous nitrogen into nitrogen- containing compounds is preformed primarily by

A. Fungi

B. Bacteria

C. Green plants

D. Herbivores

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

During the growth of a Tomato plant from a seed, it increases considerably in biomass. Which of the following materials, obtained
872
environment, are necessary for the growth and increase in biomass?

A. Carbon dioxide and water

B. Carbon dioxide oxygen and nitrogen

C. Water, nitrate and methane

D. Water, Carbon dioxide and mineral salts

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

873 Nitrogen gas returns to the atmosphere by the action of

A. Nitrogen fixing bacteria

B. Denitrifying bacteria

C. Nitrifying bacteria

D. Nitrate fertilisers

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

874 Which one of the following is not a functional unit of an ecosystem?

A. Productivity

B. Stratification

C. Energy flow

D. Decomposition

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

875 When the two ecosystems overlap each other. The area is called
A. Habitat

B. Niche

C. Ecotone

D. Ecotype

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

876 Which one of the following animals may occupy more than one trophic levels in the same ecosystem at the same time?

A. Goat

B. Lack of inorganic nutrient recycling.

C. Increased water and energy consumption.

D. Increased dependence on relatively few varieties of plants for food.

Answer optionc

Marks: 1
880 Which of the following statement is not true?

A. Reservoirs are those parts of the biogeochemical cycles where a chemical is held in large quantities for long periods of time.

B. In exchange pools the chemicals are held for only a short time.

C. The inorganic chemicals get recycled through both the biological and geographical world.

D. Cloud is a reservoir of water.

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

881 The concentration of carbon in living matter is almost 100 times greater than its concentration in earth because

A. Carbon is produced by the living cells.

B. Living thing extract carbon from their non-living environment.

C. Carbon is biomagnified in living cells.

D. Carbon cannot be recycled.

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

882 The largest reservoir of nitrogen in our planet is

A. Oceans

B. Atmosphere

C. Biosphere

D. Fossil fuels

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

883 What is mycorrhizae?

A. Symbiotic relationship between plants

B. Mutualistic associations between plant roots and fungi.

C. A useful bacteria carbon cycle.

D. Useful bacteria in phosphorus cycle.

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

884 Which of the following are major players in phosphorus cycle?

A. Human beings and fish

B. Human beings and marine birds.

C. Fish and marine birds.

D. Animal and fish.

Answer optionb
Marks: 1

885 Eutrophication is

A. An improved water quality status of lakes.

B. The result of accumulation of plant nutrients and minerals in water bodies.

C. A process in the carbon cycles.

D. A water purification technique.

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

886 Which of the following terminologies is not associated with the vertical structure of forest?

A. Canopy

B. Understory

C. Forest floor

D. First floor

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

887 Most fertile and productive soils in the world have developed under grassland. What could be the reason for this?

A. Biotic and Abiotic components

B. Organisms and plants

C. Fruits and Flowers

D. None of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

893 Nutrient cycle plays an important role in ______together biotic and abiotic components.

A. Combining

B. Linking

C. differentiating

D. None of the above

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

894 Ecosystem can be of any _____.

A. Size

B. Shape

C. field
D. None of the above

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

899 _______ Organisms can exchange between soil and water.

A. Dead

B. Living
C. Both a & b

D. None of the above

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

900 Ecosystem are of _ and _ types.

A. Aquatic and terrestrial

B. Living and Non-living

C. Clean and Unclean

D. None of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

901 Coral reef is an Example of _______ type of Ecosystem.

A. Terrestrial

B. Aquatic

B. Living and Non-living

C. Ecosystem

D. None of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 1
914 Energy flows from ______ to ______ trophic level.

A. Decomposer

B. Producer

C. Consumer

929 Any food web indicates that ____ is connected to ______ else.

C. Taiga

D. None of the above

A. Ecology

B. Palaeontology

C. Geology

D. None of these

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

971 What is true of ecosystem?

A. Primary consumers are least dependent upon producers

B. Primary consumers equal in number as producers

C. Producers are more than primary consumers

D. Secondary consumers are the largest and most powerful

Answer optionc

Marks: 2

972 Greenhouse effect is warming due to

A. Infra-red rays reaching earth

B. Moisture layer in atmosphere

C. Increase in temperature due to increase in carbon dioxide Concentration of atmosphere

D. Ozone layer of atmosphere

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

981 Which country has the greatest contribution for the hole formation in ozone layer?

A. Russia

B. Japan

C. USA

D. Germany

Answer optionc

Marks: 1
982 If there was no CO2 in earth’s atmosphere, the temperature of earth’s surface would be

A. Higher than the present

B. Dependent on the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere

C. Same as present

D. less than the present

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

983 In the grazing food chain first energy transfer is from _______.

A. Plant

B. Fish

C. Animals

D. Sun

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

984 Energy transfer from one trophic level to other, in a food chain is

A. 10%

B. 20%

C. 1%

D. 2%

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

985 The final stable community in ecological succession is

A. Climax

B. Sere

C. Pioneers

D. Carnivores

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

986 Which is the result of damage to relative biological effectiveness?

A. High temperature

B. Pollution

C. Radiation

D. Low temperature

Answer optionb
Marks: 1

987 The entire biosphere is distributed into following number of biogeographic regions:

A. Six

B. Eight

C. Nine

D. Twelve

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

988 Biodiversity hotspots are also known as

A. Evergreen forests of tropic region.

B. Biologically rich areas with large percentage in endemic species.

C. Desert area

D. All of the above.

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

989 Species with very limited distribution over relatively small locality is called

A. Endangered species

B. Extinct species.

C. Endemic species.

D. None of the above.

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

990 The major threats to biodiversity is due to

A. Habitat loss/degradation

B. Pollution and global climate changes

C. Extinction of species by aggressive non-native species

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

991 Conservation of genetic resources in natural populations of plant or animal species is known as

A. In-situ conservation

B. Ex-situ conservation

C. Biodiversity conservation

D. None of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

992 The concept of biodiversity hotspots is given by

A. F.P. Odum.

B. Norman Myers

C. James Lovelock

D. Rachel Carson

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

993 Which of the following is an endemic species found in western Ghats, India?

A. Marsh Mongoose

B. Indian Rhinoceros

C. Brown Palm civet

D. Flying Squirrel

Answer optionc

Marks: 2

994 Which of the following is not a world heritage site of India?

A. Sunderbans National Park.

B. Manas Wildlife Sanctuary.

C. Sanjay Gandhi National Park

D. Kaziranga National Park.

Answer optionc

Marks: 2

995 Which of the following is a Ramsar site in India?

A. Sambhar Lake

B. Dal Lake

C. Ansupa Lake

D. Dimna Lake

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

996 Which of the following is an in-situ tiger reserves in India?

A. Dudhwa

B. Gulf of Myanmar

D. Red colobus monkey

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

1000 The variety and numbers of living organisms and Ecosystems is called

A. Biodiversity

B. Biopiracy

C. Biogeography

D. Bioprospecting

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

1001 Variations of genes within the same species is

A. Genetic diversity

B. Species diversity
C. Biodiversity

D. Ecosystem

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

1002 Extinction of weaker species by an aggressive alien species is the result of

A. endemism of weaker species

B. habitat loss

C. the domino effect

D. All of the above

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

1003 Which is not a zone of Biosphere?

A. Core zone

B. Buffer zone

C. Transition zone

D. None of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

1004 Which of the following is an in-situ conservation measures taken by India?

A. project elephant

B. project lion

C. project rhino

D. all of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 2

1005 Lion-Tailed Macaque is found in

A. western Ghats

B. Eastern Ghats

C. Caucasus

D. western Himalaya

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

1006 The dodo was extinct due to

A. pollution
B. invasion of non-native species

C. over-exploitation of resources

D. global environmental change

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

1007 Spot the site, which is not a biodiversity hotspot?

A. Brazil’s Cerrado

B. Central Chile

C. California floristic province

D. Pakistan

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

1008 The species with thin population localised within restricted area is said to be

A. rare

B. threatened

C. endangered

D. vulnerable

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

1009 The reason for certain animals getting endangered are

A. hunting

B. pollution of environment

C. natural calamities

D. all of these

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

1010 The red data book maintains a record of

A. plants and animals present in the whole world

B. relationship between man and biosphere

C. plants and animals which are known to be endangered

D. forest wealth in whole world

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

1011 Planting trees in a deforested land is known as

A. afforestation

B. deforestation

C. silviculture

D. sericulture

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

1012 In a national park protection is given to

A. the entire flora

B. the entire fauna

C. the plants and animals

D. the entire ecosystem

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

1013 The endangered animal of the following is

A. crow

B. parrot

C. tiger

D. cock

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

1014 The scientific study of the geographic distribution of plants and animals is called

A. Biodiversity

B. Biogeography

C. Ecology

D. Biology

Answer optiona

Marks: 2

1015 The variation of life forms within an ecosystem or on earth is named as:

A. biome

B. biodiversity

C. biological variety

D. none of these

Answer optionb

Marks: 1
1016 Which of the following is not a type of biodiversity?

A. genetic

B. species

C. biology

D. none of these

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

1017 _______________ is the number of species found in a particular area or ecosystem.

A. alpha biodiversity

B. delta biodiversity

C. species biodiversity

D. none of these

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

1018 Measurement of overall diversity for different ecosystems within a region comes under which of the following levels?

A. alpha

B. beta

C. gamma

D. none of these

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

1019 Which of the following are types of biodiversity?

A. consumptive and productive

B. only productive ueses

D. None of the above

Answer optionc

Marks: 2

1023 Which of the following statement is correct for India?

A. India is a 7th largest country in world with megadiversity

B. India has no rank in world related to biodiversity

C. India is the third largest country in Asia with megadiversity

D. Option a & c

Answer optiond

Marks: 2

1024 Which of the following is major biodiversity in West Bengal?

A. Deccan Penninsula-Chhota Nagpur

B. Deccan Peninsula-Deccan south

C. Deccan Peninsula-central highlands

D. None of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

Alpine zone of Himalaya lies very high and is full of particular types of trees. Which of the following is correct description for
1029
types of tree.

A. 12000+ft altitude, timber trees

B. 5500-12000 ft altitude, Kailand Chir, deoder

C. 5000 ft altitude, Shisham trees

D. None of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

1030 Ladakh mountains and Tibetan plateau are part of

A. Trans Himalaya region

B. Desert

C. Semi Arid
D. None of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

1031 Kuchch and thar comprise majority of

A. western Ghats

B. Himalayan region

C. deserts

D. none of the above

Answer optionc

Marks: 2

1032 Aravali mountain are covering states such as

A. Gujrat, M.P, Rajasthan

B. Ladakh mountain

C. Coastal region

D. None of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

1033 Which of the river plains extend up to Himalayan foot hills?

A. The gangetic plains

B. Punjab plains

C. Brahmaputra plain

D. None of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

1040 Uncontrolled hybridization of different species of animals/plants, Which of the following pollution it leads to

A. Genetic pollution
B. Homogenization

C. Genetic swamping

D. None of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 2

1041 Genetic pollution may be originated due to one of the following. Which of the following may be possible reason?

A. Uncontrolled hybridization

B. Unprofitability

C. Natural phenomenon

D. None of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 2

1042 Which of the following is considered to be major threat to global Biodiversity?

A. Genetically modified species

B. Global warming

C. Pollination

D. None of the above

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

1043 The ‘Global zoo Ecoregions’ is a system derived to conserve biodiversity. Which of the following has taken this initiative?

A. The world wild-life fund

B. Africa

C. Latin America

D. World ecological fund

Answer optiona

Marks: 2

Which of the following acronym stands for and is preferred by Edward O. Wilson for threats to biodiversity Habitat(destruction),
1044
Invasive(species), pollution, population(explosion) and overharvesting.

A. HIPPO

B. HIPPUO

C. HINPPEIO

D. None of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 2

1045 Poaching of wild animals is very common. Which of following is main reason?
A. Animals killed for their organs

B. Animals are killed only for food

C. Animals are killed as they are overpopulated

D. None of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

1046 Conservation on International Trade in Endangered Species [CITES] and World Heritage Convention [WHC] was held in years:

A. 1976 & 1977 respectively

B. 1981 & 1985

C. 1986 & 1991

D. 2000 & 2011

Answer optiona

Marks: 2

1047 The Hailey National park established in 1935 was renamed as,

A. Jim Corbett national park

B. Sundarban national park

C. Kanha national park

1052 Chilka lake is in

A. Maharashtra

B. Bihar

C. Orissa

D. Utter Pradesh

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

1053 The evolution of new species is called as

A. Ciation

B. Mutation

C. Mitigation

D. Speciation

Answer optiond

Marks: 2

1054 The number of species in ecological communityis known as

A. Evenness

B. Equitability

C. Species richness

D. Speciation

Answer optionc
Marks: 1

1055 The diversity within the community is involved in

A. Sigma diversity

B. Beta diversity

C. Gamma diversity

D. Alpha diversity

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

1056 About ----------% of the Indian landmass is occupied by Deccan Peninsula.

A. 25

B. 35

C. 42

D. 61

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

1057 Morphin is a _______use of biodiversity.

A. Chemical

B. Physical

C. Medicinal

D. Mechanical

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

1058 Plant based synthetic product are called as

A. Botanochemical

B. Biochemical

C. Biodiochemical

D. Oxichemical

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

1059 New species entering a geographical region are called as ________ species.

A. Exotic

B. Extic

C. Toxic

D. Exto exotic
Answer optiona

Marks: 1

1060 Exotic species are called

A. Extra species

B. Modular species

C. Alien species

D. Modern species

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

1061 WCMC stands for __________________and it is executing agency of UN government.

A. World conservation monitoring centre

B. Wild conservation monitoring centre

C. World control monitoring centre

D. World conservation management centre

Answer optiona

Marks: 2

1062 The world\\\'s first national park is ______which is located in USA

A. Yellow park

B. Yellow wildlife

C. Yellow stone

D. Yellow centre

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

1063 The national park near Sydney is

A. Roger

B. Royal

C. Yellow stone

D. Sydney Harbour

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

1064 The jim Corbett National Park is near

A. Nainital

B. Delhi

C. Mumbai
D. Nagpur

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

1065 First national park established in India is

A. Jawaharlal Neheru National Park

B. Salim Ali National Park

C. Dr. Bose National park

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

1070 The outermost part of the biosphere reserve is the

A. Core zone

B. Buffer zone

C. Transitional zone

D. Semi-buffer zone

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

1071 Undisturbed and legally protected ecosystem comes under ____of biospehere reserve.

A. Core zone

B. transition zone

C. Preserve zone

D. Buffer zone

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

1072 ____lake in Sikkim has been declared sacred by the people to save aquatic life from degradation

A. Khecheopalri

B. Dal

C. Nal

D. Zorich

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

1073 Germplasm banks or gene banks are established for _____conservation of biodiversity

A. In situ

B. Ex situ

C. Over situ

D. None of these

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

1074 Storage of germplasm at ultra-low temperature is called___

A. Cryopreservation
B. Preservation germ

C. Germ-pre

D. None of these

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

1075 In cryopreservation storage of germ plasm at ultra-low temperature is preserved. That ultra-low temperature is

A. -196 degree Celsius in liquid nitrogen

B. 196 degrees Celsius in liquid nitrogen

C. 0 degree Celsius in liquid nitrogen

D. 100 degrees Celsius in liquid nitrogen

Answer optiona

Marks: 2

1076 The book list containing a record of threatened species is called as

A. Yellow data book

B. Red data book

C. Orange data book

D. Wild data book

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

1077 Quinine the drug is use for treatment of ______is an example of benefits of biodiversity

A. Bone – T.B

B. Cancer

C. Cholera

D. Malaria

Answer optiond

Marks: 2

1078 The name of largest flying bird of today is

A. California condor

B. Mangor bird

C. Eagle- sofara

D. Eagle- sky- sulfer

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

1079 The edge effect ____the amount of habitat typical to an ecosystem

A. Increases

B. Reduces

C. Keeps same

D. None of these

Answer optiona

Marks: 2

1080 The historic convention on biological diversity held in rio de janerio in 1992 is known as

A. CITES convention

B. The earth summit

C. G -16 summit

D. MAB programme

Answer optionb

Marks: 2

1081 The term Alpha diversity refer to

A. Genetic diversity

B. Community and ecosystem diversity

C. Species diversity

D. Diversity among the plants

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

1082 The water vapour present in the unit volume of air is called :

A. Relative Humidity

B. Static Humidity

C. Absolute Humidity

D. Total Humidity

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

1083 The plants which blooms when the light duration is more than 12 hours per day is known as :

A. Long day plants

B. Short day plants

C. Day neutral plant

D. Long day and short night plants

Answer optiona

Marks: 2
EST MCQ Questions

1 Any unfavorable alteration of the environment may be called as

A. Eutrophication

B. Environmental Pollution

C. Biomagnification

D. Bioaccumulation

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

2 Extremely dry or cold climate develop soils very ________

A. Slowly

B. Fastly

C. at moderate rate

D. Climate does not have any effect on soil development

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

3 The uppermost layer of the soil is called as ________ which consists of humus and some inorganic mineral particles.

A. C Horizon

B. B Horizon

C. A Horizon

D. O Horizon

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

4 C-Horizon of soil helps in _______

A. To determine pH of soil

B. Influences soils rate of water absorption

C. Influences soils rate of water retention

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

5 Which of the following are major causes of land degradation?

A. soil erosion
B. Deforestration

C. Water logging

D. Desertification

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

6 Which of the following is not type of pesticide ?

A. Incecticides

B. Fungicides

C. Natural Fertilizers

D. Redenticides

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

7 Which of the following is not an advatage of using insectides ?

A. Its use in short term has increased the amount of food as damage by pest is decreased

B. Its use is more economic

C. Current health problems are reduced due to control on mosquitoes

D. It leads to phenomenon of biomagnification.

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

8 Crop rotation is the technique to ______

A. Control Pest

B. Enhance Soil Fertility

C. Reduce Soil Erosion

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

9 Which option below is not an example of pollution?

A. Smog in Mumbai

B. Overpopulation

C. Nuclear Waste

D. Untreated Sewage

Answer optionb
Marks: 1

10 The phenomenon of the entry of toxic chemicals into the food chains and more concentrated at higher trophic levels i

A. Biological Control

B. Biomagnification

C. Algal Boom

D. Red Tide

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

11 Integrated pest management uses biopesticides which are derived from ________

A. Microbial Pesticides like bacteria, fungus

B. Botanical Sources

C. Bio chemical pesticides like bacillus, neem

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 2

12 Which of the following is not the cause of Soil Pollution ?

A. Use of Pesticides

B. Use of Organic waste and Inorganic contaminant

C. Use of bio-fertilizers

D. Penetration of Airborne Contaminants through acid rain, perticulate matter

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

13 Soil Pollution is caused by _____

A. Aerosol

B. Acid rain

C. Ozone

D. PAN

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

14 Salinization is _______________________

A. Accumulation of salts in water

B. Accumulation of salts in soil

C. Accumulation of salts in body

D. Accumulation of salts in animals

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

15 Find the odd thing about sources of water

A. Stream

B. Ocean

C. Pond

D. River

Answer optiona

Marks: 2

16 pH value of drinking water should be between ____ and 8.5.

A. 7

B. 4

C. 2.5

D. 10

Answer optiona

Marks: 2

17 Which of the following is not the source of water pollution

A. Domestic Sewage

B. Industrial Waste

C. Natural Sources like cycloe, flood etc.

D. Electricity Generation through Wind Mills

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

18 ______ is not point source of water pollution

A. Municipal Discharge Pipes

B. Industrial discharge points

C. Acid Rain

D. Domestic Sewage

Answer optionc

Marks: 1
19 If waste materials contaminate the source of drinking water which of the following diseases will spread?

A. Scurvy

B. Typhoid

C. Maleria

D. Anaemia

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

20 Enrichment of water body by nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen is callled ____________

A. Succession

B. Eutrophication

C. Stratification

D. Climax Vegetation

Answer optionb

Marks: 2

21 Which of the following is the water pollutant ?

A. Pathogens

B. Salts

C. Nutrients

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

22 Which of the following is the water pollutant ?

A. Heat

B. Lead, Mercury, Zinc

C. Herbicides & Redenticides

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

23 Heat dissipate in water will ___________ in water

A. Decrease oxygen demand

B. Increase oxygen demand

C. Decrease dissolved oxygen concentration

D. d- Both B & C options are correct

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

24 Pathogens are water pollutants which includes _____

A. Bacteria

B. Viruses

C. Protozoa and parasatic warms

D. d- All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

25 The amount of oxygen required to breakdown a certain amount of organic matter is called as ___________-

A. Biological Oxygen Demand

B. Biomagnification

C. Biochemical oxygen demand

D. Biological Organic Demand

Answer optiona

Marks: 2

26 Excess use of pesticides causes ______

A. Biomagnification

B. Bioaccumulation

C. Both A & B

D. None of these

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

27 Which of the following is the source of groundwater pollution

A. Leachate from landfills

B. Mining wastes

C. Poorly designed and inadequately maintained septic tanks

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

28 Ganga Action Plan in India was launched in the year _________

A. 1975-76

B. 1985-86

C. 1995-96

D. 2005-06

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

29 Aquatic life is damaged by _______

A. Sound Pollution

B. Air Pollution

C. Thermal Pollution

D. All of the above

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

30 BOD of a river water is found very high. This means water ____

A. is clear

B. is highy polluted

C. contains algae

D. contain many dissoled minerals

Answer optionb

Marks: 2

31 DDT is a ______________ pollutant

A. Biodegradable

B. Un biodegradable

C. Non Biodegradable

D. Naturally degradable

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

32 What is meant by root zone process?

A. A control measure to prevent water pollution

B. A process by which roots of plants are spread on the ground

C. A control measure to prevent soil pollution

D. None of these
Answer optiona

Marks: 1

33 As per BIS standard, the turbidity of municipal supply of drinking water should be _____

A. less than 10 ppm

B. more than 50 ppm

C. more than 100 ppm

D. equal to 40 ppm

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

34 As per BIS standard, the pH of municipal supply of drinking water should be _____

A. 6.5 to 8.5

B. 2.5 to 4.5

C. 9.0 to 10.0

D. zero

Answer optiona

Marks: 2

35 BIS stands for _________

A. The Bureau of International Standards

B. The Bureau of Indian Standards

C. The Bureau of Independent Standards

D. The Bureau of Instruments and Saftey

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

36 _________ is not the part of water treatment plant.

A. Activated Carbon

B. Clorinator

C. Sand Filter

D. Hydrogen Tank

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

37 _________these method can be used to control water pollution

A. Disinfection of water
B. Sedimentation

C. Filteration

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

38 Excess of Lead and Mercury on the drinking water may leads to ______

A. Kidney and Liver Damage

B. Affecting nervous system

C. Reduction in hemoglobin formation

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 2

39 Waste water can leads to

A. Decrase in pH of water

B. Increase in pH of water

C. no effect on the fresh water

D. None of these

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

40 Sewage treatment does not aims to _________

A. prevent offensive odour in the water

B. prevent pollution of water

C. prevent supply of pure drinking water

D. prevent destruction of aquatic life

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

41 _________ is the regulatory authority and mandates the treated water quality for any Sewage Treatment Plants in Indi

A. BIS

B. CPCB

C. ISO

D. WHO

Answer optionb
Marks: 1

42 Air pollution is caused by _____

A. Insecticides

B. Sewage

C. Smoke

D. Loud Speakers

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

43 Carbon monoxide is a pollutant because

A. It react with O2

B. It inhibit its glycolysis

C. Make nervous system inactive

D. React with hemoglobin and reduces oxygen carrying capacity of blood

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

44 Which of the following is secondary pollutant

A. CO2

B. CO

C. O3

D. SO2

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

45 The concentration of which gas is highest in our environment?

A. Oxygen

B. Nitrogen

A. Lowering sulfur content in fuel

B. Increasing sulfur content in fuel

C. Lowering carbon content in fuel

D. increasing carbon content in fuel

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

The presence of solid, liquid or gaseous compounds, which may not be normally present, or in excess concentration in
49
_______

A. Air Pollution

B. Water Pollution

C. Soil Pollution

D. Radioactive Pollution

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

50 The historical monument that is affected by acid rain is _______

A. Pyramid of Egypt

B. Taj Mahal

C. Pisa Tower

D. Golden Temple

Answer optionb

Marks: 2
51 _______ layer is the innermost layer of atmosphere which extends 17 km above sea level

A. Stratosphere

B. Mesosphere

C. Troposphere

D. Thermosphere

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

52 Ozone layer is found in __________ layer of atmosphere

A. Stratosphere

B. Mesosphere

C. Torosphere

D. Thermosphere

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

53 Disease aggravated by air pollution is

A. cholera

B. rheumatism

C. bronchitis

D. haemophilia

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

54 Which of the following type of pollution can cause the outbreak of Jaundice

A. Air Pollution

B. Water Pollution

C. Thermal Pollution

D. Land Pollution

Answer optionb

Marks: 2

55 Colorless odorless and non corrosive air pollutant is

A. SO2

B. NO2

C. CO2
D. Ozone

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

56 The combustion of waste in the absence of Oxygen is called

A. Haemolysis

B. Pyrolysis

C. Hydrolysis

D. None of these

Answer optionb

Marks: 2

57 Photochemical smog is called ___________

A. Tokyo Smog

B. London Smog

C. Delhi Smog

D. None of these

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

58 The cause of Bhopal disaster is

A. Methyl Alcohol

B. Methyl Carbonate

C. Methyl Iso Chloride

D. Methyl Iso Cynide

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

59 Particulates are small pieces of solid material in the form of ______

A. Smoke partices from fire

B. Dust Particles

C. Ash from industry

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

60 Which are not the objectives of waste minimisation?

A. Reduced hazard to human health from the generation of toxic wastes

B. Preventing environmental degradation caused by unnecessary release of waste materials

C. To de-neutralise the waste

D. Reduced the waste disposal and its cost reduction

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

61 Which of the following on inhalation dissolved in the blood hemoglobin more rapidly than oxygen?

A. SO2

B. Carbon monoxide

C. Ozone

D. Nitrous Oxide

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

62 Chloro-Fluro Carbons are used in _____

A. Air conditioners and Refrigerators

B. Perfumers, Room Fresheners

C. Foams for mattresses and cushions

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

63 Ozone layer depletion results into _______ due to ultraviolet radiation

A. Lung Cancer

B. Skin Cancer

C. Asthama

D. Maleria

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

64 Ultra Violet Radiation Does not affect/cause ______

A. Ability of plants to capture light energy into process of photosynthesis

B. Paint and fabric, causing them to fade faster

C. Rain

D. Global Warming
Answer optionc

Marks: 1

65 _______ equipments can be used to control air pollution

A. Electrostatic Precipitators

B. Scrubbers

C. Filters

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

66 The TAJ MAHAL at AGRA may be damaged by

A. Sulphar Dioxide

B. Chlorine

C. Oxygen

D. Hydrogen

Answer optiona

Marks: 2

67 Global Warming is caused by ______

A. Green House Gases

B. CFC

C. NH4

D. NO2

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

68 Acid rain mainly result from

A. CO2

B. SO2

C. Carbon Monoxide

D. Ammonia

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

69 _________ strategies can be used to control air pollution

A. Adsorption and Absorption

B. Condensation and chemical Reaction

C. Incineration

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

70 Noise is _______________

A. Huge sound

B. Sound of vehicles

C. Undesirable and unwanted sound

D. Sound of crackers

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

71 The unit of measurement of intensity of sound is in _________

A. Decibel

B. Lux

C. Pascel

D. Candela

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

72 What is temporary threshold shift??

A. Hearing loss due to excessive noise

B. Noise that is untolerable

C. Tolerable noise

D. Inaudible noise

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

73 Which of the following is not the function of CPCB ?

A. To lay down and annual standards for the quality of air

B. To discourage investigations and research for handling air pollution

C. To collect, compile and publish the data related to air pollution

D. To advice state pollution control board

Answer optionb
Marks: 1

74 The level at which sound becomes physically painful is

A. above 30 dB

B. above 80 dB

C. above 100 dB

D. above 120 dB

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

75 Noise pollution can result into

A. Cardiovascular Diaseases

B. Annoyance

C. Hearling Loss

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

76 CNG is a ______

A. Polluted Fuel

B. Clean Fuel

C. Harmful Fuel

D. None of these

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

77 Which of the following is not a method to control the noise ?

A. Increase the path length

B. Decrease the path length

C. Block the path of noise

D. Reduce the noise at source

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

78 A safe level of noise depends on

A. A. level of noise and exposure to noise

B. area
C. pitch

D. frequency

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

Apart from hearing loss, excessive noise pollution effects 1) Migraine headaches
2) Heart Palpitation
79 3) Dizziness
4) Nausea
5) Gastric Ulcers

A. cultivation of crops in green house to conserve heat

B. trapping of solar energy due to carbon dioxide gases

C. trapping of solar energy by earth upper surface

D. increase of heat due to atmospheric pollution

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

85 Which of the following processes does not increase the amount of carbon dioxide in air?

A. Breathing

B. Burning of petrol

C. Photosynthesis

D. Aerobic decay of vegetation

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

86 Which of the following does not cause pollution?

A. Burning of petrol

B. Use of solar energy

C. Burning of rubber

D. All of the above

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

87 Municipal Solid Waste does not include ____

A. Homes
B. Commercial Establishments

C. Construction and demolition debris

D. None of these

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

88 Which of the following is the control measure for Solid Waste Management ?

A. Source Reduction

B. Recycling

C. Disposal

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

89 _________ is the process of burning municipal solid waste in a properly designed furnance under suitable temperature

A. Incineration

B. Recycling

C. Disposal

D. Combustion

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

90 Which of the below is not an idea behind solid waste management?

A. Control of waste generation

B. Storage and collection

C. Disposal

D. Stop Waste Generation

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

91 Which of the following is a biodegradable waste?

A. Polythene Bags

B. Synthetic Fibre

C. Food Waste

D. Paper

Answer optionc
Marks: 1

92 In which method of disposal of municipal solid waste, the waste is dumped in the soil?

A. Incineration

B. Composting

C. Land Filling

D. Shredding

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

93 The process of decomposition of biodegradable solid waste by earthworms is called

A. Land Filling

B. Shredding

C. Vermi-Composting

D. Composting

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

94 What is E-Waste?

A. Edible Waste

B. Easter Waste

C. Electronic Waste

D. Eternal Waste

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

95 Which item is not an e-waste product?

A. Radio

B. Phone

C. Computer

D. Vaccum

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

96 Which toxic compound is not found in e-waste?

A. Mercury

B. Cadmium
C. Neon

D. Lead

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

97 What is the most valuable recyclable comnponent of a circuit board?

A. Copper

B. Silver

C. Gold

D. Platinun

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

98 Which country produces the most e-waste per year?

A. Britain

B. China

C. India

D. USA

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

99 When you find biomedical waste in regular waste, which of these things should you do?

A. Fill out an AEMS Report

B. Notify Area Leader

C. Notify your service coordinator

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

100 The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) was constituted in the year:

A. September, 1972

B. September, 1974

C. September, 1981

D. None of the above

Answer optionb

C. Section 3B

D. Section 8A

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

105 The Wildlife (Protection) Act of India was enacted in the year:

A. 1986

B. 1974

C. 1994
D. 1972

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

106 The Wildlife (Protection) Act contains:

A. 66 Sections

B. 60 Sections

C. 70 Sections

D. 46 Sections

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

107 The acronym NGO stands for

A. Non-Governmental Organization

B. Neo-Governmental Organization

C. No-Gain Organizations

D. National-Grade Organization

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

108 How many Nuclear power stations are there in India currently?

A. 5

B. 6

C. 7

D. 8

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

109 Which of the following Occurred first ?

A. Noise Pollution Rule, India

B. Air Act, India

C. Environmental Protection Act, India

D. Water Act, India

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

110 Activities like tilling, harvesting, heating and ventilation are direct consumers of:
A. Sun

B. Energy

C. Air

D. Heat

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

111 Which of the following is not an effect of modern agriculture?

A. Nitrate pollution

B. Eutrophication

C. Biomagnification

D. Ozone depletion

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

112 Example of renewable energy resource is _______________

A. Coal

B. Fossil fuel

C. Nuclear reaction

D. Sunlight

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

113 Which of the following entities get affected by Housing development?

A. Neighbourhood

B. Energy consumption

C. Water consumption

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

114 Which of the following human activity causes maximum environmental Pollution at Regional and Global perspective?

A. Urbanization

B. Tourism

C. Farming

D. Industrialization
Answer optiond

Marks: 1

115 The process of extraction of mineral and metal ores from earth is called as __________________

A. Agriculture

B. Transportation

C. Mining

D. Sustainable development

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

116 Production, transformation and use of energy are the features of

A. Industrial Industrial Growth

B. Sustainable growth

C. Global warming

D. Aforestation

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

117 In EIA the decision to hold hearing has to make within:

A. 5 days

B. 10 days

C. 20 days

D. 30 days

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

118 SPCB?s are required to give notice in how many newspapers mentioning the date, time and place of public hearing:

A. 2

B. 4

C. 6

D. 8

Answer optiona

Marks: 2

119 Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own need? is gi

A. Brundtland
B. Mahatma Gandhi

C. Maathai

D. Sunderlal Bahugana

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

120 The world as World Environmental day is celebrated on:

A. Dec-01

B. Nov-14

C. Jun-05

D. Aug-15

Answer optionc

Marks: 2

121 The constitutional provision for environmental protection was made in the year _________________

A. 1976

B. 1950

C. 1982

D. 1960

Answer optiona

Marks: 2

122 Noise pollution has been inserted as pollution in the Air Act in:

A. 1981

B. 1987

C. 1982

D. 2000

Answer optionb

Marks: 2

123 The Women?s Population in the world is almost:

A. Half

B. One-forth

C. One-Third

D. One-fifth

Answer optiona
Marks: 1

124 Literacy among women has which of the following effect on the society?

A. Reduction in infant mortality rate

B. Reduction in rate of population growth

C. Promotion of education

D. All of the above

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

125 The idea of sustainable development was conceived in early:

A. 1950

B. 1960

C. 1970

D. 1980

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

126 How many agreements are there in Agenda 21(Non binding action plan to sustainable development)?

A. 4

B. 5

C. 6

D. 7

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

127 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was enacted in the year:

A. 1981

B. 1996

C. 2000

D. 1974

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

128 The EPA contains:

A. 25 Sections

B. 12 Sections
C. 26 Sections

D. 14 Sections

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

129 The EPA consists:

A. 2 Chapters

B. 4 Chapters

C. 7 Chapters

D. 8 Chapters

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

130 Which of the following is a problem associated with population growth?

A. Increased resource consumption

B. Increased solid waste generation

C. Food and energy scarcity

D. All of A, B & C

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

131 The statistical Study of human population prediction for the future is called;

A. Demography

B. Biography

C. Calligraphy

D. Geography

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

132 The maximum population size of a biological species that the environment can sustain indefinitely is called as _____

A. Biotic potential

B. Carrying capacity

C. Environmental resistance

D. Population size

Answer optionb

Marks: 1
133 Supporting capacity and assimilative capacity are the components of _______________ in environmental management

A. Carrying capacity

B. Holding capacity

C. Containing capacity

D. Capturing capacity

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

134 The management of natural resources should take into

A. A long term perspective

B. Environmental pollution

C. Their equitable distribution

D. (a), (b), (c) and safe disposal of wastes

Answer optiond

Marks: 2

135 Which state in India designed the Khadin or Dhora water harvesting method?

A. Rajasthan

B. Maharashtra

C. Bihar

D. Uttar Pradesh

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

136 The traditional water harvesting method used in Rajasthan is:

A. Surangams

B. Kattas

C. Kulhs

D. Khadin

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

137 Which of the following river originates as well as ends in the territory of India?

A. Brahmaputra

B. Indus

C. Kosi
D. Chambal

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

138 Which of the following Indian river flows through the central part of India?

A. Indus

B. Brahmaputra

C. Godavari

D. Cauvery

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

139 Indira Sagar Dam located in Madhya Pradesh is built on which of the following river?

A. Betwa

B. Chambal

C. Narmada

D. Shipra

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

140 Which of the following is the most abundant dissolved ion in the Ocean?

A. Chlorine

B. Bromine

C. Potassium

D. Calcium

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

141 Which is the longest river in the India?

A. Nile

B. Ganga

C. Tapi

D. Brahmaputra

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

142 Which of the following is a non-renewable resource?

A. Coal

B. Forests

C. Water

D. Wildlife

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

143 Which among the following is not a renewable source of energy?

A. Solar energy

B. Biomass energy

C. Hydro-power

D. Thermal power

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

144 Identify the non-renewable energy resource from the following:

A. Bio fuel cell

B. Hydrogen fuel cell

C. Wind

D. Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG)

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

145 Which of the following is a disadvantage of majority of the renewable energy sources?

A. Highly polluting

B. High waste disposal cost

C. Unreliable supply

D. High running cost

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

146 Photovoltaic energy is the conversion of sunlight into:

A. Chemical energy

B. Biogas

C. Electricity

D. Geothermal energy
Answer optionc

Marks: 1

147 Which of the following are vertical axis wind mill?

A. Tower mills

B. Smock mills

C. Both A & B

D. None of A & B

Answer optionc

Marks: 2

148 Steam reforming is currently the least expensive method of producing:

A. Coal

B. Biogas

C. Hydrogen

D. Natural gas

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

149 In order to produce electricity, a fuel cell burns:

A. Helium

B. Nitrogen

C. Hydrogen

D. None of the above

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

150 Sustainable development does not support at maximizing the present day benefits through __________ resource consumpt

A. Increased

B. Decreased

C. Both A & B

D. None of A & B

Answer optiona

Marks: 2

151 ______ released from mobile phones also contribute to photochemical smog

A. Hydrocarbons
B. Radiations

C. Sound

D. None of the above

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

152 Runoff water from surface is conserved by ________ method.

A. Rain Water Conservation

B. Rain Water Harvesting

C. Water Storage Systems

D. None of the above

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

153 Which of the following problem persist with surface water reservoirs?

A. Evaporation

B. Reduced Rainfall

C. Reduced storage

D. Difficulty to manage

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

154 The suspended impurities can be trapped by using __________.

A. Membrane

B. Mesh

C. Filter Paper

D. None of the above

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

155 Water scarcity can be addressed to come extent solved by ________.

A. Construction of more roads

B. Construction of more buildings

C. Rain Water Harvesting

D. Prrifying the water

Answer optionc
Marks: 1

156 The main advantage of watershed approach is _________.

A. High Cost

B. Time consuming method

C. Environment friendly

D. None of the above

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

157 Which of the following is the prime objective of Watershed Management?

A. Utilization

B. Conservation

C. Analysis

D. Pollution

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

158 Water stored using rain water harvesting is useful for _________.

A. Drinking

B. Agriculture

C. Industrial Process

D. All of the above

B. Chemical

C. Information

D. Computational

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

163 Which of the following is the first stage of Environmental Clearance process?

A. Screening

B. Scoping

C. Public Consultation

D. Appraisal

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

164 The most commonly noticeable effect of Indoor Pollutants on human health is ________

A. Gastric disorder

B. Respiratory disorder

C. Reproductive disorder

D. Skin Disorder

Answer optionb

Marks: 1
165 NGO has freedom to take issues in ________.

