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4.3 Lecture Notes

This document provides definitions and theorems relating to using derivatives to determine properties of functions such as intervals of increase/decrease, local extrema, points of inflection, and concavity. It gives the first and second derivative tests to identify local maxima and minima at critical points. Examples demonstrate applying these concepts to analyze specific functions graphically and algebraically.

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33 views5 pages

4.3 Lecture Notes

This document provides definitions and theorems relating to using derivatives to determine properties of functions such as intervals of increase/decrease, local extrema, points of inflection, and concavity. It gives the first and second derivative tests to identify local maxima and minima at critical points. Examples demonstrate applying these concepts to analyze specific functions graphically and algebraically.

Uploaded by

Devil Inside
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© © All Rights Reserved
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§4.

3 What Derivatives Tell Us, Page 1

Definitions / Theorems

Theorem 4.7: Test for Intervals of Increase and Decrease Suppose f is continuous on an
interval I and differentiable at all interior points of I.
• If f 0 (x) > 0 at all interior points on I, then f is increasing on I.
• If f 0 (x) < 0 at all interior points on I, then f is decreasing on I.

Theorem 4.8: First Derivative Test Assume f is continuous on an interval I that contains a
critical point c, and assume f is differentiable on an interval containing c, except perhaps at c itself.
• If f 0 (x) changes sign from (+) to (-) as x increases through c, then f has a local maximum at c.
• If f 0 (x) changes sign from (-) to (+) as x increases through c, then f has a local minimum at c.
• If f 0 (x) does not change sign as x increases through c, then f has no local extreme value at c.

Definition: Concavity Let f be differentiable on an open interval I.


• If f 0 (x) is increasing on I, then f is concave up on I.
• If f 0 (x) is decreasing on I, then f is concave down on I.

Definition: Inflection Point If f is continuous at x = c and changes concavity at x = c, then f


has an inflection point at x = c.

Theorem 4.10: Test for Concavity Suppose f 00 exists on an open interval I.


• If f 00 (x) > 0 on I, then f is concave up on I.
• If f 00 (x) < 0 on I, then f is concave down on I.
• If x = c is a point on I at which f 00 (x) changes sign at c, then f has an inflection point at x = c.

Theorem 4.11: Second Derivative Test Suppose f 00 is continuous on an open interval


containing c with f 0 (c) = 0.
• If f 00 (c) > 0, then f has a local minimum at c.
• If f 00 (c) < 0, then f has a local maximum at c.
• If f 00 (c) = 0, then the test is inconclusive.
§4.3 What Derivatives Tell Us, Page 2

Lecture Examples
1. Consider the graphs of the function f and its first and second derivative functions.

(a) Explain how you would use the graph of f 0 (x) to conclude that f has a local minimum at
x = −1.

(b) Explain how you would use the graph of f 00 (x) to conclude that f has a local minimum at
x = −1.

(c) Explain how you would use the graph of f 00 (x) to conclude that f has an inflection point
at x = 1.
§4.3 What Derivatives Tell Us, Page 3

2. Find and classify the critical points of f (x) = x3 (1 − x)4 as local maxima or minima.

3. The function f (x) = x4 − 4x3 + 8x has a critical point at x = 1. Use the second derivative
test to identify it as a local maximum or minimum.
§4.3 What Derivatives Tell Us, Page 4

4. A person’s blood pressure, p, in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) is given, for t seconds, by
p(t) = 100 + 20 sin (2.5πt). On the interval [0, 1], find the interval(s) for which the blood
pressure is increasing. Round to one decimal place.
§4.3 What Derivatives Tell Us, Page 5

5. Consider f (x) = 3x4 − 4x3 − 6x2 + 12x + 1,


where f 0 (x) = 12(x − 1)2 (x + 1) and f 00 (x) = 12(3x + 1)(x − 1).
(a) Find all critical points and potential inflection points.

(b) Find intervals on which f is increasing/decreasing.

(c) Find intervals on which f is concave up/down.

(d) Identify any local minima, local maxima, and inflection points.

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