A. Parliament

B. Municipality

C. Court

D. Society

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

166 The process that converts solid coal into liquid hydrocarbon fuel is called:

A. Carbonation

B. Liquefaction

C. Catalytic conversion

D. Cracking

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

167 Which of the following is the highest ranked coal (Having High carbon content)?

A. Lignite

B. Subbituminous

C. Anthracite

D. Bituminous

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

168 Which of the following country is the world\'s largest producer of Geothermal energy ?

A. New Zealand

B. Ice land

C. United States

D. Germany

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

169 Which of the following comprises of black painted panels exposed to sun to trap heat and energy?

A. Solar Cells

B. Solar heater

C. Solar furnace
D. Solar battery

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

170 The benefits of use Renewable energy include;

A. Check on Global Warming

B. Conservation of fossil fuels

C. Both A & B

D. None of A & B

Answer optionc

Marks: 2

171 Which of the following energy source is expensive and used in small scales?

A. Solar energy

B. Wind energy

C. Geothermal energy

D. Thermal energy

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

172 Which source of energy has benefited from improvement in technology?

A. Solar energy

B. Wind energy

C. Hydro energy

D. Thermal energy

Answer optionb

Marks: 2

173 Which type of energy has high cost of research into new technology?

A. Renewable energy

B. Solar energy

C. Non-Renewable energy

D. Hydro energy

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

174 India's major non-renewable energy source is _________.

A. Petroleum and other liquids

B. Natural gas

C. Nuclear energy

D. Coal

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

175 Which of the following nonrenewable energy is not classified under a fossil fuel?

A. Natural gas

B. Petroleum and other liquids

C. Oil

D. Nuclear energy

Answer optiond

Marks: 2

176 Wind is beneficial resource of energy as it doesn\'t cause

A. Pollution

B. Noise

C. Echo

D. Vibration

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

177 Which of the following uses Boiling water reactor or pressurized water reactors?

A. Nuclear reactor

B. Solar reactor

C. OTEC

D. Biogas reactor

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

178 Which of the following consists of thousands of mirrors or curved metals to focus solar energy to generate very high

A. solar cells

B. solar heater

C. solar furnace

D. solar battery
Answer optionc

Marks: 1

179 When was the world's first controlled fission of an atom carried out?

A. 1920

B. 1928

C. 1925

D. 1938

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

180 Which of the following describes crude oil properly?

A. Colourless liquid

B. Odourless liquid

C. Smelly yellow to black liquid

D. Odourless yellow to black liquid

Answer optionc

Marks: 2

181 Which of the following are Common energy source in rural India?

A. Electricity

B. Coal

C. Sun

D. Wood and animal dung

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

182 The outermost layer of the earth's troposphere is:

A. Mantle

B. Core

C. Crust

D. None of the above

Answer optionc

Marks: 2

183 Penalty for conservation of the provisions of the Forest Act is under:

A. Section 4A
B. Section 3A

C. Section 12A

D. Section 8A

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

184 EIA Stands for Environmental _________

A. Internal Assessment

B. Implementing Assessment

C. In Assessment

D. Impact Assessment

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

185 The Ministry of Environment and Forests issued revised Notification on Environment Clearance in September 2006 and _

A. Dec-06

B. Dec-07

C. Dec-08

D. Dec-09

Answer optiond

Marks: 1

186 Green buildings are the structures which use co-friendly materials reducing the depletion of ______________

A. Natural resources

B. Fossil Fuels

C. Mineral deposits

D. Open lands

Answer optiona

Marks: 1

187 Green buildings generate non-degradable waste to some extent !

A. TRUE

B. FALSE

C. Either True or False

D. Niether True nor False

Answer optiona
Marks: 2

188 In the Water Act the entire National Capital Territory of Delhi has been declared as water pollution prevention cont

A. Section 21

B. Section 23

C. Section 19

D. Section 24

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

189 Which of the following Acts under which the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) Came in to existence?

A. Air(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of India

B. Water(Prevention and control of Pollution) Act of India

D. 8 Chapters

Answer optionc

Marks: 1

193 The Air Act have

A. 56 Sections

B. 54 Sections

C. 58 Sections

D. 62 Sections

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

194 Which of the following rivers form the western border of Aizwal?

A. Tuirial

B. Tlawng river

C. Hwang Ho

D. Irawadi

Answer optionb

Marks: 2

195 Groundwater source is also known as

A. Jack Well

B. Recharge Well

C. Discharge Well

D. Sump Well

Answer optionb

Marks: 1

196 Which of the following river is the home for fresh water dolphins?

A. Brahamaputra

B. Yamuna

C. Ganga

D. Sabarmati

Answer optionc

Marks: 1
197 Which of the following Agro climatic Zone is a part of Maharashtra?

A. Western Dry Region

B. Eastern Plateau Hills

C. Western Plateau Hills

D. East coast Plains Hills

Answer optionc

Marks: 1
1/1/2021 MCQ QUESTIONS
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Tour2Tech
Page 1 of 23

1. The study of living organisms with the environment is known as ____________

a. Ecology
b. Ecosystem
c. Community
d. Environment

2. Which of the following describe the study of group of the population?

a. Autecology
b. Synecology
c. Biomes
d. Community

3. The collection of the same species within an area is called a population.

a. True
b. False

4. What is the climate pattern in areas of limited size or immediate surroundings

of plant and animal?
a. Segmented climate
b. Mixed climate
c. Macroclimate
d. Microclimate

5. Vegetation of tropical deciduous forest falls under which of the following

categories?
a. Mesotherm
b. Megatherm
c. Microtherm
d. Minitherm

MCQ QUESTIONS TOUR2TECH

Page 2 of 23

6. Name the type of water stored in the soil in the form of hydrated oxides of iron,
silicon, and aluminium?

a. Gravitational water
b. Capillary water
c. Hygroscopic water
d. Chemically Bound water

7. Which of the following parameter of light is NOT required by plants to grow?

a. Colour of light
b. Duration of light
c. Intensity of light
d. Wavelength of light

8. Which of the following climatic zone lies around 40°- 60° latitude?

a. Tropical
b. Subtropical
c. Arctic
d. Temperate

9. Which of the following are major environmental issues involved in mining?

a. Air pollution
b. Water pollution
c. Soil degradation
d. All of above

10. World environment day is on:

a. 5th April
b. 5th July
c. 5th May
d. 5th June

MCQ QUESTIONS TOUR2TECH

Page 3 of 23

11. Which among the following is a climatic factor?

a. Pressure
b. Humidity
c. Temperature
d. All of above

12. The word ‘Environment’ is derived from

a. Greek
b. Spanish
c. French
d. English

13. Which is the Linux operating system?

a. Windows OS
b. Open source OS
c. Private OS
d. None

14. Atmosphere consists of 79 % Nitrogen and 21 % Oxygen by

a. Density
b. Volume
c. Weight
d. None of the above

15. Biosphere is the thin shell of organic matter on the surface of the earth
comprising of all the living things

a. False
b. True

16. The term ‘Environment’ has been derived from the French word which means to
encircle or surround

a. Oikos
b. Environ

MCQ QUESTIONS TOUR2TECH

Page 4 of 23

c. Geo
d. Aqua

17. Environment is the life support system that includes

a. Land
b. Air
c. Water
d. All of above

18. The basic requirements of human beings are provided by

a. Nature

b. Agriculture
c. Industrialization
d. Urbanization

19. The species restricted to be present in one region are called

a. Endangered species
b. Edge species
c. Endemic species
d. Keystone species

20. Development activities on the hydrosphere cause

a. Noise pollution
b. Soil pollution
c. Water pollution
d. Soil erosion

21. Destruction of mangroves and wetlands is influenced by human activities.

a. True
b. False

MCQ QUESTIONS TOUR2TECH

Page 5 of 23

22. The objective of Environment studies is

a. Raise consciousness about environment conditions
b. To teach environmentally appropriate behaviour
c. Create an environmental ethic sensitive society
d. All of Above

23. In an ecotone, the species which become abundant are called:

a. Endemic species
b. Keystone species
c. Edge species
d. None of Above

24. Sustainable development means

a. balance between human needs and the ability of earth to provide the resources
b. Progress of human beings
c. meeting present needs without compromising on future needs
d. All of above

25. The most important remedy to avoid negative impact due to industrialisation is

a. industry should treat all the wastes generated by it before disposal

b. industries should be shifted far away from human habitats
c. don’t allow new industrial units
d. None

26. Sustainable development will not aim at

a. Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs
of future generation to meet their own needs.
b. Reasonable and equally distributed level of economic well being that can be perpetuated
continually
c. Social economic development which optimizes the economic and social benefits available
in the present, without spoiling the likely potential for similar benefits in the future
d. All of Above

MCQ QUESTIONS TOUR2TECH

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27. The adverse effect of modern agriculture is

a. Water pollution
b. Water logging
c. Soil degradation
d. None of Above

28. Soil erosion removes surface soil which contains which contains organic matter.

a. True
b. False

29. Water logging is a phenomenon in which Soil root zone becomes saturated due to
over irrigation
a. True
b. False

30. Loss of wild life habitat is not the impact of construction of dams

a. False
b. True

31. What would you do to prevent environmental damage

a. All
b. Plant trees
c. Control pollution
d. Halt deforestation

32. Environmental impact assessment

a. is the study of feasibility of a project
b. is a study of bio-physical characteristics of the environment that may result from a
human action
c. Both a and b
d. None

MCQ QUESTIONS TOUR2TECH

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33. A herbivore is also known as a first order consumer.

a. True
b. False

34. Which of the following is the most environmental friendly agricultural practice?
a. Using chemical fertilizer
b. Organic farming
c. Using insecticides
d. None

35. A product of photosynthesis is oxygen.

a. False
b. True

36. Primary source of energy in a food web is/are

a. Sun
b. Water
c. Green plants
d. Animals

37. A group of living organisms of the same kind living in the same place and at the
same time refers to a population.
a. False
b. True

38. Which of these organisms has a diet consisting only of plant matter
a. Carnivores
b. Omnivores
c. Herbivores
d. Insectivores

39. The true end of any food chain is the

a. Decomposer
b. Human
c. Consumer
d. Predator

40. The second trophic level in a lake is

a. Zooplanktons
b. Phytoplankton

MCQ QUESTIONS TOUR2TECH

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c. Benthos
d. Fishes

41. Which of the following can act as a pioneer species in a xerach succession
a. Lichens
b. Humans
c. Herbs
d. Animals

42. Energy flow in an ecosystem is

a. Multidirectional
b. Unidirectional
c. Bidirectional
d. All rounds

43. Aquarium is an example of a man-made ecosystem

a. True
b. False

44. Pyramid of energy in a pond ecosystem is always upright.

a. False
b. True

45. If in a population, natality is balanced by mortality, then there will be

a. Zero population growth
b. Over population
c. Increase in population growth
d. Decrease in population growth

46. In a pyramid of numbers in grassland ecosystems, the largest population is that of

a. Producers
b. Primary consumers
c. Secondary consumers
d. Herbivores

47. Cow and rabbit belong to the category of primary consumers in grazing food
chain.
a. True
b. False

MCQ QUESTIONS TOUR2TECH

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48. The pyramid of energy is always upright for any ecosystem, this situation
indicates that
a. Carnivores have a better energy conversion efficacy than herbivores
b. Producers have the lowest energy conversion efficiency
c. Herbivores have better energy conversion efficiency than carnivores
d. Energy conversion efficiency is same at all trophic levels

49. Which of the ecological pyramid is always upright

a. All
b. Pyramid of biomass
c. Pyramid of numbers
d. Pyramid of energy

50. Which one of the following is not a gaseous biogeochemical cycle

a. Sulphur cycle
b. Nitrogen cycle
c. Carbon cycle
d. Phosphorus cycle

51. Deserts, grasslands, forests and tundra regions are the examples of
a. Biogeographically regions
b. Biospheres
c. Biomes
d. Ecosystem

52. The upright pyramid of numbers is absent in forests.

a. True
b. False

53. The final stable community in ecological succession is climax.

a. True
b. False

54. Hydrarch succession takes place in

a. Bare area
b. Dry area
c. Wetter areas
d. None of the above

MCQ QUESTIONS TOUR2TECH

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55. Mass of living matter at a trophic level in an area at any given time is called
standing crop.
a. True
b. False

56. Which of the following is a fossil fuel?

a. All
b. Oil
c. Natural gas
d. Coal

57. Biogas contains mainly Methane.

a. False
b. True

58. Which of the following is not an inexhaustible form of energy?

a. Fosil
b. Water
c. Wind
d. Solar

59. The burning of fossil fuels releases a large amount of

a. Sulphur into air
b. Nitrogen into air
c. Oxygen into air
d. Carbon dioxide into air

60. A poisonous gas given out of a vehicle exhaust is carbon monoxide.

a. True
b. False

61. The purest form of coal is peat.

a. False
b. True

62. Freon is used as a refrigerant.

a. True
b. False

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63. Resources which are directly derived from nature are referred to as
a. Man-made resources
b. Natural resources
c. Organic resources
d. None of above

64. Loss of forest has led to

a. Global warming
b. Erosion of fertile soil
c. Both a and b
d. All of above

65. What are the consequences of excessive mining in an area?

a. Migration of large number of population
b. Air and water pollution
c. Deforestation
d. All of above

66. The fossil fuel that is derived from the dead remains of plants that grew some 250
million years ago is -----
a. Natural gas
b. LPG
c. Coal
d. Petroleum

67. Resources that take too long a period of time to be used as a resource are called
as Inexhaustible resource.
a. True
b. False

68. A resource that cannot be replaced in a reasonably short time is usually referred
to as
a. Natural
b. Renewable
c. Non-renewable
d. Man-made

69. Man-made resources are alternative to natural resources for a variety of reasons.
Which of these would not be one of those?
a. They are cheaper to produce than natural resources
b. They increase variety and choice

MCQ QUESTIONS TOUR2TECH

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c. They are made from renewable resources

d. None of above

70. Uranium is a fossil fuel?

a. False
b. True

71. A liquid fuel that was formed from the ancient remains of sea plants and animals
is
a. Petroleum
b. Coal
c. Natural gas
d. geothermal energy

72. Energy in the rays from the sun is called solar energy.
a. True
b. False

73. Which is a list of renewable resources?

a. Petroleum, geothermal, wind
b. Biomass, geothermal, hydropower
c. Natural gas, wind, biomass
d. Hydropower, solar, wind energy.

74. Energy from the heat inside the earth is ______

a. Petroleum
b. Terrathermal
c. Natural gas
d. Geothermal

75. A coal deposit that is not economical to mine today would be considered part of
our ___________
a. Coal reserves
b. Coal resources
c. Coal reservoirs
d. None of above

76. Which out of the following are the causes of soil erosion?
a. Unrestricted grazing
b. Deforestation

MCQ QUESTIONS TOUR2TECH

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c. Over cultivation
d. All of above

77. The process of restoring forests that once existed but was removed at some time
in the past is known as
a. Afforestation
b. Deforestation
c. Reforestation
d. None

78. Red data book contains data of

a. All animal species
b. Threatened species
c. All plant species
d. Economically important species

79. IUCN Headquarters is at

a. Paris, France
b. Morges, Switzerland
c. New york, USA
d. Vienna, Australia

80. Which of the following regions has the maximum diversity?

a. Mangroves
b. Coral reefs
c. Taiga
d. Temperate forest

81. The most important reason for decrease in biodiversity is habitat destruction.
a. False
b. True

82. Dodo is _____

a. Endangered species
b. Rare species
c. Exotic species
d. Extinct species

MCQ QUESTIONS TOUR2TECH

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83. Blue whale is placed under _____

a. Extinct
b. Rare
c. Endangered
d. Exotic

84. Conservation within the natural habitat is in-situ conservation.

a. False
b. True

85. Endemic species are rare species.

a. False
b. True

86. Ex-situ conservation includes zoo.

a. True
b. False

87. Which one of the following is not included under in situ conservation?
a. All of the mentioned
b. Wild life sanctuary
c. National park
d. Zoo

88. Hotspots are regions of high

a. Diversity
b. Endemism
c. Rareism
d. None of above

89. Western Ghats in India is a hotspot of biodiversity?

a. False
b. True

90. Which one of the following has the maximum genetic diversity in India?
a. Mango
b. Tea

MCQ QUESTIONS TOUR2TECH

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c. Wheat
d. Teak

91. Darwin’s finches are a good example of

a. Adaptive radiation
b. Convergent evolution
c. Connecting links
d. Industrial melanism

92. Which group of vertebrates comprises of highest number of species

a. Reptiles
b. Birds
c. Fishes
d. Mammals

93. 5th June is observed as

a. World environmental day
b. World forest day
c. World wildlife day
d. World population day

94. The unfavorable alteration of environment by human activities is termed as ______

a. Ecological disturbances
b. Ecological degradation
c. Pollution
d. None of above

95. Biogas contains mainly

a. Propane
b. Butane
c. Methane
d. Carbon dioxide

96. Main source of acid rain is

a. Carbon monoxide
b. Carbon dioxide
c. Nitrogen
d. Sulphur dioxide

MCQ QUESTIONS TOUR2TECH

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97. Treated water can be disinfected by adding alum.

a. True
b. False

98. Which of the following does not causes air pollution when used for heating
purposes
a. Solar energy
b. Coal
c. Kerosene
d. Petrol

99. The burning of fossil fuels releases large amount of Sulphur.

a. True
b. False

100. pH of rainwater is
a. 8-9
b. 7-8
c. 6-7
d. 5-6

101. A common bactericide used in swimming pools is

a. Borax
b. DDT
c. Alum
d. Chlorine

102. Green house effect is linked to

a. Carbon dioxide
b. Carbon monoxide
c. Sulphur
d. Nitrogen

103. Disposable glasses and plates are made up of

a. All of above
b. Polystyrene
c. PVC
d. Polyvinyl alcohol

MCQ QUESTIONS TOUR2TECH

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104. Aerosols consisting of solid particles produced by combustion smog.

a. True
b. False

105. Which of the following are consequences of ozone depletion

a. Reduces growth in plant
b. Skin cancer and cataract
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above

106. Which out of the following is a measure to control air pollution

a. Increasing use of renewable energy resources
b. Reduction in use of fossil fuels
c. both a and b
d. None

107. The discharge of warm/hot water directly into rivers is known as

a. Water pollution
b. Thermal pollution
c. Marine pollution
d. None of above

108. Yellowing of Taj Mahal is an effect of

a. Ozone depletion
b. Global warming
c. Acid rain
d. All of above

109. Increase in concentration of toxic level in each trophic level is referred to as

a. Bioconcentration
b. Bioaccumulation
c. Biomagnification
d. None of above

110. Pollutants that are easily manageable and decomposable in nature are called
a. Renewable pollutants
b. Non-biodegradable pollutant
c. Degradable pollutants
d. None of above

MCQ QUESTIONS TOUR2TECH

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111. The supersonic jets cause air pollution by the thinning of ozone layer.
a. True
b. False

112. Which of the following is the best indicator of SO2 pollution

a. Algae
b. Lichens
c. Bryophytes
d. Pteridophytes

113. A river with high BOD value means highly polluted.

a. False
b. True

114. Chlorofluorocarbons gas is responsible for ozone layer depletion around earth.
a. True
b. False

115. BOD stands for ____

a. Biological Oxidation Demand
b. Biological Oxygen Demand
c. Biotic Oxygen Demand
d. None of above

116. Possible health effects of noise pollution includes

a. Hearing loss
b. Hypertensions
c. Cardiovascular effects
d. All of above

117. Noise is measured by sound meter and the unit is

a. Joule
b. Hz
c. Decibel
d. Seconds

118. Which of the following are major causes of land degradation?

a. Deforestation
b. Desertification
c. Soil erosion
d. None of above

MCQ QUESTIONS TOUR2TECH

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119. The main components of photochemical smog is

a. Water vapour
b. Sulphur oxide
c. Nitrogen oxide
d. All of above

120. Which gas is responsible for the global warming?

a. Nitrogen
b. Hydrogen
c. Carbon monoxide
d. Carbon dioxide

121. Which country has organized its cabinet meeting under the sea to drag attention
of the world towards the Global Warming and its threats?

a. Shri lanka
b. Indonesia
c. Maldives
d. None of the above

122. Which of the following effect is responsible for Global Warming?

a. Radioactive effect
b. Nuclear effect
c. Solar effect
d. Green house effect

123. Regional climatic changes and a rise in sea level are two major impacts expected
as a result of rising global temperatures
a. False
b. True

124. Which of the following greenhouse gas is entirely anthropogenic in origin?

a. All of above
b. Methane
c. Water vapour
d. Carbon dioxide

125. Which of the following is not a greenhouse gas?

a. Methane
b. Ozone
c. Carbon dioxide
d. Water vapour

MCQ QUESTIONS TOUR2TECH

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126. How are humans making greenhouse gases of our own?

a. With large scale agriculture
b. Burning forest
c. Burning fossil fuels
d. All of above

127. The solar radiation that bounces off the earth back towards the atmosphere is
mostly
a. Infrared radiation
b. Gamma radiation
c. Ultravilet radiation
d. x-ray radiation

128. Excess atmospheric carbon dioxide increases green house effect as carbon
dioxide
a. Both a and b
b. Reduces atmospheric pressure
c. Is opaque to infrared rays
d. None of above

129. Which of the following is not a potential adverse effect of global warming?
a. Retreat of glaciers
b. Sea level rise
c. An increase of UV-B radiation
d. None of above

130. Which of the following processes adds to the removal of carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere?
a. Burning fossil fuel
b. Deforestation
c. Respiration
d. Photosynthesis

131. Which is the only country who has not ratified the Kyoto Protocol yet?
a. India
b. Japan
c. England
d. US

MCQ QUESTIONS TOUR2TECH

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132. Ozone day is observed on

a. 10th feb
b. 12th June
c. 10th Jan
d. 16TH sept

133. Ozone layer is present in

a. Staratosphere
b. Troposphere
c. Monosphere
d. Thermosphere

134. Peeling of Ozone umbrella, which protects us from UV rays, is caused by CFCs.
a. False
b. True

135. Formation of hole in Ozone is maximum over

a. India
b. Japan
c. Africa
d. Antarctica

136. Increasing skin cancer and high mutation rate are the result of
a. All of the mention
b. Global warming
c. Pollution
d. Ozone depletion

137. Thickness of ozone layer is measured in

a. Dobson unit
b. Decibels
c. Meter
d. All of above

138. Chlorofluorocarbon releases a chemical harmful to ozone is __________

a. Nitrogen
b. Carbons
c. Fluorine
d. Chlorine

MCQ QUESTIONS TOUR2TECH

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139. The main cause of world population growth in 18th and 19th centuries was
industrial revolution.
a. True
b. False

140. In the breakdown of the ozone layer, the ozone (O3) directly reacts with
a. Oxygen atoms
b. UV light
c. Chlorine atoms
d. All of above

141. What is most important factor for the success of animal population?
a. Unlimited food
b. Nasality
c. Adaptability
d. All

142. Human population growth is _______

a. Horizontal line
b. Parabola curve
c. L-shaped curve
d. J-shaped curve

143. The world population in 2000 was approximately

a. 5 Billion
b. 3 Million
c. 6 Million
d. 6 Billion

144. The average life expectancy around the world is currently

a. Not changing
b. Stable
c. Decreasing
d. Increasing

145. A human population is small, there is greater chance of

a. Mutation
b. Natural selection
c. Gene flow
d. Genetic drift

MCQ QUESTIONS TOUR2TECH

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Notes & Tips

1. All these MCQ Questions are for practice & have taken from your syllabus.
2. Don’t Byheart, understand the concept.
3. Do more and more practice.
4. Read your Textbooks 1st and then practice this MCQ’s.

Motivational Quotes

Don’t Stress.

Do Your Best.

Forget the Rest.

MCQ QUESTIONS TOUR2TECH

Topic 1: Nature of Environmental Studies (4 Marks)
Q. No. Question Option i Option ii Option iii Option iv Answer Key
The unlimited Exploitation of Nature by Environmental Health
1 decrease in biodiversity all the given all the given
Human being resulted in pollution Problems
was
Was not encouraged Is recently being used in was encouraged
2 The conservation of natural resources encouraged in None of these
in ancient India India in ancient india.
ancient india.
was
Was not encouraged Is recently being used in was encouraged
3 Thee conservation of natural resources encouraged in None of these
in ancient India India in ancient india.
ancient india.
The Global Action plan adopted at Earth
4 summit held at Rio de Janeiro in June 1972 is Agenda 20 Agenda 22 Agenda 23 Agenda 21 Agenda 21
also known as
Environmental Issues are discussed and None of the
5 Sociology Economics EVS EVS
solved in subject above
Earth & Encircle &
6 As per the French word Environner means Atmosphere Earth & Sun Encircle & Surround
Energy Surround
United states United Society for
United states Census None of the United states
7 USCB is short form for Community Communist &
Bureau above Census Bureau
Bureau Beaurocrates
8 Earth Day is on Jan-22 Feb-22 Mar-22 Ape-22 Ape-22
includes the natural
methodically
environment, built
is an interdisciplinary studies human all of the
9 Environmental Studies: environment, and the sets all of the above
academic field interaction with above
of relationship between
the environment
them
10 Environmental Studies does not involve: psychology demography ethics literature literature
Van Mahotsav is an annual tree-planting festival in 15th
11 2nd June 1st July 1st December 1st July
India, celebrated on: September
change in the
Which of the following global trend is of great degradation of fertile species extinction leading All of the
12 global All of the above
concern for the future of our environment? soils to the loss of biodiversity above
atmospere
Topic 3. Ecosystems (4 Marks)
Q. No. Question Option i Option ii Option iii Option iv Answer Key
agriculture and desert and agriculture and
all of the
1 Men engineered ecosystem consists of aquaculture forest grassland and tree aquaculture
above
ecosystem ecosystem ecosystem
The interdependence of the living organisms
2 among themselves and with the environment Ecology biology Ecosystem antology Ecosystem
is called
The feeding
Passage of
The food chain in an ecosystem helps to relationship in Flow of energy in the
3 nutrients in the all the given all the given
maintain nature,thus ecosystem
ecosystem
biodiversity
The graphical representation of the
Ecological Ecological
4 interrelation of producer and consumer in an Ecological niche Food web Trophic level
pyramid pyramid
ecosystem is termed as
Biotic & Abiotic components togather form None of the
5 Ecosystem Pond River Ecosystem
an _ _ _ _ above
"Tundra" is an example of _ _ _ _ type of None of the
6 Marine Terrestrial Microbiological Terrestrial
Ecosystem above
None of the
7 Ecological pyramid is a _ _ _ _ representation Geological Pyramidal Graphical Graphical
above
None of the
8 In Alpine, Animals have _ _ _ _ blood vessels More Large Thick More
above
23% for plains
The percentage of forest cover recommended by 33% for plains and 67% 37% for plains 20% for plains and 70% for 33% for plains and
9 and 77% for
the National Forest Policy(1988) is for hills and 63% for hills hills 67% for hills
hills

The desert area of Conservation

the scientific study of the geographic

1 biodiversity. biogeography. ecology biology biogeography.
distributon of plants and animals is called as

The total area of India is classified into

The species with thin population localised

7 Rare Treatened Endangered Vulnerable Rare
within restricted area is said to be

8 Bharatpur bird sanctuary is situated in… Kerala Karnataka Gujarat Rajasthan Rajasthan

The process of conversion of electricity Plastic

To promote the To emphasise To cocordinate

The 42nd amendment to the constitution of

a framework for the co-

19 As per EPA 1986, Environment does NOT include air space land water space

Match correctly the following and choose the

correct option
a. Envitonment Protection Act
A. 1974
b. Air Prevention & Control of Pollution Act
A c, B b, C d, D
20 B. 1987 A b, B a, C d, D c A c, B b, C d, D a A c, B d, C a, D b A c, B d, C a, D b
a
c. Water Act
C. 1986
d. Amendment of Air Act to include noise
D. 1981
The correct matches is:
Prevention, Prevention,
Control, and Control, and
Chapter 3 of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 General Powers of the
21 Abatement of Miscellaneous Preliminary Abatement of
deals with Central Government
Environmental Environmental
pollution pollution
Q. No. Question Option i Option ii Option iii Option iv Answer Key
an
imprisonment
an imprisonment an imprisonment
an imprisonment for a for a term
for a term which an imprisonment for a for a term which
The minimum penalty for contravention or term which may extend which may
may extend to term which may extend to may extend to five
22 violation of any provision of the to seven years or fine extend to five
five years or fine six years or fine up to two years or fine up to
Environment(Protection) Act, 1986 is up to one lakh rupees, years or fine
up to one lakh lakh rupees, or both one lakh rupees,
or both up to two lakh
rupees, or both or both
rupees, or
both
The Act also provides for the further penalty if the
Rs 10000 per Rs 5000 per
23 failure or contravention continues after the date Rs 5000 per week Rs 10000 per day Rs 5000 per day
week day
of conviction. It is
The Central Government or any other person duly
authorised is empowerd to collect the samples of
24 air water soil any substance any substance
…………………..as evidence of the offences under the
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
Topic 2: Natural Resources and Associated Problems (10 Marks)
Q. No. Question Option i Option ii Option iii Option iv Answer Key
which of the following is not a renewable dentrotherm
1 coal wind power geothermal energy coal
resource? al energy
providing
economic
land erosion
2 forest is responsible for a watershed protection land erosion control and all of given
control
environment
al benefits.
any material that can be transformed into
none of the
3 more valuable and usefull product or service resource mineral product resource
above .
is called
India has largest reserve of ---------------after
4 iron ore bauxite coal copper. iron ore
Brazil.
a sudden uncontrol descent of a mass of
5 soil erosion minning landslide earth quake landslide
earth under the force gravity is called.
compensate
for loss due
stored in xylem
are used by plants to are of no use for
6 hydroscopic and combined water . tissues of are of no use for plants.
during transpiration evapotranspi plants.
plants
ration by
plants .
45percent
42percent methane
55 percent
25 percent water methane ,8 55 percent ,20percent
methane,45perc
7 the constituents of producer gas are. vapour,75 percent percent methane,45percentcarb carbondioxid
entcarbon
methane . propane ,rest is on dioxide. e,35
dioxide.
carbon dioxide. percentpropa
ne .
the least quality of the coal with 95%carbon
8 liginite coal anthracite coal bituminous coal peat coal . anthracite coal
conent and 5% volatile matter is
which of the following methods of timber slective logging reduced
reduced impact
9 extraction cause minimum environmental clear felling hand logging d)reduced impact impact
logging
damage? logging logging
Q. No. Question Option i Option ii Option iii Option iv Answer Key
provide
10 the main purpose of dam construction irrigation flood control hydroelctricity water to hydroelctricity
industry
Which one of the following is an example of
11 Wind Vegetation Coal & Minerals Water Coal & Minerals
Non - Renawable Energy Resource

Which of the following on inhalation dissolved in Carbon mono- Carbon mono-

20 Sulphur dioxide Ozone Nitrous oxide
the blood hemoglobin more rapidly than oxygen? oxide oxide

Large number of Smokes filling

Non- degradable Non- degradable

Hydrocarbon’s and NOx undergo chemical

catching and holding harvesting the harvesting the

storing it in
30 Rain Water harvesting is not___________ rain where it falls and recharging groundwater crops with rain crops with rain
tanks
using it water water
Program Name : Diploma in Computer & Electronics Engineering
Program Code : CO, EJ & IF
Semester : Fifth
Course Title : Environmental Studies
Course Code : 22447

Easy : Based on Definition.

1. _______ is a natural process that warms the Earth’s surface
a) Greenhouse effect
b) Global warming
c) Deforestation
d) None of these
Answer: a)

2. Clouds help in cooling down the planet and do not contribute to greenhouse effect.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b)

3. Which is the most abundant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere

a) Carbon dioxide
b) Water vapour
c) Methane
d) Nitrogen
Answer: b)
4. Which of the following is the largest sink for carbon dioxide gas
a) Forests
b) Oceans
c) Ice sheets
d) Grasslands
Answer: b)

5. The acidic air pollutants reach the earth’s surface because of wet deposition only
a) True
b) False
Answer: b)

6. Which of the following is not cause of Nuclear accident _____

a) Nuclear meltdown
b) Decay heat
c) Human error
d) Volcanic eruption
Answer: d)

7. In which season is the ozone found to be at its maximum level in the northern
hemisphere
a) Winter
b) Summer
c) Spring
d) Autumn
Answer: c)

8. The earth is still said to be in the “ice age” period

a) True
b) False
Answer: a)

Medium : Based on Understanding of concepts.

11. Ozone depletion is harmful to ____
a) Digestion
b) Reproduction
c) Skin
d) None of the above
Answer: c)

12. Which of the following is not influenced by human activities

a) Depletion of ground water
b) Destruction of mangroves and wetlands
c) Increased extinction rate of species
d) None of the above
Answer: d)

13. ______ acts as a source of nitrogen for nitrogen fixing bacteria and ammonia
producing plants
a) Atmosphere
b) Lithosphere
c) Hydrosphere
d) Nanosphere
Answer: a)

14. Which of the following mentioned GHGs has the highest atmospheric lifetime
a) Carbon tetrafluoride
b) Nitrous oxide
c) Methane
d) CFC
Answer: a)

17. Which of the following gases is responsible for the yellowing of the Taj Mahal
a) Organic carbon
b) Black carbon
c) Brown carbon
d) All of above
Answer: d)

18. Below which of the following pH is rain regarded as acid rain

a) 7
b) 7.3
c) 5.6
d) 6
Answer: c)

19. Which of the following devices can be used to measure ozone in the stratosphere from
the ground
a) Spectrometer
b) Photometer
c) Spectrophotometer
d) Spectro-ozonometer
Answer: c)

20. The long UV-B radiations are important for vitamin D production of the skin
a) True
b) False
Answer: a)

Difficult : Based on application of concepts in detail.

23. What does GWP in the context of greenhouse gases indicate

a) Global Warming Parameters
b) Gradual Warming Pattern
c) Global Worming Pattern
d) Global Warming Potential
Answer: d)

24. What is the pH required for the survival of aquatic animals and plants
a) 7
b) 7.5
c) 6.5
d) 4.8
Answer: d)

26. Which of the following chemicals are responsible for the depletion of the
stratospheric ozone layer
a) Refrigerants
b) Propellants
c) Foam- blowing agents
d) All of above
Answer: d)

30. Who discovered the ozone layer

a) Henry Buisson & Charles Fabry
b) Carl Sagan & Charles Fabry
c) GMB Dobson
d) Carl Sagan & GMB Dobson
Answer: a)
UNIT |

Environment

Syllabus fo
nt — Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Lithosphere,
Definitions, need of environmental studies, Segments of environme
Acid rain ozone layer
Issues - Green house effects, Climate change, Global warming,
Biosphere, Environmental
Recycle, Recover), Public awareness about
Nuclear accident, Concept of 4R (Reduce, Reuse,
depletion,
environment.

(c) Lithosphere
Syllabus Topic : Definition, Need of Environmental
Studies (d) Biosphere (Ref. Sec. 1.2)
‘
Q.1.2.2 List segments of Environment. (Ref. Sec. 1.2)

11 Need/Scope of Environmental Environment mainly comprises of :

Studies
1. Atmosphere 2. Hydrosphere

@.1.1.1 Define Environment. (Ref. Sec. 1.1) | 3. Lithosphere 4. Biosphere

not only of > 1. Atmosphere

= (Environment’ is a subject matter
studies and, humanities.)
sciences but also of the social ~The Greek word ‘atmo” means air. The atmosphere is
nment, one has to know thé subjects
To study enviro the body of air which surrounds our Planet.
as physics , chemist ry, biology and geography. To
such
- The atmosphere comprises of 78% Nitrogen gas,
has to study the social
save our environment, one also
manage ment, economics and 21% oxygen and 0.9% argon. Trace gases like carbon
sciences like resource
dioxide, nitrous oxides, methane and ozone comprise
population issues of country.
wide scope and about a tenth of 1% of the atmosphere.
- So the Gtudy of environment has a very
of pure as well as
it covers almost all the disciplines => 2. Hydrosphere
applied sciences.) - The Greek word “Hydro” means water. The

Syllabus Topic : Segments

of Environment — hydrosphere comprises of all the water bodies on or
Lithosphere, Biosphere
Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, below the surface of the earth.

- It includes the oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, snow, ice,

Segments of Env ironment
1.2 underground and atmospheric water (moisture in the
a atmosphere) too.
Q. 1.2.1 Define:
- Anenormous mass of water is concentrated in oceans
(a) Atmosphere
and seas. This occupies 71% of the surface of the
(b) Hydrosphere athe

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-
Ww .
Environmental Studies ; 1-2
(MSATE)
globe OTr of the . world’s‘s water }
is is comp . ;
water comprised in. the Chamienes
aompaat : .

_m Malt I OPertieg
CG en seen
Twoeand-achalf % is fresh water However, totally runt — Rigid Ocean
aa |
accounts: for only 0.023% of the earth's total

> Lithosphere
Mantle
The wont lithosphere is derived
{rom the word ‘sphere’ Mescspherg
sombined with the Greek word
‘lithos! meaning rock,
he lithosphere is the solid
Outer section of Earth, It
includes Barth's crust (the
“skin" of rock on the outer
layer of planet Earth),
as well as the underlyi
ng cool,
dense, and rigid “Upper part
of the upper mantle. The
lithosphere extends from
the surface of Earth to a
depth Inner core
of about 44-62 mi (70-
100 km),
This relatively cool and
rigid section of
believed to “float On top
of the warmer, non-rigid,
wrth is Fig. 1.2.1: Segments of Environm
and ent
paruially melted material direc ;
tly below. The thickness
; Syllabus Topic : Public Awar
of the crust varies, eness about
Environment
The lithosphere is just one of Earth
's five great spheres. | 4.3
Public Awareness abou
The lithosphere — interacts With t
the atmosphere,
biosphere, hy drosphere and cryos Environment
phere to influence the
climate and landscape of our planet.
Q.1.3 .1 Why public awarenes
s about E
> 4. Biosphere Protection is essential 7 How
Is It
(Ref. Sec, 1.3)
~ The biosphere is the eeesring a
stratum of 1.3.4 Need for Public Awareness
earth's surface, I extends from a few Kilometers into
.
the atmosphere to the depths of the ocean cet a .
Where marine To make the public; aware about
the need to protect the
life abounds. .
natural envir onment they must be told about the value of the
plobal .
natural environment.
ecosystem composed of living ‘
Our Natural environment 3
ee Anal organisms
an has two 0 tyP®
(bieta) and theeng ' '
abiotic (non-living) factors i . Of Values Which are qu pedi ad
from which antitative and qualitative.
they derive energy and nutrients
1.3.2 Methods of Creating Awar
Al the
All four
four spher
sphereess inter actct and eness
the intera and int
interlierl
nk with
ink
with eae
each In OWE country mase thedia a ike aews papers, radlo
other, nourish each other and ‘i
are dependent on each
other. This interlinkage can be understood and television have i
a yery high .
influence © ver
¢ yen in a
piece of soil general public; .

The
.
The State and the Central Government uid take 4
soil will contain mineral matter from the sho!
lithosphere, i; : ‘ the
the moisture within the soil ix matte 1 from leading part in Creating the awareness among,
\
the : hydrosphthere,
ere, the insects and I plants inthe soil aone:
comprise the biosphere and the pock _ . ANE pardar Sarowar’ AO
ets of air between The public movements. like
the soil particles. Silent ValleyProject (near‘ Palghat in the south).
in

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@ Environment
WF Environmental Studies (MSBTE) 1-3
beings 0 the
Chipko Andolan in Uttarkhand which was headed by the earth has helped to have the living
surface warm and moist
astpong nature lover Mr. Sunderlal Bahuguna. earth as it has kept the earth
on and urbanization the
also, but due to industrializati
= These activities, not only help to solve the local
gases is always on
problem, but they also help to generate awareness percentage of these greenhouse
onmental problem.
increase to cause a major envir
among the people living far from these problem areas.
of Green House
= Together with the Government activities, the Non- 1.4.1(C) Characteristics
Government organizations can take up this issue and Gases
conserve the environment. e, nitrogen oxide
A large quantities of Carbon dioxid
stion of fossil
Syllabus Topic : Environmental Issues are emitted into the space, due to combu
fuel like oil and coal in the therma l power plants,

1.4 Environmental Issues industries and the automobiles.

have capacity to hold the outgoing
These gases
List Environmental Issues. (Ref. Sec. 1.4) the earth.
Q. 1.4.1. energy in the form of heat, released from
material, the
Due to decomposition of the organic
4.4.1. Introduction to Environmental Issues gas also is added into the lower layers of the
methan e

environmental issues are the after effects of atmosphere.

The
gas called as
different human activities. The following issues are The cooling industries create another
(CFC) to add the green house
prominent Chlorofluorocarbon
the higher
effects at the lower layer of the air and at
1. Green house effects,
m
level it affects the ozone layer and creates the proble
2. Climate change,
of ozone depletion.
Global warming,
Syllabus Topic : Green House Effects, Global
P

Acid rain, Warming

Ozone layer depletion,
“uw

1.4.2 Effects of Green House or Global

1.4.1(A) List of Green House Gases Warming

(Ref. Sec. 1.4.1(A))

[araz List Green House gases. Q. 1.4.3 Explain Green House Effects. (Ref. Sec. 1.4.2)

Carbon dioxide, Q. 1.4.4 Write a note on Global warming (Ref. Sec. 1.4.2)
1.
2. Methane, The following effects are resulted due to release of
green house gases :
3, Nitrogen Oxides.

4. Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) Rise in average temperature of the globe,

the melting of snow in the Artic region

5, Water vapour o Makes

heavily in global warming. which, interns, add the fresh water supply to the
All above gases contribute
vapou is very unique.
r oceans and the sea level increases e.g. within a
However, the role of water
period of 100 years i.c. between 1901 and 2001,
1.4.1(B) Water Vapour
the average rise in the sea level is about 10 cm.
the same capacity to hold the
— The water vapou ralso has
ping of the heat radiated from
heat. In fact this trap

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1-4
w Environmental Studies (MSBTE) ee ENWIFONMONt
—
— Therise in sea level,

undenvater. It has been estimated that if the sca

level rises by Imt, the sea water will occupy the

land along the coastal plains upto the width of
1.5 km.

o Most of the countries in world have the largest

Urban centers and the industrial areas along the
sea coast like Mumbai, Shangai, New York,
Tokio etc would be under sea-water,

— The global warming

. i.e.
it may cause famines in the areas having
optimum
rainfall.

oO It will dry up the surface water bodies i.e, lakes,

ponds ete,

0 It will reduce the yields of the crops.

o It will affect the natural ecological cycles.

0 It will change the present pattern of economic

activities over the world.

Syllabus Topic : Climate Change

1.4.3 Climate Change

Q. 1.4.5 What is climate change ? Explain its effect on

Environment. (Ref. Sec, 1.4.3)

- The Earth's climate has changed throughout history,

Most of these climate changes are attributed to very
small variations in Earth's orbit that change the amount
of solar energy our planet receives,

(d) Glaciers Retreat

Fig. 1.4.1

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Environment
e

BF environmental Studies (MSBTE) 1-5

g more chemical industries
The current warming trend is of particular significance — Generally the regions havin
because most of it is due to result of human activity observe acid rains.
since the mid-20" century and proceeding very rapidly.
1.5.2 Sourcing of Acid in the Rainfall
The heat-trapping nature of carbon dioxide and other
sulphuric acids, nitric acids and
gases and their ability to affect the transfer of infrared — The fumes of
emitted through the chemical
energy through the atmosphere has been established by hydrochloric acids

NASA. industries.
like sulphur dioxides
The increased levels of greenhouse gases certainly — The release of precursors of acids
rted into acids by the
cause the Earth to get warmer. and Nitrogen oxides get conve

and
secondary activities.
Sinking of Ice cores in Greenland, Antarctica,
the gasses, form get
tropical mountain glaciers show that the Earth's climate — When the air having such acids in
when the relative
gets affected due to changes in greenhouse gas levels. saturated by the water vapour i.e.
l brings back these
risen humidly reaches 100% the rainfal
The planet's average surface temperature has
acids.
about 1.62 degrees (0.9 degrees Celsius)
Fahrenheit
since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by 1.5.3 Effect of Acid Rains
carbon dioxide and other human-made
increased years it has
— It damages the vegetation c.g. in the recent
emissions into the atmosphere. highly industr ial region of
been observed in the
increased heat,
The oceans have absorbed much of this Western Europe more than 30% of the forests are
(about 2,300 feet) of ocean
with the top 700 meters lost due to the chemical actions of these acid rains.
of more than 0.4 degrees Fahrenheit
showing warming d by
— The surface and the ground water also get affecte
since 1969. water
the acidic waters and the aqua life in the surface
around the
Glaciers are retreating almost everywhere is reduced.
Himalayas , Andes,
world including in the Alps, — When the acid rain water percolates through the soil,
Rockies, Alaska and Africa. the soil pH is also reduced up to 3 to 4. This affects the
at
Source by : Read more fertility of soils.
.gov /evi dence/
https://climate.nasa — The acid rains affect the human beings by creating skin
Rain irritation.
Syllabus Topic : Acid
by
— The land as well as the water ecosystem get affected

1.5 Acid Rains these acid rains.

. (Ref. Sec. 1.5) 4.5.4 Measures to Control the Acid Rain

Q.1.5.1 Write an ote on Acid Rain
— By using the equipments at the source which can
4.5.1 Introduction reduce the emission of sulphur dioxides from the
may
form of rains, snow, dew industries.
The precipitation in the on the
ugh the fumes s 01
brin* yg back the acids sent thro - By using low sulphur coal, the emission of SO, can be

surface of the earth,

It is known as Acid Rains. reduced.
ld be 7.
e of the rain water shou
The normal pH valu — Replacing coal by natural gas, can reduce the
rain water the
get mixel d up with the emission of SO,.
When these acids
led as acid-rains.
d upto 3t 10 be cal
pH value is reduce

a
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YF environmental Studios (MSBTE) 1-6 Envi ronment
By reducing the use of private vehicle the emission o Blowing agents in plastic industries.
of
gases can be reduced.
o — Solvents used in the paint industry.
- Replacing the conventional energy resources like One Chlorine Atom (CI) is estimated to destroy upto |
thermal power by non-conventional energy lakhs ozone molecules. If it is continued for a longer
resources like Solar, Wind, Tidal
energy can reduced period the natural filter of ozone layer will be totally
the emission of gases which cause the acid
rains. lost and due to UV radiation.
Syllabus Topic : Ozone Layer Deplet The total life will be in danger. Together with Cl the
ion
other substances making the ozone depletion fast are,
1.6 Depletion of Ozone Layer Carbon Tetra Chloride (CTC), Halon and Methyl
Bromide.
Q.1.6.1 Write a note on Ozone Layer Depletion.
1.6.3 Effects of Ozone Layer Depletion
(Ref. Sec. 1.6)

It damages the plants.

1.6.1 Introduction of Depletion of Ozone
Layer It causes various types of cancers, like ai lungs or
blood cancer etc.
- The layer above the troposphere is called as It causes destruction of life.
Stratosphere in which a separate layer has been
formed at the height between 15 and 30 kms from the It also affect the natural environment like climatic
sea level. changes.

It is called as Ozonosphere. Ozone (O,) is a gas which 1.6.4 Measures to Control the Depletion of
has the capacity to absorb large proportion of Ozone Layer
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation and so the bio-sphere has
been developed on land surface and in the water By minimizing the use of freous and halons the
bodies. depletion of ozone can be reduced.

The UV radiation is very toxic to the organic matter. By making the use of eco-friendly chemicals. CFC can
The layer of ozone is getting depleted due to emission be replaced and the Ozone depletion can be put under
of gases through the industries mainly the cooling control but the alternatives (eco-friendly chemicals) are
industries. expensive and so the cost of production of the cooling
equipment will group.
1.6.2 Causes of Ozone Depletion
By regulatory ban on the use refrigeration and aif-
The chlorine atoms are released by the dissociation of conditioners also will reduce the formation of CFC and
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) are responsible for the
so the depletion of Ozone layer will be put under
depletion of ozone layer.
control.
The release of CFC is confined to the following a

activities. Syllabus Topic : Nuclear Accidents ——

Refrigeration
1.7___Nuclear Accidents and Holocaust |
Air conditioning
{
Extinguishing fires Ba) tt a ew, ats 2 C8 ae
Cleaning solvents in industries

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2 : ert
Environ
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Durnng the life cycle of a nuclear fuel, accidents occur Example1

at any stage nuclear 1926 has resulted in wide
The Chernobyl
active substances. The
Ik might be due to leakage, nuclear war, nuclear spread contamination by radio
bombs is not only
weapons or nuclear reactions devastation caused by nuclear
immediate but may be long lasting.
1.7.1. Basic Concepts
Towards, end of World War I, bombing of
the
Such accidents give out black soot in large quantity. Dresden, Germa ny caused huge firestorms. This caused
This soot then gets spread to the stratosphere. particle laden updrafts in the atmosphere.

At this stage it will absorb solar radiations, but these

Example 2
radiations are not allowed to escape to reach earth.
Hence, it will lead to cooling. In nuclear holocaust in Japan 1945, two nuclear bombs
were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki cities in
Also infra red rays, reradiated from atmosphere when
Japan.
reach earth, meet insufficient amount of water vapours
One fission bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. This
and carbon dioxide, and hence these IR radiations also
holocaust (large scale destruction of human lives by
remain partially unabsorbed.
fire) killed about 1, 00,000 people and destroyed the
Thus, at this stage if these radiations escape the lower cily.
atmosphere, it would disturb greenhouse effect, which
This forceful explosion emitted neutrons and gamma
will lead to further fall in temperature, and this will
radiations. It had a force of 12 kilotons of
curb/reduce evaporation of water.
Trinitrotoluene (TNT). The radioactive Strontium (Sr)
Therefore, infrared radiations absorbing water vapours liberated in the explosion resembles calcium and had
will reduce in the atmosphere. the property of replacing calcium of the bones.
ere there
This will also cause cooling. In the stratosph As a result large scale bone deformities occurred in the
thick soot.
won't be significant moisture to rainout the inhabitants of these cities. Even after more than 50
non opposite
So due to nuclear explosions, a phenome years the impacts of nuclear fallout are still visible.
phenomenon is
to global warming will occur, Such a
Syllabus Topic : Concept of 4R
called as “Nuclear Winter”. (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recover)
bombs (nuclear bombs) are of
The modem fusion
of 500 kilotons and 10) megatons.
explosive force Contro! Measures
Nuclear bombardment will cause combustion of wood,

plastics, petro! m, forests etc,

Q. 1.8.1 List 4A and explain each in contra with
ent
Effects on Climate and Environm
Environmental Issues. (Ref. Sec. 1.8)
1.7.2

It results in lowenng the global tennperature. 1. Control Measures through the concept of 4R

It drastically affects crop production 2. Control Measures through Environmental

reduce substantially causing Education
Crop productivity will
famines and human suffering

It causes infertility of soil

adverse effects,
It affects water for long persisung

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=
°
ww Environmental Studies (MSBTE) 1-8
Environment
—.
* Control Measures through the concept of 4R
By designing, manufacturing, purchasing, or using

Good Practice of waste management (4R)

materials in ways that generate less waste, fewer
Natural resources are used.

Four principle of waste reduction are,

1.8. 1.1 Advantages
1. Reduce

w@ Saves natural resources : Throughout the life cycle of

: ™~
3. Recycle
. Recover a@ product from extraction of raw materials to
transportation, processing, manufacturing and then end
use, Waste is generated. Reusing items or making them
with less material decreases waste dramatically.
Ultimately, fewer materials will need to be recycled,
combusted for energy, or land filled.

(ii) Reduces toxicity of waste : Sharing products that

contain hazardous chemicals instead of throwing out
leftovers, using the smallest amount necessary we can
reduce waste toxicity.

(iii) Reduces cost : Preventing waste also can mean

economic savings for communities, businesses,

REDUCE
organizations, and individual consumers.

1.8. 2 Reuse

ECYCLE (b) 3R
Reuse is the best policy for resource conservation. To
reuse is to use an item again after is been used. This
includes conventional reuse where the item is used
again for the same function and new-life reuse where it

Fig. 1.8.1 : Principle for control of damage to is used for a different function.
Environment Example of conventional reuse is refillable milk
bottles, retreading of tires and the use of
1.8.1 Reduce
retumnable/reusable plastic boxes, shipping containers
— If we avoid making garbage, we need not worry about etc.
disposing of waste or recycling it later.
Scientific research has shown that re-using a product
- Changing the habits of shopping, working and playing can reduce CO, emissions and carbon footprint by
can reduce our waste. There's a ton of ways to reduce more than 50% relative to the complete product life
waste, saving some time and money and being good to cycle.
the Earth at the same time.
Rising wages consumer deman id for
and consequent
— By reducing and reusing, consumers and industry can disposable products has made the reuse of low value
save natural resources and reduce waste Management items uneconomic.
costs. Waste prevention, or source reduction, is the i ually
But current environmental awareness 1S grad ;
strategy behind reducing and reusing waste. attitudes and regulations, such as the ne
changing

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- Environment
BF environmental Studies (MSBTE) 1-9
for redistribution of
packaging regulations, are gradually beginning to materials and make them available
reverse the situation, sale.
users to post listings of
Virtual exchanges allow
1.8.2.1 Advantages on an online materials
materials available and wanted
possession of
Ww Reuse help save time, money, energy, and resources. exchange website without taking physical
material.
(aid) Reuse reduced disposal needs and costs.
(b) Deposit programs
aid) Refurbishment can bring sophisticated, sustainable,
well paid jobs to underdeveloped economies. a financial incentive to return
It offers customers
show that, on average, a
(iv) Reusable products are often cheaper than the many packaging for reuse. Statistics

single use products it replaces. milk bottle is returned 12 times.

plastic carrier bag cash
Sainsbury Ltd. have operated a
1.8. .2.2 Disadvantages refund scheme that saved 970 tonnes of plastic per

annum.
(i) Sorting and preparing items for reuse takes time, which
collect and refill
may be inconvenient for consumers and costs money In India and Pakistan, manufacturers
cola and other drinks.
for businesses. old glass bottles for selling
old newspapers from the readers
which have “Kabadiwalas” buy
qi) Reuse often requires cleaning or transport, and reuse them as packaging or recycle
for scrap value
environmental costs.
them.
be more durable
iii) In general, reusable products need to
require more (c) Closed-loop programs
than single-use products, and hence
ng,
material per item. This method applies primarily to items of packagi
company is involved in the regular
where a
1.8.2.3 Reuse Techniques g
transportation of goods from a central manufacturin
facility to warehouses or warehou ses to retail outlets.
Reuse Techniques

For example cold drinks, milk, vegetables, etc. are

l exchange
(a) Reuse centres and virtua transported in reusable plastic crates or pallets.

(b) Deposit programs (d) Refilling programs

itt
(c) Closed-loop programs Tt encourages packaging reuse by customers. For
example refills of liquid soaps and cleaning materials,
(d) Refilling programs
insects killers, cooking oils etc.
(e) Regiving (regifting) This saving in packing being passed onto the customer
toners reuse by lower shelf prices. This avoids the transport cost and
(f) Printer cartridges and
emissions of returning the reusable package to the
(g) Repurposing factory.
(e) Regiving (regifting)
Fig. 1.8.2 : Reuse techniques
Items, such as clothes and children's toys, often become
exchange
> (a) Reuse centres and virtual . .
before they y w wear out due to changes in their
unwanted :
ee cere
tribution of unwanted,
Reuse centres facilitate the redis Hi r's needs7 or pref
owne erences; these can be reused by
i and equii pment from one g them to new owne4 rs.
yet perfectly usable, materials selli ng or givin
” er. They take possessi:on of the donated
entity to anoth

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=<
nature (e.g. removal and reuse of meicuty trom ae
7 (0 inte cartridges. and toners reuse
Printer
items).
Printer ink cartridges can be reused. The companies
that created these cartridges can refill and sold back to — Recycling is a key component of Modern waste
consumers. Toner cartridges are recycled the same. way reduction and is the third
component of the “Reduce,
as ink cartridges, Reuse, Recycle” waste hierarchy,
This method is highly efficient as there is no energy
'

1.8.3.1 Advantages
spent on melting and recreating the cartridges.

> (g) Repurposing (i) Recycling reduces the consumption of fresh raw
Materials,
- Repurposing means using a tool usuall
y for a purpose
unintended by the original tool-maker, Gi) Itreduce energy usage.

- Examples of Tepurposing includ iii) It reduce air pollution (from

e using tires as boat incineration).
fenders and steel drums as feedi (iv) It reduces water pollution
ng troughs. by reducing the need for
Similarly fly-ash produced by conventional waste disposal.
power plants is used
extensively as an additive (v) It lowers greenhouse
to concrete, providing gas emissions as compared to
increased strength, virgin production.

1 8.3 According to a Study following

Recycling is the cost effectiveness
of recycling :
‘
Recycling is breaking down of Table 1.8.1
an item into raw
Materials which are then used to make
new potentially

[av|i—oas8n |
useful materials. Recyclable materials
include many

[cxtaes [oon
Kinds of glass, paper, metal, plastic
, textiles, and
electronics. Recycling turns materi

fom | —sa05
als that would
otherwise become waste into valuable resou
rces,
Collecting used bottles, cans, and
newspapers and

an| a s
taking them to the curb or toa collection
facility is just
the first in a series of steps that
generates a host of
financial, environmental, and social
returns.
Recycling of a material may produ
ce a fresh supply of
the same material-for example 1.8.3.2 Disadvantage
used office Paper would s
be converted into new office
Paper, or used foamed
polystyrene into new polystyren Critics dispute the net
e. economic and environm
ental
benefits of recycling
Sometimes recycling over its costs, Accord
is difficult or too expensive ing to critics we
so must consider follow
“recycling” of many products ing Points,
or materials may involve
their reuse (i) The costs and energy used
in producing — different in collection and
materials
(e.g. paperboard) instead. transportation detract
from (and outweigh)
and energy saved in the the costs —
Another form of recy
cling is the Salvage production process,
of certain ‘
materials from comple (ii). The jobs Produced
x products, either
due to their by the recycling industry
can be 2
intrinsic value e.g., lead
from car batteries, or gold Poor trade for the jobs lost in
logging, mining, and
from computer components, or due other industries associat
to their hazardous ed with virgin production.

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si
————_

* Environment
1-11
BF environmental Studies (MSBTE)
R |
recycled a few
(iti) Materials such as paper pulp can only be
prevents further Sree
times before material degradation
0.1 Define Environment. (Refer Section 1.1)
recycling.
’ :
Q.2 Define:
1.8.4 Recover (a) Atmosphere
(b) Hydrosphere
provides an ecologically sound
The 4 R's “Recover”
(c) _ Lithosphere
and environmentally friendly approach to minimizing and (Refer Section 1.2)
(d) Biosphere
managing waste and waste streams, RECOVER is to (Refer Section 1.2)
Q.3 List segments of Environment.
into resources (such as electricity, heat, Environmental
convert waste awareness about
Q.4 Why _ public
compost thermal and biological means.
and fuel) through is esse ntia l ? How is it created ?
Protection
reuse and recycle
Resource Recovery occurs after reduce, (Refer Section 41.3)
have been attempted. . (Refer Section 1.4)
Q.5 List Environmental Issues
(A))
s. (Refer Section 1.4.1
Q.6 List Green House gase
Most Prevention (Refer Section 1.4.2)
tavoured 0.7 Explain Green House Effects.
1.4.2)
ae Minimisation warming (Refer Section
Q.8 Write anote on Global
Explain its effect on
Reuse Q.9 What is climate change?
(Refer Section 1.4.3)
Environment.
Recycling
(Refer Section 1.5)
Q. 10 Write a note on Acid Rain.
Least Enorgy recovery
Depletion.
favoured
Disposal Q. 11 Write anote on Ozone Layer
— (Refer Section 1.6)
7? Give examples.
Q. 12 What are nuclear accidents
(Reter Section 1.7)
with Environmental
Q. 13 List 4R and explain each in contra
1.8)
as Issues. (Refer Section
of the material thrown
is when most
— Recovery
r than being
processed in ways othe
garbage 1s used and
destroyed.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
cle objects -
ible to reuse or recy
When it is not poss
visions and nge over
es, computers, tele Which of these causes the sea level cha
such as mobile phon ain toxic
Q.1
may cont ing of snow ?
gets, all of which floo ding due to pro ces s of melt
other electronic gad
ry js the last option. Global warming
clements, recove (i)
manufacturing
g waste into a fuel for Ozone layer damaging
— This means turnin components
(ii)
the indi vidu al
processes after removing all Ait Both (i) and (ii)
again.
that may be used iv)
(iv) Ni None of these.
can be a source
sent to scrap dealers,
- e.g-The waste Is per
Ans.: (ill)
the contacts, cop recycled ?
and silver from Which of them can be
re cover gold @,2
the casings, the plugs |
ww
the met al from
from the PCBs, ull

and sockets
ete which can all be re
use d,
o ng (i) Plastic
(ili) Metal iff All of these
Ans.: (Iv)

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UNIT I

Energy Resources

Syllabus
Natural Resources : Forest Resources, Wate
r Resources, Energy Reso
[all <4
urces, Land resources.
ewable and Cyclic Reso Mineral resources,
urces. Causes and etfe
(Conventional and cts of depletion of resources.
ne on-conventional).
Present global energ Energy forms
use of natural resource y use and future demands.
s and its impacts on Energy conservation. Over
envi ronment.

Syllabus Topic : Natural Resources

Resources, Water Res - Forest > 3
Mineral resources
ources, Energy Res
ources,
Land Resources, Minera Minerals are n aturally occu
rring,
l Resources, Causes inorganic, crystalline.
And solids having
Effects of Depletion ofRes definite chemical composition and
ources
characteristic physical properti
2.1 olNatural Resources es.
es a > 4. Food resources
Following are some examples of the major natural |
~ There are thousands of edibl
Tesources: e plants and animals over
the world out of whi
: ch only about three
Forest resources dozen types
2 Water resources constitute major food
. of humans,
3. Mineral resources .
4. Food resources, ~The main food
Fesources include whea
t, Tice, maize,
Energy resources 6. potato, barley, Oats
Land resources etc, about twenty or so common
fruits and vegetables, milk,
>
meat, fish and seafood.
1. Forest resources
> 5. Energy resources
Forests are one of
the most natural reso
urces on this | ~ Alternative sources of ener
earth. It is a dense
growth of trees, toge gy/ non-conventional-solat
ther with other energy- Wind nergy-Hydropower,
plants, coy ering a large area Non-renewable/
of land,
conventional energy Sources-coal,
» petroleum, natural
2, Water resources Bas, nuclear energy,
Water is an indispensable > 6.
natural resource on this Soil / Land resources
on which all life depe earth
nds. About 97% of ; the earth's = and isis a finite.
surface is Covered Land alunhla
a finite and valuable se upo:yn whichWe
Tesource i ic
by water and Most
of the animals depend for our food, fiber
and plants have 60.65%
w ater in their‘ body, Water is and fuel wood, the bas”
Brisa ee Ras
amenities of life, Soil em
characterized by certa is alsoa‘ valuab! le resource.
in unique features
which make it
a marvelou s resource

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RE ———L——@@mLe ee

FF environmental Studies (MSBTE) 2-2 Energy Resources

a—_——>
(ii) Use of new irrigation practices-like drip irrigation,
2.4.1 Depletion of Soil Resources
sprinkle irrigation etc. save surface soil.

Depletion of soil resource is one of big problem human (iii) Use of sustainable agricultural techniques like use of
civilization is facing in almost all continents. Soil is the biofertilisers, biopesticides etc. Prevent soil from
basic stuff required to start food chain as plants are the overdose of chemicals and their side effects.
first producers which grow in soil.
(iv) Educating farmers and other stake holders to take care
~ Soil erosion, soil compaction, low organic matter, loss of this valuable gift, by using above techniques in
of soil structure, poor internal drainage, salination, and appropriate way.
soil acidity are various forms of soil degradation.
Among these soil erosion is a major one. 2.1.2 Depletion of Water Resources

Soil erosion is a naturally occurring process on all land. Water is the most important resource to sustain the life
The agents of soil erosion are water and wind, each but unfortunately it is the most misused one. We
contributing a significant amount of fertile soil loss require water for our all domestic needs ranging from
each year from agricultural fields at an alarming rate cooking, cleaning, bathing, drinking, gardening etc.
causing serious loss of topsoil.
We cannot sustain industrial growth without water. All
The loss of soil from farmland may be reflected in industries require water in one form or other, Water is
reduced crop production potential, lower surface water used as solvent, cooling agent, cleaning agent, in
quality and damaged drainage networks. industries.

(a) Causes (b) Effects (c) Solutions Depleting water level in natural aquifers and pollution
of underground and surface water is a serious problem
> (a) Causes of Soil Depletion that we are facing. Depletion of water resources is a

(i) Deforestation at huge level. A dense vegetation cover global problem.

prevents loss of top soil form rain and wind. (a) Causes (b) Effects (c) Solution

(ii) Overgrazing cause’s loss of top soil.

(iii) Settlement of environmental pollutants on soil. > (a) Causes of water depletion

(iv) Over use of irrigation and chemicals in agricultures has Misuse of water resources at individual and various
deteriorated the quality of soil. other level is the biggest problem.

> (b) Effects of Soil Depletion (i) Waste and by-products from industries are
polluting not only surface water but underground
sThe loss of soil from farm land reflected in
water as well.
(i) Reduced crop production potential,
(ii) Disposal of municipal waste in rivers and nearby
(i) Lower surface water quality and
ponds also causes major loss of pure water.
(li) Damaged drainage networks.
(iii) Assimilation of agricultural waste, pesticides,
> (c) Solutions to control Soil Depletion fertilizers, etc. in surface water disables use of
water.
Soil depletion can be controlled by
(iv) Drought and changes in routine weather patterns
(i) Good vegetation cover. Almost one third of the area
must be covered by vegetation so that effects of rain are responsible for water depletion in some areas.
showers and high speed winds on surface soil can be
minimized.

noneeeee
a ial
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aE”:
9.
w¥ Eaverwwnantel SHAHeS (sare) Energy Resources
————
various minerals, These are
7a pb) Bifeot
. s of water ateplethon obtained by Mining aod by
metallurgical processes,
sy aier
As Wart IAAULES
wees ste
At are depleted, the isstie
iss becomes
Mining pollutes the env
sety Mutival and general publlo suffers, For ironment, on a larger
scale The
rate at which we are digg
eye beavecnt Delhi and Hliryana during each ing these mine: tals,
our future
es people in Delhi living with water supply generation may face
the extinction.
It is Very
dangerous.

Value of these minerals

increases because of
the large
demand, but the supp
ly is decreasing. This
has Tesulted
eNiCHVity loss. in more efforts to drill
and search other territor
ies. The
environment is being
abused and this depletio
n of
resources is one way of
nization (FAO), showing the effects,
1.2 billion people,
Fescent of the Earth’s (a) Causes (b) Effects
arepopulation, (c) Solution
water scarcity. Another 500 millio >
n come (a) Causes of mineral depletio
close to that threshold, n
(i) The large-scale exploitation
re affected by water shortages of minerals began in the
or supply Industrial Revolution around
* some sort. For example 1760 in England and has
West Asian grown rapidly over ages, Toda
ents this issue. y’s economy is largely
based on fossil fuels (coal, petrol
and diesel), minerals
Solution to prevent water depletion and oil.

issu es may Gi) Lots of building materials are

be resolved or controlled by obtained from mines.
sumservation, replenishment and Demand of stones, marbles, grani
by finding new te, limestone ete is
Somtces. ever increasing.

Jacicious use of water resource is must above (iii) To support 8-9% of GDP
all other growth, mining sector has to
conservation efforts. do well. It puts extra effort
on minerals,
=) Rain water harvesting is gaining momentum now > (b) Effects of mineral depletio
a n
Gays in various parts of country like Rajasthan, Delhi,
@) Mining has resulted in more efforts to
Haryana etc. In Mumbai housing societies are using drill and search
for other territories enriched with
this technique to preserve rain water for maintaining minerals. Mining
pollutes the environment, only on a larger scale.
parks and general cleaning purposes. e.g. recentl
y Accidents related with landslides
developed project at Shivaji Park, Mumbai, are common in coal
mining areas,
(iii) Significant conservation of water can be achieved (ii) The environment is being abuse
through use of more effective irrigation d and this depletionaf
Strategies such resources show multiplying effects,
as drip techniques. Situation becomes
grim when local people are denied of their share
(iv) New sources may include desali if
nation of older ponds development process,
and wells, though this option
is very expensive and
impractical for many locations.
(iii) Onshore mining processes badly affects marine life. ”

2.1.3 Depletion of Mineral Reso > (©) Solution to prevent mineral depletion
urces
Minerals gift of nature which is @) Strong global and local legislations are md red 19
non renewable
resource. Coal, iron, copper, reverse the trend. Governments
metals and non metals are need to show 4
Strong political will to preserve our resourc
es. eee a

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—

Resources
© Environmental Studies (MSBTE)
Energy
2-4
. . biodiversity. It is
.
i) Use of sy nthetic building materials can reduce the load (iii) Deforestation causes decrease in
a - s wn biodiversity
. estimated that 80% of the world’ kno
on natural stones
the des tru ction of these
fii) Use of new technologies at thermal power plants, lives in the rainforests, and
extinct ion at an alarming
rainforests is accelerating
ignition engines, metallurgy, industries etc so that big
rate.
outputs can be obtained from low inputs.

a local
a Efforts to control deforestation must be taken on
ion i clearing of natural forests by
— Deforestation is the
area. and global scale simultaneously.
logging or burning of trees and plants in a forest
United Nations and the World Bank have started
As a result of deforestation, presently about one half of | (i)
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest
the forests that once covered the Earth have been
Degradation (REDD) program, that works especially
destroyed.
with developing countries to use subsidies or other
(a). Causes
incentives to encouraggie and educate citizens to use the
(b) Impact forest in a more sustainable way.
P
c) Controlling deforestati . :
a aces (ii) Reforestation is also being encouraged in almost all
z
> (a) Causes of forest depletion countries as an attempt to repair the damage that

. . . deforestation has done.

(i) Clearing forests for agricultural reasons, as the
population of developing areas, especially near (iii) Enacting special legislation to protect the forest land
and vegetation cover, is also in progress.
rainforests increases the need for land for farming also
increases.
(iv) Impossing, environmental clearance mandatory for big
industrial or irrigation projects.
(ii) Acquisition of land for development of industries and
urban development to meet the need of growing Syllabus Topic : Renewable, Non-renewable and
population goes to newer numbers. Cyclic Resources
(iii) During construction of big dams, sizeable forest land
and vegetation cover gets submerged. 2.2 Renewable, Non-renewable and
Cyclic Resources
> (b) Impact
of forest depletion
Q. 2.2.1 Which are renewable energy sources ? Why
Because deforestation is so extensive, it has made
they are important ? (Ref. Secs. 2.2 and 2.2.1)
several significant impacts on the environment,
of carbon dioxide in the Q. 2.2.2 Which are the various renewable sources of
including rise in %
in the water cycle, an increase in
energy? (Ref. Sec. 2.2)
atmosphere, change
soil erosion, and a decrease in biodiversity. Q. 2.2.3 Why more emphasis is given on the development
of renewable energy resources ? (Ref. Sec. 2.2)
(i) Deforestation is often related as a big cause of global
warming. The reduction of forests contributes to about Sr. | Example Source Use
No.
12% of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions.
es Solar Electromagnetic For domestic
(ii) Deforestation also causes soil erosion. The removal of Energy radiation from | and industrial
risks of sun. uses,
trees causes higher rates of erosion, increasing
to many people 2; Hydro Falling water Turbines, mill
landslides, which is a direct threat
Power wheels
living close to deforested areas.

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———
¥ Environmental
ul exmaple
Studies (MSBTE) 2-5 q
Energy Ftoac
Source U:se 1- Und
n er the earth’s crust, Seve
severral
, organic
No. <_Teac
. ting .
i :
r || Moving a Place for years together to Sene
[3. | Wind Poweverr | Moving air . |
| Wind mills | rate crude.
4. | Tidal Power | Rise and fall of | To 2. A tree takes a long time;
: | tidal water
generate
; to BTOW completes
| electricity. wood and series of processes Y 19 ging
5. | rec
Geotehermal | ath result in coal
|| Rocksfe bene
chaath
the | To
ce the | electricBegene rate
ity > (B) Effects of depletion
i ,
of resources
6. | Nuclear | Fission or Fusion | Nuclear
| | Fuels | Teaction With rising population,
| of | power
| | radioactive
| | generation —
| | elements The need of energy has mul
} tiplied Many fold,
_
— Hence it is necessary
2.2.1 Non renewable sources of ene to use alternative whic
h is viable
rgy ®conomic and compliant to deal with
These pollution. environmereg
are also known aS conventional
_ or sources i
natural sources of ener
gy. These have been — Thus r
. the science and techno
but
. . in use for ages, logy started Considering i«
due to Increasing populati solar energy as best alte
. on, these Tesources fall .
rnative, Thiszg is followed
To meet this shortage, nho : short. by
nconventional energy ;
several other alternatives
Tequired to be used more and reso urce s are .
more,
= Importance of renewa
1. Wood, ble sources of energy
2. Coal,
— These are not in any part
3. Coke, icular physical state.
4. Crude Oil om
— They produce energy with
5. DerivedComponents out requirement of O, ia
Particular,
2.2.2 clic ener. — These do not cause poll
cy resources ution.
sy
— These are renewable and
~ Some natural resources Present in nature in abundant
are cyclically reused,
€.g. water, quantity.
— They are available freely
— By way of rain fall we from nature.
receive water. The life
on earth | — These are sustainable,
uses Water for consumpti
on in various needs, There
being 70% water cover on earth
, due to solar energy,
the Syllabus Topic : Energy form
surface water evaporates, leads to cloud
s
forming (Conventional
4
and again there is rain fall. and Non-conventional)
j
i
Therefore it is categorised
as cyclic source,
. 2.3 Energy forms (Conventional and
Non-conventional)
|1
2.2.3 Causes and effects of
depletion of i
Res ources
2.3.1 Classification of Energy
Resources
Q.2.24 Which are renewable energy sources ? Why
they are important 2 (Ref. Secs.
2.2 and 2.2.1)

> (A) Causes of depletion of resou

rces
and What are their advantages and
The conventional sources of titasons *
coke, crude oi! and derived
energy such as wood, coal, (Ret, Secs. 2.2.4 and 2.4.2) 3
components are not form
alAbtenles aa:

ed E sources are
in short time. classified into following 190.)
Categories on the basis of its origin. a
“4
et
3

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TE) Energy Resources
Studios (MSB 2-6
w Environmental
—
Sources of Energy Syllabus Topic : Present Global Energy use and

— __4
Primary energy sources:
Future Demands

2.4 Present Global Energy use and

Conventional (Non-renewable) sources Future Demands
eg, Fossil fuels — coal, coke, nuclear fuels
2.4.1 Present uses of Energy resources
Non conventional (renewable) sources

e.g, solar energy, wind cnergy etc, - The term ‘energy’ has been known to us for ages.

Secondary energy sources - The ‘energy’ can be defined as ‘capacity to do work’.

two laws
e.g. petrol or gasoline, hydrogen — The first law of thermodynamics and other
to us which definite ly explain the
are well known
significance of energy for different areas.
Conventional and Non-conventional
e.g. transport, communication etc.
Energy
energy isa
— Thus in all industrial operation, the input of
0.2.3.3 Differentiate between : Renewable and Non- from the industry .
must to obtain an output
ronewablo sources of energy. (Ref. Sec. 2.3.2)
and non @ Limitations of Conventional Sources of Energy
Q. 2.3.4 Differentiate between conventional
state
conventional energy. (Ref. Sec. 2. 3.2) Q. 2.4.1 List the conventional energy sources and

Non-conventional their limitations. (Ref. 2.3.1 and 2.4.2)

mal Energy
Energy Q. 2.4.2 What are the conventional sources of energy ? |
1. | These are non- | These are renewable and what are their advantages and limitations ?
renewable sources of | sources of encrgy. (Ref, 2.3.1 and 2.4.2)
energy.
are not Q. 2.4.3 What are the limitation of conventional sources
2. | These are categorized | These
as primary and | categorized further as of energy ? (Ref. Sec. 2.4.2)
secondary. “Primary” or
Secondary”. Q. 2.4.4 What are the limitations of conventional sources
je) e ee S
are not in any of energy. (Ref. Sec. 2.4.2)
3. | These are mainly of | These
physical
physical states solid, particular
state. — Energy is consumed in various forms such as heat,
_| liquid gases.
4. | They produce energy They produce energy electricity etc.
only on combustion, without requirement of
O, in particular. — The energy is derived from Conventional/(Non-
ic. in presence of O,
{exception-number renewable) sources.
fuels] e.g. Fossil fuels — coal, coke, nuclear fuels
do not cause
5. | These cause pollutions. | These
ed pollut ion. — Over the years due to rapid industrialization and also
pe to
These are not easy
6. | These are easy to store. population escalation the usage of energy has been
store.
increased multifold.
7. | Primary sources e.g.
e.g. Fossil fuels, Solar energy — It is also known that the usage of Fossil fuels as
Crude oil Wind energy compared to other energy sources is maximum, which
Secondary sources (Tidal) energy
is unsustainable.
Coal, coke Geothermal energy etc.
Petrol/gasoline/ - More so, during their use the other environmental
| kerosene/diesel etc. issues also have been encountered.

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¥ Emeowental Stes (MSBTE) ‘

Overall view of this situation has made

us more and Sunrays fall on the surface of earth. All
PNWe aware ant conoemad for makin § Maximu the Tadiations }
m use of from sun are not in same wavelength range. Almost
renewal souters of energy
such as solar, w ind, tidal
92° hie in the range of 315 nm to 1400 nm,
ete.
The surface of earth absorbs almost 45% of these
- Tre development of technology ta use non- which lie in the (visible region) wavelength
ovaventional Tange ie,
Renewable — sources of energy 400 nm to 700 nm. Whereas radiation in IR region
maximally, so that the eavironmental get
issues get sorted
emitted back to space.
out comsideraly and so also the conventional source
s
of ener The estimated amount of solar flux reaching the upper
MM face threat of near eXtinguishment
State. atmosphere of earth is approximately 1400
wattsm’/mn and that of heat equivalent — is
2.4.2 Future Demands of energy sources 2.68 x 1 Joules /year.

The future
The evo system on the surface of earth utilizes about
demands of various energy sources will be
0.2 to 0.5 % of the total amount of solar energy |
increasing, due ro,
received.
i, Populatoa nse
¥
Thus, very small fraction of solar energy is. actually”
2 Life style changes used for life on earth, especially the ecosystem,
large
Innovanve technologies come in existence amount of solar energy gets wasted, which
otherwise
+. More of mural areas get covered with supply of energy can be of immense use for satisfying energy needs
of
humans.
sources

ty
5. Increased industmalisation 2.5.1.1 Solar Energy for Production of
Electricity

Electricity can be produced using solar energy.

Syllabus Topic : Energy Conservation The
following two techniques are commonly used to generate
electricity using solar energy.
2.5 Energy Conservation
(i) Solar thermal collector

eet aM
~ The renewable sources of energy like solar, wind, (i) Photovoltaic cells

* ae
geothermal, hydropower ete are available abundantly
fre m nature. But for its recurrent use at any time, the 2.5.1.2. Solar Thermal Collector ul
energy needs to be conserved by means of technology.
Itis device designed to absorb heat from sunlight hence
Therefore the renewable energy is converted in
the term “thermal collector” is used.
electncity / power and stored for reuse.
There are different types of thermal collectors,
2.5.1 Solar Energy Principle —
(a) Solar parabolic trough.
i Q.2.5.1 Describe pnncipie of solar energy. tb) Solar power tower.
{
' (Ret. Sec. 2.5.1) (c Flat plate collector - for water heating.
- ¢ electromagnetic radiations from sun are known by (d) Box type-domestic common solar cooker.
common term “Solar Energy”.
(e) Power tower-in power generating plants.
— These radiations are resulted from the thermonuclear
(f) Solar pyramids.
fusion reactions which take place in the sun.

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‘ a
¥F Environmental Studies (MSBTE) Energy Resources

body is
2.5.1.3 Advantages of Solar Thermal i The coefficient of absorption for perfect black

Collectors unity.
for PBB
The coefficient of reflection and transmission
(a) Very high temperatures can be reached if sunlight is is zero.
sufficient. Solar radiations
ip Transport cover
(b) Electricity can be generated even by conventional / j f / | (glass)
methods like steam turbine etc. | _- Absorber plate
. - Casing
(c) The modification in design of collectors can help to
generate more electricity most economically which . a
Supporting Water in
would prove cheaper than using even solar cells. stand Thermal
insulation
(d) Large structures like building can be provided with Flat plate solar collector
electricity by redirecting the concentrated light via
Fig. 2.5.1 : Flat plate solar collector
optical fiber cable.
2.5.2.2 Construction and Working
2.5.1.4 Disadvantages of Solar Thermal
Collectors Q.2.5.4 State and explain principal, construction and
working of flat plate collector used for solar
(a) More open area/land is required to have perfect
energy. (Ref. Secs. 2.5.2.1 and 2.5.2.2)
concentrating systems because the focus of sunlight at
Q.2.5.5 Draw rough sketch and explain how flat-plate
collector can be maintained by dual axis sun tracking.
collector can be useful in tapping solar energy.
(b) Diffused sunlight does not give power, where in solar (Ref. Secs. 2.5.2.1 and 2.5.2.2)
cells prove to be better.
It consists of black surface to absorb all radiant heat
2.5.2 Flat Plate Solar Collector form sunlight,
(Solar Heater) The black surface is covered by plastic or glass serving

2.5.2.1 Principle of Flat Plate Solar Collector as insulator, preventing the escape of heat. Thus it
increases efficiency of device.
Q.25.2 State and explain principal, construction and
There are tubes embedded in the black surface,
working of flat plate collector used for solar
carrying water, which get heated due to the heat
energy. (Ref. Sees. 2.5.2.1 and 2.5.2.2)
absorbed.
@.2.5.3 Draw rough sketch and explain how flat-plate
collector can be useful in tapping solar energy. The air passing through the area between black surface

(Ref. Secs. 2.5.2.1 and 2.5.2.2) and plastic/glass cover also gets heated, which is
utilized in raising the temperature of surrounding,
The basic principle for this device is “perfect black
creating warmth and comfort in winter/cold countries.
body” in which heat absorbing capacity and tendency
Thus at almost negligible cost, the hot water can be
of a black surface is exploited to achieve benefits for
made available and also space warming is fulfilled.
humans.

“Perfect black body” can be defined as, “the surface These devices are now very common in colder

which can absorb all the radiations ‘incident on it, countries, which have solved the problem of
without reflecting or transmittin 1g @ portion of it”. environmental pollution and also of the expenditure on
any other energy source.

iti lll
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ty
e a4
=

I,
Environmental Studies (MSBTE) 2-9
Energy Resources
2.5.2.3 Applications
2.5.2.5 Advantages of Solar Energy
~The flat plate solar collectors are highly useful for low
The solar energy proves to be a reliable source
temperature heating. for|
clean energy which is :
Such solar heating system, beyond the collector can be
(i) Non-polluting
of two types,

(i) Active system (ii) No hazardous waste generation. j

(iii) Inexhaustible and infinitely renewable.

(ii) Passive system

2.5.3 Photovoltaic Cells (Solar Cells)

> (i) Active system
Q. 2.5.6 Explain briefly how Photo voltaic cells are iene
Active systeminvolves use of pumps or blows to in harnessing solar energy ? (Ref. Sec. 2.5.3)
circulate the heated air/water through the
location
near/far from the collector. Thus the solar energy 2.5.3.1 Principle of Photovoltaic Cells
is
been used on wider area economically though
initial Q.2.5.7 State the principle and working of photovoltaic
installation cost of such circulation system, is
cell used for solar energy.
comparatively high.
(Ref. Secs. 2.5.3.1 and 2.5.3.4)
(ii) Passive system
These are based on Principle of semiconductor
physics/
Passive system involves the fulfillment of need in the photovoltaic effect.
place of collector, e.g. ina building or society ete. Thus
— The devices are designed for use to
passive system are cheaper and maintenance free. convert the
available sunlight into electrical energ
y.
Recent developments This type of conversion does not involv
e any chemical
reactions or moving parts in the
As awareness for use of solar energy is increasing device.

day by day, the architecture of newly constructed Primarily development of the conce
pt ‘came into
buildings is modified. light, way back in 1839,
- During construction, the building is made to act as a French physicist. A.C. Becquerrd, while
working
collector of solar energy, through more number of with electrodes in electrolytic medium, observed
large windows thereby absorbing more radiant
heat development of voltage when electrode faced
light.|
during day time. This effect was named as photov
oltaic effect.
During night in winter/colder countries, — The first typical
the drapes. solar cells was constructed by
(curtains) help retain the warmth inside the buildin Charles Fritts in 1877 almost 50 years Jater.
g.
Jn his
Similarly in summer drapes help work he used concept of semi
to prevent the conductors silicon
absorption of heat during Coated by almost transparen
day making human t film of gold. Abe
comfortable. device could not work with
efficiency, as itcould
Convert almost 1% of sunlight into
electrical enersy:,
2.5.2.4 Drawback of Solar Heating System Following few years the solar cells face
d !
modification such as,
The only drawback of the system is that storage of
Year 1927 + Semiconductor’
energy is not being done.

developed.

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Energy Resources
environmental Studies (MSBTE)
e

y packets known @s
Year 1930 Selenium cells and copper oxide Sunlight is composed of tiny energ
cell were used in light sensitive “photons”.
devices [Efficiency < 1%]. photons with
When sunlight falls on solar cells, the
Year 1941 Russel Ohl developed solar cell
high frequency get readily absorbed.
using silicon (Semicondcutor).
is transferred to
The light energy present with photon
Year 1954 American researchers group G.L. atom) particularly to
Pearson et. al.modified silicon solar the semiconductor (e.g. Silicon

cell (Efficiency > 6%)which was electron in the atom.

it escapes from
used under direct sunlight. If electron receives sufficient energy,
(i.e. an empty
Year Late 1980s : Silicon cells to Ga-As cells in use. its normal position, causing @ hole
(Efficiency = 20%) dot/spot where electron would be).
“Concentrator solar cells” concept hole with one
Year 1989 : This phenomenon proceeds causing one
developed (Efficiency = 37%)
photon, as it can strike only one electron.
to
- At the moment, now varieties of solar cells are Since both electron/hole are mobile, they are capable
voltaic
available and are in use. carry current, which is nothing but “photo
effect”.
2.5.3.2 Structure or Construction of Modern
Solar Cells 2.5.3.4 Working of PV Cell / Solar Cell

- This cell basically consists of P-N junction

Q.2.5.9 State the principle and working of photovoltaic
photodiodes, which have very large light sensitive area.
cell used for solar energy.
- There are three layers called as “energy convention (Ref. Secs. 2.5.3.1 and 2.5.3.4)
layers” where “photovoltaic effect” occurs which
Q. 2.5.10 Explain briefly how photovoltaic cells are useful
converts sunlight into electrical energy.
in harnessing solar energy.
(a) Top junction layer (made of N-type
(Ref. Secs. 2.5.3.1 and 2.5.3.4)
semiconductor)
Q.2.5.11 Draw a schematic and explain principle and’
(b) Middle absorber layer (core of the device) i.e. P-N working of photovoltaic cells.
junction where energy is absorbed.
(Ref. Secs. 2.5.3.3 and 2.5.3.4)
(c) Back junction layer (made of p-type
Q. 2.5.12 Draw a neat diagram and explain working a
semiconductor).
photovoltaic cell. (Ref. Sec. 2.5.3.4)
Thus such photodiodes (PD) are P-N junctions
designed specifically to —_ possess
optimum The three layers present in PV cell work
photosensitivity which are used in photovoltaic cells simultaneously for absorption of sunlight, photovoltaic
(PY cells).
effect to occur, and conversion of heat into electrical

2.5.3.3 Photovoltaic Effect — Explanation energy as explained below.

9.2.5.8 The unique characteristics of semiconductor to act as

Draw a schematic and explain principle and
working of photovoltaic cells, good conductors when supplied with light or heat and

(Ref. Secs. 2.5.3.3 and 25.3.4) otherwise act as insulators at low temperature is been
used effectively in solar cells.

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Ww Environmental Studies (MSBTE) 2-11

Energy Resources '
~ The top junction layer is N-type made up using electron 2.5.3.6 Advantages of PV Cells
deficit material and lower or back junction layer is qd) Clean technology.
P-type.
(2) Can be used nearly for 20
years as there j; To
movement in cell; Hence
no we ar.
G3) Maintenance minimal,

(4) Environment pollution issues

do not arise.
(5) Can be used for domestic Purposes, in industries
automobiles etc,
Fig. 2.5.2 : Schematic sketch ofa typical
PV cell
The electropositive metals Posses
2.5.3.7 Limitations of PV Cells
sing only one valence
electron are used to form lower layer
because they can (1) Initial cost is high.
lose electron easily leaving behind hole.
(2) More number of cells in battery are
required for higher
When sun
light falls on the absorbing surface, the supply.
photons are absorbed and electrons from lower
layer G) Use is mainly in instrament which require
are replaced (freed) to form hole, low energy
e.g. calculators etc.
-
The free electrons move towards upper (top) layer (4) In automobiles, engine efficiency decreases due to high
Where it can be accepted because of electron deficit weight of batteries.
material.
G) Modification/further development in battery technology
This process continues involving flow of electrons to is in progress.
holes in the PV cell creating a potential difference, at
the P-N junction. Hence, current is generated at 2.5.3.8 Recent Advances in PV Cells
junction,
(1) The use of nanoparticles to improve efficiency.
The electric field is thus created at junction. (2) The use of cadmium telluride to reduce cost to PY
2. 5.3.5 Factors Influencing Efficiency of cells. z
PV Cells (3) The organic solar cells (using polymers) and thin fe
Thus for high efficiency of PV cells, the P type PV cells can be manufactured more easily at low cost
semiconductor layer should be of such material which of materials. a
has high conductance so that maximum photons are
2.5.4 Conservation of Wind Power
absorbed, which frees that many number of electrons.

Other important precaution required is not to allow free Q. 2.5.13 How electricity can be generated from wind

electrons escape the cell. This is achieved by designing energy ? (Ref. Secs. 2.5.4 and 2.5.4.1)

PV cell in such a way that the surface where the — Wind can be defined as the air in high speed motion-
& of
electrons are to be freed is as close as possible to :
— The motion of air varies every moment because
junction.
uneven heating of surface of earth, by sun rays-
These precaution maximise efficiency of PV cells. j aay 8
The air above land gets heated faster during a
e.g. silicon cells, Cadmium sulphide-copper sulphide, compared to the air over water ic. ocean river
Ga-As-indium phosphide are few other type of solar surfaces.
cells.

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2-12 Energy Resources
TE)
Environmental Studies (MSB
and its place = (a) Hori Turbint
axiszo Machines
nes / al
The hot air rises upward due to expansion
we call as win d.
which ne has three blades
is taken by cool air, As shown in Fig. 2.5.3 such machi
During night, exactly reverse process is observed
due similar to the propellers of airplanes.
as compared
to faster cooling of hot air on earth surface
to that on water surfaces.
HORIZONTAL
Generator converts
The energy associated with wind is used to generate
mechanical energy
Blades catch the
wind and spin
into electacity
electricity.

energy is also renewable because it would be

Wind
continuously available till sunlight is available.

2.5.4.1 Wind Turbines / Machines cares electncity

to transmission line
Computer system
Q. 2.5.14 How electricity can be generated from wind controls direction
of the blades
energy ? (Ref. Secs. 2.5.4 and 2.5.4.1)

Q.2.5.15 Explain generation of electricity using wind

energy, with help of neat and labeled sketch of
wind Turbine. (Ref. Sec. 2.5.4.1) Fig. 2.5.3 : Wind Turbine / Machine
Q. 2.5.16 Draw rough sketch and explain how electricity
Different size machines are available.
can be generated from wind energy.
The choice of size depends upon the area for which the
(Ref. Sec. 2.5.4.1)
electricity is generated.
Q.2.5.17 Explain the working principle of generating
Larger areas or townships also can be provided with
electricity by using wind energy.
electricity by grouping together many wind turbines.
(Ref. Sec. 2.5.4.1)
Such groups are called wind turbine farms.
Q, 2.5.18 Draw a neat diagram of wind turbine and explain
Taller the wind turbine, more wind can be captured.
how it helps in energy production.
Hence if it is to be in open areas, the machines can be
(Ref. Sec. 2.5.4.1)
as tall as height of 20 storey buildings with blades
wind
The machines used to convert kinetic energy of spreaded across almost 200 feet distance.
after electrica l energy are
into mechanical and then (b) Vertical axis Turbines / machines
called as wind machine s e.g. wind mill, wind turbine

etc.
These are not used commonly as compared to
horizontal machines.
The wind turbines are consisting of air foil shaped
blades. The blades rotate at high speed when wind They are similar to horizontal machines except in the

blows. direction of blades which are going vertically down.

These blades are connected to a drive shaft which turns A typical machine generally is 100 feet tall and 50 feet

on electric generator to produce electricity. wide.

Wind turbines are used which are of two types, based 2.5.4.2 Advantages of Wind Energy
on direction of the rotating shaft.
Wind is ever available free.
(a) Horizontal axis turbines
By ways of wind farms, it is possible to satisfy the
(b) Vertical axis turbines need of electrical energy for large cities.

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*
Environmental Studios (MSBTE)
see
a
Energy Resources 4
2.5.4.3 Disadvantages of Wind Ener —.
gy The “potential energy
of stored water is conver
ted ing
Installation requires open mechanical energy using hydrau
land. Thus cost is high lic turbines, which is then
especially in developing countries, used fo run the electrical genera
tor converting i into
~ Wind is produced due to heating electrical energy”, is the basic
done by sun hence it Principle if Hydro clectric
is indirect use of solar energ power plant,
y. Therefore solar energy
as well can be used directly,
2.5.5.2 Hydro Power Generation from Water
Totally dependent on speed
of wind and plant needs to Reservoir of Dam/ by Hydroelect
be equipped to sustain storm like ric
condition, Power Plant
2.5.5 Conservation i
of Hydro Power / Hydel
Q. 2.5.23 What
Energy is hydel energy? Explain briefly the
Process of hydropower generation.
Q. 2.5.19 What is hydel energy? Explain briefly the (Ref. Secs. 2.5.5 and 2.5.5.2)
Process of hydropower generation
(Ref. Secs. 2.5.5 and 2.5.5.2)
.
0.26.24 What is Hydel energy ? How hydropower!
Q, 2.5.20 What generation is carried out ?
is Hydropower? Draw a Suitab
le diagram
and explain how hydropower (Ret. Secs. 2.5.5 and 2.5.5.2)
is generated.
(Ref. Secs. 2.5.5, 2.5.5.4 and 2.5.5.2 Q. 2.5.25 What is Hydropower? Draw a suitable
) diagram
Q. 2.5.21 What is Hydel energy and explain how hydropower
2? How hydropower is generated, 4
generation is carried out ? (Ref. Secs, 2.5.5, 2.5.5.4 and 2.5.5.2)
(Ref. Secs. 2,5.5 and 2.5.5.2) Q. 2.5.26 Draw a neat schematic
diagram of Hydropower
The word indicates clearly that it is energy generat Plant and brief its working, (Ref.
ed Sec. 2.5.5.2)
from water [Hydro = Water Power = Energy]. Q. 2.5.27 Explain working of hydropower electricity plant

- with help of neat sketch. (Ref.

Water stored in reservoir through dams, is made Sec. 2.5.5.2)
to flow
on turbines/paddle wheels, to generate As shown in Fig. 2.5.4. The hydro
mechanical electric power plant
energy which is then converted into electrical energy, essentially cc s of following parts/ components
.
~ Hydropower is renewable energy source and non- Water reservoir
polluting, clean energy.
Penstock

Hydropower plant Surge Tanks

~ It is also known as hydroelectric power plant, Turbine wheels
used to
obtain mechanical and electrical energy from
stored Power house
water, by making it flow with force/pr
essure over
turbine wheels.

~ The plant is simple and can be operated practica

lly any Dam
where, if source of water is available,

2.5.5.1 Principle of Hydropower

Q, 2.5.22 What is Hydropower? Draw a suitable

diagram
and explain how hydropower is generated,
(Ref. Secs. 2.5.5, 2.5.5.1 and 2.5.5.2) _ Fig. 2.5.4: Hydroelectric power plant

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¥ Environmental Studies (MSBTE) 2-14 Energy Resources

a Water reservoir (3) The plants do not produce green house gases, thus no
air and water pollution.
— The water is stored at higher level. The reservoirs are
of various sizes depending upon the requirement, 2.5.5.4 Disadvantages of Hydro-electric
— If water reservoir is the stored natural water, i.e. river, Power Plant
pond or Jake, then it is supported with dam, which is
(1) Installation cost is high.
used to release water flow as required,
(2) Plants can be set up only where plenty of rainfall
+ (2) Penstock
occurs.
- The large diameter PVC pipes used for carrying water (3) Long length transmission lines are required for
from reservoir to the turbine wheels are named as distribution of power. Hence it adds to cost and also
“penstocks”. maintenance.
- In large size power plants, all penstocks are supported
2.5.5.5 Limitations of Hydroelectric Power
by concrete structures called as “Anchor blocks”. This
Plant
is essential because when water is released from
reservoir through dam, it flows with high pressure and (1) Construction of dams causes destabilization of
velocity, which may damage the penstock. population in nearby areas.

> (3) Surge Tanks (2) Ecobalance is disturbed,

To handle such situation, an additional small tank is (3) Fertility of land surrounding the river area is decreased.
also connected to penstock which stores excess water, (4) Earthquakes may be caused due to concentration of
if released due to natural force. Thus the penstocks are high hydrostatic pressure in certain selected areas.
protected such additional tank is called as “surge tanks”
(5 High humidity in the area of dam increases the
> (4) Turbine wheels corrosion of various metallic structures in surrounding
area,
These are metal wheels situated in power house and are
rotating at high speed. The shaft of wheel is coupled 2.5.6 Geothermal Energy
with an electrical generator.
2.5.6.1 Introduction of Geothermal Energy
> (5) Power house

It is a building where the energy transformation occurs. Q.2.5.28 What do you understand by “Geothermal
Energy"? Explain. :
The operation of plant is controlled from the “control
room” situated at the top of this building. (Ref. Secs. 2.5.6.1 and 2.5.6.2)

- The interior of the earth is still very hot and the rock in
2.5.5.3 Advantages of Hydro-Electric
the interior is in molten state when the water
Power Plant
percolates and comes in contact with the hot interior
(1) Electrical energy is generated at very low cost as, rocks, the sulphur gets dissolved in the water and along
with the hot water comes up in a form of hot springs.
(a) No fuel is required
- This heat can be used to generate energy which is
(b) Operating cost is low
called as geothermal energy. For example, At
(c) Maintenance cost is low Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh. The hot springs are
(2) The time required to generate power is small. being usual to generate this type of energy.

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BF environmental Studies (MSBTE) 2-15 Energy Resources ;

——
The use of the geothermal energy depends up on the It is a more regular energy production than other Ton:
temperature of the hot spring water if it is higher 90°C, conventional resources like wind solar energy,
it is used for industrial purpose, space heating, green It is good for the hilly, remote areas, where in no other
houses ctc.
energy is available
If it is less than 90°C, it is used either for house
Limitations of geothermal energy
heating or for house cooling.
These hot springs are generally away from the areas
2.5.6.2 Geothermal Energy and Environment
having potentials of industrial development.

Q.2.5.29 What do you understand by. “Geothermal The steam energy is to be used insitu ie. it cannot be
Energy"? Explain, carried out for a longer distance as there will be loss of |

(Ref. Secs. 2.5.6.1 and 2.5.6.2) the energy and it will increase the cost of production
also.
The geothermal energy is another non-conventional
The sulphus, which comes out together with the hot.
energy resource having some advantages and some
water and other gases, pollute the soil the nearby ares
limitations.
and it can make air pollution also.
* Geothermal energy
2.5.6.3 Geothermal Energy / Power
It is the Earth's heat which escapes as steam at the Generation by Steam Power Plant
locations of a hot springs. e.g In the United States, most
Q. 2.5.30 With suitable diagram of steam power p h
geothermal reservoirs of hot water are located in the
explain how electricity can be obtained
western states, Alaska, and Hawaii. Wells can be
drilled into underground reservoirs for the generation geothermal energy ?

of electricity. (Ref. Secs. 2.5.6.3 and 2.5.6.4)

Q. 2.5.31 Draw a neat labelled diagram and
In short, Geothermal energy is defined as, “the heat explain
it possible to obtain electricity
from the Earth”. from geothe!
energy? (Ref. Secs. 2.5.6.3 and
2.5.6.4)
Magma
Q. 2.5.32 Explain how a geothermal
electricity plant
These are molten rocks few miles under the earth. Draw a neat and labelled schem
atic
The melting of rocks occurs due to high the same, (Ref. Secs. 2.5.6.3 and
temperatures 25
because of hot rock / water.
The Geothermal Energy is gener
ated be usin
Magmas act as store houses of power plants,
geothermal energy,
The heat above the surface of
earth is absorbed and * Thermal Power Plants
hence almost everywhere, the
shallow ground or upper
layer of about 10 feet of the Ina thermal power plant, steam i prod
Earth's surface maintains a uced and wal 1
nearly constant temperature Spin a turbine that operates
a generator: “ *
between 50° and 60°F
(10° and 16°C), A conventional thermal power
plant uses coal, @
natural gas as fuel to boil wate
r to produce the a
Advantages of geotherm
al energy There are three major types
of thermal powel F
Itis an inexhaustible energy
resource.
and they are the following :
: 2
Itis very cheap. It's clea 1. Steam turbine power plants.
n and sustainable, _
2. Gas turbine power plants.
2 Diesel engine powerplants.

2
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¥F environmental Studies (MSBTE) Energy Resources
«
2-16

oil or gas as fuel

Steam turbine power plants use coal, Q. 2.5.35 Explain how a geothermal electricity plant works.
wherea s gas turbine s use oil or gas only as fuel. In
Draw a neat and labelled schematic diagram for
diesel power plants, diesel oil is used as the fuel.
the same. (Ref. Secs. 2.5.6.3 and 2.5.6.4)
Steam turbine power plant
1. Coal and Ash System : In this system, the coal from
_ In Steam Power Turbine plant, a Fuel is burned inside a the coal storage is fed to the boiler through coal
Ash so
boiler to heat water and generate steam. handling equipment for the generation of steam.
ash storage through ash-hand ling
_ This steam is then used to drive turbines which in turn produced due to
drive the power generators to make electricity. system.

Air and Gas System : Air is supplied to the

_ This steam is suitable for the use of thermal energy of
relative low temperature (below 600 degree celcius). combustion chamber of the boiler through a draught
fan.
— The steam coming out of the turbine is condensed to
water and is recycled. Boiler House : Boilers burn the fuel transferred from
the tank and use the resulting heat to convert water into
In order to improve the efficiency of the steam power
steam.
plant, some additional functional parts such as :
4, Super Heater : Super heater is a heat exchanger that
(i) super heater,
increases the steam pressure and also eliminates
(ii) economizer ete. is also included in the plant. moisture in the steam by using the high temperature
in Fig. 2.55. flue gases from the boiler.
‘A schematic and different parts are shown
Economizer : The water from the condenser is passed
Boiler
Turbines:

to the economizer which heats up the water and sends it

Reheater

to the boiler.
SommerCW

6. Air Pre-heater : Air pre-heater acts as heat exchanger.

Tt uses heat from flue gases and heats up the air coming
from the air intake system. Then this heated air is send
to boiler, This ensures proper combustion and it helps
to improve the overall efficiency of the power plant.

7. Cooling System : The steam coming out of the turbine

Cooling tower
is condensed to water using the condenser and cooling
Fig. 2.5.5 : Steam Turbine power plant tower arrangement.

Turbine and Alternator : The turbines convert the

2.5.6.4 Construction/Components 8.
heat energy into mechanical energy. Alternators
power plant, convert this mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Q. 2.5.33 With suitable diagram of steam
electricity can be obtained from
explain how
2.5.6.5 Working
geothermal energy 2?

(Ref. Secs. 2.5.6.3 and 2.5.6.4) The exhaust gases carrying sufficient quantity of heat

Q, 2.5.34 Draw a neat labelled diagram and

explain how is and ash are passed through the air heater and then
ermal passed into the boiler.
it possible to obtain electricity from geoth
energy? (Ref. Secs. 2.5.6.3 and 2.5.6.4) — Coal and air in correct proportion is sent to the boiler
house for combustion to take place.

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3
W Environmental Studios (MSBTE)
ee 1 t - ne Energy Resou, Ces,
==
Water is supplied to the boiler through the boiler feed 2.6.1 Over Exploitation of Forests
pemp. This water is converted to steam in the boiler
Sinee ages, humans have
house. depended heavily on forest
s
~ for food, medicine, shelter, wood and fuel,
The flue gases coming out of the boiler is of the order
of 1000 degree celcius. This hot gas is passed through With growing civilization the demands for
raw Material
different stages like like timber, pulp, minerals, fuel wood ete. shooted up

1. Super heater, resulting in large scale logging, mining, road-building

and clearing of forests.
2. Economizer,
Our forests contribute substantially to the national
3. Air pre-heater and
economy, The international timber trade alone is worth
4.0 At last. itis released out through the
chimney, over US $ 40 billion per year.
When combustion commences, the
temperature inside Excessive use of fuel wood and charcoal, expansio
n of
the boilers rises to between 1,100
and 1,500 degree urban, agricultural and industrial areas and overgrazing
seleius, the water inside the
tubes is tamed into high have together led to over exploitation of our forests
temperiture and high pressure |
steam, and the steam is leading to their rapid degradation, j
i
Gansferred
heater.
to the steam turbines through the super
2.6.2 Over use of Water Resources
4
This steam drives the turbine.
ESources
The steam rotates the 1
turbine blades at high speed of 3.000 Ip, i
— Water is an indispensable natural resource
on this earth’
— — This tums the alter: ator, Which is directly on which all life depends. About 9796
connected to of the earth's!
the turbines. surface is covered by water and most
of the animals.
The condensed water can be reeyeled through and plants have 60-65% “o Water in their body,
out the Global
Process. the feed water pump sends this water distribution of water Tesources
to the is quite uneven’ |
boiler through the economizer. depending upon several geographic
factors.
The steam is cooled by seawater in condenser, ~ Tropical rain forest areas receive
restored maximum rainfall
to water, and then retumed to the boiler for reuse, while the m: jor world deserts occur
in zones of ry,
descending air (20-40 N and S) and
~ — This cycle of water - steam - water is repeated
over and
receive very litle
rainfall.
OVer again.
Water use by humans is of
two types :
Syllabus topic : Over use of Natura
l Resources and Water withdrawal : Taking
water from groundwatt
its Impacts on Environment
or surface water resource and

Water consumption : The |

2.6 Over use of Natural Resources and water which is taken up ba
not returned for reuse,
its Impacts on Environment ; 1

Overuse of groundwater for drinking, irrigation “

The natural resources have been domestic purposes has resulted in rapid
over used or over depletion
exploited due to increased Popul groundwater in various regions leading to lowering
ation across globe and i
there by increased need of land, Water table and drying of
This is largely met by wells.
deforestation, Many forest :
lands are used for mining, Pollution of many of the groundwater aquifes
agriculture, grazing, and recreation and — for made of these wells unfit for consumption.
development of dams.

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Energy Resources
¥ environmental Studies (MSBTE) 2-18

Differentiate between conventional and non

Rivers and streams have long been used for discharging | Q.7
he wastes. Most of the civilizations have grown and conventional energy. (Reter Section 2.3.2)
flourished on the banks of rivers, but unfortunately, | Q.g — What are the limitation of conventional sources of
growth in tum has been responsible for pollution of the energy ? (Refer Section 2.4.2)
rivers. Q.9 Describe principle of solar energy.

Mineral Resources — over use (Refer Section 2.5.1)

The minerals are extracted from earth’s crust. The rate Q.10 State and explain principal, congeenaa “ne
working of flat plate collector used for solar energy.
of accumulation of minerals is very slow, but rate at which
she surface area of earth is utilized for human activity, there (Refer Sections 2.5.2.1 and 2.5.2.2)
Draw rough sketch and explain how flat-plate
js drastic reduction is mineral resource. Also environmental | Q.11
impact on mineral causes shortage. collector can be useful in tapping solar energy.
z Land resources-over use (Refer Sections 2.5.2.1 and 2.5.2.2)

Q.12 Explain briefly how Photo voltaic cells are useful in

Because of increasing of population growth the hamessing solar energy ?
demands for arable land for producing food and fuel (Refer Section 2.5.3)
wood is also increasing. Hence there is more and more
2 Z i Q.13 State the principle and working of photovoltaic cell
pressure on the limited land resources which are getting
degraded due to over-exploitation. Soil erosion, water used for Solarenergy,

salinization and contamination of the soil with (Refer Sections 2.5.2.1 and 2.5.3.4)
industrial wastes like fly-ash, press mud or heavy Q.14 Draw a schematic and explain principle and working

metals all cause degradation of land. of photovoltaic cells.

Various anthropogenic activities like hydroelectric (Refer Sections 2.5.3.3 and 2.5.3.4)

projects, large dams, reservoirs, construction of roads Q.15 Explain briefly how photovoltaic cells are useful in
and railway lines, construction of buildings, mining etc. hamessing solar energy.
are responsible for clearing of large forested areas. (Refer Sections 2.5.3.1 and 2.5.3.4)
Q.16 Draw a schematic and explain principle and working
Review Questions of photovoltaic cells. ; ;
(Refer Sections 2.5.3.3 and 2.5.3.4)

Which are renewable energy sources ? Why they | 4 47 piaw a neat diagram and explain working a
are important ? (Refer Sections 2.2 and 2.2.1) photovoltaic cell. (Refer Section 2.5.3.4)
Which are the various renewable sources of Q.18 How electricity can be generated from wind
energy? (Refer Section 2.2) energy ? (Refer Sections 2.5.4 and 2.5.4.1)

Why more emphasis is given on the development fF) ats Explain generation of electricity using wind energy,
renewable energy resources ? (Refer Section 2.2) with help of neat and labeled sketch of wind
their Turbine. (Refer Section 2.5.4.1)
List the conventional energy sources and state

limitations. (Refer Sections 2.3.1 and 2.4.2) Q.20 Draw rough sketch and explain how electricity can

Qs What are the conventional sources of energy ? and be generated from wind energy.
(Refer Section 2.5.4.1)
What are their advantages and limitations ?
(Refer Sections 2.3.1 and 2.4.2) Q.21 Explain the working principle of generating electricity
Q6 Differentiate between Renewable and Non- by using wind energy. (Refer Section 2.5.4.1)

renewable sources of energy. (Refer Section 2.3.2)

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UNIT I

Ecosystems

Syllabus
Ecosystem - Definition, Aspects of ecosystem, Division of ecosystem, General
Functions ofecosystem. characteristics Of ecos
ystem,

Syllabus Topic : Ecosystem

- Definition
Characteristics of Eco
system
3.1 oT Introduction Ecosystem can be of any
size.
Sun is Primary or major
Q. 3.1.1 source to Provide
Define terms Eco system (Ref. Sec. energy,
3.1) which then flows through any
ecosystem.
An ecosystem consists of biotic During flow of energy all
and abiotic components get role to play
components i.e, animals, plants as primary / secondary RS
and microbes as biotic / tertiary producers or
—
components and soil, minerals, water consumers,
and air as abiotic :
components. All of these togeth
er form an ecosystem, Syllabus Topic : Aspects of Ecos
In shon, an ecosystem is a commu ystem
nity of living
organisms in conjunction with the non living Aspects of Ecosystem
components of the environment.

The nutrient cycles and energy flow play Define terms Biotic and abiotic
an important (Ref. Sec. 3.2)
role, to link biotic and abiotic compon Q, 3.2.2 Explain the concept of an ecosystem.
ents together,
thus making EVERY COMPONENT IMPO
RTANT (Ref. Sec. 3.2)
FOR EVERY OTHER. Q.3.2.3 Explain with schematic diagram, the energy
flow
in a typical ecosystem. (Ref.
Definition Sec. 3,2)

In an ecosystem living organisms (biotic

Ecologist Arthur
components) q
Tansley has defined ecosystem as continually interact with each other
“The whole system including not only the organism- and with the
environment (abiotic components).
complex, but also the whole complex of physical
In simple words ecosystems include living organis
factors forming what we call the environment”. ms,
the dead organic matter produced by them, the abiotic
environment within which the organisms live and
exchange elements (soils, water, atmosphere), and the
interactions between these components.

ee
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Ecosystems
tal Stu dies (MSBTE)
32
': : environmen
lable as follows :
| General classifications ar ¢ avai
nett galnconorvy like coral reef, desert
(i) Aquatic ecosystems,
m
4’ (ii) Greater yellow stone ecosyste
(iii) Human ecosystem

(iv) Marine ecosystem

(v) Microbial ecosystem - Taiga
ra
(vi) Terrestrial ecosystem - Tund
(vii) Urban ecosystem.
d
3.3.1 Major Ecosystems in the Worl
.
Q. 3.3.2 List the major ecosystem in world
Fig. 3.2.1 : A typical ecosystem
(Ref. Sec. 3.3.1)

The simplest example of an ecosystem — just a single There are many types
The earth itself is an ecosystem.
jiving plant (biotic component) within a small terrarium e can be broadly divided
sunlight to which a water solution | of ecosystems in the world. Thes
exposed to into three classes.
has been
| containing essential nutrients for plant growth
Major ecosystems in the world
added (abiotic environment).

extreme example would be the

And the other
(I) Fresh water ecosystem
which comprises the totality of Earth’s
biosphere,
other and the
4 organisms and their interactions with each (1) Terrestrial ecosystem

earth systems (abioti c enviro nment) .

' (Ill) Ocean ecosystem
like a pond, a forest, an estuary, a
Rest all examples
two extreme ends. Fig. 3.3.1: Major ecosystems in the world
grassland will fall between these

ystem > (1) Fresh water ecosystem

Syllabus Topic : Division of Ecos
e.g. lake, pond grasslands etc.

33 Division / Classification of => (iI) Terrestrial ecosystem

_ 2 y
__Ecos __s__ em
t__ —
e.g. forests

Q.3.3.1 Give classification / Types of ecosy stem. => (II) Ocean ecosystem
(Ret. Seo. 3.3)
. A -g. marine, i <
( SEES
} The ecosystems are broadly classified in following two
Syllabus Topic : General Characteristics of
types :
Ecosystem
Ll. Terrestrial Ecosystems
2. Aquatic Ecosystems 3.4 General Characteristics of
Ecosystem
4 1. Terrestrial Ecosystems
An ecosystem contained in particular region depends
They include grassland, cropland, forest, desert, etc. upon temperature, other atmospheric parameters like
f 5 j
. Aquatic
quatic Ecosystems
Ecosy plants grown iin area, overall climate and the fluctuations
a
faced. Any such ecosystem is called as “Biomes”.

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Ww: Environmental Studies (MSBTE) 3-3
* Definition Ecosyste mg
All ecosystems hel
p energy
Biome can be defined as, “An area of land transformations
contained biogeochemical an,
cycling that link id
with plants and animals which are
adapted according to the living, of biot
components to the non-living, : ic,
chmatic conditions of environment in the region or abiotic, Compon
”. eny
The concept of s,
food chain and
Types of ecosystems in world / Biome food web is ASSOCi
s Biome : with energy transform ateg
ation in an ecosys
1. Tundra 2.
tem,
Taiga
Energy flow in eco
system / fo Od
3. Grass land chain in
4. Terrestrial forest nat ure
5. Chaparral 6. Desert All ecosystems beg
in with the input
7. Savanna of energy from the
8. Rain forest Sun. This energy is
captured by the
9. Alpine. Plants (calleq
Primary Producers
) by Photosynthes
is Process, In this
All ecosystems must Process carbon dio
include both biotic (liv xide is combined
ing) and w; ith hydrogen
abiotic (non living) com (derived from the
ponents, their interact Splitting of water
ions, and some molecules) 19
source of energy. So produce carbohydrate
now We can clarify s, Energy is stor
the Parts of an ed in the high
ecosystem by listing them energy bonds of
under the headings “ abi adenosine triphosphate
otic” and [or ATP}.
“biotic”. Because it is the first
step in the Productio
n of energy
for living things, it is
Table 3.4.1 called primary Produc
tion,
Abiotic Components Herbivores obtain
Biotic Components their energy by Consum
ing plants or
Plant products, carnivores eat herb
ivores, and
detritivores consume
the droppings and Carc
asses of
livings all.

Precipitation Dead tissue and wast

e Products are produced
at all
levels. Scavengers, detritivores
, and decomposers
collectively account for
the use of all such “waste”
Soil or water chemistry for i
Detritivores, their metabolic Processes.
etc, (Fig. 3.5.1)
(e.g., P, NH; ), ete.
This complete chain is calle
d food chain, It includes —
Syllabus Topic : Function primary producers,
s of Ecosystem herbivores, carnivores, —
detritivores, and decomposers,
Energy flows from
3.5 Functions of Ecosystem bottom to top. But the amount
mn ystems s of energy from bottom
to top decreases.
0.3.5.1 Explain broad Structure
of ecosystem.
It is important to note that
(Ref. Sec. 3.5) the amount of primary
Production varies a great deal from
Q. 3.5.2 What are the functions of ecos place to place, due
ystem 7
to differences in the amount
(Ret. Sec, 3.5) of solar radiation and the
Q.3.5.3 Explain energy flow in ecosystem. availability of nutrients and
water.
(Ref. Sec. 3.5)
,
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¥ Environmental Studies (MSBTE) 3-4 Ecosystems

~
Primary Tertia , Grey rey hi her = >
ry
Sige consumer Secondary consumer Otter Sy d
consumer Fish
. Small mammals,
Fish satan by rd ampabian
eaten by. eaten by
™ *
.
~—t> Fish irk Common toad
Plant and a
few snails:
x eaton by... Invertebrates
eaton by...

bag
Ate
dal Si ad
Great pond snail

Plants
Fig. 3.5.1 : A typical food chain eaten by...
Broad-leaved pondweed es

Above example was the example of grazer food

chains, because living plants are directly consumed. In
Fig. 3.5.2: A typical food web
detritus food chains the principal energy input is not
green plants but dead organic matter. For example, the 3.5.2 Ecological Pyramid
ocean floor in very deep area where all sunlight is
extinguished 1000s of meters above. Q.3.5.4 Define terms : Producer and Consumer.
(Ref. Sec. 3.5.2)
- Most food chains have no more than four or five links.
— Ecological pyramid is a graphical representation for
F Food Chain
showing the biomass or biomass productivity at each
Algae > Mayflies > Stoneflies > Trout -> Humans tropic level in a given ecosystem. (Fig. 3.5.3 shows

- Producer Ecological pyramid)

- I" order Consumer or Herbivore - Ecological pyramids begin with producers,

- 2 order Consumer or 1" order Carnivore

- 3" order Consumer or 2™ order Carnivore

- 4" order Consumer or 3 order Carnivore

Decomposers — consume dead and decaying matter as Secondary

\, consumers:
bacteria,
Primary
35.1 Concept of Food Web consumers

There cannot be too many links in a single food chain Primary producers
would not
because the animals at the end of the chain
Bet enough food and hence energy to stay alive. Fig. 3.5.3 : Ecological pyramid

one food chain and

Most animals are part of more than Producer
kind of food in order to meet their
eat more than one — In pyramid, producers shown on the bottom
(such as
food and energy requirements.
plants). The plants are the primary producers.
These interconnected food chains form a food web. = Producer can be defined as, “A natural
entity capable of
Food webs can be very complicated, where It SPPFETe
a
else”. synthesising food for others.”
that “everything is connected to everything

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—x
@

WF Environmental Studies (MSBTE)

3-5
Ecosystems
as
= Consumers
Review Questions
~ The pyramid proceed through
the various tropic levels
(such as herbivores, then carnivores Q.1 Define terms Eco system
that eat herbivores, (Refer Section 3.1)
carnivores that eat other weake Q.2
r carnivores, and so on), Define terms Biotic and abiotic
(Refer Section 3.2)
Thus consumers are those Q.3
“who survive on the food ° Explain the concept of an ecosystem.
produced by the plants i.e. produ
cers” (Refer Section 3.2)
Q.4 Explain with schematic diagram, the
Types of Ecological pyra
mid
energy flow ing
typical ecosystem. (Refer Section 3.2)
Qs Give classification / Types of ecosy
(A) Pyramid of biomass stem.
(Refer Section 3.3)
(B) Pyramid of Producti Q.6
vity List the major ecosystem in world.
(Refer Section 3.3.1)
(C) Pyramid of numbers
Q.7 3
Explain broad Structure of ecosystem,
Fig. 3.5.4 : Types of Ecologic 4
al pyramid (Refer Section 3.5)
(A) Pyramid of biomass Q.8 — Whatare the functions of
ecosystem ?
(Refer Section 3.5)
Biomass is the amount of living or organic matter
Q.9 Explain energy flow in ecosy
Present in an organism. Biomass stem.
Pyramids show how (Refer Section 3.5)
much biomass is present in the organ
isms in unit area at
different
Q.10 Define terms: Producer and Consumer.
tropic levels. Typical units for a
biomass
(Refer Section 3.5.2)
Pyramid could be grams per meter’, or calories
per
meter’, eee scanet iy
(B) Pyramid of productivity Qi An ——_ consists of biotic and abiotic
An ecological components,
pyramid of productivity shows the
production or turnover of biomass at each tropic level. (i) Environment var Ecosystem
Productivity pyramids show the flow of energy through (ill) Ecology (iv). None of the above
Ans.: (ii)
the food chain. Typical units would be grams per :
Q.2 Biotic and abiotic components
meter” per year or calories per meter” per year. As with together form an
the others, this graph begins with producer
s at the Va Ecosystem (ii) Pond
bottom and places higher tropic levels on top.
(iii) River (iv) None of the above
When energy
is transferred to the next tropic level, Ans.: (i)
typically only 10% of it is used to build new Q.3 Community of living organisms make
biomass,
(the rest going to metabolic Processes).
part of an
As such, in a
pyramid of productivity each step will be (i) Environment
10% the size (ii) © Universe
of the previous step (100, 10, 1, 0.1, 0.01). \GiT Ecosystem . (iv) None of the above
Ans.: (ili)
(C) Pyramid of numbers
Q.4 «Non living organism community make
s part of a
An ecological pyramid of numbers shows graphica
lly
the population of each level in a food chain. 4H Ecosystem (ii) Ecology
(ili) Environment
an
(iv) None of the above
ED a aie eat nt
Ans.: (i) ee

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UNIT Ill

Biodiversity and Its Conservation

syllabus
in India, Threats
Biodiversity - Definitions, Levels, Value and loss of biodiversity, Biodiversity assessment initiatives
and Hotspots of biodiversity, Conservations of biodiversity - Objects, Various laws.

syllabus Topic : Biodiversity — Definitions The frequency and the variety of genes inside and
between the populations of the same species (varieties
of plants or animals) are defined as genetic
44 Introduction _
biodiversity.
——
0.4.1.1 Define tho following terms : Genetic biodiversity The genetic variation is a fundamental quality of all the
(Ref. Sec. 4.1) biological entities ic. the population of crop plants and
domesticated animals, their wild parents and other wild
Biodiversity is the variety of life : The different
populations.
plants, animals and micro-organisms, their genes and the
ceosystems of which they are a part. 2. Species Biodiversity

4.1.1 Definition Species biodiversity indicates the number of species

found in a particular ecosystem. It also accounts for the
- Biodiversity can be defined as, “the variation of life number within the species.
forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or for the The species biodiversity, means animals and plants of
entire Earth.” big size.
describes most circumstances and
- This definition There are millions of tiny invertebrates (primarily of
presents a unified view of the traditional three types 1n the insects) which constitute 73%, microbes such as
Which biological variety has been identified :
viruses, bacteria, algae and protozoa constitute 6%,
Genetic Biodiversity mushrooms constitute 4%.
Species Biodiversity
3. Ecosystem Biodiversity
Ecosystem Biodiversity
Ecosystem biodiversity is the diversity of the durable
OE Genetic Biodiversity interactions between species and their environment. In

biodiversity is the diversity of genes each ecosystem, organisms interact with each others
For geneticists,
and also with the air, water and soil surrounding them
and the organisms
(abiotic factors).

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¥ Environmental Studies (MSBTE)
4-2 Biodiversity and
ItsConservation
These interactions include the recycling of —=)
the nutritive “> 3. Gamma Biodiversity
elements, formation of the grounds and
filtration of
water, It is a measurement of the overal
l diversity for aiferen
ecosystems within a region.
These terms were first used by wildlif
e scientist and
conservationist Raymond F, Biodiversity is usually plotted
Dasmann, as taxonomic richness of
a geographic area, with some reference to
Now-a-days the “concept of biodiversity a temporal scale,
” has achieved
widespread popularity Whittaker described following three commo
among biologists, n Metrics
environmentalists, political leaders, and to measure species diversity :
concerned
citizens world wide. (i) Species richness

Syllabus Topic : Levels of Biodiversity (ii) Simpson index

(iii) Shannon-Wiener index
4.2 Levels of Biodiversity Recently, another new index Mean Species
Abundance Index (MSA) is used. This index
calculates the 4
Q. 4.2.1 Define the following terms : Alpha diversity trend in population size of a cross section of the species.
.
(Ref. Sec. 4.2)
Q. 4.2.2 Define the following terms : Beta diversity. Syllabus Topic : Value and Loss of Biodive
rsity
(Ref. Sec. 4.2) 4.3 Value of Biodiversity
i Q. 4.2.3 What are different levels of biodiversity ?
(Ref. Sec. 4.2) Q.4.3.1 Discuss, how the rich biodiversity helps |
Progress of a nation? (Ref, Sec. 4.3)
A variety of objective measures have been developed in
Biodiversity supports a number of ecosystem processes
order to measure biodiversity empirically. Each measure of and services like air quality, climate (both global CO;
biodiversity relates to a particular use of the data. Sequestration and local), water purification, disease

@ Most commonly used indicators for measuring

control, biological pest control, pollination and
prevention of erosion.
Biodiversity
— Biodiversity is also believed to create stability i
Alpha Biodiversity ecosystems, allowing these ecosystems to continue

Beta Biodiversity providing services in the face of disturbances.

— Non-material benefits that are obtained from
Gamma Biodiversity
ecosystems include :

Alpha Biodiversity (i) Spiritual and aesthetic values,

(ii) Knowledge systems and

Diversity within a particular area, community or
(iii) The value of education.
ecosystem, measured by counting the number of taxa
within the ecosystem (usually species). = Benefits from biodiversity are usually
categorized as :
Beta Biodiversity
(a) Consumptive uses : It includes direct consumptlo
versity of species among various ecosystems. It biodiversity. All crops, fruits, flowers, animals, m@ e
ives comparing the number of taxa that are unique foods etc. are directly consumed by people.
of the ecosystems.
(b) Productive uses : It includes derived products

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r
;
¥ govironmental Studies (MSBTE) 4-3 Biodiversity and Its Conservation
podiversi) like medicines and other industry products
A wide range of industrial materials like building
7 Value of biodiversity in various fields materials, fibers, dyes, rubber and oil are derived
like
directly from biological resources.

There is enormous potential for sustainably utilizing

Human Health materials from a wider diversity of organisms. Because
Business and Industry of this, the loss of biodiversity is increasingly
recognized as a significant risk factor in the
Leisure, Cultural and Aesthetic Value
development of business and a threat to long term
Other Ecological Services economic sustainability.

4.3.4 Leisure, Cultural and Aesthetic Value

43.1 Agriculture
(i) Biodiversity has inspired musicians, painters, sculptors,
writers and other artists for their great art forms. Many
t{
{) The reservoir of genetic traits present in wild and
people derive value from biodiversity through leisure
domestic varieties is extremely important in improving
activities such as hiking, birdwatching or natural
quality and yield of crops. Interbreeding crops strains
history study.
with different beneficial traits has doubledthe crop
(ii) Popular activities like gardening, caring for aquariums
production in the last 50 years as a result of the Green
and collecting butterflies are all strongly dependent on
Revolution in India. biodiversity.
(ii) Higher agriculture biodiversity also controls the spread (iii) A family outing to the botanical garden or zoo is an
of certain diseases as pathogens will need to adapt to aesthetic, cultural and educational experience.
infect different species. (iv) Philosophically it could be argued that biodiversity has
intrinsic aesthetic and spiritual value to mankind in
43.2. Human Health itself.

(i) Health issues influenced by biodiversity include

dietary A DNA embodies knowledge and destroying a species
social
health and nutrition security, infectious diseases,
eliminates biodiversity.

and psychological health.

4.3.5 Other Ecological Services
role in
(i) Biodiversity is also known to have an important that are
in post-disaster relief and Biodiversity provides many ecosystem services
reducing disaster risk, and :
often not readily visible
recovery efforts.
ere and water
(i) It regulates the chemistry of our atmosph
(ii) Biodiversity is directly related to the drug discovery
resources ; supply.
of new medicinal
and the availability tion, recycling
ct!
indireectly
‘ tly or indir (i) It is directly involved in avater purifica
if icant proportion of : drugs are direc
Signif fertile soils.
nutrients and providin g
. : ;
ssfrom biological a yst 80% of
derived sources. [almost
is also related to
(iii) The stability of ecosystems
Population uses medicines from plants] Higher biodiver sity produces greater
biodiversity.
the chances of failure
433 Business and Industry stability ove! r time and reducing
result of disturbances such
7 . siness: of ecosysten 1 services as a
~ The degree to which biodiverstly supports: bus! as extreme weather events or
human exploitation.
. sector
cectors. The
+
Varies between regions and economic
much clear that humans cannot easily
It is now very
im. «a reity for resourcere *security needs e.g. insect
human
portance of biodiversity paper and fi bre, ecosystems to support
. i eer build
be mimicked by human-made
Water quantity and quality, timbe are increasingly pollination cannot
food and medi nal resources, ele: ’ construction.
Recognized as un

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a
a ~
@

B® envicomental Studies (MSBTE) 4-4

Biodiversity and ItsConservation
Syllabus Topic : Biodiversity Assessment 2. Gangetic river plains.
Initiatives in India
3. Deccan plateau.

44 Biodiversity Assessment Initiatives 4. Islands of Lakshadweep, Anda

man and Nicobar.
in India
4.41 Biogeographical Regions of India
|
| Q@. 4.4.1 Wirte a short essay on biodiversity of India. The biogeographical classification of India Tecognize
(Ref. Sec. 4.4) sten biogeographic zones ranging from the trans.
himalaya to the islands. These zones indicate a unique
+ India is A Mega Biodiversity Nation
set of geophysical and hydro-climatic conditions as
The 7* largest country in the world and 2™ largest in well as distinct geological origins.
Asia with an area of 3.28 lakh km?. They also have unique floral and faunal elements eg.

Its mainland stretches from 8°4’ to 37°6” N latitude and the Himalayan and the Gangetic plain are examples of
from 68°7° to 97°25’ E longitude in Northem two adjacent but extremely different zones.
Hemisphere. The biogeographical classification is sufficiently

Ik bas a land frontier of some 15.200 kms and a detailed with a distinct hierarchy of units, to facilitate

coastline of 7.516 km. conservation planning at national and intra-state level,

Physically the massive county is divided into four The scheme is comparable to the other international —
é
relatively well defined re: classification and is also compatible with other land use _
classification in India.
1. Himalayan moun

These ten regions {with their sub-divisions) are as follows :

1A: Trans Himalaya — Ladakh Mountains 6B : Deccan Peninsula- Chhota Nagpur

1B Trans Himalaya - Tibetan Plateau 6C : Deccan Peninsula — Easter highland

2A : Himalaya- North-West 6D : Deccan Peninsula - Central Plateau

2B : Himalaya— West 6E : Deccan Peninsula -Deccan South

2c Himalaya - Central 7A +: Gangetic plain - Upper Gangetic plain

2D Himalaya — East 7B : Gangetic plain - Lower Gangetic plain

3A: Desert—Thar 8A : Coast - East coast

(3B: Desert-Kutchchh 8B : Coast - West coast

| 4A + Semi Arid - Punjab plain 8C : Coast - Lakshadweep

\ 4B: Semi Arid - Gujarat - Rajputana 9A + North-East - Brahmaputra Valley

a : Western Ghats -Malabar plains 9B: Northeast - North East hills

\ 5sB ‘Western Ghats — Western Ghat Mountains | 104; Islands - Andamans

21,730 11.7 These include 53 species of mammals, 69 birds, 23

2546 —
15,000 250,000 6.0 reptiles and 3 amphibians.
Flowering
Plants — India contains some of Asias rarest animals, such as the
Bengal Fox, Asiatic Cheetah, Marbled Cat, Asiatic
+ 2. Endemic Species of India
Lion, Indian Elephant, Asiatic Wild Ass, Indian
species
- India has many endemic plant and vertebrate Rhinoceros, Markhor, Gaur, Wild Asiatic Water
and 33% plants species are endemic. Buffalo, etc. Following is a list of some threatened
India, the Western Ghats and the north-
- North-east species of India :
areas
western and eastern Himalayas are endemic rich
of India.
Table 4.4.2
Endangered Species Threatened Species |
Critically Endangered Species
Asiatic Lion — Indian Wild Ass
Jenkins Shrew (Endemic to India) a
Asiatic Black Bear — Leopard
Malabar Large-spotted Civet (Viverra civettina) | —
1

Desert Cat — Red Fox

to India) | -
Namdapha Flying Squirrel (Endemic
Great Indian Rhinoceros
Pygmy Hog -
= Hoolock Gibbon
Salim Ali’s Fruit Bat (Endemic to India) i
Kashmir Stag / Hangul i
Sumatran Rhinoceros Indian Elephant or Asian i
'
Elephant
Blue Whale
Capped Leaf Monkey
Chiru (Tibetan Antelope)
Ganges River Dolphin
Indus River Dolphin

be under a degree of threat in India.

Along with this as man yas 3,000 - 4,000 higher plants may

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¥ Environmental Studies (MSBTE) 4-8 Biodiversity and ItsCons

ervation
Syllabus Topic : Threats and Hotspots of
These are as follows :
Biodiversity

Threats to biodive rsity

4.5 Threats and Hotspots of
Biodiversity

°
4.5.1 Threats to Biodiversity
f
4.5.1 Enumerate various threats to biodiversity.

(Ref. Sec. 4.5.1)

During the last century, worldwide economic growth

and population increase is putting enormous pressure
Fig. 4.5.1 : Threats to biodiversity
on natural resources.

43, The World Wildli
(Ref. Sec. 4.6.1)
“Global 200
It has derived a system called the
l biological
Ecoregions”, the aim of which is to select priority eco- Catalogues of genetic resources and nationa
of threatened and
regions for conserva tion within each inventories to be prepared, so that the
habitat types. be protected against
4terrestrial, 3 freshwater, and 4 marine endangered species may

extinction.
4, Alliance for Zero Extinction
developmental
No undisturbed land should be used for
scientific organizations and pment of
It is an initiative of Becaus e develo
activities or urbanization.
the most threatened trees for
conservation groups to focus on townships and shoppi ng centres , use of forest
lead to loss
endemic species of the world. fuel and the use of swamps for paddy fields
sites, including a large of biodiversity.
They have identified 595
especially in
number of Birdlife’s Important
Bird Areas. There should be better population control
tural systems
poor nations. Also high yielding agricul
ty has prepared a
$: The National Geographic Socie should be developed, so that preser vation and
world map of the hi otspots and Are
View shapefi le and ation of biodive rsity go hand in
sustainable exploit
including d etails provid e massive
metadata for the Bio diversity Hotspots hand. The rich countri es should
.
of the individual endangered fauna in each hotspot assistance to meet this goal.
emission
of Biodiversity - Stringent measures should be taken to reduce
Syllabus Topic : Conservation of greenhouse gases and ozone destroying compo
unds
Objects
immediately.

tion ofva
nservaer iver
Biodti
of Biod iversi on
sity
ty __— Effective measures should be framed and
legalized for
‘6 Cons
46Co
=

all countries.
conservation of biodiversity in
and its
loss t 9 biodiversity The conservation of biodiversity include in situ and
ex
In response to the global h,
after effec ts on the fate of humanity ov er the Eart site conservation steps. Ex-situ methods focus on
tional
has become an interna’ species conservation in botanical gardens, zoos, gene
biodiversity conservation
banks, and captive breeding programs.
Political issue.
atio n of various
for controlling deterior
But /n-situ methods use conservation areas as
All measures marine
1 ‘warehouses’ of biological information. Many scientists
tlements of environment like air, wale
y serve the purpose and conservationists feel that in-sitw conservation
Systems and landmass will ultimate! (through the protection of natural areas) should be the

of biodiversity conservation. primary means for biodiversity conservation,

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= Environmental Studies (MSBTE) 4-12 Biodiversity and Its Conservation

‘ Advantages of In Situ Conservation

4.6.1.1 Ex Situ Conservation
In-situ maintenance of biodiversity through the
- Exsitu conservation is done through gene banks, which
establishment of conservation and multiple-use areas offers
include genetic resource centers, z00s, botanical
distinct advantages over ex situ methods in terms of
gardens, culture collections, etc. Gene banks include
coverage, viability of the resource, and the economic
national parks and sanctuaries also. sustainability of the methods :
- x Site Conservation mechanism has become Coverage
important for conservation of crop varieties and wild
Viability
genetic resources, because of their utility in future crop
improvement and afforestation programmes. Economic sustainability i cigae

- The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)

Coverage
advocated equality for in situ and ex situ conservation
efforts. In view of this, efforts and funding for ex situ A worldwide system of protected and multiple-use
areas would allow a significant number of indigenous
conservation were enhanced in recent years.
species and systems to be protected.
4.6.1.2 In Situ Conservation
> 2. Viability
— dn situ conservation is achieved by protection of
populations in their natural habitat. That’s why in situ In protected areas natural selection and community
conservation applies only to wild fauna and flora (not evolution continue to produce new communities,
to the domesticated animals and plants). systems, and genetic material,

— It includes a system of protected areas of different > 3. Economic sustainability

categories, like National Parks, Sanctuaries, Nature
Countries maintaining biodiversity
Reserves, Natural Monuments, Cultural are actually storing
their future economic
benefits (Refer values
Landscapes, Biosphere Reserves, etc. of
biodiversity). Whenever
the need arises t his diversity
- Although viable populations of some organisms can be may be thoroughly examined
and commercially
maintained ex-sitt either under cultivation or in valuable genetic and
biochemic al material may be
captivity, these methods are far less effective than in- found, “id
situ methods, and, generally, they are extremely costly Risks of In Situ Cons
more secure and
ervation
but in-situ methods are generally
Protected areas are
financially efficient. natural and m prone to to O many fi:
y risks, both
anmade. An extrem
- The challenge in using in-situ methods is to expand our e example is the
obliteration of the near -
vision of protected areas to include multiple use and entire remaining
habitat of the golden
tamarind im 1992 by lion
extractive reserves and to develop new models for fire. Few natural
risks are as follows :
conservation, Demographic unc
ertainty
~ Indeed, there is scientific
consensus that the total Environmental
coverage uncertainty
; of protecte
: d :areas needs to be
increase
S d th ree Natural calamitie
fold in order to maintain s
the earths biotic resoy
Sources,
+ These additional areas
‘4s shor Genetic uncertain
should be ty
managed to ens be Properly funded
ure that the bro and
ad St possible
biotic resources range of Demographic
are protected an uncertainty
future economic d Available to support
development Resulting
(UN EP, 1992) from random eve
, nts in the gi
Teproduction of
individuals,

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~ ; ronmental S| tudies (MSBTE)
‘ is
4-13 Biodiversity and Its Conservation
¥ env
| environmental uncertainty
1 Al Chilka Lake (Orissa)
sKC rissa

food supply. and the populations of competitors, C]) Wular Lake (J and K)
. parasites, etc. . : :
parasites, ctc.
p pedators. aa D]_ Harike Lake (Punjab)

a3 Natural calamities E] Loktak Lake (Manipur)

uch as floods, fires, or droughts, which may occur at |p} sSambhar ajasthan,)
a (Rajasthan
Lake ||
rvals.
random inte
4.6.1.4 National Parks of India
changes in
a4 Genetic uncertainty or random
inbree ding that National parks help in conservation of endangered
genetic make-up due to genetic drift or
uctive probabi lities of species of animals and plants.
alter the survival and reprod
There parks and 500 wildlife
are over 96 national
individuals.
sanctuari n India, which reflect the importance that
tion in India
46.1.3 Biodiversity Conserva the country places on nature and wildlife conservation.
diverse
India always participated and active
ly involved in The variety of wildlife in India is incredibly
ammes related to and being able to view these 3 imals and birds in their
many international agreements and progr
nable development. Few natural habitat is an experience of a lifetime,
biodiversity conservation and sustai
in 1935 as
of them are as follows : India's first national park was established
as Jim Corbett
Trade in Endangered Hailey National Park, now known
Convention on International
me a party to CITES on National Park.
Species (CITES): India beca
des annual data to the In 1972, India enacted the Wildlife Protect
ion Act and
18th October 1976. India provi
es of endangered
trade of endangered speci Project Tiger to safegua rd the habitats
CITES secretariat on the
Authority. April 2007, there are 96 nationa l parks.
through its CITES Management species. As of
India encompass a combined
World Heritage Convention : Government of All national park lands
surface area.
Convention in | 977. 38,029.18 km?, 1.16% of India's total
ratified the World Heritage
parks have been authorized.
A total of 166 national
These sites are : iption of three top
Here we are providing some descr
sity
|. Convention on biological diver national parks +
2. Ramsar (Wetlands) convention Park
The Sundarban National
Kanha National Park
ity
biological divers
>
1. Convention on Nagarhole
Diversity oP
India signedthe Convention on Biologi cal
1994 and
February onal Park
Sth June 1992 and ratified on 18th
co nvention 1, The Sundarban Nati
ought it into force on 19th May 1994. This and mangroves. It is the only
anagem e nt Wis a magnificent jungle of
for the sustainable ™ 54 islands
Provides a framework one of its kind in the
world. It is spread over
00 "servation
: of natural resources.
ghboring Bangladesh,
and extends into nei
»
wildlife sanctuaries, at
2. Ramsar (Wetlands) conve ntion The Sundarbans has three
y 10 the Ramsar
khali , Lothi an Island and at Haliday Island.
Sajne
India has a contracted part
been w 1D
Q : 2, India has ne
“Wention since 1 February 198 se follows *
im of them are as
Portant wetland sites. Few

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——x~a

YF Environmental Studies (MSBTE) 4-14 Biodiversity and ItsConserva

tion
The Sundarbans is home to a 2,585 km? Tiger Reserve. India is the first nation in the world to
have mag
In addition to tigers, the area is full of reptiles, birds, Protection and conservation of environ
ment in ity
and other animals such as monkeys, wild boar, and Constitution in 1976.
deer. The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) js
7
Kanha National Park the nodal agency in the administrative structure Of the
It has the honor of providing the background Central Government for the planning, promotion, co.
to
Rudyard Kipling’s classic novel, The Jungle Book. ordination and overseeing the implementation of
India’s environmental and forestry policies and
It is rich in lush saal and bamboo forests, lakes, streams
programmes.
and open grasslands. The park is one of the largest
Along with MoEF Central and State pollution contro]
national parks in India, with a core area of 940 km?,
boards have been constituted to provide technical
and surrounding area of 1,005 km?. support to MoFF in its functioning.
Kanha is well regarded for its research and The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 is an Act of the
conservation programs, and many endangered species Parliament of India for preservation of biological
have been saved there. As well as tigers, the park diversity in India, and provides mechanism for
abounds with barasingha (swamp deer) and an equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the use of
extensive variety of other animals and birds. traditional biological resources and knowledge.

3. Nagarhole Biological Diversity Act, 2002. Notes: This Act was

passed by the Lok Sabha (the lower house of
The park is a place of unspoilt wilderness, with serene
Parliament) on December 2, 2002 and by Rajya Sabha
forest, bubbling streams, and a tranquil lake. It’s also (the upper house of Parliament) on December 11, 2002.
officially known as Rajiv Gandhi National Park.
The Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 is an act of the
Nagarhole teems with over 250 types of birds, Western Australian Parliament that provides the statule
elephants, sloth bear, bison, tiger, leopards, deer, and relating to conservation and legal protection of flora
wild boars. and fauna.

— In 1981, the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)

Syllabus Topic : Conservation of Biodiversity
Various Laws Act was passed, and in 1986 as fallout
of the Bhopal
gas tragedy, the Parliament passed the Environment
4.6.2 Various Laws for Biodiversity Protection Act (1986), this was afl
Conservation “umbrella” legislation designed to provide 4
various law. for biodiversity framework for Central Government coordination of the
Q. 4.6.2 Explain the.
conservation. (Ref. Sec.
4.6.2) Activities of various.

Environmental law plays a crucial role in providing a Review Questions

ork for regulating the use of environment and its
fram cw

agement. In India, several Acts were

manag
passed from 1972 Define the following terms : Genetic biodiversity
to 1986 and various amendments thereafter : (Refer Section 4.1)
To protect the environment, Define the following terms : Alpha diversity.
— Regulate resource use, (Refer Section 4.2)
- Protect biodiversity, Define the following terms : Beta diversity.

Pollution control, (Refer Section 4.2)

Conserve forests, etc. What are different levels of biodiversity ?

(Refer Section 4.2)

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Environmental Pollution |

Sylabus
Definition of pollution, Types : Natural
and Artificial (Man- made). Soil/La
nd Pollution : Causes and effect
environment and lives, Preventive
measures, Water Pollution : Source s ‘on
s of water (surface and sub Surface
of water pollution, Effects on environment ), Sources
and lives, Preventive measures,
BIS water quality standards, Flow diagram
of water, treatment plant, Water conservation. Wastewater : Generation (Domestic
diagram of sewage and Industrial), Impacts, Flow
treatment plant, CPCB norms of sewage discharge. Air polluti
on : Causes, Effects, Prevention,
Ambient air Quality standards. Nois: @ pollution : Sources, Effects, Prevention, Noise
Municipal
levels at various zones of the city,
Solid Waste, Bio-medical waste and E-waste : Sources. Generation, Characteristics, Effects, , and methods
to manage.

5.1___Introduction_ a Syllabus Topic : Definition of Pollution,

~ ‘
For the last hundred years the fast growth of population Types - - Natural and Artificial (Man-m
(Man-made)
a
at the world Jevel and mainly in the third) world
countnes have made a direct and indirect impact onthe | 5.1.1 Pollution - Definition
lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and also on the
Q. 5.1.1 Define pollution and pollutant. (Ret. Sec. 5.1.1)
bio-sphere.
Environmental Pollution
can be defined as, “An
~ Due to fast industrialization and urbanisation, the
undesirable changein chemical, physical and biological
general land use is totally getting changed i.e. the forest
characteristics of air, water and soil, which
areas, the grasslands, the hillocks near the urban areas causes the
health problems to all the living beings.”
are i
getting cupi
occupied byby the expanding
. S hum han

the natural ecosystems | 5.1.2 Types of Pollutions

I n
sctilement.{ “This has
jks affected
over the land and also in the water,
Q.5.1.2 What are different types of Pollutions..
lost i its purtyity,
i also haas lost
in the
~ we breathe
TN nice al ir thata We bi a: ;
f (Ret. Sec. 5.1.2)
water hat we drink has not remained safe. Due to
thi fast caunaiuaneem
es, the ‘sound’ has been converted into
transport link, ages, Types of pel pollutions
y
noise.
- The urban 1 wastes, . the industrial wastes
. as
have made our (1) Ase pollution
ural environment very toxic. These un. ceptable
nat me Water pollution
‘hua
lements in the aif, water and land have: chan }
ged the =Qa)
tural cycles, Hots called as the Environmenta pollutoa a
natural l
Pollution OUR Noise pollution

(5) Nuciear poitution

L.| (6) E-Waste }

Fig. 5.1: Types of pollutions

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5-2 Environmental Pollution
s (MSBTE)
envroomment Studie
is due to various 5.1.4 Different Pollutants
iin in environment
discussed in brief.
. ome
ants/ pollutants, which are fa. 5.1.3 What are types of pollutants ? (Ref. Sec. 5.1A) |
to nature's imbalances.
Pollution is caused due Examples
A) satura activities or Sr. Pollutants
of pollution involves natural
© his BYP No.
tsunami, floods, draught, earth |
gisasters like cyclone, due 1. | Gases |NO,, $0, CO,
such conditions, pollution
guakes: fire. etc. Under
s, unatt enden d 2. | Industrial Soot, smoke, tar, dust
io dust epidemics, remainders of rodent
play role to waste
d bodies mainly
and decomposed dea Mercury, _ lead, zinc, nickel,
Metal waste
nment.
pollute the enviro cadmi um, chro mium etc.
tion is caused due to
Artificial OF manmade pollu H,SO,, MNO;
sprays
or vehicles, pesticides,
activities of industries Herbicides, fungicides, bacte
ricides,
as a result of
of pollution occurs solely
etc. This type cu la r
weedicid es
al
dustri em is si on s, ve hi
activities of man such as in Garbage, Rubbish
activities, etc .
emissions, construction
utions : Reactors
Different classes of Poll Nuclear Ash from atomic
(2) Water pollution
(1) Air pollution
(4) Sound/ Noise poll
ution | From IT sector
3) Soi] pollution
(6) E-Waste Pollution - Causes and
(5) Nuclear pollution Syllabus Topic : Soil/ Landnment and Lives
sed also as, Effects on Enviro
Itis further sub categori

(A) Indoor pollution

5.2 Land / Soil Pollution
(B) Outdoor pollution
pollutions, causes, effects
ants 0.5.2.1 Explain Soll/ Land (Ref. Sec. 5.2): Bre
51.3 Classification of Pollut and Preventive measures.
n ? pateeek
sources of soil pollutio
gaseous. liquid or solid Q. 5.2.2 What are
The subsistence’s, either in sified (Ref. Sec. 5.2)
-
ution; can be clas
form cause air , water and soil poll
as:
5.2.1 Introduction
nt pollutants + These
- Degradable or non-persiste of mixtures of minera
ls, organic
n rapidly by the natural Soil is a thin layer
pollutants can be broken dow material, air and wate r.
garbage and sewage ett matter, inorganic 0
process e.g. Domestic Waste, and the
utants ? These by the weathering process
rsistent poll The soil is formed
ad ab le or pe d by the climatic activiti
es.
Slowly degr nt for a ve
ry long organic matter is adde
the environme!
pollutants remain in may for on while in the hum id mild
changed conditions. In the cold artic regi
Period of time, in the un aerosols
etc. lopment of soil is slow
s €-8- Pesticides. climate the soil deve
more than few decade .
development is fast
tants

+ Thes e are the ei are soil development, it

Non-degradable pollutants natu
~ :

by anyral process: oe In the ideal conditions for the

never get degraded generate soil having abo
ut 1 cm
accumulating and needs about 15 years to
difficult to eradicate and they £° theon toxici elem
ents like
thickness. while in the ext
rem e con dit ion s it needs
eg.
Polluting the environments. elo p soil .
hundred of years to dev
r waste etc.
lead, mercury, nuclea

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—
7
Ww“ Environmental Studios (MSBTE) i:
5-3 Environments, Potiutig |
~ So itis a long process to develop soil but does not | 5.2.3.2 Human and Animal Excreta i
require a long time to degrade
Soil the soil ie,
‘ TU is used as an organic fertilizer ty increase
Pollution is a fast process, whieh has created a serious the ey
. aa op
problem for the agricultural activities, yields.
|
~ If these exereta have pathogens,
5.2.2 Definitlon soil as welll ay 4
crops may get Contaminated, |
|

Soil pollution may be defined as, the contamination Human and animal excreta |
caused by chemicals and other subsistence ‘resulting in the |
loss of the fertility or the productivity of soil. The |
productivity of the soil is measured in terms of the yields
of
grains
|
per unit’ of land. ‘The indirect effect of soil |
contamination is observed through the crop contamination,
When such contaminated grains are consume
d by the human
beings they affect the human health,

5.2.3 Causes sources of Soll Degradation / Fig, 5.2.1: Human ‘

‘ mandand animal
animg
excreta |
Pollution > (i) Insecticides |
The soil degradation means the quantitative as well
as | ~ ‘The insecticides like D.D.T, Aldrin, benzene are used
qualitative loss of soil. {
‘0 control the growth of soil borne pests.
5.2.3.1 The Quantitative Loss of Soil They degrade very slowly and hence get
accumulated
in the soil and enter in the plants and affect the food
- It is known as soil erosion. It is a movem
ent of chain in total,
surface litter and top soil from one place to
another, > (ii) Industrial wastes
The soil erosion is a natural process. It is the
result of The metals like iron, copper, lead mercury, zine and
fast weathering and steep slopes, So on the = C elas Cc ly >
mountain , ,

tops and on the slopes the soil erosion is fast the acids and alkalies enter in the soil directly through
resulting
into thinning the soil layer, the industrial waste water i.e. the effluents directly or
indirectly through the air i.e. may due to acid rains.
But at present the soil erosion has become
a serious — They make change in5 the compositionsa of soilil to make it
to i
environmental problem due to uncontrolled human
toxic for the plant growth,
activities like over grazing, deforestation, burning
of
x
grasslands, construction > (iii) Radioactive waste
works etc.
— The loss of the top soil reduces its fertility as the water i these
Through the mines a nd nuclear
; process,
ecto
holding capacity
‘a iss_als
also reduced. i In the low-lying
‘ radioactive waste reaches the , soil and ente
ae into
areas, due to soil erosion, the river beds become grass and finally to the grazing animals an ‘
shallow,
hall causing
ing the the floods s. the human body either through the meat or milk.
— The top soil gets settled in the artificial reservoirs and | “> (iv) Nitrification
the water holding capacity gets reduced, and intern
~ The nitrates either through the air or through the wate!
reduces the usability of the dams.
accumulate in the
soil,
~ They leach out of soil and accumulate in‘
the gfO2 od
water to pollute i

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5-4
(MSBTE) Environmental Pollution
{one ntal Studies
>
al 2, Measures to control qualitative losses of soil
rosette
el
with the above causes, at present the medic
ae bis added to the soil has made it more toxic . Soil wastes material from various sources must be
ante BS
minimized. This can be done by reuse of paper wastes,
lution
Effects of Soil Pol plastic wastes, metal wastes, glass articles etc.

e water mixed with human excretes, sewage and Soil can be saved from degradation by using proper
Th
: dudge when enters in the agricultural fields,
kills the methods of disposal of the waste material e.g.

jero-organisms and hence the soil’s production composting of bio-degradable wastes, burning of the

duced. non-bio-degradable wastes.

capac ity is re
treated
Due 10 the domestic garbage, industrial waste and The heavy metals and toxic material must be
the industrial
matter like dead animals, bad before they are allowed to flow through
decomposed organic
which may cause the chronic effluents over the land surface.
odour is developed,
diseases. The faulty sanitation methods must be improved.
, the soil as well as pollution
_ Due to excess doses of pesticides Finally, by formulating and implementing
as they get dissolved and by the genera l public aware ness
the ground water get polluted control acts and also
quality and if pollut ion.
get percolated. This affects the well water seriou s effect s of soil
about the causes and
affects the human health.
itis used for drinking purpose - Sources of
Syllabus Topic : Water Pollution
get disturbed. It may Sources of Water
_ Mainly the metabolic activities Water (Surface and Sub Surface),
weakness. Pollution
cause dizziness and general
by the crops, through the
- Ifthe fluorides are absorbed
human beings, it causes 5.3. Water Pollution
soil and are consumed by the
fluorosis. effects and
Q.5.3.1 Explain Water pollutions causes,
tive Measures Preventive measures. (Ref. Sec.
5.3)
Syllabus Topic : Preven
Pollution
525 Prevention / Controlling the
Soil 5.3.1 Introduction of Water

Degradation / Pollution The water we drink must be,

odourless, free from any
c material,
s ms, the dissolved inorgani
Prevention/controlling the soil pollution pathogenic organi
shoul d be free from the
the given no rms,
must be within ly soft
ity s hould be mode rate
of soil and turbid
titative | losses suspended solids
1, Measures to control quan al mus' t not be more than
ite? the dissolved materi
ses of Soil toxic matter and the pH
trol qualitative los be free from any
2. Measures to con 150 p-p.m., must 8.5. When
en 7 and
ng wat er should be betwe
value of drinki
ation / ve limits it is called as
trolling the soil degrad ns um e cro sse s the abo
Fig.52.2 : Prevention / con ion
CO!
the water we
pollut
polluted water.
«sate losses soil
quantitative Josses of
1, Measures to control 5.3.2 Definition
r. purities and
By making vegetation cove It can be defined as
“the presence of im
lowers
By terrace or contour bonding.ivit water in such a quantity that
act foreign substance in
the grazing ies. and makes it unfit for consumption and causes
By controlling am its quality
sures for soil
, rd”.
tration mea he gulli“es t© stop health haza
By applying water infi :
Moisture conse rvati on. BY plugg iné ! j water :
m
Soil erosion and also to recharge "RE grou

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e
Ww Environmental Studios (MSBTE) Environmental Pollution

o
Or “Any physical, biological or chemical change in - These chemical substance are consumed by jie cc
water quality that adversely affcets living organisms can be life and the aqua ecosystem is putin danger, ms
considered pollution.” ~ The phosphates and nitrates in the fertilizers, Make
the water rich with nutrients and it becomes more
§.3.3 Sources / Causes of Water-Pollution producing. This process is called as Eutrophication,
This reduces the oxygen level in the water and at the
Q. 5.3.2 Explain the causes of water pollution. same time the CO, level goes up. This change, kills the
(Ref. Sec. 5.3.3) aqua life and further, makes the water more Polluted,

The water gets polluted by various causes and at ‘The overuse of pesticides also makes the water polluted
by killing the fish and other life in the water and also
various sources Which are divided as :
by killing the aqua plants. These aqua plants are
(i) Point source - Source is identifiable. natural purifiers of water. When they get killed the

(ii) Non-point source - Source is not identifiable. water quality goes on reducing.

5.3.5.1 Water Pollution through the Solid

5.3.4 Water Pollution through Industrial Waste of the Industries
Discharges [Point Source]
— Lead and mercury are the main : toxic. solid
The industrial effluents have a wide variety of subsistence’s which come out of the industrial waste
organic and also the inorganic pollutants e.g. the and get mixed with the nearby water pool,
breweries, Tanneries, paper and pulp mills, Dying The consumption of this polluted water makes a direct
textile industries are the main sources of industrial impact on the human health e.g. the lead pollution
water pollution, damages the liver and kidney it also reduces the
hemoglobin formation. Lead may affect the central
- The fertiliz rs and che nical industries have also
nervous system which leads to coma or to death.
made the problem of water pollution a serious
The main source of lead to water is the effluents of the
environmental issue.
lead processing industrial plants. From the paper
The heavy metals discharged from the industries such and pulp industries effluents and also from _ the
as Na, Cu, Cr, Hg, Pb etc. have a serious effects on the fluorescent light tubes, high intensity street lamps,
living orga S. batteries, thermometers.

These metals bio-accumulate in food chain. The mercury compounds enter in water body get
converted into methyl mercury compounds due to
Their main source is incinerators, coal burning power
anaerobic microbes.
plants etc. Also mine drainage and leaching.
Finally it enters in the aqua food chain and disturbs the
Water Pollution through Agricultural entire aqua ecosystem of the pond or the lake.
5 3.5
Discharges [Non-point Source] Syllabus Topic : Effects on Environment and Lives

The modern agriculture is supported by the chemical

fertilizers and chemical
pesticides, herbicides and 5.3.5.2 Effects of Water Pollution on the
weedicides. The extra doses of these chemical based Environment
materials pet dissolved in the irrigated water. — Water is one of the basic needs of all the living beings-
This Jiquid waste reaches the river through small The contamination of water has direct impact on the
streams and settles in the water to make it chemically health status of the living organisms and on the total
polluted. environment at a large.
It also alters pH of water, which in turn affects aquatic — The notable effects are as follows. _
animals, as they are highly se itive to pH of water.

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tudies (MSBTE) Se Environmental Pollution
enwronmenta studies r ordrinking
er | Table 5.3.1 : Standards for municipal wate
‘ preventive Measures to Control Wat water
53°" pollutions
Sr, | Characteristics/mpurities Speclfled/Recommended
; . ee
itself standard
ah the natural water cycle the water by y itself can No.
qneough *
form.
.converted into the pure natural ISI (mg/L)
‘

ges Colourless,
industries, 1. | Colour, Odour and Taste Colourless,
pue fast water pollution through Odourless
Odourless
sqrt Oe, transport and domestic waste, we need to and Tasteless
and
it to its
yse various processes to treat the water to bring Tasteless
ing are some of the import ant
natural status Follow
2. | pH
techniques used for water treatment. =
3. | Total dissolved solids
@ pisinfection 0 f water
3.0 | =
4. | Dissolved oxygen
. . =
600 250
(i) Sedimentation 5. | Chloride
1,000 400°
standards, Flow 6. |Sulphate
Syllabus Topic : BIS water quality :
t Plant, Water | 7 7. | | Nitrate = 45
Diagram of Water, Treatmen
‘
Conservation | 0.01 02
8. | Cyannide
—
Fluoride
rds
53.6 BIS Water Quality Standa 0.05
10. | Chromium
dards. 11. | Lead [01 | 00s
0.53.3 Give BIS Water quality stan
| 0.05
(Ref. Sec. 5.3.6) 12. | Arsenic | 0.2

the water being an important

should have following As discussed above,
The municipal supply of water for different uses.
commodity is required to be in pure form,
characteristics, or specific standards : for various
Hence it is important to analyse the water
(i) Itshould be colourless and odourless, are to test, hardness,
impurities. Different tests done
chloride, alkalinity, DO, COD, BOD ete.
fi) | f
i) Itshould be good in taste,
In any town, village or city the water supply has been
(iii) It should not be hot,
tive area, The most
monitored by municipality of the respec
(iv) Its turbidity should be less than 10 ppm, lake, wells etc, But the
i onable dissolved gases common sources of water are river,
(\) Itshould be free from object fit to be used
water getting accumulated in these is not
like HS and also cooking
¢ H,S, directly, especially for drinking purposes
is required to be treated to make
from object ionabl e minera ls such @ | urposes, Hence, the water
(i) It should be free it ‘potable’.
and manganese salts, os
lead, arsenic, chromium
ne meas
pH should be im the
uld not be high.
(vii) Its alkalinity sho

dness should
(ili) It should be reasonably soft, total har (Ret. Sec. 5.3.6.1)
less than 500 ppm.
upon :
from diesease-producing micro- The combination of treatment methods depends
(ix) t should be free present in water. The
the nature and extent of impurities
organisms a able % gives ad idea s rf
about the choice of technique
contents ghould be less | Table 5.3.2 gives broad idea
Chloride,
&) thay Fluoride and sulphate employed for particular category of impurities existing i
it
950 x and 250 PP respectively:
: dards: the water.
250 ppm, 1.5 ppm an’ < :
stan
The Table 5.3.1 summarises Water quality

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Environmental Studies (MSBTE) 5-7
Environmental Pollution
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Table 5.3.2 : Techniques for treating impurities in water
5.4.1 Generation of Waste Waters
Sr. Type of impurity Technique
No. Q.5.4.3 How waste waters are generated
?
(Ref. Sec. 5.4.1)
1. | Floating matter (e.g, Screening or
wood pieces, leaves, filtration. — Lead and mercury are the main toxic solid
flowers, fruits etc.) subsistences which come out of the industria} Waste
2. Suspended impurity Sedimentation and get mixed with the nearby water
pool.
(e.g. clay, sand, dust — The consumption of this
etc.) polluted water makes adirec
t
impact on the human health e.g.
the lead Pollution
Fine suspended Sedimentation with damages the liver and kidne
y it also reduces the
inorganic matter. coagulation. hemoglobin formation. Lead
(e.g. silica, mica, fine may affect the central
nervous system which leads
dust etc.) to coma or to death.
~ The main source of lead to water
Colloidal impurities, Filtration or ultra is the effluents of the
lead processing industrial Plants
filtration, . From the Paper
and pulp industries effluents
Micro organisms. and also from the
Disinfection and /or fluorescent light tubes, high intens
ity street lamps,
sterilisation.
[* Pathogenic Bacteria. Disinfection and for —
batteries, thermometers.

The mercury compounds enter in water. body get

sterilisation.
converted into methy] mercury compounds due to
@ Flow diagram of water treatment plant anaerobic microbes.
Coagulant Li — Finally it enters in the aqua food chain
{aluminium iia Activated and disturbs the
sulphate) entire aqua ecosystem of the pond or
the lake,

5.4.2 Waste Waters / The Industrial Effluents

Q.5.4.4 Wriate
note on Industrial effluents. - ont
(Ref. Sec. 5.4.2) Mie BP A
Raw water — They have the toxic chemicals like arsenic, mercury.
control Treated
water
cadmium, lead etc.
Fig. 5.3.1 : Flow diagram of water treatment plant
— They kill the aqua life and may enter in the human

Syllabus Topic : Wastewater - Generation body through the consumption of this aqua life
(Domestic and Industrial) mainly the fish and may create health-problems.

(i) Fertilizers and detergents

5.4 Waste Waters or Water Pollution
through the Solid Waste of the - They act as a nutrients and helps to grow algae which

Industries consume the dissolved oxygen and the Biological

Oxygen Demand increases.
Q@.5.4.1 Define Waste water. (Ref. Sec, 5.4) - Reduction in the dissolved oxygen kills the aqua life.
Q.5.4.2. How Domestic
and Industrial waste wate
rs are
treated ? (Ref, Sec.
5.4)

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y a Environmental Pollution
W ronment studios (MSETE)
industelal effluents Syllabus Topic : Preventive Measures

rgents
5.5 Measures to Control Water
(i) Fertilizers and dete
Pollutions
(ii) Domestic and commercial offluents :
Q.5.5.1 What are the measures to Control Water
(iil) Non-biodegradable pesticides Pollutions ? (Ref. Sec. 5.5)
(iv) Ollpollutants
- Through the natural water cycle the water by itself can
gets converted into the pure natural form.
() Radio-active pollutants
- Due to fast water pollution through industries,
(vi) Fluorides /
agriculture, transport and domestic waste, we need to

Fig. 5.4.1 : Industrial effluents use various processes to treat the water to bring it to its

i Domestic and commercial effluents natural status Following are some of the important
" .
ai techniques used for water treatment,
These organic materials provide nutrients to the micro-
Measures to control water pollution
‘

organism which consume the dissolved oxygen and the

biological oxygen demand is increased.
(i) Disinfection of water
This also kills the aqua life,
(i) Sedimentation
(ii) Non-biodegradable pesticides
+

They travel through the food chain and enters into the (iii) Filtration

human body and affect the nervous system. (iv) Softening of water
.
(iv) Oil pollutants
+

Fig, 5.5.1 : Measures to control water pollutions

~ Through the oil tankers carrying the oil and through the
industrial effluents the oil gets spread over the water, > (i) Disinfection of water

creating a thin layer over the water surface, — — Itis the process of killing the organic life i.e, bacteria
~ This affects the water cycle and leads to death of water to make the water safe for drinking.
birds and fishes. — This can be done by chlorination. Chlorine is used in

> (0) Radio-active pollutants the forms of liquid, gas or oxides. This is done by
, * usingis bleaching powder.
thorium
From the mining and refining of uranium,
enter in the human body | > (ii) Sedimentation
the radioactive pollutants
through water and food and get accumulated in blood ~ It is a process used to remove the suspended material
thyroid plands liver, bones and muscles. from water.
This cause serious illness and deaths also. — For removing the sludge and the settled material,
(Vi) Fluorides different types of tanks are being used like, circular

Excess amount of fluorides consumption causes dental tanks have cither radial flow or ieeaimerental flow,
other types of tanks used for sedimentation are
d imestinal problems. rectangular tank and hopper bottom tank.
wateror aot
generates theic
In general consumption of polluted

pe
ra,
like typhoid, basically dysenterys chele
i centery
diseases,
Amoebic dysentery etc.

i
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59
Ww Environmental Studies (MSBTE) Environmenta
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> (iii) Filtration — In the second type ice.
curative methods,
water or polluted water the Waste
has been treated b:
In this process the water is allowed to pass through a chemical and biological Y Physico.
methods or their co;
bed of coarser and fine sand. mMbinations
depending upon the nature of
pollutants,
It removes colour, taste, odor and also the bacteria. — Physical methods : remove suspe
nded so, lid or liquig
These filters are of two types .c. pressure filters and pollutants depending upon
their densities.
gravity filters.
= Activated sludge process
for sewage
> (iv) Softening
of water treatment
~ To remove the hardness of the water, two methods are
Objectives of sewage treatment
used. By boiling water the hard is removed.
- By adding The sewage that is collected from
lime in the water the hardness can be residences, public
removed, places, industries ete. is disposed
off by letting it into abody
of water such as river or sea or on land.
But, before that, the
Syllabus Topic : Impact of Water on Enviro sewage has to treated for the following reason
nment s :
1. To prevent pollution of water into which the sewage
5.5.1 Impact of Waste water on Environmen is
t let off ; as the water may be used downstream for
- Wastewater temperature affects receiving waters such drinking water supply. This causes a health hazard
as
as fresh water streams like rivers, lakes ete. sewage contains pathogenic bacteria.

— When waste water discharged in large quantities, 2. To prevent offensive odour in the water if the
water is
0 It can
used for swimming, boating etc., and to the people
raise the temperature of receiving streams
living near the water
or land where the sewage is
locally and
disposed off; as it causes health hazard,
0 Disrupt the natural balance of aquatic life.
3. To prevent the destruction of fish and other aquatic life.
© Increases pH.
4. If the sewage has to be disposed of on land, the soil
o The acidity or alkalinity of wastewater affects will become sewage sick after some time and cannot
both treatment and the environment. take any more sewage. This creates a very messy
scene
at the site and produces offensive odour
Syllabus Topic : Flow Diagram of Sewage polluting the
entire atmosphere and affecting the neighbourhood.
Treatment Plant
5.6.1 Broad Outline of Sewage Treatment by
5.6 Sewage Treatment Activated Sludge Process
Draw flow diagram of sewage treatment plant
Q. 5.6.1 ~ Sewage contains mineral and inorganic matter in
and list stages. (Ref. Sec. 5.6) Suspension and in solution. It also contains living
Waste water treatment can be either. organisms, some of which may be dangerous.

a) Preventive treatment or — Hence, treatment of sewage has to be carried out. Thes¢

(ii) Curative treatment. treatment processes can be classified into the following
categories :
The preventive treatment involves the steps to redtice
volume of waste water or to reduce the strength of I. Preliminary treatment
pollutants,
2. Primary treatment
By and large the volume reduction of waste water can
be achieved. if the industries reeyele and reuse the 3. Secondary or biological treatment
warer used in the process 4 Disinfection.

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540 Environmental Pollution
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preliminary treatment - The effluent is also disposed off in many ways such 2s
sewage farming. letting it into a natural drainage or sea.
such as
ting suspended solids
waste water contains floa to be Stages in sewage treatments are shown in Fig. 5.6.1.
Thes e have
plastic, etc.
qs, wood. metal,
ess or
with the treatment proc
mail as they interfere

mechanical equipments.
treatment, these suspended
In the preliminary
impurities are removed.

42 Primary treatment
Fig. 5.6.1 : Stages in sewage treatment
Primary treatment to sewage mainly consists of the
suspended organic ~ Trickling filters consists of circular beds, 2 - 5 m high,
sedimentation process to Temove
filled with porous lumpy materials, ¢.2. hard coke.
solids.
— The waste water is poured on she filter bed with the
_ Chemicals are sometimes added in primary clarifiers to
and colloidal
help of a rotatory sprinkler.
assist in the removal of finely divided

solids or to precipitate phosphorous. — As the waste water percolates the filter bed, the aerobic
bacteria grow using the organic matter in the sewage as
4 3. Secondary or Biological treatment
their food.
- In this category, processes such as filtration or
- Itis necessary to maintain highly aerobic condition.
activated sludge process are included. Filtration is done
— The organic matter undergoes biological oxidation due
in contact beds or intermittent sand filters or trickling
to these bacteria and the treated water is collected.
filters.
Yield of this method is normally nearly 90% BOD.
- It removes finely divided suspended matter. In the
activated sludge process, the sewage is biologically - The process is comparatively very fast, if the aerobic

condition is maintained.
treated.

to the raw Second precaution to maintain the speed is the regular

A part of the digested sludge is added
—
-
together with oxygen which promotes recirculation of the effluent so that filter does not get
sewage
choked due to excess biofilm growth taking place.
coagulation of the suspended and colloidal matter.
at the bottom after > 4. Disinfection
— The matter which settles down

treatment is called sludge and the liquid is called ~ After the secondary or biological treatment the effluent

effluent. free from sludges is subjected to disinfection.

- in many ways such as drying

The sludge is disposed off — tis chlorinated to kill the bacteria which may remain

beds, dumping into sea, etc. in the effluent of sewage.

LOTTE

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| aT ¥

j
Eeavronmerta Studies (MSSTE)

peewee eeee settee

5-11 Envi vironmental
3
ewe ence ee eewes eaten
j : Primarytreatment rae
i
| :
7 ‘
: Effluent trom] |
: primary | 4
i : treatment | *
'
; .
t PA: :':
see pew en!

Clarifier
tank

fluent from. Effluent trom|e

primary secondary
Effluent from| reatment treatment |.
secondary to tertiary |!
Heatment ‘ treatment |
ce oti ore a Aerated activated sludge y
at as innoculant Surplus activa
ay treatment-trickiing Hurtus Chlorinated Br ba sludge tes '
filter treatment ver) fequired 11 Secondary treatment-activated —_ (to digester) ‘
a + sludge process '
wee eee eee cece wen eeee cote
To tertiary ¢ |
treatment {

Fig. 5.6.2 : Schematic diagram activated sludge process

: CPCB Norms of Sewage

Syllabus Topic Discharge @ Discharge standards revised on 13-10-2017
Table 5.6.1

Rein [wnt oa poe

(CPCB) is the TSS Mg/L 10 <50

— Central Pollution Control Board
MPN | NIL < 1000 i
mandates the treated water Fecal
latory authority and !:
quality for any STP in India. The discharge standards Coliform

stipulated in 2015 have been diluted making it easier The CPCB publishes the notification
from time one

for STP owners. The changed norms are : for country. The current values
have been given by its
from central
notification for India dated April, 1994,
New Delhi. It is impor tant to obey i
office at
to protect the publi¢
threshold limits very stringently
health, vegetation and property.

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v jronmental Studies (MSBTE) 5-12 Environmental Pollution
env
Air pollution - classification
never and wherever two consecutive values
whe! jn iti limit specified above for the respective
fd it would be considered adequate reason to
Primary pollutants Secondary pollutants

nee regular/continuous monitoring and further

Released directly Added after they are
investigations. in to the air formed as a chemical
Teaction in the air between primary
Ash
Salt particles pollutants:
Topic : Air Pollution — Causes, Effects, pollen and spores Ex.
sn : Prevention
smoke Smog = sunlight + NO,
— wind blown dust Acid rain = water + SO,
57 Air Pollution Ozone = Volatile org + NO,
compounds

0.57.1 Write a note on “minamata disease”.

(Ref. Sec. 5.7)

0.57.2 Explain Air pollutions causes, effects and

Preventive measures. (Ref. Sec. 5.7)
Q.5.7.3 Discuss the Sources of Air Pollution ?
Transportation
(Ref. Sec. 5.7) = 45%

57.1 Introduction
Primary pollutants
Sources for primary pollutants
Air pollution can be traced a way back to the period of (b) (e)
Hippocrates, about 400 BC. He has mentioned about
Fig. 5.7.1 : (a) Classification (b) % primary pollutants
Air pollution. Use of coal as the domestic energy
(c) Sources of % of primary pollutants
producer, made the air pollution more pronounced.

In 1273, King Edward I, made the first anti-pollution 5.7.3. Sources of Air Pollution
act to restrict people from using coal for the domestic Source of pnmary
purpose. Industrial revolution made the air-pollution a Pollutants created by nature

serious problem in the European countries.

In 1952, London was attacked by smog, which

| tl
Valcanoes Breaking Pollens Blowing Bacteria Fire
seas dust or
Tesulted in the deaths of the human and other living
viruses
beings the toll of death was more than 4000.
Not in human control Accentuated by humans
Alter the development of railway and road transport in
20" century the problems of air pollution became more Fig. 5.7.2 : Air pollution - Natural and manmade sources
Serious.
Use of petrol and diesel in the transport systems, has Source of primary pollutants
Created by human activities
created the air-pollution a serious problem in India and
also in the third world countries.
Combustion Chemical Musee Ren’ F
5.7.2 Air Pollution - Classification processes processes ee Fle ee
Atomic Roasting uarrying
processes Processes processed
© Definition
Fig. 5.7.3 : Primary pollutants due to human activities
Air pollution can be defined as, “Presence/addition of
any contaminant to the air which causes harm to the Secondary Pollutants : Atmospheric H,SO, formed by
health of living organisms”. reaction of moisture/ water + SOVSO,

eee
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Environmental Studies (MSBTE) 5-13 Environmenta
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* Acid rain: — Biological Particulate : They are mainly the acter,

- Photochemical cells, fungal spores and pollens. al

smog : A harmful mixture formed by
gases Of nitrogen and particulate matter due to All of these pollutants are effect
s of human actiyities,
Photochemical reactions under the influence of strong
5.7.4 Effects of Air Pollution
sunlight. Ozone contributes majorly to
photochemical smog. Q. 5.7.4. What are effects of air pollution on living
?
Secondery polutants (Ref. Sec. 5.7.4)
Aznogprenc H;S0, formed by reaction
of mosntur Waters S050, Particulate matter due to photochemical reactions All the living beings i.e. the plants
(Aod ran} Undat the influence ol Sirong Sunlight and animals get
= Ozone coninbution majorly to photachemical Smog affected by the air pollution. Tt also has caused long tem
Fig. 5.7.4 : Secondary pollutants - source and effects effect on the climate i.e. Global warming which
in tum has
caused the sea level changes and over flooding of the | ow
- The air gets polluted because of the industrial and lying areas due to melting of snow,
transport activities, which release the toxic matter in
the air.
Effects of air pollution

Major air pollutants

1. Air pollution and Human Health
Following are the important ten pollutants,
which have
made the problem ofAir Pollution very serious. 2. Air pollution and vegetation
- Carbon compounds : CO, is released by complete
combustion of fossil fuels and CO, a very toxic 8. Air pollution and Animals
gas, is —__— :
released by automobile exhausts, Fig. 5.7.5: Air pollution : effects on living
- Sulphur compounds : Through the thermal power
plants, using coal, and from the oil refineries, SO,, 5.7.4.1 Air Pollution and Human Health
H,S, H,SO, are released.
The air pollution causes short term and long term
~ Nitrogen Oxides : These oxides like NO, NO,, effects on the human health. Some of the noticeable effects
HNO,
are released by automobiles, power plants are as follows :
and x
industries.
— Irritation of eyes, throat and nose.
Ozone : Due to cooling industries the CFC is released
— Irritation of the respiratory system.
which has affected the O, in the atmosphere.
— Respiratory damage throu gh tobacco smoke.
Fluorides : They are produced by the industrial and
insecticide sprays. — Convulsions, delirium, Coma due to lead-poisoning.

Aeroplanes.
We make various sounds which are meaningful for
communication. Each one has different intensity of sound Domestic Activities : T.V., Radio, Tape recorders.
some speak with low intensity while some shout ! mixers grinders.

The unpleasant, high intensity sound is called as Cultural Activities : Festivals, Religious progra
mmes,
noise, marriage functions, Public speeches.

The heavy industries, vehicles with very high speed Agricultural Activities : Tractors, Threshers.

and high pitching hours make the noise, the blasting in Defense Activities : Tanks, Gunfire, Aeroplanes,
the mines also make noise, the urban areas, Airports, bombs, Army Exercises.
industrial complexes, mining areas, power
Mining Activities :Blasting,
sources
Renerating stations are some of the natorious
Other Activities : Stone crushing, construction i
of noise, which pollute the calmness of the society, It is
dams, tunnels, " roads . Landslides
called as “Noise Pollution.” S and earthquakes are
the natural sources of noise pollution

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—=
Environmental
Pollution
5.8.4 Effects of Noise Pollution — The workers exposed to high noise pollu
tion can
Protect them by using earplugs,
The noise pollution creates temporary as well ear muffs, noise
as
helmets, head phones.
permanent problems to the human beings. The noise
- The industries having the sourc
pollution can have physical, physiological and e of noise Pollution can
psychological effects. reduce the noise at the sources.
— The heavy vehicles should not be
Effects of nolse pollution
allowed into narrow
Streets, The heavy traffic on the
residential streets must
be reduced. The indiscrimi
nate blowing of homs and
1. Physical effects use of pressure horns should be prohibited
.-
2. Physiological effects — Protective green belt should be deve
loped to separate
the residential area and the industries
3. Psychological effects .
— Laws regarding noise pollution must be followed
.
Fig. 5.8.1 : Effects of Noise Pollution — Noise pollution in the long run, must
be explained to
the people through the media and the areas
like
> 1. Physical effects hospitals, schools must be kept as the silence zones,

- Temporary hearing problems Syllabus Topic : Noise Levels at Various Zones of

- Permanent deafness The City
i

- Damage to tympanic membrane

5.8.6 Noise Levels at Various Zones of the
> 2. Physiological effects City :

— Headache Table 5.8.1

- Pains in the heart Code | Area/ category of area | Limits Night time |
dB(A) Day time | In decibles
- Reduction in the vision
A Industrial area 75 70
- _ Rise in blood pressure
B ‘Commercial area 65 55
- Loss of memory € Residential area 55 45

—> 3. Psychological effects D Silence Zone 50 40

- Depression @ Noise standards for automobiles

Table 5.8.2
— Fatigue

| om.
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5-18 Environmental Pollution
¢ environmental Studies (MSBTE)
/ @ Aircraft Operations
¢ Noise limits for Domestic appliances
and
construction equ ipm ent s
— Aerodrome should be located away from the city
Table 5.8.3 growth of the city should not be allowed to extend upto
the Aerodrome.
{ category of Domestic Appliances! Noise limits
- Aeroplanes should take off in direction radially away
pments in dB(A)
Con
|
struction Equi from the city.
Window air conditio ners of 1 tonne During boarding and unboarding operations the plane
| a) —
| to 1.5 tonne should be sufficiently away from the airport buildings.

(b) Air Coolers — Night-time operations should be minimised.

- During maintenance and repairs of the aeroplane,

(c) Refrigerators
es workers should use ear muffs.
(d) Diesel Generator for domestic purpos
— Portable silencers should be used in the plane intake as
(e) Compactors(rollers),Front loaders,
well as exhaust during idling period at the airport.
Concrete mixers,Cranes(movable),
Vibrators and Saws @ Railway Operations

The Noise Pollution Control Committee also prescribed Erection of acoustic barrier, reducing speed and

code of practice for controlling noise from sources other avoiding whistling within and along the municipal limits
than industries and automobiles, as given below + and habitation zones are recommended for adoption to the
extent possible.
5.8.6.1 Code of practice for Controlling Noise
from Sources other than Industries @ Construction Activities

and Automobiles Acoustic barriers should be placed near construction

sites.
© Public Address System
The maximum noise levels near the construction site
License must be obtained by all parties intending to use should be limited to 75 dB (A) Leq (5S min.) in
loudspeakers or public address system for any industrial areas and to 65 dB(A) Leq(5 min.) in other
occasion. areas.

Public address system and loudspeakers should not be — There should be fencing around the construction site to
used at night between 9 p.m, to 6 a.m. except in closed prevent people coming near the site.
premises,
Materials need not be stockpiled and unused equipment
Loudspeakers should be directed at the audiences and to be placed between noisy operating equipments and
not away from audience (i.e. not towards the other areas.
neighbourhood).
eee

- Constructing temporary earth bund around the site

Loudspeakers should not be allowed for advertisement using soil etc, which normally is hauled away from the
and commercial activities. construction site.
re

The permitted strength of power amplifier should be @ Burning of Crackers

to cover the audience, and noise level
just adequate
beyond the boundary limit of the noise source premises. — Bursting of crackers during night between 9 p.m. and 6
should not be increased by more than 5 dB(A) above a.m. should be banned.
the ambient noise level. Bursting of crackers may be permitted only durin;

public festivals. i

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¥ Environmental Studies (MSBTE) _ 5-19 Environrnental
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nm
The permissible levels for noise exposure for work 3. Pathological / medical
: Waste : Dead ‘animals, fy
zone area have been prescribed under the Model + Tilsiniay,
Rules of waste, hospital waste, etc, moisture content is . 85%
the Factories Act, 1948, as given in the Tuble 5.8.4,
and heating value is low compared tg above two,
The permissible levels for noise exposure for work Industrial waste : Chemicals, paints, sand, metal ¢

>
zone area of factories. * ne
processing, fly ash, ETP sludge, etc.
Table 5.8.4 5.
Agriculture waste : Crop residue, animal waste. dead
Peak sound pressure Permitted number of plants, manure, etc.
level in dB impulses or impact/day
5.9.2 Solid Waste Management
100
ta 135 | 315 | I. For Selection of disposal methods as a Part of solid
waste management,
| 130 | 1000 | the following points are taken into
consideration :
il 125 | 3160 |
0 Present requirements.
L 120 | 10000
0 Future situations anticipation,
Notes: 0 — Provide opportunity for recycling,
1. No exposure in excess of 140 dB peak sound pressure © — Not pollute air, ground water, surface water,
level is permitted.
© Parameters such as moisture content, temperature,
2. For any peak sound pressure level falling in between compressibility, combustible matter content, etc.
any figure and the next higher or lower figure as
indicated in column 1,the permitted number of impulses 2
Importance of solid waste management can be
or impacts per day is to be determined by extrapolation understood from following Public health hazards :
on a proportionate basis. (i
Aesthetically if we consider this evil, it is
[http://envfor.nic.in/citizen/specinfo/noise.
html] 0 Offensive to sight
© — Gives out foul odours, and smoke
Syllabus Topic : Municipal Solid Waste, Bio —
Medical Waste - Sources, Generation, (ii) Hygienically if we consider, it causes
Characteristics, Effects and Methods to Manage
0 — Water pollution-contaminates ground and surface
waters.
5.9 Municipal Solid Waste 0 air pollution- as smoke and other gases are
generated on long Open storage
Q. 5.9.1 Write a note on Municipal Solid waste and its
© soil pollution- leading to depreciation of land
treatment. (Ref. Sec. 5.9)
value

5.9.1 Sources of Solid Waste (ii) Impact of hazardous wastes is tremendously harmful
to
our planet and life on jt, Hence
the various methods
1.) Garbage +: Putrescible solid waste constituents such as
produced during preparation of food. Moisture content
0 Prevention’ minimization of waste generation
in this waste is ~ 70% and good heating value.
during. produet Manufacture and monitoring
2. Rubbish ; Non putrescible solid waste, cither of
Wasies Produced
combustible (paper, wood, rubber, leather, scrap, etc)
or non combustible (metal, glass, ceramics, etc). © Recyclings reuse of wastes through recycling of
Moisture content in them is ~ 25% and high heating Paper, metals, plastic, glass, etc. and industrial
value,
Product reuse
|

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v environmental Studios (MSBTE) 5-20 Environmental Pollution

composting/ (iii) Similarly for large Commercial areas the facilities can
0 Transformation of wastes through
vary by keeping.
biogas production/ incineration/ etc,
o Large open-top containers.
o Landfilling
o Containers used with compaction equipment.
593 Types of Solid Wastes
o Containers with self-contained compaction
zed societies are
The major sources of solid waste in urbani equipment.

= Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW): ‘This includes the 0 Separation at Source (separate containers, buy-

waste generated out of Residential, Commercial, back/recycling center.

- Municipal
Institutional, Construction and demolition
5.10 Biomedical Waste - Generation
services, Water and wastewater treatment plants and
incincrators.
Q. 5.10.1 Write a note on biomedical waste and its
= Industrial Solid Wastes.
treatment. (Ref. Sec. 5.10)
- Agricultural Wastes.
Biomedical waste is generated from biological and

59.4 Functional Elements of a Solid Waste medical sources and activities, such as the diagnosis,
Management System prevention, or treatment of diseases.

I. Waste generation. 5.10.1 Types of Medical Waste

2. Storage at source (handling, separation and processing).
Generally, there are four major types of medical waste.”
3. Collection. What are they and how are they handled?
4, Transport (includes transfer). General Medical Waste. Chemicals and disinfectants

5, Treatment (separation, processing, transformation). Infectious Medical Waste. (solid and liquid)

6. Disposal. Hazardous Medical Waste.

Sharps waste
5.9.5 Handling and Storage of Solid Wastes
Cytotoxic waste

(i It is most important to eliminate its access to vectors, Pharmaceutical waste

dogs, rats and cats. Also to facilitate safe, efficient Radioactive Medical Waste.
collection, processing and disposal. Pressurised containers

(ii) It is highly advisable to encourage separation and

by
5.10.2 Biomedical Waste Storage and |
tecycling at source i. Residences, societies
Disposal
incorporating

0 — Separate Containers/ Bins for dumping Disposable Colour coded yellow bags must be used for the storage

paper/plastic bags. of soft clinical waste contaminated with infectious or

collection. potential infectious blood or bodily fluids. To comply with

© — Special containers for mechanized curb
the regulations, these bags must be UN approved.
© — Large portable containers (for apartments).
Chutes and Containers with compaction
©
equipment (for high-rise apartments).

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P °
WwW Environmental Studies (MSUTE) 631
t Aironet
os
Potty
Table 5.10.10: Waste Tres lan
find Disposal System

ee
afer F rca vunent

Waste Category ° Ti‘reatment opoptions as per

____ Schedule1
» animal, microbiology, ration/deep burial
soile cd wi ste

destru
ssianhbroading
Black
incineration ash &
Cher ical waste
— Bio-medical waste and technology — Incineration

o ~~ Waste minimisation Medical waste management is 80% segregation and
20% technology. It is treated as follows with the specified
Reducing use of hazardous substances or
directives of CPCB,
processes
Incineration: Pathological Waste and Body Parts , 9
o Waste Audit chlorinated plastics,

Autoclaving: All except body parts and pathological

5.10.3 Approved Treatment Methods
waste,

- Autoclave py ji
Microwaving: ni
All except a - waste . andm tals
pathological i

~ Chemical disinfection Chemical: Mainly plastics.

— — Hydroclave
- Microwave

—
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-
vEnvironmental Studies (MSBTE) }
§-22 |
—_ Environmental Pollution |
5.10.4 Control 3. Copper : Copper is found in copper wire,
printed
circuit board tracks, component
control measureses are are as fo follows : leads.
The con!
4. Alluminium : Aluminium is found
1) Minimising the use of disposables. in nearly all
electronic goods Using more than a
> Applying 4R wherever few watts of power
possible to control (heatsinks), electrolytic capacitors
environmental issues, ,
5. Iron: Iron is found in Steel chassis,
cases, and fixings.
Syllabus Topic : E waste — Sources, Generatiion,
6. Germanium : 1950s-1960s
Characteristics, Effects and Method. is to Manage transistorized clectronics
(bipolar junction transistors).
5.11 E-Pollution 7, Silicon : Silicon is found in glass,
transistors, ICs,
Printed circuit boards,
0.5.11.1 Write a note on E-waste Sources, Generati
on, Nickel is found in nickel-cadmium
Characteristics and effects and batteries,
its Management.
(Ref. Sec. 5,11) Lithium is found in lithium-ion
batteries,

5.11.1 Definition of E-Pollution 10. Zine is found in Plating for steel parts.

- Gold is found in connector

/a.5112 Define E-waste. (Ref. Sec. 5.11.1) plating, primarily in
se]
computer equipment,
Electonic waste or e wastes are defined as,
“waste
matenals like discarded computers, office electro 5.11.3 E-waste Generation
nic
equipment, entertainment electronic devices,
mobile phones, Electronic wastes are generated
television sets and refrigerators contribute as e-waste trom any modem
". establishments e.g. discarded electr
ical or electronic
5.11.2 Sources of E-Pollution devices.
Some electronic scrap components
, such as CRTs, may
The major sources of e-waste are ; Display units contain contaminants such as Pb,
(CRT, Cd, Be or brominated
LCD, LED monitors), Processors (CPU chips, RAM), flame retardants.

and audio components turned in to © waste after their - — Electronic waste or e-waste is “any
broken or unwanted
electronic appliance”. SE-waste includ
effective life, es computers
entertainment electronics, mobile phones, and other
E-waste js generated at high rate around the globe items that have been discarded by its Original
users,
because of
5.11.4 Characteristics of E Waste
© Rapid changes in technology,
- — Itis Composed of hazardous materials.
© Changes in media (i.e. tapes, software, MP3),
- Products are quickly discarded Electronics materials
° Falling prices are very difficult to recycle,

Following is the list of few Important e waste - Discarded electronics are managed badly Most ¢-waste
and their sources : goes to landfills Most recyclers don't recycle, they
export,
Lead : Lead is found in solder, CRT monitor glass, - HAZARDOUS ~ as Burning of e-waste = pollution
lead-acid batteries, some formulations of PVC.
E-waste in green environment = destroyed land E-
Tin : Tin
6

is found in solder, coatings on component waste near water = ground water contamination.
leads

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=
.
~S
WF environmental Studies (MSBTE)
SL |
* Toxic constituents in e-waste Which are essentially on
. required before g
| Components | Constituents solut ion can be applied. te
Shnicy |
| Printed circuit boards Lead and cadmium |

| Computer batteries Q.2 What are differen

| Cadmium t types ofPollution
s,
Capacitors and transformers (Refer Section 5.4 .2)
Poly — Chlorinated Bi-
phenyls (PCB) Explain Soil/ Land Pollution
Printed s CAUSES, effects
cireuit boards, Brominated Preventive measur
plastic Flame es, (Refer Section 5.2
Retardant casings cable )
What are types of
Cable insulation/coating Pollutants 2 (Refer
Se.
Poly Vinyl ~~ Chloride What are sources
Ction 5.1.4)
Of Soil pollution 2
(PVC)
(Refer Section 5.2)
5.11.5 Effects of E-Pollution Explain Water Pollutions
Preventive measures
1. Americium is known to be . (Ri
carcinogenic,
2. Explain the causes of wat
Mercury : Health effects er
include sensory impairme
dermatitis, memory nt, (Refer Section 5.3.3)
loss, and muscle weakness
Environmental . Give BIS Water Quality
effects in animals incl s1
ude death,
reduced ferti lity, slower growth (Refer Section 5.3.6)
and development.
3. Sulphur : Health effects
include liver damage. kidn Draw flow diagram of
wat
damage, heart damage, eye ey
and throat imitation. When (Refer Section 5.3.6.1)
released in to the environm
ent, it can create sulphuric Q.10 Define Waste water, (Ref
acid.
4. Qn How Domestic and I
PCBs : Health effeets include
impaired development of
the nervous system, thyroid probl treated ? (Refer Section 5.
ems, liver problems.
Environmental effects: similar Explain effects of water
effects as in animals as
humans. (Refer Section 5.4.1)
Cadmium : When not Properly recycled Write a note on Industrial
it can leach
into the soil, hanning microorgan
isms and disrupting (Refer Section 5.4.2)
the soil ecosystem, Exposure is
caused by Proximity to
hazardous waste sites and factor What are the meas;
ies and workers in the
inetal refining industry. The inhal Pollutions ? (Reter Secti
ation of cadmium ean
cause severe damage to the lungs Draw flow diagram of
and is also known to
cause kidney damage. list stages. (Reter Section

Control of E-Pollution How CPCB governs

norms of CPCB. (Refer
To handle this growing menac
e, the technical solutions
though Write a note on “min
available, but In most of cases
face delayed
implementation because of : (Refer Section 5.7)

(i) Explain Air polluti

A legal framework,
Preventive measures. (R
(i) A collection system,
Discuss the Sources of
ii) Logistics, and other services
(Refer Section 5.7)

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<a UNIT V

P Social Issues and

Environmental Education

syllabus
(51-A(g)) of Indian Constitution regarding environment, Environmental protection and prevention
Article: (4 g-A) and
e development, EIA and
gots, CPCB and MPGB norms and responsibilities, The role of NGOs. Concept of sustainabl
Ground water recharge, Green Belt
environmental morality. Management Measures - Rain Water harvesting,
ation
t, interlinking of rivers. Role of inform
Development, Use of Renewable energy. water shed management
technology in environment and human health.

ental in the
q)) of the window-dressing rather they are fundam
syllabus Topic : Article (48-A) and (51-A( t being a part of the
Indian Constitution Regarding Envir
onmen governance of the country and
supreme law mandatory to implem ent.

61 Article (48-A) and (51 -A(g)) of Article 51-A of constitution enlists 11 fundam
ental

Indian Constitution Regarding duties. This part was added on the recommendati
ons of

Environment the Swarn Singh Committee bringing the Constitution

in line with Article 29(1) of the Universal
of India
of Indian
Q.6.1.1 What is article (48-A) and [51-A(g)] Declaration of Human Rights.
regard ing Envir onmen t 7
Constitution Article 51-A (g) specifically deals with the
(Ref. Sec. 6.1) It
fundamental duty with respect to environment.
the conservation provides : It shall be the duty of every citizen of India
- Article 48-A, deals specifically with
ronment. It goes as under: to protect and improve the natural environment
and improvement of the envi also
including the forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and
The state shall endeavour to protect and improve to have compassion for living creatures.
the environment and to safeguard the forests and
Article 51-A (j) further provides It shall be the duty
wildlife of the country.
of every citizen of India to strive towards excellence in
became one of the. rare
Thus, Indian Constitution
all spheres of individual and collective activity, so that

constitutions of the world where specific provisions the nation constantly rises to higher level of endeavor

were incorporated in the Suprema Lex putting

and achievements.
ens to protect
obligations on the State as well as citiz The basic motive behind the fundamental duties is to
ent, This certainly is a
and to improve the environm
inculcate a sense of responsibility among the people

Positive development of Indian law. and to promote their participation in restructuring and
building a welfare society. The protection of the
The State cannot treat the obligations of protectiLi ngation.
and
environment is a constitutional priority and it is th
envir onmen t as mere pious
i
oblig
improvising
i ro
the in concem of every citizen. s
!
not mere show-P-pieces
The directive principles are
:

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_
e

W Environmental Studies (MSBTE) 6-2

Social Issues and Environm
ental Education
- Article S1-A (g) is the fundamental duty of every
6.2.1 Overview
citizen to protect and improve natural environment,
But, in the present secnario pollution is not only caused Environmental law Plays
by exploiting the natural environment but otherwise a crucial role in Providing
a
framework for regulating
also, In modern industrialized civilization the use of environment and
such a
concept may scem to be a misnomer. It is submitted its management.
that the word natural before the word environment is In India, several Acts were Passe
to be understood in a d from 1972 to 1986
broad sense, Nature gave us the and various amendments thereafter
environment pollution free,
= The fundamental duty of every © to protect the environment,
citizen is not only to
protect the environment from any © regulate resource use,
kind of pollution but Paster
also to improve the environmen
tal quality if it has been © protect biodiversity,
polluted. '
- Thus, the underlined emphasis © pollution control,
of this fundamental duty
is that every citizen has a duty © conserve forests, etc.
to make an endeavour to
Preserve the environment in
the same way as it was — India is the first nation in the
Riven to us by nature, world to have made
Protection and conservation
- of environment. in. its
Now, we come to the question
of ensuring the Constitution in 1976.
compliance of these fundamental
duties. When they
were incorporated in the Constitution The Ministry of Environment
in the year 1976, and Forests (MoEF) is
it was considered that the fundamental the nodal agency in the administra
law of the land tive structure of the
reminds the citizens of their constitution Central Government for the plann
al obligations. ing, promotion, co-
They cannot be directly enforced. ordination and overseeing the
implementation of
However, in due course of time, the judicial activi India’s environmental and forest
sm ry policies and
Provides an impetus to achieve the underl programmes.
ined
objectives of the fundamental duties, partic
ularly, Along with MoEF Central and State polluti
Article 51-A (g) relating to the environment. The
on control
interrelationship between Articles 48, 48-A and 51-A boards have been constituted to provide technical
(g) of the constitution has been explained by Support to MoEF in its functioning.
the
Supreme Court.
6.2.2 Central Pollution Control Board
Syllabus Topic : Environmental Protection and [CPCB]
Prevention Acts, CPCB and MPCB Norms and
Responsibilities — The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB),
statutory organization, was constituted in September,
6.2 Environmental Protection and 1974 under the Water (Prevention and Control of
Prevention Acts, CPCB and MPCB Pollution) Act, 1974. Further, CPCB was entrusted
Norms and Responsibilities with the powers and functions under the’ Air
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.
Q. 6.2.1 List various Environmental Protection and — It serves as a field formation and also provides
Prevention Acts. (Ref. Sec. 6.2)
technical services to the Ministry of Environment and
Q. 6.2.2 Write a note on
Forests of the provisions of the Environment—
a) CPCB
(Protection) Act, 1986. Principal functions of the
b) MPCB, w.r.t. their norms and responsibilities
. CPCB, as spelt out in the Water (Prevention a
(Ref. Sec. 6.2)
Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, and the Ait
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, a

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yr
63 ironmental Education
Studies (MSBTE’ ) Social Issues and Env
on ntal
¢ Envir_onme
. CPCB along with
(i) © promote cleanliness of. streams and wells in to respective local administrations
Poll utio n Control Boards
different areas of the States by prevention, control its counterparts State on of
responsible for implementati
and abatement of water pollution, and (SPCBs) are
ention and control of
legislations relating to prev
qi) to improve the quality of air and to prevent
environmental pollution.
control or abate air pollution in the country i
bilities
6.2.4 MPCB Norms and Responsi
52.3 Functions and Powers of the Central
various environmental
Board at the National Level MPCBs are implementing
ing
legislations in state, mainly includ
1, Advise the Central Government on any matter of Pollution) Act, 1974,
Water (Prevention and Control
concerning prevention and control of water and air of Pollution) Act, 1981.
pollution and improvement of the quality of air.
Air(Prevention and Control
bilities / functions and
Some of the important responsi
Plan and cause to be executed a nation-wide program
powers of MPCBs are:
nm

and
for the prevention, control or abatement of water ‘
ram for the prevention,
air pollution, 1. To plan comprehensive prog
pollu tion and secure executions
control or abatement of
Provide technical assistance and guidance to the State
thereof,
ion and
Boards, carry out and sponsor investigat information relating to
and air pollution, To collect and disseminate
research relating to problems of water control or abatement
pollution and the prevention,
or abatement,
and for their pre yention, control
in thereof,
ns engaged
Plan and organise training of perso treatment and
control or abatement of To inspect sewage or trade effluent
programme on the prevention, and air pollut ion contro l systems and
disposal faciliti es,
water and air pollution; data relating
to review plans, specification or any other
, a comprehensive mass
Organise through mass media to the treatment plants, disposal system
s and air
the prevention, control or
awareness programme on pollution control system s in connec tion with the
ution;
abatement of water and air poll consent granted,
l
ish technical and statistica in the
Collect, compile and publ Supporting and encouraging the developments
poll utio n and the
and air
data relating to water rol fields of pollution control, waste recycle reuse, eco-
sed for their effective prevention, cont
meas ures devi friendly practices etc.
g
or abatement;
5. To educate and guide the entreprencurs in improvin
ting to
s and guidelines rela appropr iate polluti on
Prepare manuals, code environment by suggest ing
ge and trad e effl uents as
of sewa control technologies and techniques
treatment and disposal
ces, stacks and ducts;
devi
well as for stack gas cleaning 6. Creationof public awareness about the clean. and
with the .
or annul, in consultation environment and attending the public
Lay down, modify healthy
am
d, the standards for stre complaints regarding pollution,
State Governments concerne
stan dard s for the quality of air;
down
or well, and lay
be prescribed Environmental Clearance, Consent
r function as may 6.3
and perform such othe
India. and Authorization Mechanism
by the Government of
t of India,
sion of the Governmen Environmental — Clearance (EC) for certain
As per the policy deci s under z
func tion mandatory by
the CPCB has delegated its power
s and developmental projects has been made
l of Poll utio n) Act, its
the Water (Prevention
and Con tro the Ministry of Environment and Forests through
Control of Pollution)
(Prevention and Notification issued on 27.01.1 994 under the provisi ons
1974, the Water l of
ntion and Contro 1986.
and the Air (Preve of Environment (Protection) Act,
Cess Act, 1977 to Union Territories
Pollution) Act, 1981 with respect

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W Environmental Studies (MSBTE) 6 Soctal Issues and Environmental Education
- Keepy in view a decade of experience ins the 6.4.2 Stages In Prior Environmental
Paviroumental Clearance process and the demands Clearance Process
trom vanous stakeholters, the Ministry of Environme
nt
and Borests (MOER) isstied) revised Notification on FC Stage I: Screening
PAWess i September
D000, and amended it in = Sereening means serutiny of category ‘B Projects
December 2008, [was considered necessary by Moki seeking. prior environmental clearance made by the
to make availaMe Environmental Impact Assessment concerned State Level Expert: Appraisal Committee
(EIA) guidance manuals for each of the development (SEAC).
sector
Screening determines whether or not the project
In new notification , projects have been divided in requires further environmental studies for preparation
to
two category Le of EIA for its appraisal depending upon the nature and

°
location spe city of the project,
A (Sole central list) and
MoE constitute EAC at Central level for Scoping and
& B (Sole State lis. [Given at the end of this Appraisal of projects, MoE also: natily SEAC at state
discussion]
level on receiving nominations from State Government,
EAC/SEAC may inspect sites (during screening,
Syllabus Tople : EIA
scoping and appraisal).

6.4 Environmental Impact AS per new notifications no screening required for

Assessment
(EIA) Category A projects (Sole Central
projects (Sole State lis) will be further screened at
List), Category B
the
slate level for categorization into either BI or B2.
| Q.6.4.1 Explain concept of — Environmental Impact
Assessment. (Ref. Sec. 6.4) Category BL required ELA (Environmental Impact
Assessment) and PH (Public Hearing) but B2
doesn't
- Environmental Impact) Assessment (EIA) isan require ETA and PHL.
IMpoerkanl Management tool for ensuring the optimal
Stage Il: Scoping
use of natural resources for sustainable development,

Is purpose is to identify, examine, assess and evaluate Scoping refers to the proc ss by which the EAC in the
ease of Category A‘ projects and SEAC in the case of
the likely and probable impacts of a proposed project
Category Projects determine — detailed and
“Bile
on the environment and, thereby, to work out remedial
comprehensive TORs (Terms of Reference) addressing
achon plans to minimize adverse impact on the
all the relevant environmental concems for the
environment,
Preparation of ELA report,

6.4.1. Objectives of EIA ~ TOR will help the p { proponents and consultants
to prepare report with re aINt project specific data,
() To formulate a transparent, decentralized and efficient which are informative, compact and easy (0
regulatory mechanism
comprehend,
(1) Te incorporate necessary environmental safe guards at
Stage Ill: Public Consultation or Public Hearing
Planning stage
(PH)
(in) To involve stakeholders in’ the public consultation
Process. Public Consultation refers to the process by which the
concen of local alfected persons and others who hilvé
(is) Mentity developmental projects based on impact
Potential instead of the investment criteria. plausible stake in the environmental impacts of the
project OF activity are ascertained. It can be direct
i
ie)

—
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¥
—_——
Environmental Studies (MSBTE) 65 Social Issues and Environmental Education

complexes (industries based on

hearing at site/or close proximity for local affected 8. Petrochemical
penons oF indirect responses (wntten) ie. through of petroleum fractions and natural: gas
processing
different modes of communication from plausible stake anWor reforming to aromatics.
holders, And views can be displayed in websites, pipeline (crude and
9. Oil and gas transportation
hibranes, offices through
refinery/petrochemical products), — passing
ts adopted for PH
Following routine
national — parkvsanetuaries/eoral ree fs/ecologically
ss.
o DM to preside over the PH proce sensitive areas including LNG terminal Airports.
o Alternate Public Authority / Agency to be engaged 10. All ship breaking yards including stip breaking untts.
by MoEF in case SPCB fails to comply with time
Ml. Asbestos mining.
hirmnit
4
2. Primary metallurgical industry.
© Incorporation of public concerns in ELA report,

o Videography of proceedings must and to be 13 All molasses based distilleries.

enclosed with application for EC, 4. Pulp manufacturing and pulp and paper.

DM/AD Mon the same day
Category B (Sole State List)
o Display of PH Proceedings in web site and other
Integrated paint industry
Govt, offices
Inductior/are furnaces/cupola furnaces STPH or more
It's important to chanfy that PH is nota decision stage -
2

it is only to ascertain the concerns of local affected 3 Isolated storage and handling hazardous chemicals (as

persons and from plausible stakeholders, per threshold planning quantity indicated in column
3 of Schedule 2 and 3 of MSIHC Rules 1989 amended
Stage IV : Appraisal
2000).

Appraisal means the detailed serutiny by the Expert

Aerial ropeways.
>

Appraisal Committee or State Level Expert) Appraisal

Common effluent treatment plants (CETPs).
Committee of the application and other documents
of environmental Common municipal solid waste management facility
submitted by the applicant for grant
(CMSWMP).
clearance. MoEP has so far constituted 25 State Level
Appraisal, Committee to appraise category B rs Building and construction projects.
Expert
projects. Township and area development projects.
mn

r
9. Paper manufacturing (non-pulp manufacturing).
Category ‘A’ [Central List]
10. New state highways.
Offshore and onshore oil and gas exploration and
production 6.4.3 List of Clearances
Nuclear power projects and processing of nuclear fuel.
Normally to setup an industrial unit, the state Pollution
Petroleum refining industry,
Control Boards “No Objection Certificate” isrequired,
Asbestos milling and usbestos based products
‘The said NOC is tn the form of combined Consent to
Soda ash industry establishment under
Chemical fertilizers o Water Act,
Pesticide and pesticide — specific intermediates.
Oo Air Act&
(excluding formulations) All units producing technival
grade pesticides. 5

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2
re
Wr Environmental Studies (MSBTE) 6-6 Social Issues and Environmental
Education
—_,
© Hazardous wastes Rules would be required for Education is a priority for many organizati
ons. In some
setting up of an industrial unit. countries it is the only method to advance human rights
- There are various 39 specified industrial and You can educate on: human rights’ standards or
skills
infrastructure projects, which require,
how to advance human rights (for other NGOs
or
© — Environmental clearance from the MoEFF, activists).
0 Govt, of India and Education has only indirect and long-term
impact on
© State Environment Department are also required. human rights’ protection.

As per Environmental Impact Assessment - — Special educational methods :

Notification
dtd.14/09/2006 hoisted on the MPCB, 0 Education
these industry through personal —_inyol vement
specific details would be available (workshops, actions, individual small projects)
from the
information provided in their Website.
Syllabus Topic : Concept of Sustainable
— For the industrial units, MSW sites and other Development
developmental activities located on the
coastal stretches
of bays, estuaries, creeks, rivers and back waters, CRZ,
| 6.6 Concept of Sustainable
clearance also is required Development
eee
Syllabus Topic i The Role of NGOs
Q.6.6.1 Explain Concept of sustainable development.
(Ref. Sec. 6.6)
6.5 The Role of NGOs
6.6.1 Green Building - Introduction
Q.6.5.1 Explain concept of NGO. (Ref. Sec. 6.5) z
Green buildings are the structures which
NGO is a non-governmental organization, use materials,
Water, energy and other resources withou
t depletion of
~ NGOs are part of the ‘civil society”.
nature (Fig. 6.6.1). Green buildings generat
e minimum
- There are two types of NGOs : non-degradable waste.

International and national ~ Processes involved in making green buildings are

Some NGOs are concentrated on protection of human environmentally responsible and resource-efficient
rights, throughout a building's life-cycle ie. from sitting
to
NGOs have played an important role in the protecti design, construction, operation, maintenance,
on
of human rights. They cannot succeed in their role renovation, and demolition, This requires close
unless there is help from the judiciary. The NGOs help cooperation of the design team, the architects,
the
the victim of human right violation by providing them engineers, and the client at all project stages.
assistance and advice. The NHRC encourages NGOs in
Green buildings take advantage of renewable resources,
the of human rights.
like using sunlight through passive solar, active solar,
Many NGOs work for humanitarian, human-rights or and photovoltaic techniques and using plants and trees
“single-issue’ causes in "peacetime’, ine in our own through green roofs, rain gardens, and reduction of
countries.
rainwater run-off, using permeable concrete instead of
Education on human rights is an important conventional enhance
element of concrete or asphalt to
NGOs' activities.
replenishment of ground water.

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nmental Education
¥ Environmental Studies (MSBTE) 67 Social Issues and Enviro
__
In general green buildings reduce the overall impact of o Use of solar energy.
heat.
the built environment on human health and the natural © Preparation of landscapes (0 reduce
environment by: o Reduction in usage of water.
(i) Efficiently using energy, water, and other
o Recycling of waste water
resources practices.
© use of world class energy efficient
(ii) Protecting occupant health and improving
employee productivity 6.6.3 Goals of Green Building
(iii) Reducing waste, pollution and environmental
(i) Siting and Structure Design Efficiency
degradation
(ii) Energy Efficiency
- Today India holds a prime position in Leadership in
(iii) Water Efficiency
Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)-certified
green buildings like residential complexes, exhibition (iv) Materials Efficiency
centers, hospitals, educational Institutions, laboratories, (v) Indoor Environmental Quality Enhancement,

IT parks, airports, government buildings and corporate

(vi) Operations and Maintenance Optimization, and
offices,
(vii) Waste and Toxics Reduction.

The essence of green building is an optimization of one

or more of these principles. Also, with the proper synergistic
design, individual green building technologies may work
together to produce a greater cumulative effect.

6.6.4 Example of ITC Centre-Gurgaon

The ITC Green Centre, Gurgaon is a benchmark for

green buildings. It was the first ‘Platinum’ rated building in
India and has endeavoured to adopt green practices that go
beyond recycled waste and day-lit offices. Within a built-in
Fig. 6.6.1 ; Green Buildings protect environment area of 180,000 sq.ft, the building features alternative

6.6.2 Concept of Green Bullding transportation facilities, storm water management system,
solar thermal technology, reflective high-albedo roof paint,
~The ‘Green Building’ concept is gaining importance in
minimal exterior lighting, separate smoking rooms with
various countries, including India
exhaust system and zero-water discharge.
These are buildings are facilitated such that waste is
minimized at every stage: Syllabus Topic : Environmental Morality
© — dunng the construction and

© which lowers the costs, protects the environment = ‘The man made activities give rise to adverse
effects o n
and makes life good.
quality of air, water and so on
The tectinological principles used and implemented
~ Global warming, ozone depletion, climate change, hu:
with the ‘Green Building’ involve measures like, . ™ ic
population and above all human greed will make i
© To prevent erosion of soil.
earth not fit for living. =
© Rainwater harvesting.

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o
¥ Environmental Studies (MSBTE) 6-8 Social Issues and Environm
entaj Education
Thus, those who are concerned with their environment $s yllabus Topici :Managemen
t Measures — Rai
=
Water Harvesting, Gro
Must try to understand the causes and effects of und Water Recharge, Gre
Belt Development, a Use en
environmental degradation and the means and methods of Renewabi le E;
Water Shed Management o*
to save the environment, for the betterment of the
present as well as for the future generations. 6.8 Management Measures
- Rain
To protect the environment, one must Water Harvesting, Gro
understand und Water
Environmental balance, so this subject has
Recharge, Green Belt
got
maximum Development, Use of Ren
importance in the developed, as well as in ewable
the developing countries. oo——Ener
——gy,
urWat
ee erma
Shena
d Man age men t
ge me nt
This task of preserving our environmental balance 6.8.1
is Water Conservation
very easy. If we can make the list of all the activities
we carry in a day and the natural resources Water is an important Tesource, withou
we have t which no life
used and the wastage we have generated, we can have “LIFE™ on our planet earth.
can find Thus it is a Tesource
benefitting everyone on earth living
out the ways and means to cut down the unnecess as well as non-living
ary
(e.g. Soil, machines, Cooling system
use of the natural resources/ike water we use, s, process industry)
the food water can be conserved / saved by using
we consume several methods,
and fuel we finish. The journey of such as,
thousand miles begins with one step ahead. If each one
of us follow the simple pollution free life style, we in '] By applying engineering practise

near future will be in a position to put a control to the - Modifying plumbing

environmental degradation. - Changing water supply operating procedures
— Using water saving fixtures.
6.7.1 Crisis Related to Population
- Monitoring: Personal uses By meter reading
Problems due to high population :
Domestic uses or fitting sub-
(a) Shortage of natural resources. .. rn
Organizational uses
meters

(b) Shortage of healthcare services. - Modifying flush tanks /showers/Toilet displacers

devices:
(c) Shortage of educational institutes .
o Controlling leakage/Detecting leakage at Onset :
(d Poor management of resources. using automated sensors/telemetry : visually
inspecting at fixed intervals.
(e) Increase in crime and other social problems.
o Conducting water audits : For large volume
(f) Disturbing demographic structure of an area.
consumptions.
(g Poor status of female and children. — Reducing water pressure : by pressure reducing valves
‘Water, sanitation and land crisis emerge due to at source of water.
(h)
high population. — — Using Flow restrictors/ control.

— Water recycling, reusing, reducing use.

By changing water utilisation habits

Educating the work force/family members.

— Controlled use of water for baths.

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s
YF Environmental Studies (MSBTE) 6-9 Social Issues and Environmental Education

i) Rain water harvesting 6.8.2.3 Components of Watershed

Management
6.8.2 Water Shed Management
1. Land
Q.6.8.1 Explain water shed management.
Water (Rain water)
(Ref. Sec. 6.8.2)

Be N
Energy (Potential and kinetic)
- To conserve the most important resource, many
Greenery (Lawns)
techniques are followed few on small scale like
All these together give rise to effective watershed
domestic/village etc.
management. It meets need of socio economic background
- One technique established to achieve effective of area.
conservation of water is “watershed management”.
6.8.2.4 Objectives of Watershed Management
6.8.2.1 Structural Aspects of a Watershed
— This technique is followed to achieve,
— A watershed is formed by a basin :i.e. peaks of an area 1. Conservation of rain water and also storage water.
is made to descend into small valleys (at lower
2. Soil conservation [control soil erosion]
elevations or slopes). Peaks are connected by ridges.
3. Increase in water holding capacity of land.
- Rain water (droplets) falling on peaks are carried to soil [Greenery
4. Growing plants, crops, trees, grasses
forms stream which joins rivers, and which ultimately enhancement]
merge into sea.
of
— Amongst all these objective, main focus is on water
— The following parameters govern effectiveness
conservation which can be useful for life.
watershed,
area
1. Shape : It depends upon morphology of land 6.8.3 Rain Water Harvesting
is to be developed. E.g. may be pear [and Recharging]
where WSM
shaped or elongated.
Q.6.8.2 What is rain water harvesting ? How is it
2. Size/length/total area 3. managed 7 Whats its importance ?
and
3. Slope ; Controlling factor of rainfall distribution (Ref. Sec, 6.8.3)
flow direction.
aspects = When rainfall is more in monsoon season, the situation
4. Physiography : Altitude of land and physical
of flood also is reached and if less, leads to Draught.
on the rock/surface etc.
maintenance of Such situation can be controlled by Rain Water
5. Climate : It decides/governs the overall
Harvesting.
project.
of water and
6. Drainage : Depends upon slope, flow 6.8.3.1 Definition
area.
absorption of soil in surrounding
Rain Water Harvesting [RWH] is a method to collect,
6.8.2.2 Advantages of Watershed Approach store, and conserve runoff water from surface.

Easy to manage
6.8.3.2 Methods for Rain Water Harvesting
2. Time saving
Rain water harvesting is done by following methods,
3. Economic
(a) Capturing runoffs from roof tops, and local catchments.
4. Achieves/ Involves higher participation by local people
of area (b) Capturing seasonal flood waters from streams.

5. Environment friendly (c) Watershed management.

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—y

°
wy Environmental Studies (MSBTE) 6-10 Social Issues and Environmental Education

@ Stages in rainwater harvesting - -The replenishing our Groundwater supplies, it May

take a long time, because it is dependent on the rainfalj
(i) Locating catchments
and on quantity of water that falls on the Earth's surface
(ii) Inserting course mesh to trap suspended
and the time taken [rate of percolation ]to reach and
(iii) Transporting water to well/tank [conduits] recharge the aquifers.
(iv) Storing water — The deeper the aquifer, the longer it takes for rainfall to
Typical setup for rain water harvesting through get there.
recharge well.
Rainwater harvesting @& Aquifers
through recharge well

- When a water-bearing rock readily transmits water to

wells and springs, it is called an aquifer. Wells can be
drilled into the aquifers and water can be pumped out.

- Groundwater makes up about 33 percent of the water

needed by country and city water departments’ public
supply. The other 77 percent comes from surface water.

6.8.4.1 Groundwater Recharge and Discharge

— Groundwater recharge or deep drainage or deep

Fig. 6.8.1 : Schematic rain water harvesting percolation is a hydrologic process where water moves

of Rainwater downward from surface to ground.

6.8.3.3 Benefits or Advantages
Harvesting — Thus ground water Recharge is “the primary method
through which water enters an aquifer”.
1. Can provide plenty of drinking water and also water for
© Natural recharge
irrigation.
2. Ground water recharge is improved. — Wetlands allow the flow of water between the ground

achieve greenery, enhances forestry, water system and surface water system. It is controlled
3. Helps to
horticulture, etc. by hydrologic cycle, area of wetlands, soil quality and
absorbance etc.
6.8.4 Ground Water Recharge @ Artificial recharge
ge" and its
Q. 6.8.3 Write note on “Ground Water Rechar - Artificial recharge is, “the process of spreading oF
significance. (Ref. Sec. 6.8.4) impounding water on the land to increase the
in aquifers below the infiltration through the soil and percolation to the
— Groundwater, is “the water
ce of the Earth ”, which is one of the most aquifer”.
surfa
urces for every Nation.
important natural reso Or
as “recharge well” and is directly
It is also known ~ “the process of injecting water by wells directly into
opposite of a pum ping well. the aquifer”.
shes back surface water into the
A recharge well pu — Surface infiltration systems can be used to recharge
groundwater system.
unconfined aquifers only.
— Usually, a recharge well is one metre in diameter and
— Precipitation eventually adds water (recharge. For
six metres deep, lined with concrete rings having
perforations. These perforations let water seep from the instance, rainfall that seeps into the ground
sides. (infiltration).)

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ia
6-11 Social Issues and Environmental Education
¢ environmental gudes See ee
‘ is Sr. | Example Source Use
aniticial recharge gins
lated amount of | |_No-
The planned, human activity of accumu mill
Falling water Turbines,
groundwater available through works designed to || 2. | Hydro
Power wheels
percolation of
increase the natural replenishment or
3. | Wind Power | Moving air Wind mills
surface waters into the groundwater aquifers, resulting
generate
To city.
and fall of | electri
:
me
corresponding
eee
increase in
n
thi
the amount of |) 4, | Tidal Power | Rise
‘saa water
groundwater available for abstraction.
generate
5. | Geothermal | Rocks beneath the | To
¢ Induced recharge earth's surface electricity
Power <
. Nucl
recharge to an aquifer that occurs when a
The issi i ar powe:
G., | Nucleat Ein e saa ait
pumping well creates a cone of depression that lowers an 0}

or lake, Fuels a sé
adjacent water table below the level of a stream radioactivi
elements
causing the stream or Jake to lose water
to the adjacent | nts
[eleme
3
groundwater aquifer.
6.8.6 Green Belt Development
@ Advantages of ground water recharge
green belt development is important in
|| @.6.8.4 How
- Recharge can help move excess salts that accumulate
the Environmental Protection ? (Ref. Sec. 6.8.6)
in the root zone to deeper soil layers, or into
‘ i
has
groundwater system.
be 7 — The deforestation and excessive construction
t
- i arily increases river bed B permeabili
2 . y affected the natural balance of nature. This has resultede
Flooding tempor increases . : rs
this
by moving clay soils downstre am, and in uneven rain fall, conditions of green or dry famine in
5 ; oe
aquifer recharge. different areas, flood or draught situations etc.
Be Giaduainr Recharge worw.engineetingchil.com
— The concept of green belt development is in existence
for ages, but emphasized in recent years to control
i =
Pressui
1 {confined aquifers) pollution and improve the environment. A horticulturist
jeweled aeyltera)
is appointed to identify the plant species and also
supervise greenbelt development.

6.8.6.1 Purpose of Greenbelt Development

— The purpose of a green belt specially around the

industrial area is :
o Tocapture the fugitive emissions,

o Attenuate the noise generated and }

Fig, 6.8.2 : Schematic diagram of Ground water
Recharge o Improve the aesthetics. |

Sources and Uses of Renewable |) _ such green belts are highly environment friendly when | j
6.8.5
chars developed around units of industries like production i
blocks, raw material stores, finished goods godowns, hi
a utilities, R and D, QC, administrative block and
pollution control facilities
Electromagnetic For domestic |
from | and industrial |
radiation
ses.
sun. boise

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zy
cae
¥ Environmental Studies (MSBTE) 6-12 Social Issues and Environmental Education
The green belt forms, 6.9.1 History of Interlinking
~ An effective barrier between the area where various | _ 1972 : Ganga cauvery link proposed by Dr.K.L.Rao.
industrial operations produce
iecemic harmful emissions and
enstis, a: “Gartand fo
— 1974 : “Garland canal” proposal by captain: Dastur

- Po 980 : Mini f water

Open spaces, where large tree plantation may not urces frau th i
be at
ie a Aeon
; ve plan :
possible, can be covered with shrubs and grass to PerepeensePian
Prevent erosion of topsoil. — 1982 : The National water development agency
- The plantation of trees, their maintenance (NWDA) set up to carry out pre — feasibility studies ,
and
protection is scheduled on the basis of the geology, soil | — 1999 : A National commission (NCIWRDP) set up to
condition and topography of the site area, review NWDA reports .
6.8.6.2 Essential Characteristics of Plants for - Aug. 15, 2002 : President Abdul Kalam mentions the
Bi | attain elt
need for river linking in his independence day speech .
Green Belt
t
- Oct. 2002 : Supreme court recommends that the
— The plants for green belt development should be fast government formulate a plan to link the major Indian
growing plants with
rivers by the year 2012.
0 thick canopy cover, - Dec. 2002 : Govt. appointed a task force on
© perennial green nature, interlinking of 37 rivers led by Mr. Suresh Prabhu. The
deadline was revised to 2016.
© — easy availability i.e. native origin and

6.8.6.3 Advantage of Green Belt Development | ~ Alleviating droughts and flood control.
. ; - Cheap water for irrigation.
1, Trees can act as efficient biological filters, removing
igni
significant ‘|
amounts of particulate 7 from urban
pollution — Availability'y of
of drinking
drinkii water. .
atmospheres. - Generation of hydroelectric power.
2. Different types of leaves tend to have greater surface | — Allowing more inland navigation.
rigidity or roughness or stickiness or particle solubility. | — Employment generation.
Trees
rees with stickier leaves would be better for collecting . re . ;
“| — Fostering a spirit of national integration.
particles.

3. The trees can delimit the fine particulate pollution and | 6.9.3 Interlinking :Salvation Or Folly
have tremendous potential for improved air quality i feed { ;
with substantial cost savings. 'parian rights
4. The dust capturing plants species can act as efficient | — Conflict between states (as- kauveri and Mahanadi
biological filters, removing significant amounts of issue) have to be resolved. In addition worry of
particulate pollution from urban atmospheres. Bangladesh and Nepal have to be taken into account. ~

Syllabus Topic : Interlinking of Rivers 7 Financing

~ Raising 5.6 lakh crores of rupees is a tough task and if
6.9 Interlinking of Rivers created maintenance of huge asset is a problem. Fear of
privatization of water resources. 4
Q.6.9.1 Explain inter linking of rivers, (Ref. Sec. 6.9)

a ”
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«
we Environmental Studies (MSBTE)
6-13 Social Issues and Environmental Education
# Flood period
- Recharging ground water reservoir
- Weaes of networki ’ : : “
eran flood water to the deficient basin | - Skills have to be developed for arresting rain water
does not consider the surplus period of donor area and ‘ weeds harge these ground
deficient period of Tecipient area. where it falls and allowing it to recharg grol
. water reservoirs.
# Desertification
= Large scale utilization of ground water in
- a of natural flooding may led to deltas
esertification as there will be loss
of fertile soil.soi a
AR ut ut - Practically feasible and initiatives for borewell
q ver pollut! * ah
p iad development and irrigation needed with responsibility
7 oe the flow of river by diversion will increase
lying.
© concentration
of pollutants j ive
Ponmvants in the river. = *
Community participation
@ Security ‘ ‘
, - Approaches of reducing water consumption by the
- Security of network will be an enormous load on affluent in the cities and reducing the wastage of water
security forces of central and state governments. As. by the farmers in their field can be attempted.
canal can be easily breached by manual
or natural
activities; - _ Refer further -
www.indiatogether.org/opinions/guest/interlink.hunl.
* Land acquisition and displacement
/ oo Syllabus Topic : Role of Information Technology In
~ Misery and injustice to the displaced people in Environment and Human Health
obtaining compensation due to systemic corruption.

@ Technical feasibility 6.10 Role of Information Technology in

; / Environment and Human
- The slope, altitude and other topographical aspects Health
have to be considered. (e.g. for Ganga, Patna is Coetod ee :
diversible surplus but for raising water to Vindhya ima: a role of information technology in
chain . i.e. 2860 ft. high enormous amount of power is Fe ere puman heals
(Ref. Sec. 6.10)
required).
Information Technology has spread its horizon ve; Ty
6.9.4 Environmental Issues usefully in various areas in our lives. The following
- — Intensive irrigation in unsuitable soils will lead to water picturesque representation indicates the glimpse of it.
logging and salinity. ;
- Highly polluted rivers will spread toxicity to other % 3 wa
rivers. Asset Management yes” Engineering
- River system will be altered catastrophically creating Le Cy Ea
droughts and desert. : -

6.9.5 Alternatives to ILR

ae
Site Selection =
a
fi a es ji
Customer
/ Gis \ Finance
‘Rainwater harvesting and conservation of Service “ e
water resources V aa Et —
; : Compliance a au ‘Risk
- Changes in topography, soil system and runoff flow Logistics Operation Analysis
pattern in a changing climatic environment — is GIS operations

considered, Not only stored rain water but soil erosion

is also prevented, Fig. 6.10.1

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2 a

°
¥ Environmental Studies (MSBTE) 6-14 Social Issues and Environm
ental Education
IT can also have a significant hand in improving the © Information technology has
been Playing
status in the fields of environmental education significant role in the areas
and
of biometrics, genome
human health. Sequencing, gene engineerin
g, online Medical
0 The emerging growth of the internet services and transcription, maintaining
the DTA database for
facilities, geographic information system or GIS, the betterment of human health
, biotechn logy,
etc.
and the data that gets transmitted through
satellites, etc. have generated a higher affluence 0 The field also helps in
of identifying some deadly
the updated information on several aspects and chronic diseases
that come from the infested
of the
environment as well as health. areas which are very much
Prone to vector-borne
diseases such as schi
0 When you look for the variety of stosomiasis, malaria,
software in the based on the geographical etc,
map of that area.
market, you will come across a
number of them
that created for the health and envir 6.10.2. Human Health
onment studies
in a better way, They are quite
user-friendly. State of environment and human health are directly
6.10.1 Database on the Environment related.
System
Poor quality of environment
causes devastating effect
The meaning of database not only on human being
“It is a collection of s but on animals and
connected data on some subjects.”
vegetation cover also.
It comes in a
computerized form, can be retri Good environment is a must for
eved whenever needed. growing economy also,
The information of database Ever increasing population
can be easily extracted in
a and consequent rapid
computer. industrialization and urbanizati
on are reasons behind
Examples : Comprehensive Overexploitation of natural resou
databases such as wildlife rces, This ultimately
causes problem of pollution of
database, forest cover
database, and conservati
air, water and land
on resources.
database, etc, or few for
some diseases which inclu
de Polluted air and water are two
malaria, fluorosis, HIV/AIDS main factors which
, etc. affect the human health. The harmf
ul impacts of air,
The useful agencies include, water, soil, noise, marine,
thermal and nuclear
0 National pollutions in detail.
Management Information System
(NMIS). Here we will discuss problems of air and water
pollution in brief,
© Environmental Informatio
n System (ENVIS).
A] Harmful impacts of air pollutants :
Different air
© Remote Sensing and pollutants cause different damages to
Geographical Information people and
System (GIS). environment. Like :
& — Geographical Information
System (GIS).
(a) CO: When combined with haemoglobin in RBC
0 forming carboxy-haemoglobin, thus reducing
The World Wide Web
(WWW), oxygen carrying capacity of blood. It causes
Thus the field of information headache, paralysis and even death.
technology has been
increasing Tapidly with an explosion of some (b) SO: : Causes respiratory diseases, like asthma,
applications and new bronchitis, eye irritation, throat troubles in human
avenues that are Opening along
With an active role in the beings.
field of,
© — Education, Planning, (c Oxides of nitrogen (NO, NO, NO;) : In high
and management of health concentration it causes headache, irritation of
and environment,
eyes, and respiratory tract, bronchitis, asthma, loss
of appetite.

dr | La eral tags el
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=

FF Environmental Studies (MSBTE) tal Education

6-15 Social Issues and Environmen
and the urban
(d) CO, +: It may combine with haemoglobin of RBC, Indoor air pollution in the rural areas
face
and cause blockade in Os transfer. It is the main areas occur due to different conditions. Rural areas
some
cause of Global Warming. the greatest threat from indoor pollution, where
onal fuels
(e) Oy : Its concentration above 0.1 ppm is toxic. It 3.5 billion people continue to rely on traditi
such as firewood, charcoal and cowdung for cooking
causes irritation of eyes, lungs, respiratory tract.
and heating.
(f) Hydrocarbons : Hydrocarbons alone have no smoke
Burning such fuels produces large amount of
harmful effects. But unburnt hydrocarbons, in in the closed space of the home.
and other air pollutan ts
presence of sunlight and nitrogen oxide form Q;,
Most serious pollutants in smoke from biofuels are
carbon monoxide, polycyclic organic matter, and
aldehydes, PAN (peroxy acetyl nitrate) and other
complex products. They have harmful effects on
formaldehyde. Women and children are the most
respiratory system. They cause irritation of eyes, vulnerable as they spend more time indoors and are
throat, nose. exposed to the smoke.
(g) Particulates : Dust causes occupational diseases, In urban areas, exposure to indoor air pollution has
and it affects respiratory systems causing increased due to a variety of reasons. It includes the
pneumoconiosis where lungs are affected due to construction of more tightly sealed buildings, reduced
fibrosis and pleural calcification and finally lead ventilation, use of synthetic materials for building and
to lung cancer. When causative agent is Silica, the furnishing and the use of chemical products, pesticides.
respiratory disease is Silicosis. Inhalation of and household care products.
asbestos (is an industrial term for a number of
6.10.4 Concept of Indoor Air Pollution
hydrated silicates) dust or fibers (Chrysolite is the
most abundant type of asbestos fibres used in Indoor air pollution refers to the physical, chemical,
asbestos textiles) causes lung disease known as and biological characteristics of air in the indoor
Asbestosis. environment within a home, building, or an institution
or commercial facility.
B] Harmful impacts of water pollutants : Consumption
of polluted water is the reason of water borne diseases Indoor air pollution is a concern in the developed
like polio, cholera, fungal infections, dysentery, countries, where houses are relatively airtight to
typhoid, diarrhoea, jaundice, ete. improve energy efficiency.

Indoor air pollution in the rural areas and the urban

Agriculture run off may contain pesticides, insecticides
areas occur due to different conditions. Rural areas face
and fungicides, etc. which are toxic and hazardous.
the greatest threat from indoor pollution, where some
Most of pesticides are mutagenic and carcinogenic like
3.5 billion people continue to rely on traditional fuels
BHC affects central nervous system and Dieldrin
such as firewood, charcoal and cowdung for cooking
causes insomnia.
and heating.

6.10.3 Indoor Air Pollution Burning such fuels produces large amount of smoke
and other air pollutants in the closed space of the home.
6.10.3.1 Concept of Indoor Air Pollution Most serious pollutants in smoke from biofuels are
carbon monoxide, polycyclic organic matter, and
Indoor air pollution refers to the physical, chemical, formaldehyde. Women and children are the most
and biological characteristics of air in the indoor vulnerable as they spend more time indoors and are
environment within a home, building, or an institution exposed to the smoke.
or commercial facility. In urban areas, exposure to indoor air pollution has
increased due to a variety of reasons. It includes the
Indoor air pollution’is a concern in the developed
construction of more tightly sealed buildings, reduced
countries, where houses are relatively airtight to
ventilation, use of synthetic materials for building and
improve energy efficiency.
furnishing and the use of chemical products, pesticides,
and household care products.

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